JPRS ID: 9907 KOREAN AFFAIRS REPORT

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080019-9
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10165
4 December 1981
Translation
IN THE FOCUS OF TIAIIE
By
Abikoam ~amuylovich lstigin
FBIS FOREICN ~ROADCAS'T INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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transmissions and broadcasts._ Materials from fareign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
- other characteristics retained.
~
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicator.s such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original informa.tion was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes ~~ithin the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
c ies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVE~NING OWNERSHIP OF
' MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUI:.E THAT DISSEMINATION
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JPRS L/10165
- 4 December 1981
_ IN THE FOCUS OF TIME
Leningrad~V FOCU5E VREMENI in Russian 1976 (signed to press 7 Dec 76)
pp 1- 210
[Book "In the Focus of Time" by Abikoam Samuylovich Istigin,
Izdatel'stvo Lenizdat, 2,500 copies, 210 pages~
Contents
Annotation i
, What is IAMO? 1
. My Fzrst Interview, with Digressivns 5
A Tour 'Phrough the Engineering Building 15
The birth of ur~ique telescopes 17
Interview in the SKB of microscopy.......~ 22
On the trail of the magic ruby 23
The great grandsons of Fotokor 25
Those who saddled the rainbow 27
The Firm Conducts Research 32
Fomenko, "who can do everything" 32
Man and miracle gratings 41
Working Guards 48
Ivanov's personal matter
To be first 52
Towards Maximum Precision 56
Family treasures fsl
The generous life of Valentin Petukhov~���������������~�������~~�~��� 6~
Optics is their family matter 73
Kostygov Universities 84
The Diploma of the Shop Chief 95
- NOT /Scientific Organization of Labor/ at the Firm 100
Focal Point of. Communist Education 1~2_.
Young Communists 127
- - a - [I - USSR - 0 FOUO]
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A Dor~k Whiah Has a Thousand Authors 131
IAMO During the lOth Five-Year Plan 143
' - b -
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ANNOTATION
The world's largest and most improved optical telescope that per-
mits Soviet scientists ta look into the far stellar worlds of the
universe became operational on the eve of the 25th CPSU Congress
in Stavropol'skiy Kray, not far from Stanitsa Zelenchuk. Th.i s
unusual astrophysi.cal complex was developed with the assistance of
the collective of the Leninqrad Optical-Mechanical Association
imeni V. I. Lenin.
Telescopes are only one of the types of products produced by IAMO.
- Optical equipment with the mark of this association is widely
~known in our country and abroad.
TY;~ book of Leningrad journalist A. S. Istiqin "In the Focus of
Time" is devoted to the collective of Leninqrad optical special-
ists--its workers and foremen, scientists and desiqners, organizers
and production managers.
- The new labor advance of the collective of Leningrad optical spe-
ctali5ts to implement the historical decisions of the 25th CPSU
Conqress and to fulfill the tasks of the lOth Five-Year Plan--a
five-year plan of efficiency and quality--ahead of schedule is
shown in the book, consisting of document excerpts written clearly
and convincinqly.
The hook is intended for the mass reader.
- i
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WHAT I S LOMO ?
Leninqrad V FOCUSE VREMENI in Russian 1976 (signed to press 7 Dec 76) pp 1-210
- [Book "In the Focus of Time", by Abikoam Samuylovich Istigin, Izdatel'stvo Lenizdat,
~ 2,500 copies, 210 pages]
[Text] ~uring the days when this book was being prepared for press, far from Len-
ingr.ad in Stavropol'skiy Kray, there OCCIlY'r@3 an event which was judged to become
~ an extraordinart benchmark in the knowledqe of the universe. On a mountain over-
grown with trees, 2,000 or more meters above sea level, not far from Stanitsa
.Zelenchukskaya, a gigantic thousand-ton dome seemingly light-transparent and weight-
less from afar, flashed with silver. '~his was the tower of the world's largest and
most modern optical telescope BTA.. People aimed its "eye" at one of the stars
which no c~ther telescope was capable of look�ng at.
Here at the astrophysical observatory scientists have already been able to obtain
the first pictures of stars 10 million times weaker than those that thP human eye
is capable of seeing. M~ozeover, this nRw telescope permitted people, due to its
special optical devices, to look at stars right sids up rather than upside down.
The light collected in thE abyss of the uni*aerse by the bowl of the main six-meter
- mirror, is directed toward the observer and a distant mysterious star floating in
the cosmic ocean suddenly becomes quite close.
, In February 1976, on the eve of the 25th CPSU Cos~gress, the BTA telescope was
turned over for operation after intensivz and careful testing. Soviet science was
armed with an unusual astrophysical complex that carries an information flow about
the universe.
Four letters--LOMO--are clearly visible on the telescope--the result of the enor-
mous labor of scientists, designers and foremen. These letters are the Leningrad
~~ptical-Mechanical Association imeni V. I. Lenin.
It was here that the BTA was developed.
The joyful news arrive3 at LOMO. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Comrade Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev heartily c~ngratulated all the workers of the firm
with their important labor achievement.
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"Scientists, designers, engineers, technicians and workers, co]lectives and crgan-
izations that participated in developm~nt and putting into operation the world's
largest astronomical telescope:
~ Dear Comradesl
I heartily conqratulate you with your remarkable labor success--with putting the
caorld's largest optical telescope into operation with main mirror six meters in
diameter at the Astrophysical Observatory, USSR Academy of Sciences.
Development of the unique telescope is an important advance of Soviet science ar~d
technology. Soviet scientists have now gair_ed the opportunity of developing their
- scientific search even more widely and of penetratinq more deeply into the secrets
- of the universe and of making a new contribution to the human storehouse of
knowledge.
Puttin~ the largest astrophysical complex into operation is the result of the joint
creative activity of many scientists and design collectives~ industrial enterprises
and orqanizational and political work of party, trade-union and IGomsomol organiza-
tions. This is a good example of successful implementation of the plans of the
communist party ar.d the Soviet government for development ~f science and new con-
vinc~ng proof of the sc.ientific and ~echnical progress of our motherland, the crea-
tive enthusiasm of the Soviet people and the labor successes tr.at greet the 25th
CPSU Congress.
I wish you dear ccmrades new achievements in the glory of our great socialist
motherland."
Several days passed and the joy~ul excitement still persisted with regard to such~a
high evaluation of the labor of the creators of the unusual telescope, as it was
newly discussed from the tribunal of the 25th CPSU Congress. In his concluding ,
speech at t!~e Congress, Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev proudly enumerated the high points
of the victory of Soviet science, technology and industry, also named the BTA tele-
scope ~ith the mark LOMO.
I~oMO is one of the production associations created in 1962 in the city on the Neva
River at the initiative of the Leningrad Oblast and municipal committees of the
CPSU that laid the basis for concentration and specialization of Leningrad industry.
TPns of Leninqrad companies have been organized since then, without even talking
about the hundreds of associations that have arisen throughout the country. Their
successful work again and again confirms the correctness and fruitfulness of the
course taken by the party to create production and industrial associa~ions.
This idea was also emphasized at the 25th Party Congress in the official report of
General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee ~;?mrade Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev;
"Now when extensive experience has been accumulated and when the directions in
which we must move forward have been better denoted, we can and should acceler.ate
r~adjustment of the economic mechanism."
*Brezhnev, L. I., "Otchet Tsen~ral'noqo Komiteta KPSS i ocherednyye zadachi partii
v oblasti vnutrenney i~m,eshney politiki" [Official Report of tAZe CPSU Central Com-
mittee and Routine Tasks of the Party in the Field of Internal and Foreign Polic;~),
!~loscow, Politizdat, 1976, 70 pages.
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The word "IAMO" can now be read on thousands and thousands of different optical
devices and apgaratus khat meet modern requirements of the scientific and technical
revolution.
The mark "IAMO" is on the fiuorescent biological microscope that makes it possible
to look at the finest details of a living cell, to discover its secret and thus to
supplement the arsenal of scientists with a new weapon in the strugqle for human
health.
The m,ark "IAMO" is on the first Soviet telephoto lenses for color television equip-
, ment, on movie cameras and movie projectors and on black-white and cnlor cameras.
_ The mark "IAMO" is on modern studio and portable tage recorders and a number of
devices for the most rapid spectral analyses of inetals, alloys and oils.
The mark "LOMO" is on miracle machines capable of renewing into new form old, but
valuable mov�~e films on which it would seem time has left an irreversible impres-
- sion: warped film and scratches.
It was these machines made at the company that helped to restore to life the leq~
~ endary film "The Battleship 'Potemkin'," which is now again making victorious voy-
ages an the screens of many of the world's countries. Timeless movie documents
= that recorded the explr~its of heroes of five-year plans and World Flar II, have
- been regenerated fo~ future generations.
The mark "LOMO" is on miniature devices which weigh grams and which can be placed
ir. a r.iatchbox and on those which weiqh many h~mdreds of tnns.
The company now produces more than 600 names of the most complex devices. It has
approximately 20,000 customers. LOMO has participated with unfailing ~uccess in
many international exhibitions and fairs. LOMO now delivers products to more than
- 100 countries of the world.
The most prom~nent scientists from the most diverse institutes--the State Optical
Institute, the Botanical Institute, the Scientific Research Institute of Polymer-
izatio~n Plastics, the Physicotechnical Institute, the Main Astronomical Observatory
and many others--cooperate closely with the firtn.
_ There is nothing remarkable in this. The products of LOMO themselves are designed
to advance science and technoloqy in th2 most diverse fields. and it ~s now not
simply a production association. The firm has become a unique school of experi-
ence in modern organization of socialist production and management and a laboratory
of scientific and technical progress in an entire sector of industry. LOMO, having
joined thousands of communists, is a school of universal and mass education of
leading, widely educated and ideologically hardened workers. The Leninqrad Opti-
cal-Mechanical Association was awarded the rank of collective of communist labor
in 1971, the first in Leninqrad. It bears three Orders of Lenin on its banner.
At the end of December 1971 the Leninqrad Optical-Mechanical Association was vis-
ited by General Secretary of the CPSU Central Conm~ittee L. I. Brezhnev. Leonid
_ I1'ich became acquainted with the experi~~nce nf orqanization of labor and
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production management. He viewed the products which the associatiun produces. He
talkerl with w~orkers and engineers. He was interested in how the complex plans for
economic and social development are being fulfilled here and how the everday and
living conditions of the workers and specialists are and what their wages are and
what is beinq done ~o d~velop new recreation areas and sanitorium-resort treatment
of the firm's workers.
In thinking about this book, the author did not pose the task of relating the firm's
history. He was interested primarily in how it is today. The affair~ of a mul?ti~
thousand collectivE, its concerns, dreams and ideas, the good chanqes in the fate
of the firm's workers during the lOth Five-Year Plan an3 the conditions under which
they liye and work now.
This book is the result of direct impressions from "travelling" through the firm
and from meetings with its people--from rank and file workers, engineers, research-
ers and designers up to the managers of the association. The impressio~s, reports
and interviews made up the contents of this book.
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FIRST INTERVIEW, WITH DIGRES~SIONS
One can see buildings on different streets of Vyborq that are cr4wned with the
same luminous emblem: a spire with a small ship on the point and letters near its
base. If one looks a little more closely, one can easily note that the spire with
the small ship on the point is nothing more than the letter L and together with
the letters below you can easily recognize the familiar word "IAMO."
Regardless of what the enterprises that became Qart of the firm were called before,
they all b~ar the name of the association itself. Unlike other associations, there
is no main enterprise here. The Leningrad Optical-Mechanical Association is a
- unified and inseparable economic organism. It short, it is a company!
My first.interview is with the general director of LOMO, Hero of Socialist Labor
Mikhail Panfilovich Panfilov. To meet him, I head for old Chugunnaya. Ulitsa where
my eye is immediately caught by a remarkably liqht and airy building similar to a
gigantic bird that has spread its flexible white wings for vigorous flight.
All the management services of the firm, includinq the office of the general direc-
tor, are located here.
The director is sparing in his words. His time is calculated in minutes and not
only is he an important economic manager. Many of his responsibilities are along
social and party lines, not even mentioninq the fact that Mikhail Panfilovich is a
deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet and was elected a deleqate to the 23rd and 25th
Party Congresses. He has been awarded the state prize for par~icipation in devel-
opment of the first Soviet firms.
Preparing for the first interview, I wanted to find out a little more about the
man who has been constantiy on the captain's bridge of LOMU for almost 25 years.
Mikhayl Panfilovich himself does not lik~ to talk about himself. But if one can
express it so, the main years of his life have passed here at this enterprise and
they have an excellent knowledge ~f his biography here.
And the biography is a simple one: in the 1930s he was a lathe operator at a Bal-
tic plant. At the same time he was a student at the workers' hiqh school. He was
later a technician-machine tool builder. But he was soon attracted by a sect,or
only beqinning to make its first serious steps. Opticsl
Ansi Panfilov crossed the threshold of GOMZ--tne State Optical-Mechaaical Plant.
Binoculars, movie cameras and eyeglasses were made at this enterprise a~~er the
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Great October Socialist Revolution. They took up ma.king cameras. People of the
older generation remember them--black conps of accordians with tY~e inscription
"Fotokor."
During the years of the First Five-Year Plan the enthusiasts of GOMZ overtook the
renown German company Zeis only in their most daring dreams. It would still be a
long time until this happened in practice. They did not have enough specialists.
- The Zeis Company demanded gold for the most inconsequential consultati~ons. The
GOMZ workers then decided to organize manufacture of the products independently.
At the same time, at the end of the 1930s, M. P. Panfilov also came to GOMZ. He
worked in the department of the chief technician. At the same time he studied at
the Leninqra~3 institu~e of Precision Mechanics and Optics. The younq technician
. participated in development of new optical devices created ~y ,pro~minent scientists:
S. I. Vavilov, V. P. Linnik, I. V. Grebenshchikov and N. N. Kachalov. GOMZ had
- already organized manufacture not only of still came~as, but of portable film pro-
_ jectors and soon began to d~evelop telescopes.
The young engineer was full of daring plans and thoughts.
When panfilov was desiqnated tt:e chief technician of GOMZ, the plant was working
in ar. Qnemy-besieged city. He was soon elected secretazy of the party committee.
The enterprise collective had to resolve a difficult problem--production of weapons
f~r the front had to be organized quickly in the destroyed workshops, on the re-
mains of equipment, without experienced specialists who had been eva~uated to the
rear. And they did organize it!
But in the 1944 war year, a group of GOMZ engine~rs, including Mi]chail Eanfilovich,
unexpectedly presented to the Main Board of weights and Measures an u~~usual model
of a clearly peacetime product--optical calipers that permit one to make measure-
ments with precision up to a tenth of a micron.
Soon Panfilov, a man of solid and decisive' character who lived through all the
grief, joy and tests of the war years toqether with the plant collectiva, became
the chief engineer and then the director of the enterprise.
. Director's experience made it possible for him to gain a wider view of many prob-
lems of organization of labor and production manaqement. He carefully studied
~ problems of economics an~ began to think about a numb~r of phenomena which it had
been a custom at that time to regard as "natural" phenomena. Why, let us say, does
some washer or bolt made at one plant cost a kopeck and that ma3e at another cost
10 or 20 times as much? Why must the same articles be made at different ~lants?
Why are they satisfied with long obsole~cent equipment at many enterprises in the
age of automation and electronics? Why is everythinq "our own" at plants of the
same type producir:g products of the same type: our own design office, our own
casting, stamping, repair and tool shops?
Lots of money was wasted because of the fact that each manager wanted to have "his
own garden," be it small or be it poor. But still it was his.
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And one qot the idea how many people, deviaes and equipment could be freed up if
enterprises of the same type were combined and were specialized and if production
was placed on a wide base and the freed resources were used to improve the e�fi-
ciency and profi~ability of production.
Thus the idea gradually ripened of creating a production associatian, for example,
optical-mechanical firms in which enterprises of the same type would be combi.ned.
Of course, the idea of creatinq production associations at that time, the very be-
ginninq of the 1960s, excited many mariaqers, scientists and party workers. 2t was
born in time by the need to solve thu5e problems for which the framework of previ-
ous methods of ~rganization and management of production became even more closely
related. 'I'his was especially true at those larqe industrial centers such as
Ler.ingrad .
. And of course, this problem whose time had come was discussed thoroughly and r~-
peatedly in the Leningrad party obkom. The party obkom carried out important work,
attempting primarily to convince manaqers of the need ta restructure production
management according to the modern level and to prove the prospects which would be
opened up for production associations.
On the instructions of the CPSU obkom, Panfilov prepared a report to assemble the
most active members of the Leningrad garty arganization.
He sat for long hours behind his desk on which lay the plans, layouts and economic
analyses. These were convincinq, thoroughly thouqht-out substantiations and argu-
ments in favor of creating associations which should become the most important di-
rection for dev~lopment, concentration and specialization of production.
Panfilov's report at the meetinq of the most active members was heard with inter-
e~t and ar~used many conversations and debates. But the most important thinq: the
;deas and specific proposals on organization of firms waa warmly approved.
It was decided as a result, at the suqgestion of the Leninqrad obkom of the CPSU
and economic bodies, to create nine sector production associations. This was in
October 1962. They contained 43 industrial enterprises and 14 scientific rssearch-
planning-desiqn and production organizations. The main criterion for association
of enterprises was the homogeneity of the product produced and the technological
identity of production.
There were already approximately 100 production and scientific-production associa-
tions in Leningrad by the beginninq of the lOth Five-Year Plan. But LOMO was one
of the first. And Mikhail Panfilovich Panfilov headed it.
And now, after this nec~ssary digression, let us return ~o his office. it is late
in the day. It is unusually quiet after the workinq day. Unwillinyly reca?ling
those distant "first stEps" of the firm, Mikhail Panfilo~vic~ Qa~s:
"This was a very difficult time and very complex in ~11 respec:ts. Restructuring
was bequn in all aspects. The restructurinq was both organi.zational and psycholoq-
ical. Where was it sir~plest, let us say, to break cbwn old walls and to build in
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their place new ones and where was it best to break obsolete habits, traditions and
concepts and to change the views of man toward his position and role under new
- conditions."
"What we didn't encounte r at the beginning of the trip, not even mentioning the dif��
fi~ulties which arose in solving fundamental problems related to the biY*.h of the
firm: changing the management structure, reconstruction which would premit rapid
specialization of shops and section~s, complex mechanizat~on and automation of pro-
duction processes, int roduction of progressive forms of organization of labor and
much more."
"Inevitably 'conflict situations' arose here and there--after all we were dealinq
primarily with geople and their characters and attitudes had to be dealt with."
- "Many questions had to be resolvQd urgently. They had to be solved together with
the party organization that combined many hundreds of communists."
"The party organizati~ns helped to work out a management structure which would per-
mit the most efficient use of the cr~ative capal~ilities of each worker, having
clearly defined his position und~r the new production conditi~ns. The party com-
mittee thoughtfully assisted the manaqement of the firm in selection and placing of
personnel in all the decisive sections. An entire army of agitators and ~ropagan-
= dists explained the prospects and advantages o f association in the shops, sections
and in all subdivisions. They did everything s o that people would rapidly feel them-
selves members of one larqe family--the name of which was LOM~."
"And of course, matters were not limited only to 'discussions about the future.'
The party committee and trade-union orqanization helped to solve the most essential
problems related to si gnificant improvem~nt of livinq con~itions fram the first
days of creation of the firm. For examp le, a cafeteria with large dining hall was
constructed on the ter ritory of the former Kinap orqanization. A branch of a poly-
clinic and a library were opened and a comfortable movie hall was equipped."
"All this was very impor`~ant. And people became convinced--the fir�n had no 'suck-
ers' and what an individual plant was incapab le of, the assaciation w~ds quite capa-
ble of."
"Moving forward, it sho uld be said that ~he fi rst steps in this direction were the
beginning of an extremely important campaign prompted by the party organization of
the firm, which largely determined the future of the firm: develap complex plans
for socioeconomic deve lopment for each five-year plan, compiled with the participa-
~ tion of thousands of associatien workers. These plans encompassed all aspec*s of '
the firm's activity, including economic, engineering, technology, improvement of
groduction and management, personnel traininq and improvement of working conditions,
eve ryday life, recreatio~ and waqes."
"The firm's cost-accountinq funds formed with regard to conversion to the new sys-
tem of planning and economic stimulation of production, became the firm base of
this planatng. We are still talking about plans for the social development of
LOMO. The main ~o p i c of our conversation is now methods of production efficiency
and quality and everything to which special significance was given at the 25th
Party Congress. And mu ch of the firm's expe r ience is especially inst ructive today."
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"Efficiency," Panfilov formulates his idea, "is the ratio of a useful result to
the expenditures for achieving it if one talks in general terms. Efficiency is
always concrete. We reconstructed production which made it possible not only to
improve working conditions to the maximum but to introduce specialization on wide
scales. The result is that two rubles of additional output of commercial products
are achieved for aach ruble of capital investments."
"Yes,produation efficiency became the firm's slogan from the very beginning of its
creation. And then its most important source became specialization and
concentration."
"This was not as simple to accomplish. Specialists carefully worked out numerous
_ versions of the future plan of specialization and cooperation. Detailed ~alcula-
tions and analyses of each version were made. Oaly those which firmly supported
the economic effect and increased product quality and production volumes were
adopted. One link pulled another behind. Specialization made it possible to con-
centrate manufacture of homogeneous parts, assemblies and articles in the shops
and to concentrate homogeneous or similar production processes."
_ "Here are thQ materials of different reports. Figures, figures. what do they say?
Imagine an enormous, multicomplex plant, from month to month, from year to year, an
increasing voliune of output which becomes ever more complex on which ever higher
requirements are placed. And you will learn that an enterprise, coping successful-
_ ly with all these problems, r~duces by one third the nomenclature of scare matexials
consumed: It requires one-half or less fewer tools and accessories. This saved it
=our million rubles during one year alone."
_ "How did everything begin? From the rear."
"Every army commander knows that the beginning of victory is to support the relia-
bility of the rear forces."
"We began with this prerequisite at IAMO. 'L'he rear forces were the auxiliary ser-
vices. The repair and machine shops were the first to be reorganized. They exist
at every plant. It seemed that you couldn't get along without them. And now they
- have disappeared. But a single larqe major metal cuttinq equipment repair shop
- was created. Specialization was introduced in the sections. And again the suffo-
cating figures: old, uncoordinated shops could repair 250-270 machine tools during
a year. But a single nea! shop could repair 450 machine toolsl It could be even
greater but there is as yet no need for it."
"Imagine: one repair service alone after reorganization freed 1,500 square meters
of production area and hundreds of machine tools. It was possible to use immedi~-
ately with the highest output 100 qualified workers and approximately 20 engineers.
"And one more detail: the concentration of equipment of the same type and intro-
duction of mass production technology reduced the total cost of repair by more
than one third. Three tool. shops were made into one. But whereas 'a little bit
of everything' was done in each one previously, each one has its own, strictly
defined profile: one produces only dies, the other produces molds and press molds
exclusively and the third produces measuring cutting tools.
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"Large shops appeared on the freed areas. For example a tool and die or an automa-
ton or let us say a plastics shop. They were all supplied to tihe maximum with mod-
ern equipment.
"And as many optical shops remained as there were before. But these are quite dif-
ferent shops with new planning and new, modern equipment and ths main thing, with
their own specialization.
"The galvanic coating shop was renovated. The w~orkers said that they previously
had to unload the al;cali baths by hand. The workers show me with satisfaction how ~
_ seven automatic lines wi.th program control now operate here ~hat have replaced
- people in dangerous operations. One person controls all the qa~vanic processes
from a special console.
"It is curious to look at the work logs of many LOMO workers who control complex
machinery. For many the word operator, enqineer and adjuster has been placed after
- the words multiskilled worker, rigger, loader or farmer."
"The higher the degree of inechanization and automation, the fewer the needs for
people engaged in heavy physical labor. Approximately 2,000 workers in the asso-
ciation have been released from heavy labor. They have been trained at the train-
ing kombinat and have attaiiied new specialities which the firm now needs.
"The first decade of operation of LOMO convincingly demonstrated the correctness
of the main direction toward which the Leningrad obkom of the CPSU oriented the
firm: concentration, specialization and complex mechanization. However, this is
insufficient for production efficiency. A principally new system of centralized
management is required.
"Former plants were converted anew into territorial plants headed by a chief in-
volved in current operational management. But soon, as specialization was develop-
ed, cooperation between territorial plants increase3 sharply and contacts became
more complicated. A natural need developed in the new restructuring ~f management,
but not by the principle o~ texritorial disposition but by production "occupations":
optical, sound engineering equipment, optoelectronic devices, optical preparation
and tool.
- "The plant chiefs are involved only in operational supervision of individual groups
of shops similar in profile by means of dispatcher equipment.
"The general director manages ~he association. Functional directors and assistants
to the general director earry out ma.nagement work. The following duties are dis-
tributed among them: director for production and economics, technical director,
_ director for constructi.on and r~construction and so on.
The main accounts department and the department of technical contrul and the depart-
ment of scientific organization of production, labor and management are directly
subordinate to the general director. .In cooperation with scientific research in-
stitu~es and higher educational instizutions, this department works out scientifi-
cally based forms of organizing pro~uction and management and is involved in me-
- thodical problems of production planning and accoun~ing.
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A council of directors, which exercises activity under the supervision of the gen-
eral director, has also been created in the association. It includes the functional
directors, managers of leading departments and repreeentativ~~ of party and trade-
union orqanizations. The council discusses pmblems of production and technical
activity.
The principles of unanimity with broad participation of the community and thus com-
bined in discussion of fundamental problems of the economic life of the association
and production management. Colleageal discussion ef the mcast important problems
makes it possible to work out solutians with regard to collective experience.
This structure helped to overcome parallellism and duplication in work, to elimin-
ate approximately 30 departments of form plant administrations and to free a sig-
nificant number of highly qualified workers. Part of them was transferred directly
to production and part was transferred to new departments, without which develop-
~ ment of future problems of LOMO and problems of scientific organization of produc-
tion, labox and management is now impossible.
- Thus, without increasing the total number of personnel, a department of specializa-
tion and reconstructioY~, a deoartment of automation and mechanization, a computer
center, a department of scientiffc organization of production, labor and management
and a department for planning technical preparation of production were created. A
- special, permanently acting department where architects, planners and artists work,
was orqanized. Psychologists, physioloqists and medical workers were recruited to
improve production. Everything was done to create the most favorable working con-
ditions for people in the shops, laboratories and departments.
The style of efficiency penetrates all spheres of production life. Only strict
- and s~~stantiated calculation is taken into account. ~
And although the firm has qrown rich rapidly and has gained control of millions,
accounting is still done in rubles and kopecks. Tru~e, once the xinancial bodies
almost accuse the general director of being wasteful.
And here Z should again make a deviation. Here is a brief episode related to me in
- the central design office.
= Once the firm turned over several expensive cameras to the photoamateur section of
- the Palace of Culture. And then began: from what, why and from whom did this
generosity come? This was no one's personal property.
But there was a calculation here and a lonq-range aim. The fact is that that at
one time one of the new cameras, reqardless of how the desiqners worked on it, did
not find the expected demand among buyers. For some reason they didn't like it and
for some reason it didn't suit them, despite a number ~f advantages over previous
models. The firm experienced specific losses.
- It was then decided to turn over several cameras to experienced amateurs. To turn
them over, but only with the condition that they send in their comments: what
didn't they li.ke in these cameras and how should they be impraved? After all,
even the most talented desiqner cannot always foresee and take into account
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everything that an amateur photographer would like and what he notices when work-
ing with the camera every day under the most different conditions.
~'he hopes were justified. The ama~eur photographers sen*_ detailed letters to the
firm. They contained many sensible remarks and valuable suggestions and advice.
Results were felt very rapidly. The designers and technicians studied and learned
~ from the remarks and suggestions of the amateur photographers. And quite recently
the unprofitable camera gained popularity and brought s?n~ll profits ta the fixm.
They taught and learned to :nanage skills at all levels. They learned to economize
both great and small. Take, for example, redesign. Everyone understands that you
can't get along without considerable capital investments when shops must be rear-
ranged, equipment must be rearranged or changed and new continuous-flow conveyor
lir.es must be developed.
But expenditures differ. Of course, it was simplest to turn the order to contrac-
tors: But they demanded too much money. And also they did not promise to do it
rapidly.
They decided it was expensive and disadvantageous. They had to get along through
their own efforts.
Yes, this cost collosal efforts and stress to the entire collective. Moreover,
- they were able to carry out an unprecedented reconstruction. And current work was
not stopped in a sinqle shop or in a single section. Production output contiraued
at the former rate, strictly according to plan.
This was not easy. The party, trade-union and ICc~msomol organizations managed ~o
_ mobilize people and to explain to them the importance and urgency of the problem
and the significance of reconstruction for the fate of the entire collective of
the firm. Al1 work on reconstruction proceeded strictly according to schedule~
Pfien necessary, construction worker~ willingly assisted production workers. Much
was done on days of mass subbotniks.
The firm was transformed and became a modern enterprise meeting all requirements
of technical progress as a result o: reconstruction. Automatics, mechanization
- and introduction of advance technology opened new horizons for an increase of pro-
duction efficiency. It was made even morP profitable.
Profits increased ~ontinuously due to the rapid growth of labor productivity and
the quality of articles, the demand for which ~ncreased every day. The LOMO mark
became ever more popular both in the Soviet Union and abroa.d.
Creation of a central design office where first-class specialists were assembled.
primarily assisted in this. They had at their disposal an experimental and pt�oduc-
tion base equipped with the latest technology and their own experimental shop in
the engir.eering building. Each designer began to be responsible for development
_ of a device, beginning from the idea and draft to serial production.
More and more optical devices were produced at the worldwide engineering level.
_ :~Iore and more foreign countries expressed the intention of purchasing LOMO
- products .
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Once, durin~ the fir~t years when the firm was established, D. Rockefeller came to
LOMO while a guest in our co:uitry.
Panfilov was showing the famed mul~imillionaire around the enterprise. They were
walking alonq the carefully washed asphalt of the plant yard, buried in flowers and
greenery, beside we11-dressed qlass and concrete buildings. They looked into the
shops where machine t~ols, automatic and conveyor lines and electronic devices were
reflected in tihe polished floors exactly as in a mirror. People were working
quietly, without concentration, withou~ the least fuss.
Panfilov proudly noted that the firm made an impression on the guest. When they
returned to Mikhayl Panfilovhch's office, R,~ckefeller said:
"Mr. Panvilov, I am prepared to invest money in such a business. I can offer
credit."
"You are very kind," answered Panfilov. And with a smile he asked: "And under
what conditions?"
"As is customary in the United States: 8-10 percent of annual profits. Inciden-
tally, we could concede somewhat to your firm."
And he heard this answer:
"Thank ~~ou. But the state takes only 3 percent from us. So that you understand
yourself." ,
"what then," said the multimillionaire, "I was happy to make the acquaintance of a
business person. Thiizk it over. About the profits." ~
When I reminded him of this, Panfilov laughed.
"Yes, profit is an important indicator under our conditions," says M. P. Panfilov,
"These are new millions from our own fund fer technical re-equipping of production.
t�Soreover, this is also a realistic base for us so as ta force out universally and
finally laborious manual operations. The profits were spent on apartments for
workers, an preser~ation of health and on services for the firm's employees. And
all this is an important weapon against such a scourge as personnel turnover."
The problem of turnover here at .LOMO long ceased to be an acute problem. It is
remarkable what a normal life, good working conditions and excellent prospects for
- creative growth of all workers and especially for advancement o� youth will
accomplish.
- It is no accident that almost all enqineerinq and technical personnel in the asso-
ciation were qu.ite recently machine tool operators, installers, grinders and metal
workers.
Who better than they can know the specifics of production? Therefore, the qeneral
_ director together with the party committee advances to management positions pri-
marily those within the firm, that is those who have grown u~ at IAMO and who know
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the fine points of their duties, who are concerned about the firm and who i;se their
_ experience and theoretical knowledge skillfully. The possibility of conducting
such a personnel policy specifically determines the long term aspects of socio~
economic planning. Hundreds of workers attain secondary engineering and higher
education, besides general education, without leaving the pay of the firm.
A valuable beginning, ~iversally supported by the party and trade-wnion organiza-
tions of LOMO--brigades that service a sinqle piece of equipment but on different
shifts are paid at the same rate--was widely developed during the Ninth Five-Year
plan. These briqades turn over machine tools "on the rim" to each other without
readjustment. And the result is 30 minutes saved by each worker during a single
shift alone. And there is collective responsibi~ity for *_he quality of each
article.
- The nature and content of the labor of workers outside the brigades were also
changed.
Joining occupations were developed both main and auxiliary workers. For example,
the func~ions of lubricators and saddle makers were turned over to equipment repair
an d servicing metal workers and many loaders mastered the occupation of electric-
arc welder.
"When you write about the internal affairs of the firm," noted Panfilov, "do not
embellish anything. We still liave many difficulties and many unresolved problems.
For example, take equipment. There is still not enouqh ne4v equipment for all en-
terprises. Here is just one example. A small plant that manufactures dividing
heads was attached to us. We converted this plant to a shop but equipped it with
new unit machine tools and organized a production line. And the shop immediately
began to produce 2.5 times more products than when it was a plant. How many people
were releasedl Generally, in one way 4r another, our firm, like others, lives and
operates and increases capacity. There can now be no doubt of any kind: a produc-
tion association completely justifies itself and the future of our entire industry
is in such firms. 'I'heir developmznt is in the interests of the state." '
One cannot enumerate nar retail all the terms which ensured the success of the
firm during the Ninth Five-Year Plan and tne confident entry into the lOth Five-
- Year Plan in a single interview, even the most extensive interview.
' But as a popular saying goes, "It is better to see once than to hear it a hundred
_ t ime s . "
So let us complete our "journey" through LOMO. Let us visit together in the shops,
laboratories and design offices, everywhere where a continuous, constant struggle
is unde n,ray to solve the main task of the lOth Fi�~e-Year Plan--a five-year plan of
high labor efficiency and a five-year plan of quality.
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A TOUR THROUGH THE ENGINEERING BUILDING
When the conatruction materials almcst a kilometer lonq appeared on Chugunnaya
Ulitsa and when the tower cranes appeared above them, many thought arid quessed:
what will be built here? New shops? This is something unfamiliar.
Moreover, an enormous, long building four stories high with reflecting windows from
floor to ceiling soon began to sparkle with the whiteness of walls and be~ame filled
with sunlight, while fluorescent ].amps could be seen inside at dusk, with an even,
soft blui~h glow. New residents--scientists, engineers, designers and researchers
from the different plants that had become part of the firm join~d together for the
first time joined together under a single roof--appeared in it. They looked with
' amazement_at the enormous light rooms where everythinq was ready for them: from
weil-appointed furniture to portable computers, special transparent grids for draw-
ing printed-circuit cards and hundreds of other necessary accessories which will be
required in calcul.ations, research and design.
If a large meetii~g must bF held, a complex design must be discussed or opinions must
be exchanged, there is a vast conference hall.
The new engineering building contains modern apparatus and the latest equipment:
domestic, imported and "our own" made at the firm itself. And alongside is a spe-
cial experimental shop. Here they can embody in metal any idea of a designer. They
can make an existinq mockup of any assembly o~ of an entire device and can check the
value of an idea or the accuracy of calculatfon.in practice rather than
theoretically.
All the design services of formerly separately existing enterprises were included
in the TsKB [Central desiqn office]. But the work is now arranged by a new princi-
ple--clear specialization. SpQCialization in each direction of instrument building.
Specialization in qeneral engineering problems. Maximum elimination of any inter-
mediate links 3n management.
A vertical structure has been developed here. It appears thusly: engineer-re-
searcher--designer--chief of specialized design office--chief of central design
_ office. And immediately the n~snber of managers in this subdivision was :.sduced by
almost one halfl And one can say that operativeness in solution of many problems
was doubled. .
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Every design office sp~cialized by direction is totally responsible from beginning
to end for a hiqh technical level of a future device. Whether it is the design
office of astronomical instruments or spectral devices, movie equipment or measur-
_ ing equ~pment, video recording and so on, it contains not only design groups but
specialized laboratories required for complex engineering solutions.
Incidentally, the number of desiqn gzoups contained in special design offices is in
_ no way constant. It may also vary if the nature of devices which are being devel-
. oped at a given time varies.
With all the narrow specialization of these instrument SIB [Specialize~ design of-
ficeJ, they also have common enqineering problems: engineering calculations, cal-
culations of optical systems, reliability, esthetics~ packagi.ng and packing. Spe-
- cialized general engineering subdivisions also solve these problems. For example,
the engineering calculation design office, the artistic design office, reliability
- laboratory and packaging and packing design office. Moreover, although the name
of the l.atter desi~n office sounds very dull and prosaic, it performs the most im-
portant work. It develops beautiful, elegant packing and packaging for all the
association's products according to the specifications of the instrument SKB.
Development of this design office made it possible ta standardize packinq crates,
packaginq and even individual components of their preparation--to introduce a uni-
fied system of drawings and to introduce new, inexpensive and reliable materials
for manufacture of packaging: cardboard, styrofoam and plastics. As a result
cases of breakage of instruments were reduced sharply and labor productivity in
~ design of packaging and manufacture of it was qreatly increased.
A department appeared which services designers with all auxilia~-y work in techni-
cal documentation. Photostats are manufactured here and an enqineering archive is
maintained. Electrography is used here for rapid copying of any drawings and docu-
ments are microfilmed here.
All these and other auxiliary subdivisions have one goal--to free to the max~.mum
- the time of de~igners direetly involvod in development of devices for creativity.
Before starting our voyage through the firm's design offices, I came to the chief
engineer of the TsKB Viktor Alekseyevich Zverev--a young scientist. In the recent
past he was a graduate of the Leningrad Znstitute of Precision Mechanics and Optics
and is now a candidate of technical sciences. Zverev and the TsKB are responsible
for the technical level of products produced by the firm in all directions of de-
velopment of. ins~.rument building and they determine the main direction of scien-
tific research work at the firm.
~ Viktor Alekseyevich is enthusiastic about his work and recruitis knowledgeable peo-
ple and specialists in many fields of science and technology who are related or
y can be related to development cf modern optics.
"We are convinced," says Zverev, "that the most qualified specialists and scien-
tists should creat~ new equipment primarily there where it is being directly devel-
oped. The deve].opment of science is dependent to a large degree even more so on
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the equipment which our firm develops. The 25th CPSU Conqress," he continued,
"emphasized with special :orce the importance of rapid introduction of the advances
- of s~ient~fic and technical progress i.rlto groduction. And we at IAMO have already
- felt the contradictions when one organization is responsible only for working out
drawinqs or developing a pr~~totype of an articl~ and another is responsible only
for industrial production of them. As a result soil is created for irresponsibil-
ity and lack of accoun~ability." ,
- Under conditions of the firm, it is immediately impartant that all designers be
responsible for the qua2ity of any device with the LOMO mark at literally all sta-
ges of development.
This principle is especially important now when we have entered a five-year plan
of quality and our main task is to brinq the firm's entire production up to the
level of the best foreign models. This is a difficult task but we are now up to it.
The lOth Five-Year Plan opens up t.he broadest field for creativity: one labors,
- takes risks, tests and looks bravely into the future.
I saw haw this slogan is accomplished in practice, having visited many design of-
fices and research laboratories of the firm.
Th~ Birth of Unique Telescopes
I cross the threshold of the desiqn office. Externally this looks like any design
- office. It is quiet and there are people at their desks. The most complex instru-
ments such as a qiant reflecto r telescope are bo;n here.
The firm did not let down the expectations of astronomers who believed that "they
can do everything" ~t LOMO. Scientists at the Byurakansk, Crimean, Zslenchuk
and other observatories have already received unique telescopes. And a nutnber of
the most valuable discoveries have already been made with them.
The Soviet interplanetary station Venera-7 was launched into the universe and
rushed *_oward the stars and it was recorded by the Crimean telescope when it was
a distance of 160,000-170,000 kilometers from the earth. The positions of the
station itself were precisely and sequentially recorded on film.
The Crimean telescope has a"b rother" at Byurakan. It turns out that the "broth-
ers" are in no way twins. This is the tradition at LOMO: the next instrument of
the same type should be improved.
- Pnd now the Byura)can telescope already has considerable advantages: the optical
circuit was modified and the capability of simultaneous s~etting of three different
light-detecting devices was provided if necessary. This is very important in re-
search. For example, replacin g the spectrograph with a camera requires 30-4Q min-
utes in the Crimean telescQpe. In the Byurakan telescope it is sufficient only to
_ rotate a diagonal mirror. This requires 2-3 minutes.
Both telescopes have photoguides (an automatic star-tracking system). But the
Byurakan telescope ha$ a remote device that permi.ts one to see a celestial object
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on a screen, to control all systems from a single central station and moreover,
guiding accuracy is considerably higher.
And, finally, there is the well-known BTA with six-meter n?irror which was discussed
at the 25th CPSU Congress.
_ Putting these devices into operation has alane advanced the USSR to first place in
Europe in the number of operating telescopes that meet the most modern requirements
of science and technology.
Chief designer Bagrat IConstantinovich Ioannisiani was awarded the Lenin Prize for
developmen~ of domestic telescopes and a numbez of other astrophysical de vices.
I am talking with Baqrat Konstantinovich at his desk. The idea of developing the
- largest telescope with which astronomer scientists obtained much of the most valu-
able data and m~de unique investigations of distant stellar systems and intergal-
lactic nebula which could not be "reached" previously because no one had a detailed
astronomical instrument to cover the distance of mi.llions of light years, was first
' born here. And now it exists and was developed at IAMO. This is the largest, most
powerful and most all-seeing eye on the planet. This unique telescope was con-
structed over a period of 15 years under the direct supervision and with the par-
ticipation of general director of LOMO M. P. Panfilov.
Bagrat Kvnstantinovich talks simply about things of enormous significance and is
_ slightly ironic about himself.
"How and why did I become a designer? Simply because there was nothing else I
could do,"
His life's path began at Leningrad many years ago even before thp First F ive-Year
Plan at the Ravenstvo plant. He was a transmission lubricator in a shop and then
a draftsman at KRASNAYA ZA RYA. And later he dreamed at on~ time of becoming a
musician.
He did not become a musician but the haztr~ony inherent to music and inspiration can
all be followed in his amazing creativity when he develops telescopes. A fusion
of beauty and power. And always the most optim~sn solution of the most complex
problem.
He began with the design of a school telescope. He developed a meniscus telescope
- --the world's first--a telescopE with mirror diameter of 2.6 meters. And f inally
he developed the BTA.
_ "The main problem? There were many main problems," sm.iles Ioannisiani. "One of
~ the m~st unpleasant was the rigidity of design. This has always been a problem
for telescopes. The dimensions increase an.d the tubes increase and everything be-
comes ma..*~y times heavier. And the law of deformation comes into effect. Finally,
the telescope tube bends and becomes distorted k~y its own weight. Finally, there
is a misalignment of some tenths of a millimeter. But this woulci have a harmful
effect on the quality of optical images. Ways must be found tc� compensate for
this."
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one looks and looks!
How much design and production research development of the mirror rec;uired.
One can ideally pour a gigantic piece of glass for a telescope but it still does not
become a mirror. The inevitable internal stresses occurrinq during casting must
still be removed. Otherwise the mi.rror "walks" or rather "creeps" and becomes prac-
tically unsuitable for astronomical observations. Internal stresses were removed by
- anneal~nq which continued for 738 days! The most careful polish9.ng of it continued
for about 2 years and then the six-meter "eye" had to be covered with the thii:aest
aluminum layer no more than one thousandth of a millimeter thick in a vacutar?. This
operation with a part weighing 42 tons has never before been done in the world.
Or take the telescope supports. One hears simply "supports." And each is three
- stories high. It contains laboratories and auxiliary rooms. Elevators move inside
_ the supports.
"Yes, we developed the world's most ~owerful telescope with qreat light-qathering
capability or, as journalists now love to write, the earth's big eye. This permits
investigation Qf processes occurring in the most remote sections of cosmic space.
'I'hese investigations are inaccessible to other telescopes."
Bagrat Konstantinovich related in detail about installation of the gigantic BTA,
about its capabilities and presented figures, technological data and calculations.
Ioannisiani took a pencil and began to calculate. He thought, knitting his thick,
black eyebrows on the bridge of his nose.
"well, if one eliminates atmospheric interference and does not take the earth's
sphericity into account, our telescope is capable of r~cording the liqht of a can-
dle i.gnited at a distance of 25,000 kilometers!"
- This is what the prominent English astronomer Redish wrote to the chief designer:
"Dear poctor ?oannisiani! Doctor Davis and I are exceptionally grateful to you for
useful consulatiion on the altazimuth telescope design. Your report on this was
favorably received. we here have good hopes for the future."
The qigantic telescope constructed by LOMA has advanced worldwidE science and en-
gineering practice.
Chief designer of the telescope. In the given case are not so much a designation
' of 3n official position. They contain the very essence af the matter in which
Ioannisiani has been involved his antire life. After all, one can simply desiqnate
a chief by positio,z and he can be replaced, but to be the chief in such an extensive
sive, important and crucial matter due to his own talent, unlimited creative inter-
es*_ and to have the skill to ignite it in others--not everyone can become such a
person.
Chi~f designer Ioannisiani has extensive experience: he designed the telescope for
- the Alma-Ata observatory, a meniscus telescope for the Abastumani observatory and
2.6-meter reflector telescopes for thE Crimean and Byurakan observatories.
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When he was developing the 2.6-meter telescope, Baqrat Kor~stantinovich suggested an
essentially new device, simpler and more impro ved, instead of the long and univer-
sally accepted yokes that support th~ tube. There were also many proponents and
m.any opponents. Baqrat Konstantinovich listened to one and the other with identical
attention. Both versions were sent far confirmation. Ioannasiani's version was
given preference. The advantaqes are more than convincing: the com~actn~ss oF the
design and mainly the complete quarantee af high observation accuracy.
And here is the new building of the USSR Academy of Sciences, already comparably
more complex with a gigantic reflector with six-meter mirror.
Up to this time only in the United States did they know how to develop a reflector
telescope ~aith mirror diameter of five meters. The telesr_ope mirror, as already
noted, is exceptionally complicated to manufacture, machine and relieve the stress. ~
The precision of the mirror working surface is determined in fractions of a micron
and itself weiqhs appror.imately 42 tons with an area of approximately 27 square
meters. And this mirror must be firmly held and rotated. That means a movable
support that excludes deformation of the mirror reflecting surface must ~lso be
developed. And then on~ must 3ecide from what material to make the mirror .i.tself
ar~d with what and how to machine it. 2'his technology did not exist previously.
At today's level of science ~nd technoloqy with the endless variety af fields re-
lated to each other, it is impossible to image a designer of such a multicomplex
instrument as a modern telescope in isolation even one who is supertalented.
'I'hese problems ~an be solved only through the efforts of a large, friendly collec-
tive of scientists, desiqners and investiqators joined together at the firm. That
is why Bagrat Konstantinovich talks with qrest warmth about his own numerous col-
_ leagues at the design office and about such prominent specialists in this field as
N. S. Samofal, V. V. Bobashov, V. A. Kovalev, I. K. Pavlov, L. P. Karabutova, M. V.
Lobachev, V. N. Pavlov and others who headed the group which made complex calcula-
tions with wnprecedented accuracy of special relieving of the unique mirror on the
support, preventinq defozmation of it.
To aim such a giganti~ telescope more accurately and more rapidly, a complex tele-
scope control system had to be developed which includes a digital control computer.
And they developed this system and the control computer at the firm itself in one
- of the laboratories which is managed by candidate of technical sciences Ye. N.
Neplokhov. Bagrat Konstantinovich also notes many other names of scientists, en-
gineers and technicians from the astronomical office itself and the workers and
peogle of unprecedented skill and inexhaustible creative thought intimately asso-
ciated with them. These are enqineers V. B. Labinskiy and B. G. Kovalev, engi.neers-
assemblers I. M. Varvarkin, A. A. Nekrasov and F. M. Barkovskiy, young engineer
G. I. Amur who managed the maGhining of the unique mirror and these are experienced
"celestial optics" technician V. V. Oshurko, a researcher, and many others.
An now a few words about sir,?ilar BTA telescopes developed at LOMO, also unique in
their type.
"we made tY:ree telescopes quite recently," relates the chief of the design office
and chief designer of th~se telescopes V, V. Demidov, "which indicated the begin-
ning of a new phase in astronomical instrument building."
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For example, take the AZT-12 telescope. This is a 1.5-meter mirror reflector. It
has three optical systems. The first of them is a so-called primary focus system
with quartz corrector designed to photograph elongater3 sections of the sky. The
second system is used for observations by photographic, photometric and spe~toqraph-
- ic methods. And the third system is needed to conduct spectral investigations.
Transition from one optical system to the other is accomplished by simple repiace-
ment of individual optical components. This is carried out automatically.
There is also the AZT-11 telescope. It is totally automated. It is designed for
ph~tometry of the luminous fluxes from stars. The main mirror has a light diameter
of 1,250 millimeters. Aiming, trackinq and control of the observation process, in-
put and output of filters, references and diaphraqms, photoqraphing the results and
making corrections--all these many operations are completely automatic. And a
special cybernetic machine controls the telescope. The memory of this machine is
such that it permits an observation cycle of several hundred stars to be proqrammed
and to make photometric measuremen~s of them during a single night! But this is
already behind.
- "And what is in the near future?"
"In the very near future there is a solar telescope for the new solar 'service.'
There is also a series of chromospheric telescope~. There is also a meridian disk
for astronomical measurements."
"What things new are being done at TsI~ tg accelerate the development of astronom-
ical instruments?"
"That is a valid question," says Demidov, "especially if one takes into account that
the number and camplexity of problems in this field will increase sharply even dur-
i.ng the current decade."
Development of a single medium telescope 1.5 meters in diameter alone required 4-6
years in the past. If one takes into account the qrowinq rates of "moral" aqing of
equipment, the problem ~f acceieration of development and introduction becomes one
of the main conditions of technical proqress. We are faced with the problem of re-
ducing the cycle of developing astronomical instruments to 1.5 to 3 years. And
with the same if not fewer forces since a reduction in the development cycle should
be "won" by skill rather than numbers. And we have concluded that standardization
(even under conditions of individual production) becomes ane of the levers with
which the periods of development and preparation of production and expenditures can-
not only be reduced, but labor productivity and the quality of our instruments and
thQir rzliability can also be increased. This is the main task in development of
new instruments that are at the level of the best worldwide models and tnat some-
times exceed this level. And the efforts of the astronomical instrument builders
have been directed toward this task.
However, we must knock on another door.
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Interview at the Special Desiqn Office of Miczoscopy
= The fir~t microscopes were developed at Nurnberg more than 200 years ago. Many of
these old-timers have been exhibited in Moscow at the Polytechnical Museum along-
side modern microscopes. The tourguide, showing yoL their collection, says with a
smile: "The difference between them is like that between a postal carriaqe and a
spacecraft."
A modern microscope is a most complicated device where electronics and automatics
serve optics and this makes the microscope an irreplacea.ble instrument of investi-
gatnrs in the most diversa fields of science, engineering, medicine and industry.
To the question what sections of physical optics does the work of the office encom-
pass, they answered me: all sections.
The SKB of Microscopy produces the most dive rse microscopes: biol~gical, lumines-
cent, ultraviolet, infrared, polarization, me tallographic, high-temperature and
microscopes for nucle ar research and for mic roelectronics. The list of them is
~ very long. And there are also devices for mi crophotographic filming and micromovie
film.ing. The 5KB is a unique orqanization in the USS~ which is engaged in develop-
ment ~f luminous microscopes of different de s ignations. The office also develops
- measuring devices to investigate the roughnes s of machined surfaces and also works
on development of devices for local microspectral analysis.
One of the leading designers shows me an expe rimental model of the new MMR-4 micro-
- scope. They have long been waiting for it at the metallurgical plants and at sci-
entific research institutes.
It is very important in manufacture of inetal to determine as accurately as possible
_ the structure and dif ferent inclusions. The MMR-4 metallographic working microscope
helps metallurqists to investigate more prec i sely the structure of alloys. It is
equipped with optics with plane field--so-c~ 1 led plane optics. Due to this, the
microscope clearly "sees" an object through the entire visual field, whre as its
~ predecessor produced a sharp image only in the center.
. "How does standardization in microscope design appear in practice7 Here is at
least one example."
"An entire series of polarization microscope s was renovated during the Ninth Five-
= Year Plan. Transmitted liqht microscopes--the MIN-8 and MIN-10 (for investigation
of transparent minerals) and the reflected 1 i ght microscope--the MIN-9, designed to
work with opaque minerals--have been replace d by standardized devices of the POL~M
(expansion unknownJ type. The labor product i vity of geologists will be increased
significantly by increasing the operating qualities, introducing new optical com-
ponents and changing the design parameters.�'
_ The designers, mathematicians and investigators of t'~e SKB are working on a broad
topic of standardizing these microscopes. A group under the supervision of R. M.
Raguzin manages the design part, investigations are conducted by the group of chief
engineer A. I. Frez, while.new optical systems are calculated by specialists headed
by engineer T. A. Ivanova. Many microscopes developed by them have won the State
Emblem of Quality.
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~
"Does your SIB dev~elop on3.y microscopes?"
"The thinking of designers and investigators of ~he SKB is directed toward develon-
ment oE d~vices that considerably alleviate the work of geologists. For ex_~mpl,e,
we are working on an integration device to measure tY~~ quantitative composition of
minerals--a micror~fractometer that permits one to determine the refraction of flu--
ids and others."
Incidenta?ly, it becomes ever more difficult to determine where a microscope ends in
"~ure form" and where other devices begin since all modern optical devices are a com-
plex installation and include both a microscope, spectral equipment and also laser
- equipment.
Incidentally, a word about the devices which the firm makes for geologists aad met-
allurgists. There is among them one which is a"hybricl" microscope and laser. Its
designation is microspectral analysis.
Geologists have discovered, for exa~le, a hardly discernible point--impregnation--
in a rock specimen. This is possibly a substance or mineral, a trace of which they
are seeking. But try to extract it to make an analysis. The problem is solved
simply by using the device: the specimen is placed under a microscope coupled with
a laser and this valuable point is found and the crosshairs visible in the micro-
scope are aimed at it. This means that the laser is also aimed at the paint. A
flash and the impregnation is converted to steam while a spectrograph (it is also
contained~in the device) records the composition of these vapors. This is a"three
in one" device for you: a microscope-spectrograph-laser. But lasers are another
matter of the SKB.
On the Trail of the Magic Ruby
Yes a laser is now known to everyone. During childhood many love to amuse them-
- selves with a magnifying glass and to ignite a sheet of paper with the rays of the
sun. One or several watts of power are produced during this. Modern physicists
who utilize light rays in their work have learned how to conaentrate power of
100,000 kilowatts on a single square centimeter. The temperature of the light spot
reaches 100 million degrees. The thinnest light beam drills through diamond within
a fraction of a second. Impressive data!
The operating principle of the laser is quite simple. A crystal ruby rod is placed
alongside a powerful flash lamp. The ends of the rod have a coating. The electrons
in the ruby atom~ are set into oscillatinq motion due to the light pulses until the
beam generated by them breaks through a narrow aperture in one of the doped ends of
the crystal.
They sketched tl^.e circuit at the desiqn office and I saw a laser in operation in
the demonstration hall of the firm. It is demonstrated to touring s~hool children
and in their presence the laser beam drills through a metal plate which the lads
and lasses take with them as a treasured souvenir.
Industrial production of lasers was first developed at LOMO with the assistance of
scientists of the State Optical Institute and peaceful lasers desiqned for our
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industry and medicine were also develaped at LOMO. Surgeons call them bloodless
scalpels. The most delicate operations on the eyes are made with these remarkable
instruments and oncologists use 'them successfully.
'I'he lasez design office is the youngest in the firm because this field of technol-
ogy is also very young. And the chief designer is comparatively young and we walk
with him into one of the optical shops to watch the birth of a laser.
A worker brought a ruby rod from a case. He was supposed to machine its ends with
very high accuracy.
I saw those people who were atte:ntively following numerous instruments. The people
studied all parameters of newborn lasers, noted the slightest deviations from the
norms and i~nediatel~ decided what to do to eliminate these deviations. This was
also the main task of the adjusters.
Workers--but the level of problems which they solved was an engi.neering level that
requires broad theoretical knowledge. The laser adjusters, like adjusters of other,
most camplex devices at LOMO, are usually people with an engineering education or
are students of vuzes.
Behind each door are enthusiasts and developers of models of new equipment, new
_ devices and apparatus which are thought up here, calculated and acquire the first
outlines in drawings.
Incidentially, almost all the movie theaters in the Soviet Union are equipped with
movie projectors with the mark LOMO and the sound engineering equipment developed
- and created at LOMO--the largest USSR enterprise in production of modern apparatus
for creation and showing of movie films--is used in almost all movie th~aters and
- in all the largest concert halls of the Soviet Union.
The deputy chief of the TsKB Tamara Mikhaylovna Senchugova talks about this:
"The engineering pxocess of devel~~ing a film is very complex. Different devices--
preliminary sound recording equipment, c~ubbing and duplication. Sound amplifica-
tion equipment, modern microphones and loudspeakers are required for movie concert
halls and places of entiertainment. The specialized design office develops all these
these devices.
The best specialists were concentrated in the office during organization of the
firm. This made it possible to carry out developments at rapid rates and at a high
technical level.
For example, the essentially new apparatus Zvuk reproduces the sound of ordinary
and wide-format films. Its sets are designed for the most diverse outputs. And
they can also be used for operating with an ordinary microphone, tape recorder,
radio receiver or phonograph--in general, in the widest range of operations. The
Zvuk immediately forced out many expensive amplifying devices of different types.
They were immediately taken out of production. The new apparatus is n~ore improved
but is simpler to manufacture. It is designed on the basis of standardized units--
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pr~liminary amplification, power supply, loudspeaker heads and so on. Standardiza-
tion makes it possible to use a progressive technology, efficient orqanization of
- labor and naturally leads to an increase of productivity in the shops and also
~ makes it convenierit to operate.
Movie theaters and clubs have received an interesting innovation during the past
- few years. The KZVP-10 universal portable sound-reproduaing device was developed
and put into serial production. It is designed to serve movie theaters and clubs
with capacity up to 200 viewers and also for mobile movie installations which num-
ber up to 150,000 in the country. This is a small, transistorized device designed
on the modular principle.
The Solist mobilQ sound engineering equipment, which is designed to serve stage
presentations, was first developed in the country at this SKB.
Cinematographers who must frequently coaduct filming during expeditions are assisted
by the Ritm-2 tape recorder, designed to record speech and music under full-scale
filming conditions. A special recordinq console that permits 10 pieces of equipment
to be switched on simultaneously (monitored by the sound angineer) offers great op-
portunities to sound operaters.
- 'I'he SKB has conciueted considerable research to improve the sound amplifying equip-
ment which is designed for multipurpose halls. It now completely provides stereo-
- phonic and monopho,~ic sound amplification and sound reproduction when showing wide-
format, wide-screen ,3nd ordinary movie films having magnetic ana photographic sound
tzacks.
Unique sound amplification equipment has been installed in the large Kremlin palace,
in the building of the Presiditun of the USSR Supreme Soviet and in the reception
building.
- The design office develops standardized sound engineering apparatus for recording,
re-recording and copying magnetic sound tracks. Integrated circuits and transistors
will be used in the electroniC units.
"we now have everythir:g for successful operation," continues Tamara Mikhaylovna
Senchugova, "the firm makes availnble to us a special acoustic test room and a re-
search center of the laboratory."
Now work, create and bravely experiment.
The Great Grandsons of Fotokor
The reader knows already that one of the first Soviet cameras--ttie Fotokor with
- bellows camera--was born during the prewar years in the shops of GOMZ.
Now millions of modern cameras--grandsons of the Fotokor with the mark LOMO--are in
the hands of amateur photographers not only in the USSR, but in many countries of
the world-�England, Italy, West Germany and others. According to general acknowl-
edgement, ZOMO cameras are now superior to the products of some foreign countries
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in their class in quality and, which is no less important, in cost. A number of
models and mockups ~f the latest cameras can be seen in the camera SIB and one can
_ meet their developers.
How many generations of amateur photographers dreamed ahout an automatic camera
which would free them from selecting the exposure time and diaphragm size prior to
taking a picture. And many factors must be taken into account to correctly deter-
� mine these values: brightness, contrast, the light sensitivity of the film and so
on.
Hence there are 'frequent uncorrectable errors which not only amateur photographers
but professional photographers as well make.
"Our desiqners," they related to me at the camera SKB, "helped to a significant de-
_ gree in making the dream of amateur photogr~phers come true by developing the Sokol
camera."
- The required shutter speed is set prior to filming. It is known that a fast shutter
speed of approximately 1/250 or 1/500 second must be set when filming moving sub-
jects, while the shutter speed has no significance when filming a landscape but in
- this case it is very impcrtant to set the aperture size so that the depth of image
sharpness is increased when the object is diaphragmed. An automatic camera selects
the diaphragm size for the set shutter speed. If the amateur has set an incorrect
shutter speed for which the necessary diaphragm cannot be selected, the automatic
camera corrects the error.
LOMO designers went further, having developed the world's first five-program auto-
matic camera with preliminary information in the viewfinder on the actual values of
shutter speeds and diaphragms. The amateur only has to lightly press the start but-
- ton prior to filming and the digital values of shutter speed and diaphraqm appear in
the viewfinder which the automatic camera triggQrs.
The developers of the Sokol camera have obtained an i.nventor's certificate foz it in
the USSR and LOMO has patented it in France arid Japan. Moreover, this camera was
awarded important gold medals at VDNKh (Exhibition of Achievements of the National
EconomyJ of the USSR and at the International Leipzig Trade Fair. And despite this,
the joint work of designers and technicians is persistently continuing at the~design
office on improving the operational characteristics, on simplifying the design an3
- on reducing the cost of the camera.
The enthusiastic designers are ready to talk continuously about the newest and lat-
est camPras for amateurs. This includes their contribution to fulfillment of the
socialist pledges o.*"_ Leningrad workers to assimilate producti.on and produce new con-
sumer goods.
Ar,~ong the new goods is also a family of modern, reliable amateur movie cameras, the
Avrora.
"The Avrora-14 is the latest representative of the so-called simple class of movie
cameras," explains the chief designer N. I. Panchenko. And here he notes with a
smile: "However, what does simple class mean in our time? The amateur movie
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photographer needs a convenient and simple camera. The new camera also meets these
requirements. It is supplied with the most complex systems which ensure filminq or.
color and black-white 8-millimeter movie film of super-8 type. Cartridqe loading
- of the camera is used for the first time. This is a great convenience for ama~eur
movie makers. An objective with variable focal distance was used �or the fixst time
in a camera of this class. This permits the scale o~ the image to be changed during
filming a large background and to diversify the film." "
Even prior to production of the last model, the movie camera had reca.eved high marks
of Soviet and foreign amateur movie makers. Here is just one lettPr from England:
"Gentlemen, last year I acquired your movie camera Avrora. Until now I had never
- made amateur films. I found that the camera is simple to handle. My first film was
quite acceptable. I feel that I should thank your association for developing such
an inexpensive and good design of a camera. I hope that I can make even more ama-
- teur films. B. J. King, London."
Those Who Saddled the Rainbow
The rainbow, the rainbow--it is long ar oused not only the fantasy of poets but the
_ thinking of scientists as well. Scientists have established that this intriguing arc
is nothing more than refraction of light and splitting of it into the spectrum. De-
velopers of spectral instruments which now find the widest application in all kinds
of scientific research and to monitor various production processes, make use of
this phenomenon.
- Y~vgeniy Ivanovich Lebedev has for many years headed the specialized design office
of spectral instruments, without which progress in different spheres of modern sc~-
ence and technology, from metallurgy to medicine and chemistry, would now be prac-
- tically impossibie. Yevgeniy Ivanovich is in his forties. He is a broad-shoulde~ed
and broad-faced man with cheerful hazel eyes.
In 1944 his father enrolled him in the plant technical school where they trained
aptical specialists. Yevgeniy was attracted to optics. Not having yet defended
his diploma, student Lebedev, who had only turned 18, was assigned to work in the
plant design office. Together with the other enqineers, he was immediately entrust-
ed with developing an optical device.
An the facets of his talent wei:e discove.red here: independence, initiative and
creative daring!
In the shop the metal workers and enqineers assembled a device "f~om paper." They
are the first advisers, consultants and critics. Since then there has remained a
special attachment, a special partiality and trust in these consultants in the work
shops.
But even long before Lebedev received a vuz diploma, the young designer was siun-
moned by the then chief of the design office, who said with a smile:
"Be glad, Lebedev. It has been decided to appoint y~u the leader in the qroup who
will develop the IKS-15."
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"The IKS is an infr~red spectrophotometer. A completely new model of a device,
more improved to determine and measure the chemical composition of matter, had to
be developed. These devices were rec~uired for research institutes studying the
stzuCture and quality of materials."
- The future device was represented by an entire complex in which both optics, mechan-
ics and electronics would be combined. When the IKS-15 was born, an entire collec-
tive labored on it--engineer Nikolay Sergeyevic~ Golyandin was responsible for the
electronics, Neonila Ivanovna Ivanova, a specialist in physics, conducted physical
investigations and Natal'ya Sergeyevna Moskaleva supervised the investigations.
But Lebedev remained the leader. He was responsible for joining all the systems
into a unified organism and for givinq the device its final form. And his word was
last in all debates, inevitable during creative search.
After LoMO was formed, the SI~ acquired well-organized and equipped scientific re-
search laboratories: electrical engineering, aptical-physics and diffraction grat-
ings. Ye. I. Lebedev headed the SKB which now reminds one in scope and scales of
activity more of a large scientific research and design organization.
What are they now doing, what are they working on and what are they developing?
- Yevgeniy Ivanovich shows an installation connected to a gray metal housing, inside
whi.ch is hidden a secret miraculous rainbow.
What is it for?
Now imagine an open-hearth shop and a molten flow of steel filling a gigantic ladle.
eut before releasing the steel from the furnace, one must find out whether it is
ready or not and whether it will receive the mark which it has been given. This
was previously done thusly: a sample of steel, was taken with a special ladle and
the metallurgist guessed "by eye" and by color whether or not it was time to pour it.
This was in the past. The development of inetallurgy now r~quires precise and objec-
tive analyses. And chemistry came to the aid in this case. But the foundry worker
at the open hearth waited for 30 zninutes to an hour until the chemical. laboratory
provides an answer. As a result the process itself was delayed. Chemical analysis
took too long.
But could it not be dnne more quickly?
Zt could. Metallurgists take a sample of steel and receive a precise answer about
- the quality of inetal within minutes by using a spectral quantometer. The special-
- ists figure tha~_ if quantometers could be universally introduced into metallurgy,
the productivity of smelting would be increased considerably.
"Metallurgists were pleased with our device," says Lebedev, "but even so this de-
vice required too much time. Follow the pointers on the scale, take the readings
- and calculate from special graphs."
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And a group of designers developed a special automatic electronic device. And they
equipped the new quantometer with it. Now it not only makes an analysis within 3-4
minutes, but automatically issues an answer in written form on a form: the percen-
taqe of manganese, sulphur, nickel and so on.
The long row of desks in the SKB is just like sailboats arranged near a dock wall.
Every draft of the assignment is sent directly from the drawing board to the exper-
imental shop, is converted into a model, then into an experimental prototype and
again undergoes inv~stigations in laboratories until it receives authorization for
serial production. ~
For example, the t~'S-5 is a new type of quantometer. It predicts whether it is
time for an article, machine or engine to undergo major overhaul. Only a drop of
oil taken from the engine subject to checking is required for this. And the degree
of wear will be determined instantaneously.
Yevgeniy Ivanovich shows letters from the depot of Vologda Station: "Your N~'S-5
monitors the condition of 300 diesel locomotives. The saving is approximately
- 100,000 rubles annually." And this is at one depot alone.
Somewhat later I am in the shop of assembler-metal worker Yuriy Ivanovich Murav'yev,
= who developed the first of these devices and explained its operating principles. He
related how oil specimens ignite and metal residues are detected during this and how
the device fixes the percentage of inetal saturation of the spent lubricant.
And the developers of this device--engineers I. Trilestnik, M. Fridman, N. Sidoruk,
A. Livshits and S. Orlov--have long been working on new, more improved models of the
device. The first device is only a starting point.
workers of the Lebedev SKB designed a spectrophotometer for medical workers. The
. devices makes a diagnosis rapidly and without error. Take, for exampl.e, a throm-
bosis or hemorrhage. ~
And I would also like to note one characteristic feature of the spectral SI~.
Lebedev recalled a case which caused serious speculation among the designers. Once
a new universal quantometer was installed at one of the metallurgical plants. Be-
fore shipping it, it had been carefully tested and checked at the firm. The device
operated perfectly. And suddenly there was the alann bell: the device was not op-
erating! A colleague of the SKB flew iinnediately to the place. What was wrong?
And the fact was that the person did not really !cnow how to work with such a com-
plex device. Printed-circuit designs, even the most detailed, were inadequate. The
least inaccuracy and the dev~ce Eailed.
They decided that the operators shoul~ be trained at the firm. That is to say at
- the primary sources. And so representatives from Moscow, Izhevsk and Donetsk were
in the SKB laboratories. And engineer-researcher Svetlana Vyacheslavovna Podmo-
shenskaya, one of the developers of the quantometer, conducts exercises with the
operators. A dependable device should be in dependable hands!
And when does custody of the Si~ over its child generally end?
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"This is not a simple question," says Yevgeniy Ivanovich. "After all you can't pre-
d~ct everything and toresee everything beforehz~nd. Take the DFS-10 quantometer.
It seemed to the designers that everything in it was "absolute". But the device op-
erated for some time in the metallurgical shop and it suddenly became cleaz that
dust, despite special protection, still penetrates onto the optical mirrors. And
this means that they must be carefully cleaned from time to time, but the coating
is w~orn away with this. And the concerns of the investigators again begin anew: .
what to do? What should be done? Formally we are perhaps not responsible. ~ How-
ever, we cannot act on the principle: "Once the customer accepts it our duty is
done." our investigator requests the assistance of the electrovacuum laboratory of
- the firm: the mirrors must be enclosed in a reliable protective layer. And they
search, test and set up experiments immediately in this laboratary. Finally they
find the method. And the optical mirrors are enclosed in a st ronq protection."
Yevgeniy Ivanovich rAlates how literally every day ever highe r requirements are
placed on the quality of modern spectrophotometry. The range of customers is ex-
panding continuously and each has their own specific requirements.
I saw a list of new customers. The Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology, the
Alma-Ata Airport and the Belgrad Vitamin Plant, ttie Aqricultural Experiment Station
in the Ukraine and the institute of ~bstetrics and Gynecology in Georqia request
spectrophotometers. Tens of new and the most different devices in innunierable ver-
- sions are required. Are now the limits of the SKB too confined for this?
"This is a flexible concept--confined or not confined. we look at this thusly: the
more diverse the instruments which we develop, the more flexible and more eff~cient
- should be the approach to solution of any creative problem. Thase high requirements
which are placed; ].et us say, on spectrophotometers, can be satis~ied primarily by
"families" of instruments that solve different problems on the basis of a single
baseline instrument rather than by development of new models and consequently stan-
dardization of numerous assemblies and parts is necessary. There are immediately
many advantages here both for production and engineering."
Incidentally, this standardization made it pessible for a gro up of 5KB designers to
develop a thematic plan ahead of schedule for yet another mark of ultraviolet
~ spectrophotometer.
A step was then made toward improvement of spectrographs. The designers developed
and created for them special photoelectrometric recording accessories. And it .
turned out that many research institutes had no reason to acquire the expensive new
- instr:unents. It was sufficient only to acquire the accessory. Thus, yet anothe~
feature of this collective of designers of little importance was manifested: con-
cern not only about the economy of their own SKB or their own firm, but also about
the economic interests of all for whom they work.
Concern about economy pushed toward a new important directio:Y in the work of the SI~
designers--a reduction of the metal consumption of iristruments. They do not conduct
a campaign because of some sloqan, but from sober thrifty calculation. After all,
for example, tons of pig iron are expended on massive castings for the bases of
instruments alone.
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Lebedev and his colleagues began to calculate not only the excess weight of inetal
but also the excess time and escess labor of the machine tool operators which is
expended on machi:�;inq the heavy castings. And it was suggested that they reject
~ these castings and replace them with a design from sheet metal.
Initially there was much concern even about this. An unusual approachl But even
so the latest model of the IKS-25 spectrophotometer sits on a sheet rather than on
a cast iron foundation and the results are excellent. And at the same time tons of
cast iron are saved from being machined into cuttings.
As you can see, the people "who have sadd~ed the rainbaw'� have their feet on the
ground, but sober thrifty calculation does not interfere in any way with the flight
of creative thoughtl
An excursion through the engineering buildinq is similar to an excursion into the
world of the latest modern technology of instrument building from its very sources,
where it is "created," where unusual monitoring and measurinq instruments begin
their journey from the drawing board to the real world. Here is an instrument for
measuring the ci.i.ameters of quartz tubes by the contactless method, here is an inter-
ference inside miarometer designed to measure openings with accuracy up to 0.1
micron, an automatic dividing machine for high-frequency hatchure gauges, an auto-
matic scale monitoring device and mockups of video tape recorders for the country's
television centers.
It is difficult to imagine that all this innumerable variety of the most complex
equipment is created at one enterprise and at the highest level too.
What are the most pressing problems common for the entire TsKB that are being
solved today?
"One of the mQSt pressing problems," relates the chief engineer of the TsI~, is
universal introduction of microelectronics into design of ~ptical instruments and
equipment. This alone will ensure th~ir high reliability and will reduce the weight
of many instruments by a factor of tens. The laboriousness of equipment manufacture
will be reduced through extensive use of inteqrated microcircuits.
The problems are many and complex, but they are solvable.
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THE FIF2M CONDUCTS RESEARCH
What is a mod~rn enterprise and a modern production association7 Today these are
not oniy shops which are saturated with automatic lines, machine tools with program
control and remote control devices but these are also design offices and scientific
research laboratories. The joining of production and science has entered the epic
of the scientific and technical revolution as one of the main indicators of ~he time.
. New production process~s, neW materials and new designs are being developed in in-
dustry ever more frequently through their own efforts.
An examgle of this is the Leningrad 4ptical-Mechanical Association imeni V. I. Lenin.
There are many doctors and candidates af sciences here. The design offices and
laboratories of the firm are ever closer to the level of scientific research insti-
tutes ~n the scope and scale of their activity and in their practical results.
A designer-scientist working in industry is now a widespread phenomenon. �These are
people who combine high theoretical training and the capability of independent re-
search with the grasp of managers and with extensive knowledge of the characteris-
tics of serial produ~tion in the fine points of its technology. They also now
emerge as leaders in the ~ompetition of Leningrad workers to reduce the deadlines
for developcnent and introduction of the new begun at the initiative of the leading
associations.
I shall atte~t to talk in these features about two engineer-researchers of LOMO
_ who participate in solution of this problem. ~
Fomenko, "Who Can Do Everything"
T::ere is absolute quiet behind an ordinary door with an ordinary nameplate "Electro-
~,a cuum Laboratory" if one does not consider the low conversation of 2-3 persons in
cream-colored smocks. You look around and everywhere glass or metal domes and domes
~ of the most diverse sizes and shapes, transparent and opaque, flash. Then somewhere
aside you notice the blinking of small different colored lamps on a console.
- My escort, an elderly stocky person with very kind blue-gray eyes, Pavel Nikolaye-
vich Fomenko, conducts me now downward past enormous black cylinders, now along a
narrow steep stairway, now upward onto a platform from which you can see the blink-
ing hemisphere of a gigantic disk. Fomenko's movements are light and precise and
he enthusiastically points out the most diverse equipment and fantastic
installations.
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Thus we complete an amazing excurions: here under each dome or rather under each
cap a small "cosmos" has been created, that is, the air has been pumped out with
- special suctior. equipment and the same maximum degree of vacuum has been crated as
in circumterrestrial orbits. Under these secret caps installed on heavy slabs,
glass castings polished with maximum precision, of different sizes and shapes,
make planetary motions with the aid of the most precise mechanisms. And the glass
under these same caps is bombarded by billions of aluminum, tungsten or gold
molecules.
The molecules are "blown off" from metal coils or rods through which an electric
- current passes. There is nothing threatening about them since there is no oxygen
_ in ~ vacuum and they cannot burn or become oxidized and nothing interferes with
their flight since there are no counter molecules of air in their path and they
settle firmly on tize bright polished surface of the glass and are transformed into
the th~nnest, imperceptible film fractions of a micron thick. This film transforms
the glass into truly magic mirrors which aze installed in a special microscope to
penetrate the secrets of the structure of a cell or into powerful telescopes to
trap the glow of remote stars and galaxies. Optical mirrors different in design,
shapes and sizes are required for hundreds of modern optical instruments most di-
verse in golds and designation.
Unt il these mirrors were developed there could be no talk about modern optical in-
struments. But until they mastered and assimilated in industry the creation of
- the thinnest and most precise films by means of the electrovacuum method of coating,
' it was impossible to dresm seriously about manufacture of these mirrors.
These films were first assimilated and introduc:ed at LOMO. One of the main enthus-
iasts of development, introduction and creation of these and many other optical
films, the author of the mo~t important inventions in this field, i5 winner of the
state prize Pavel Nikolayevich Fomenko.
The electrovacuum laboratory which he has undoubtedly headed for many years is his
ch ild and his pride.
The name of the future engineer-researcher first appeared in the press in 1937.
But this had no relationship whatever to his occupation. They wrote about him as
about a master in classical wrestling. It turned out th:~t Fomenko, wno is now 70
years old, was among the 10 strongest wrestlers of the Soviet Union in the semi-
he avyweight class and occupied no lower than fifth plac~ in the championships of
the country. And before this he was a boxer for two years.
= But the chief attraction of the young Pavel Fomenko was always engineering. First
in the small town of Tetkino near Sumami, where his father worked in the rural mill
an d then at a sugar plant as a fitter-machinist, then in construction, where he
liked the occupation of installer. And later he worked in the university
laboratory.
Pavel Fanenko liked everything only he hadn't formed his own character. Once he
went into the forest with his father hunting--he didn't raise his weapon. His
father joked: "Look, the rabbits are amazed at you. They are running around in
front of your nose and you are still looking for mushrooms and berries."
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After being admitted to the physics faculty of LGU [Leningrad State University],
Pavel simultaneously decided to "develop his character." The studies were easy and
as is known, his character was being hardened if one cvercom~s the difficulties.
On the advice of his friends, Pavel engaged in classical wrestling. It is not known
whether Pavel Nikolayevich's character was changed or whether it needed to be
changed, but the physical hardeninq prepared him for the future.
A boy from the remote Ukrainian countryside intelligently solved the most complex
problems. Once Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Pavlov, who at that time taught elec-
tronics theory, entering the faculty laboratozy where practical exercises were usu-
ally conducted, suddenly turzed his attention to the electronic instruments. How
much time they had not operated, gathering dust and being inoperational. And even
so there were not enough people or skilled masters who could repair them. And here
they are standing in complete workinq order ready for operation.
"Who did this?" asked the amazed professor.
"I," timidly answered Fomenko and thought with alarm: Have I broken something?
"Have you previously worked on such instruments?"
"No," admitted Fomenko and began to justify himseZf: "They were simply interesting
to me . "
Pavlov smiled and continued:
"Would you like to work at the Institute of Applied Physics? As a laboratory
technician. It is right alongside. If so, then come to me tomorrow."
It wasn't far to walk. The laboratory of the institute was then located in the
university courtyard. Fomenko's duties were fo:-merly simple--to assist the scie~.-
tists in conducting investigations.
Academician Sergey Eduardovich Frish capitvated him with problpms in the theozy of
light, spectroscopy and geometric optics. Fomenko grasped the prospects and prac-
tical possibilities that had been opened up on the mutual positions of electronics,
optics and chemistry. He was the first to encounter the first attempts to apply
films to optical glass under high-vacuun? conditions. He was very interested in
this. And he did not think at that time that his whole life would be devoted to
this f ield.
The university graduate was seemingly given an honored appointment--to teach at the
industrial academy. He taught physics and higher mathematics there f o r several
years but his heart ached for something different and he was attracted to research.
After all the daring fellow noted precisely that he who accumulates knowledqe and
does not use it is like a man who plows but does not sow.
And there was a happy encounter with Shoshin. Ivan Alekseyevich Shoshin, a scien-
tist of many talents who at that time was the scier.tific manager of the design of-
fice at GCM'L and a university instructor, was distinguished by yet another quality:
he loved talented people and brought them to the plant.
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He had no difficulty in convincing hia former student, about which they said at the
university that he has a clear head and sk;lled han d s, to come to GOMZ as an en-
gineer-researcher in the department of the chief techrxician.
They tried in the modest laboratory to manufac~ure by the cottage industry method
a vacuum installation for coatings and tried to apply silver to mirror glass.
Fomenko was immediately involved in research work. As an ir.ate engineer, he noted
the imperfection of the first vacuum installations and equipment and suggested that
they be modified. At the same time he was involved in other problems, including
one of the timely prorlems at that time--magnetic flaw detection. It turned out
- that very important parts, immaculately machined, suddenly broke and failed under
loads under a press or when rot~ted at high rpm's.
How could they check beforehand whether ther~ was a hidden defect or crack in these
parts? Fomenko recalled a prediction described in one of the scientific papers:
the properties of permanent magnetic permeability may be useful for flaw detection.
if one can magnetize metal and cover it with iron oxide powder, the powder will he
arranged in parallel lines on a"healthy" surface. And the lines will follow a
crack hidden in the interior and will be bent on the same surface.
Fomenko began investigations and worked out a method and practical method and hand-
book on magnetic flaw detection. A special instrument was developed which techni-
cians jokingly called a "Fomenkascope."
Fomenko remained in Leningrad during the blockade. He was the last among the plant
staff to be evacuated. The order was issued: the remaining specialist opticians
were to be used in work for the front. Combat vessels urgently needed special non-
magnetic instruments at *_hat time. "If they need them, we will make them," an-
swered the opticians.
On one of the days the warehouse where the necessary machinery for these instru-
ments was stored burst into flames, ignited by fascist bombs. And t7ien Fomenko
together with his comrades rushed to the burning warehouse. The necessary mechan-
isms had to be saved. Production of nonmagnetic instruments for combat vessels was
organized.
And again an important question arose: where to obtain transport to deliver the
parts? There was no fuel and almost all the vehicles were at the front and there
was no one to drive them either. The only lorry was a gas transporter which "puffed
and blew" and stopped frequently. The driver was unable to start it. He cranked
it in front by hand in the old fashion. Who had the strength? They asked him, the
former wrestler, Fomenko! Here at one time was accumulated some strength!
Fomenko did this willingly, but like a true engineer, fiqured that the efficiency
from this effort was not so high. And what would happen if he himself sat behind
the wheel? And he learned how! He received an official driver's license. And the
engineer-researcher, "who held more than one office," took the wheel, as they would
say now, "like he was born to it."
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But what is one machine for a plant? And once in the plant yard a gas-delivery
truck of completely unique design began to ratt le in tha plant yard. It was
Fomenko's desiqn. ~ie collected parts, assembl i es and components from former trucks
at dumps and along the sides of the roads to th e front. This was probably the
_ first case in history when an optician had buil t a truck. This now sounds like an
amusing curiosity. But at that time the Fomenko truck labored quite successfully
in lumber procurement.
Later, toward the end of the war, Pavel Nikolayevich, with the firm reputation of a
person "who could do everything," supervised construction of the plant railroad
branch.
'I'hus, during one of the most severe days of the blockade he made a"invaluable"
gift to his comrades for tY?ose times. They opened the ,r_pwspaper and in it was
- fresh breami
Where did this miracle come from? Did God send it or did it create itself? Inci-
_ dentally, it is obviously no accident that Fomenko can do everything.
They found out accidentally that there was a f ish artel at Lakhta, and people go
there only once or twice. And theze are wages there which nature pays out. He
hired himself out. As the strongest one, he manned to oars. The remainder let out
or drew in the net. He was soon "elevated" ancl became the brigade leader on the
boat.
He worked all night. He slept a maximum of th ree hours. And in the morning he
came to the plant as if nothing had happen~d and beqan to fulfill his numerous
duties. .
Once Ivan Alekseyevich Shoshin, excited and joyful., came up to him.
~ "Pavel Nikolayevich, that's enough! There is a time to finish and a*ime to begin."
"I didn't know that it was time far me to finish."
"It's time for you to finish everything unrela ted to electrovacuum eguipment. And
it's time to begin every thing related to it. We will obtain the equipment. Ebery-
thing--suitable or not, complete or not, I c3on't know. Disassemble it yourself.
Besides yourself, there are no other vacuum specialists. You will have to begin
from the beginning. This is a new sectionl"
The days and niqhts were the same for Fomenko. An a small, close room similar to
nothing more than a production section rather than te a laboratory, he assembled
each device, evaporators, transformers and fil ters, frequently even without draw-
- ings, simply on the intuition of a born engineer. At the same time he developed
the production technology and equipment for manufacture of various coatings, in-
cluding clear films for the most important models of optical equipment which they
nad begun to develop at that time.
Zt is easy to say to develop. Sut with whom? They gave him several teenagers for
assistants at thaL time and he talked of hi.mself as their "kindergarten."
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Nevertheless, he taught each one with envious persistence, giving each one as be-
fore his boundless energy and teaching them love for a difficult, very difficult
occupation that requires maximum attention, concentration and a special feeZing.
The young boys and girls from Fomenko's "kindergarten" imperceptibly grew under his
�
- instruction into qualified masters and later became prominent specialists. And now
they are leading eagineers of the firm--Vladimir Nikolayevich Skorodumov, Georgiy
Fedorovich Zubov, Ivan R,omanovich Aipolotov and many others and they are now in-
volved in development of larqe mirrors and the most powerful telescopes.
The tasks of the "laboratory-section" were expanded and newer and newer specialists
were required. One feature of Fomenko's character also helped. He knew how to re-
cruit and ignite with his energy and attraction people of different occupations.
_ Soon enthusiastic researchers were working alongside him--Larisa Yakovlevna Pinskaya,
Nikolay Fedorovich Makarov, Shmul' Abramovich Furman, Nina Alekseyevna Malinina and
others.
It seemed the simplest th~ngs required experiment and creativity. How does one
position or place a part under a vacuum cap to spray its surface with tungsten? How
does one evaporate chromium so that its film protected aluminum against oxidation
and how does a layer of protective zinc sulphide behave on glass3 Can a tungsten
coil evaporate in a quartz cone?
This and much more must be known to design the most sensitive bolometer device that
- permits one to record invisible heat rays. One must also gain the interest and re-
cruit consultants from the Physicotechnical Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, for
this. This is one aspect. And on the other hand, one must seek out a magician-
glass blower who would Glearly understand that he must ~reate from glass for an in-
strument that has never before existed.
Fomenko found both the scientist and the glass blower. Moreover, Sokrat Yevgen'ye-
vich Gur'yanov--the oldest master glass blower from the optical shop--brouqht in
trustied assistants--two of his sons Leonid and Aleksandr.
Fomenko had to be directly a researcher and a"coordinating center" between scien-
tists, designers and workers in one person. The instrument which physicists-scien-
- tists were awaiting so nuch was developed within a very short deadline: within one
month !
An enormous role in development of the scientific and technical revolution belongs
to modern optics and consequently to electrovacuum technology. Improved.optical
devices and optical instruments are beinq developed, by means of which ane can in-
vestigate the earth's in terior, the structure of inetal and can aim the most power-
~ ful telescopes into L-he sky.
- The new electrovacuum labor~tory, which it was suggested that Pavel Nikolayevich
Famenko head, began to be developed with the birth of LOMO.
Fomenko was somewhat per~lexed. He had not worked in his own laboratory
for ~hree years. Bagrat Konstantinovich Ioannisiani, the chief telescope designer,
- "called" Fomenko to his office. Pavel Nikolayevich was involved at that time ex-
- clusively with astronomical mirrors.
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At first it was necessazy to develop some special types of reflective and protective
coatings for the unique mirrors. Because nothing similar had ever been done beiore
in ~he country. There were attempts to order these mirrors from abroad. The Lenin-
grdd opticians decided to make them themselves. A special design office was created
to which Fomenko also transferred in order to be exclusively involved in the diffi-
cult and complex problem ~f large telescope mirrors.
Zbgether with the researchers, the designers made preliminary calculations and sub-
stantiated the specifications. They made a rough calculation of the unusual instal-
lation which had never before been done in Europe at that time. Who can manufacture
it for us? It was suggested that one of the Gor'kiy plants could. Fomenko travel-
led specially to Gor'kiy with all data for the detail design.
when the installation arrived, Pavel Nikolayevich Fomenko headed the qroup of en-
gineers that installed it. He had to ascertain personally that each lead, each
joint and each assembly i.n the evaporator, each tiny screw and rod, all the count-
less components for the electric discharges were in the most complex system under
the gigantic hood made for the first time of special grades of stainless steel
rather than glass, and that everything was in place. That is the nature of Pavel
Nikolalevich.
But the telescope for the Crimea and the telescope for the Caucasus had already been
installed. And F~menko sets out ~n a trip to see how his "mirrors" are behaving.
The Order of the Red Banner of Labor, which he was awarded in 1961, reminds Pavel
Nikolayevich of those stormy and hot days.
w'hile they were building the new laboratory, in planning and equipping of which
Fomenko participated most actively, Pavel Nikolayevich set up an experiment in the
optical shop and recruited prominent scientists to participate in the developments,
trained personnel and even when he "moved" to the ne:v large laborato~y flf the engin-
eering building, part of the optical shop continued to remain nis unique branch.
Accelerated work was begun to develop coatings on special mirrors in optical devices
that separate narrow spectral regions "upon order." Together with a group of his
coll~agues, he is developing and putting ir.to production so-called interference
filters required in quantum electronics, photometry, microscroscopy and various
fields of instrument~building.
The work of the firm laboratory acquires such a scope and scale that people bec~an
to come here from the most diverse cities of the country, optical enterprises and
institutes for consultations,to borrow the ex~erience and for joint scientific work.
The remarkai~le perfection of the technoloqy for applying a film to astronomical mir-
rors strongly interested many scientific institutions. Thus, the firm's laboratory
became the epicenter of scientific developments for all the country's optical enter-
prises related to solution of similar problems.
Here are the lines from one letter ;and there are many of them) addressed to the
general director of LOhiO M. P. Panfilov: "The Institute of High-Energy Physics
thanks LOMO for the excellent quality of making mirrors for wor:cing in the ultra-
violet region of the spectrum, required to conduct scientific research on the
worlfl's largest proton accelerator. And it requestsyou to express gratitude to the
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direct e:cecutors--chief of the electrovacuum laboratory P. N. Fomenko, deputy chief
of the laboratory M. A. Furman and chief engineer A. A. Metel'nikov."
But for him this is a phase that has already been passed. The search continues.
And now Fomenko heads a creative group which is seeking a method of applying a
uniaue film in a vacuum on a six-meter mirror already installed in a strong metal
support. Otherwise the very thin reflecting layer may be damaged. This is an en-
tire epopee related to development of a completely new technique of inetal coating
of mirrors and development of special evaporators for application of an aluminum
layer one-tenth of a micron thick. More~ver, there is the problem of strengthening
this layer and also of cleaning the future mirror whose surface sh~uld be super
sterile. If even a small piece of dust invisible to the eye falls on the coating
it becomes an eyesore on the ideal surface of the mirror and will make a rough error
in the coeffir.ient of reflection and may spoil the mirror.
And the workers of Fomenko's laboratory must successfully solve these problems. The
~ large computer complex developed at LOMO renders invaluable assistance to them in
this case. The computer selects 10 of a thousand possible versions and suggests
them to the investigators. It is of course much easier to select the one, most
suitable version from 10 versions.
Fomenko jokes: "If this proceeds any fur.ther, we will become totally lazy and then
what will we do with our time."
, But the electrovacuum workers have no free time. Experiment generates new possibil-
ities. And the most unexpected ones at thaL�.
For example, they reportecl from the Chamber of Commerce that cameras with the mark
LOMO--Smena, Sokol, Avrora and others--were enjoying popularity on the world market.
But they must now be made even better. They should have an especially illuminated
obj~ctive which permits one to take pictures without the least distortion of light.
Exceptional accuracy is required here. Because variation of the thickness of the
coating by the most negligible fraction of a micron--one-tenth or one-hundredth--
already produces an error.
But there were not only production difficulties here.
The fact is that old wizard vacuum specialists, who knew how to determine intuitive-
ly and erroneously the proportion of the coating, were involved in this most com-
plex operation, but the number of these old "wizards" has decreased.
And Fomenko's "guard" of electrovacuum worke.rs developed the technique of amber
coatings and deteztnined all the required calculated data for the required propor-
tions. But during the first days thousands of objectives were decisively rejected
by OTK.
They referred to Fomenko in the shop. 'I'his was rejection of his laboratory. How-
ever, when the researchers triEmselves went to the shop, everything turned aut fine!
Fomenko did not make excuses, although he firmly kriew that the technology had been
developed and calculated precisely. But he also knew something E~se: to work out
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something little, one must introduce it and one must count in this case on hundreds
of ordinary young girls--graduates of PTU who were working for him, rather than on
the notoriou~ "wizards." And this was also in the tradition of IAMO: a development
- was considered finished when it could be "released" for mass production so that it
produced no less effect in the shop than in the laboratory snder special conditions.
And these "special conditions" existed. When they were only working out the tech-
nology in the laboratory, a special instrument--a photometer to determine the pro-
portioning of the coatings--was created through their own efforts for the process
- of investigation itself. What would happen if this photometer was made not only a
laboratozy instrument but a shop instrumer.t as well? It permits automatic determin-
ation of the necessary amount of material even during coating in a vacuum. Several
of these instruments were manufactured from laboratory drawings at the firm itself.
_ P'omenko allocated them to his colleagues who taught female workers to use them di-
rectly in the shop at the job site.
Besides the planned topics, Famenko's laboratory was also involved in researve top-
ics. Thus it was with a number of problems that had ripened with regard to the
vigorous process of improving color television. Pavel Nikolayevich foresaw that
- the association would have to become xnvolved in manufacture and improvement of
special units that split white light into red, blue, green and other colors. The
laboratozy was linked to scientists: they jointly studied the physical and chemical
processes related to this and preliminarily workEl out the technology, testing its
components in the shop.
Sometimes the sco~e of rr;search of Fomenko's eYectrovacuum laboratory acquir~s such
scales when the special assistance of colleagues from laboratories of completely
different profiles is re:quired. This causes no 3ifficultzes whatsoever in ~he firm.
The electrovacuum workers, for example, must apply coatings to optical parts which
are attached to metal supports by means of an airtight seal ;a special glue which .
should guarantee absolute sealing of the seam). The sealer is a polymerized compo-
sition. It is initially similar to cream. It is injected in th~.s form inta the
gap between the lens and metal support. It is th?n wlcanized a?ad becomes hard.
_ And absolute airtightness is achieved!
But hermetically sealed connections that can at the same time be "disassembled"
must sometimes be made in modern optical instruments.
And the laboratory of organic chemistry develops a nondrying hermetic seal. But
this hezznetic seal emits gas under high vacuum conditions. And both ~aboratories
- jointly set up experiment after experiment and new types of hermetic seals are de-
veloped, One of them, used in application of chromium to a glass plate, yields
excellent results. But what was done was unusually important for all ogtical-me-
chanical productionl
Fomenko finds "related" problems among the "global" problems of optics. For ex-
ample, how to force ordinary glass to perfo rm and be irri3escent like real semi-
precious stones? The problem, salution of which is local industry, was incidentally
solved quite unexpectedlj, its simple technique made it possible to produce women's
jewelry that sparkles in all colors.
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When I became~acquainted with Pavel Nikolayevich and with his concerns, problems and
research, it seemed to me that the laboratory did not leave him any time at all.
But then I see in the hall of the engineering building the announcement: "The next
- lesson in the system of party education is being held. Prnpagandist P. N. Fomenko
is conducting a seminar on problems of econcmics."
The old communist has been canducting propaganda work for many years now: the
history of the party, philosnphy and a range of economic knowledge. The range of
his interests are broad. And not only in the field of technology or ideology.
Once when we were arranging the next meeting, Fomenko said:
"I can't tonorrow."
"But tomorrow is Saturday."
_ "Tomorrow ?'m travell.ing to Dibuny. 'I'here is urgent work in the garden."
He grows flowers and fruits in his garden and of course with the inventiveness in-
herent to him.
"Can you not postpone it until Sunday?"
"No way! Othe r~ise my father will begin to do everything himself,"
"Your father?"
"Yes, he is already 90 years old," Pavel Nikolayevich smiled and added: "He is my
primary support in engineering. But he still does not trust very much what I plan
to do in horticulture. What can you do!"
Man and Miracle Gratings
Sometir.ies one can hear the following question in the conversation of opticians: How
are things going with Rowland's ghosts?
Ghosts7 But there are no mystics here: Although there really are "ghosts." As you
can see, they even have a name. And it is not so ~asy and simple to control them,
especially when manufacturing such. a ~rsracle of optics as a diffraction grating in
the literal sense. The grating is the main component of all modern spectral in-
~ struments and was designed to split light into the spectrum. It consists of an op-
tical mirror on which almost invisible lines-channels are cut. There are hundreds
and thousands of these grooves on each millimeter. The more precise and improved
the spectral device, the wider the ranqe of problems which can be studied by using
_ it.
The prominent Levsha would not take ~p this work. Because it is a simple matter to
shoo a flea compared to cutting diffraction gratings. And if he had taken i* up
and if he had suddenly become able, then five of his lifetimes would not have been
adequate to cut only one of the smallest mirror blanks. Imagine--2,400 grooves r~n
a single millimeter! The accuracy of arranqing them is determined in thousandths
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of a micron� And each groove should not differ in depth ar.d angles of profile,
regardless of whether the mirror surface is flat or curved.
Un iq ue dividing machines developed especially for this purpose seemingly achieved
su~eraccuracy. They achieved it and even so the meticulous researchers, or rather
the American scientist Rowlatid found that even the best modern diffraction gratings,
despite all the perfection of machining, splitting the light into spectra, sometimes
create iliusions of nonexistent anci false spectra. They are called Rowland's
"ghosts." These "ghosts," despite all their "transparency," can lead ta very real
errors. Only a superfine di~fraction grating, which in itself is a very accurate
physical instrument, can erroneously split light into the spectrum and can align
the emissions in a specific order by wavelengths.
And now imagine that manufacture of these gratings with incomprehensible machining
accuracy is no longer a problem for Leninqrad opticians. Th~ LOMO firm, which pro-
duces still and movie cameras that have become known throughout the world, has
become the leading enterprise in development and manufacture of the most complex
- spectral equipment. But as before, the basis in any spectral instrument is the dif-
fraction grating. It was developed by the cooperation of GOI [State Institute of
optics imeni S. I. VavilovJ scientists and was put into serial production by the
firm's engineers and workers. The technology of manufacturing it is beinq improved
in a special laboratozy headed by Ivan 2akharovich Semenov. He is unobtrusive in
appearance. He is sho rt, lean ~with blond hair and has kind cornflower blue eyes.
Wnen you see him for the first time it seems that yau have met him already somewhere.
He is very similar to an agricultural worker.
In fact he is a native of a small, quiet village in Novgoz~odskaya Oblast, from a
peasant family.
- "There were five of us," he says. "I am the youngest. After seven years of school
I car~ie to Leningrad to become nothing else but an a.rchitect. Generally I took the
first exams and in my thoughts I already saw beautiful homes constructed from my
designs. But optics? Z never dreamed that I would at some time have any relations
with it. Incidentally, my childhood dreams did not proceed further in architecture.
After the sPCOnd e xam I took my papers. There were family circumstances. My
father died and my eldest brother--the commander of a regiment--was killed on the
Volkhov front when he was 43 years old and my mother became ill. In short it was
decided--I had to enter a trade school and had to stand on my own fEet as soon as
possi~le. My air castles could wait."
"It was necessaryl And if it was necessary then so be it. I understood this. And
now I was in the trade school on Kondrat'yevskiy Prospekt. I was studying to be a
metal worker-pattern maker. I finished with excellent grades, with a high rank and
it seemed to me that there is no better occupation in the world, se fine, accurate
ar.d amazing."
"Later there was urgent service in the navy and they tziught me a new specialty on
the ship--I became a navigator electrician. There is a new technology in my con-
sciousness--gyrocompasses, radio direction finders, ech~o sounders. Again I applied
myself and i*_ seemed that I changed my previous occupat:~on. Instruments, precise,
_ complex instruments was now where my heart lay. It was a pleasure to tinker with
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them. As soon as I was released from the navy, the first day afterward I headed
towarci an address that I had long loved: LITMO--the Leningrad Institute of Pre-
cision Mechanics and Optics, to the radio engineering faculty. I was attracted by
electronics. I defended my diploma on the subject "Tracking Systems for Remote In-
stallations." And I did my prediploma practice in laboratories o� the just founded
firm LOMO. And again I think there is nothing better and more interesting in the
world than this occupation of an engin2er-optician. At that time optics w~s a
modest duet of glass and metal. Now optics is radio engineering, electronics, tele-
mechanical and chemical. Here I understood that I had not "changed" my former occu-
pation in any way since they all served me in good stead for the present and the
main thing which always requires newer and newer knowledge from the person who has
selected it."
During the year when ivan Semenov finished LYTMO, both the institute (Semenov was
already seen as a graduate student, bearing i.n mind his extensive knowledge and
tendency toward theoretical, scientific work) and industry were quarrelling over
him. Even during practical. work, he managed to manifest those qualities which are
especially valuable in an engineer at LOMO--breadth of knowledge, the creative vein
and the s~rong grasp of aa ~rganizer.
The young engineer, during the first steps of the firm, participated together with
other engineers of the firm in development of the large astronomical telescope (BTA).
The chief designer of the BTA Bagrat Konstantinovich Ioannisiani, unexpectedly for
Semenov himself, entrusted the young engineer with the most responsible assignment--
development of an automatic system for aiming the telescope at the stars in azimuth
using a computer.
. It is a tradition of LOMO ~o trust a young speciaList. The important, serious mat-
ter in whic?~ he revealed himself as an engineer without any excess delays, shows
ti~hat he is worth.
when Semenov hea.rd about his first assiqnment from Bagrat Konstantinovich, he was
glad and at the same time alarmed: could he cope with it? One can imagine with
what fervor he took up the work together with the other engineers and specialists
in automatic control and computer technology. When this system was designed and
installed at LOMO, it had to be checked and worked out on an existing mockup of the
telescope. This mockup was a reduced model of the future, the world's largest and
most improved telescope, which was later installed at Zelenchuk. But the mockup--
with 60 r,i.illimeter mirror--was installed in one of the towers of Pulkovo observa-
, tozy. It also underwent pl~t trials in the tower. During those ~.ays or rather
- nights, Semenov was the chief in the tower and supervised the tests. Then for the
first time his look "jumped cver" the terrestrial threshold and saw the stars in
the eyepiece. For the first time they were quite clos~.
Here even a star was not called a star, but an object. The task was to see that the
telescope tracked a celestial object, equalizing itself to the rate of motion of it
through the heavens. Othezwise a photograph or spectrogram would recor3 a smeared
i.mage .
"This was done thusly," quietly relates Semenov. "We took several stars, calculated
their coordinates and trajectories, entered the data in the computer and the compu-
ter transmitted signals to the automatic processing system."
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Hut this was not done immediately. Ivan Za3charovich's friends and colleagues re-
call those restless days and nights in the tower of Pulkovo observatory when all
this intertwininq ~f the most complex systems suddenly broke down and the synchron-
ism that they had achieved with unbelievabl2 lab4r was suddenly dis r.~pted.
Semenov was the first to determine the need to use a special linear converter to
improve the system: a machine to control the signal of a moving device. The inno-
vation freed the system of errors related ~to the inevitable mechanical oscillations.
_ This made it possible to precisely aim the telescope automatically without fluctua-
tions from the given value.
Everything that the young engineer thought up and ~auggested was initially realized
in a mockup and later in the gigantic telescope it;aelf.
And ir,cidentally, there is yet another tradition of the firm: the young enginee~
here is not only immediately and daringly truste~3 with a lot--many people help him.
The most experienced people, the most talented people, engineers, designers and sci-
er~tists. After all, they have a"profitable" interest in the success of each other.
Because the overall success of the firm depends on *_he success of each one.
After th2 gigantic telescope had been intalled at the Zelenchuk observatory, the
chief of the TsKB suggested that Semenov head the laboratory of diffraction gratings.
The young specialist was again trusted wi~.h a very complex assignment--to improve
their manutacture.
Imagine six l~rge booths with transparent walls whose doars are sealed just like
safes in a bank. No one can enter there. You can observe the "secret" occurring
during operating of the dividing machine, whose quiet no one dares disturb, only
through the window. Even the machine itself has no right of the slightest deviation
and is therefore installed on a special floating foundation. The ~otor of the ma-
chine is located in another, adjacent hermetically sealed separate booth and is in-
stalled on the same floating base. And there eJen the motor or the breathing of a
oerson can distrub the specific temperature and humidity required for a precise
production oQeration. A difference of more than 5/100ths of a degree in temperature
fluctuations may lead to rejection~
Zf an adjuster enters the booth, and this occurs approximately once per month, then
- t!~e machine operates on "idle" for one or two days afterwards until the instruments
show that temperature is normal. One can work.
And then the diamond cutter on the mirror surf.ace begins its infinite motion. The
diamond labors for hours on each millimeter of mirror area. Day and night. And
the cutter is hardly worn in this case. And the grinding of the drive screw of the
dividing machine, on the "spacing" of which the accuracy of cutting the lines also
= depends, continued for no less than 6-8 m~ont.hs and the most experienced masters
were involved in this.
'I`~:ese superprecise machines must be improved even morel RQwland's ghosts--what
about them? How can one eliminate these ghosts? Ivan Zakharovich's laboratory was
' now supposed to answer this question.
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The appearance of the first dividing machine and the first diffraction grating is
related to the State Optical Institute (GOI). LOMO specialists studied the model
developed at GOT and designed and manufactured six unique dividing machines at the
firm on its basis that became the production base for manufacture of diffraction
gratings.
The struggle for accuracy began from the first steps of developing the machines.
The most accurate ootical checking instruments--collimators--suddenly revealed un-
desirable surprises. For example, mysterious black and white, so-called moire pat-
terns that altered the true brightness of. light, appeared in the visual field of the
collimator.
one of the leading scientists of the cptical institute, doctor of technical sciences
Fedor Maksimovich Gerasimov, with whom Ivan Zakharovich later became closely ac-
- quainted, then worked out special scanning sensors and an original electronic cir-
- cuit for taking these moire patterns into account, whic~ had to be taken into ac-
~ caunt during use of the gratings.
However, that which the scientist proposed and developed could be used only on the
- single-screw machine of the institute itself, whereas the two-screw version of the
dividing machine was being operated at LOMO. One screw was a rough "transport"
feed screw and ~ne other was directly a dividing screw. The LOMO version guaranteed
the highest accuracy and the highest productivity.
Semenov together with his colleagues in the laboratory Yuriy Iosifovich Braynin and
Aleksandr Ivar;ovich Solntsev carefully studied that which scientist Gerasimov had
warked on and learned how to apply his electronic circuit to the designs of machines
developed at LOMO. As a result the diffraction gratings were of very high quality,
whxch made it possible to sharply expand the range of sp~=ctral instruments. The
machine was checked again and again and so-called "creep'' phenomena were found when
_ the carriage supporting the diamond and responsive to an electronic signal was sup-
posed to stop, but continued to move forward for some thousandths of a micron due
_ to inertia. Braynin and Solntsev attempted to replace the cast iron carriage ~aith
a lightweight aluminum carriage. They felt this was supposed to somehow neutralize
inertia,
Experiments were again conducted. They served as a thrust to broader investigations
in developing methods to utilize the principles of compensating f~r the creep fac-
- tor caused not only by mechanical stress but as it seemed by temperature conditions
as well.
A discussion arose once in the small group of investigators. Some were proponents
of precision mechanics and others of electronics. Ivan Zakharovich, knew from his
experience of w~orking for the BTA that only fusion of precision mechanics and elec-
tronics and their combined eFforts could reach the goal in modern optics. And they
worked on the problem of "joining" the dividing ~r,achine to an electronic circuit
which would q~iarantee absolutely precise and strict stopping of the carriage at a
qiven point. Many scientists of research institutes were involv~d in this problem.
Thus the firm's production laboratory became a unique epicenter for improvizg every-
~ thing new that was being developed in this field of t2chnology.
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As a result work of theoreticians of the institute and investigators of the firm
began in developing completely new types of gratings.
Besides doctor of technical sciences F. M. Gerasimov and Semenov, engineer Galina
Nikolayevna Rassudova and the amazir.q engineer, the local "lefthander" Yuriy
Mikhaylovich Balyasnikov pa rticipated in this tedious and complex work.
A.-~ arsenal of weapons was gradually accumulated for a de~isive attack against Row-
land's ghosts--the enemies of precision.
Rowland's ghosts were reduced to a minimum under production conditions and the moire
patterns were first "made harmless" in the unique dividing machines designed and
constructed at LOMO. Semenov's laboratory was the first to develop and introduce a
photoelectric system for monitoring the main nerve of the working member of the
machine instead of a mechanical system. 'I'his system automatically and with maximum
- accuracy checks the path of the screw and makes the dividing machine free of residu-
al errors.
News about the victoxy over Rowland's ghosts quickly spread throughout our country.
The miracle grating; received high marks of scientists from many ccuntries. Spec-
tral instruments with the new gratings were requi.re by those who observe stars and
satellites and by those who must conduct the most precise analysis of inetals during
smelting and by those who desired to look into the secrets of cells.
Thus the most complex task in modernization of dividing machines was accomplished.
'I'his permitted the firm not only to improve the qua:.ity of gratings but to produce
_ completely new types of spectral devices. The possibility o� cutting 1,800 or 2,400
lines per millimeter instead of 600 lines, which was considered the maximum, was a
new achievement in serial production.
- Modernization under conditions of the firm's modern laboratory is not only research
and checking one or another systems. This is both development and creation of all
the required equipment for modernized machines and this is improvement of the tech-
nology itself and application of it in pr~ctice.
_ And it is really not surprising that only ~ive engineers and eight workers were in-
volved in this large laboratory with multicomplex equipment.
And 'r,ere is the enchantress--the dividinq machine is "under complete control" of
the worker servicing it. He adjusts it himself, repairs it himself and installs
blanks and diamond cutters himself, manufactures test gratings and himself partici-
pates in checking their quality on special instruments. This in itself requires
- t:.e highest qualifications and extensive, universul knowledge of a rank and file
w~rker servicing the machine.
_ The senior engineer of the laboratozy Anatoliy Ivanovich Malyshev, a knowledgeable
and talented inventnr, beqan work here as a rank and file worker. Working as a
mechanical engineer, he studied at the Northwest Correspondence Polytechnical Insti-
- tute. Here he dev~eloped a new spindle assembly for a r~achine on which diamond tools
were sharpened.
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Sharpening the diamond cutter to cut gratings is one of many of the most important
problems for the laboratory, both engineering and economic. The fact is that a
diamond cutter is supposed to cut approximately 25 kilometers of grooves without
stopping. It is impossible to replace it during operation. The research of Maly-
shev immediately led to solution of the problem of predicing the wear resistance of
a diamond cutter, which is related to its natural microstructure and the flexibility
of the surfaces being machined. Almost all the laboratory collectives began to work
on this problem and subsequent investigations led to development of new instruments
which helped to finally solve this problem.
The design office of microscopy needed a st3ndard instrument to determine the rough-
ness of optical surfaces. Malyshev developed and manufactured such a standard.
yiuch can be said about this young, light-haired engineer. Semenov talks about him
briefly and expressively: Malyshev knows all and knows how to do everything.
Such a definition is quite suitable for mechanical engineer of the la.k~oratory Yuriy
- Mikhaylovich Balyasnikov. Yuriy Mikhaylovich thought up many accessories for cut-
ting gratings. The effect of the accessory is equal to starting up yet another
dividing machinel The accessory cuts two qratings i~nediately rather than one dur-
ing the same cycle, but with two diamond cuttersl
But ~Salyshev did not stop at this. And what if two gratinqs could be cut with only
one diamond cutter? The laboratory engineers together with the chief developed a
new, completely original drive for the dividing machine that permitted this version
to be used. Malyshev's new macliine tool then came to light for grinfling diamonds.
Despite the high requirements on diffraction gratings, the laboratory turns them
over to the OTK without checking. And any OTK hardly checks them more strictly
than laboratozy worker, engineer Maria Petrovna Ustyuzhaninova. She took on her-
self the voluntary duty of additional checking of the gratings.
The LOMO mark is on almost all the machine tools and ::achines of the laboratory.
The special nonstandard equipment shop manufactured them. Only the firm is capable
of having such a shop. How many designer ideas have already become embodied here
in metal!
When I was leavinq the laboratory, Ivan Zakharovich Semenov suddenly opened yet
another door:
"Look in here."
"And what are they doing here7"
"Still the same--they are makinq diffracton gratings."
"But where are the dividing machines and the diamond cutters?"
"They are not needed here. This is still an experiment. We are testing a laser
beam instead of a diamond cutter. But this is a matter for the future."
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WORKING GUARDS
If one begins an excursion through the firm from the engineering building and if one
becomes familiar with its numerous design offices and laboratories, then one can show
that LOMO consists primarily of scientists, engineers, desiqners and researchers.
This group of specialists occupies an ever more significant place in production un-
der conditions of the scientific and technical revolution.
However, the same scientific and technical revolution now requires even greater cre-
ative initiative than at any time from the broadest mass of rank and file producers
and f rom rank and file workers. 'I'hey emerge not only as execritors, even the most
faultless and highly qualified, in a modern socialist enterprise such as is LOMO.
But most frequently they are both developers, creators of :he new and advisers and
colleagues of engineers, designers and technicians. They lead t.he chorus of com-
munist labor. ~
And it is obvious here at LOMO how quickly the functions of a worker change along
witti his experience, level of education anc~ occupational training.
I had occasion to become well acquainted with many workers at the fi~-m and to ob-
serve their growth. Growth not in the sense when a rank and file worker becomes
an engineer, technician or chi~f of a section or 3hop. But pritnarily growth of
knowhow, skills, breadth of knowledge and feeling of responsi.bility for the en-
trusted matter. I have in mind the growth of a worker as a creative per.sonality
and moral and ideological growth that provide the right to the proud ran.'c of Soviet
labor.
Ivanov's Personal Matter
Tuesdays are reception hours ior personal matters at the ~eneral director's office.
It is known what these "personal matters" are: concerns about housing, complaints
about some injustice and a request to transfer to a different post and so on.
_ Among those who requested a reception is Mikhayl Ivanov, a milling machine operator
of the experimental shop.
"I have come about the plans in our shop to arrange the new equipment. Imagine,
they want to locate the grinding machines under the very nose of the OTK. How can
sensitive instruments operate if everything is shaking aloagside them?
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"It is understandable. Weli, what is your personal matter?"
"This is it. "'hey prcved it in the shop--they did not listen. They said that the
planning has already been confirmed and it is generally not your concern."
Panfilov qlanced at his watch: ~
"All right. Let us end the reception and go to your place of work. TAe shall con-
tinue the conversation on the job."
The director's conversation with the shop specialists ended in that Mikhayl I1'ich
Ivanov's sugqestion was approved. Panfilov later reprimanded the service chiefs who
were involved in replanning:
"It would not have hurt to have consulted beforehand with the workers."
This one episode milling machine operator Ivanov related to me at the association.
Therefore, it is admitted that Ivanov impressed me as a person with a stern and
authoritative character and with a decisive exterior. P,nd here we were meeting him
- in a snall, one-room and vexy comfortable apartment in a new building on Vyborgskaya
Storona.
I saw a kind person. And although he was short, everything about him seemed large
and solid: a compact figure, a weatherbeaten face, thick black eyebraws and remark-
able smiling eyes.
He was about 50 years old, but Y:e appeared to be the healthiest of persons. When
toward the end of our conversation I jokingly mentioned this to them, he laughed:
"This is true, I am an iron man."
His wife, looking in to the room for a second from the kitchen, noted:
"You sure are an iron man. You carry 80 fragments in you. And all the time he
gives the appearance that there is nothing special about this. He should be treated
and observe the regime. He catches cold at the least drop. Not likelyl t~e has
- been a Komsomol volunteer his entire life. And you say he is 'the healthiest of
people.
"Now that's enough, Valya," he softly interrupted her.
~ Ivanov's working life, like most pe~ple of his generation, began in the most literal
sense with "Komsomol-volunteers." He had hardly finished school when he was hired
at ~he plant and dreamed of becoming the same as his father--a shock worker of the
Third Five-Year Plan. But this was in the June of 1941. "They sounded the trumpets
of alarm" and the student milling machine operator together with other young ICAm-
somol workers of the shop volunteered for the army. He was s~nt to a military-
political school. He was a cadet for 10 days and the school was closed. Everyone
left for the front. Like the others, he was issued a pass in which the unusual,
such capacious rank was denoted to which he remained true his entire life--Ivanov
was a political fiqhterl
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He received his christening at the front in Estonia, repulsing fascist attacks. On
. the first day "Messerschmidts bathed their antiaircraft batterv in a leaden shawer.
- He regained consciousness in a medical and sanitary battalion. He heard how, lean-
ing over him, someone was slowly counting: "78, 79, 81." And this same voice said:
- "All right. The fragments �rom the bursting shell are small ones and there is no
time to dawdle. Prepare him for evacuation.''
But he aas not sent to the rear. At first the roads were cut and then ivanov him-
self began to refuse: "I feel better, I'll manage."
And he really "did manage." Soon maciline gunner Ivanov was defending Moscow. He
then campaigned in the Bryansk woods, participated in the liberation of Czechoslo-
vakia and fought in Manchuria.
He returned to the shop in 1946, which he regarded as his own, although he had been
_ working in it only a little more than three days before the war.
"So he returned," said the old master, looking Mikhayl over.
"And how else! The earth is round! No matter what point I left, I arrived here!"
They gave him a test. He helped to adjust machine tools and they gave him the job
of milling 20U of the simplest parts. Ivanov tried as well as he could and turned
them over by the deadline. But soon he heard the angry request from the OTK:
"Who made this mess? They are all rejected."
"Well, we got through it!" said the foreman. "Now get out of it yourself. Take the
rattail file and try to take off the corners carefully. It can and it will work
out well."
Ivanov fzled these corners until late evening. And the rattail file, as if to spite
him, had no handle and for that reason burned his palm--he had scratches, blisters
and callouses everywhere. Eie went home in an angry mood. He no sooner had crossed
the threshold than he met his father:
"That is it: I wil l not go to that plant again : Took at these hands , j ust look. "
ris father looked:
"Poor thing, he has callousesl The fact that he is lacerated through and through
with bullets and fragments is nothing. But he can't tolerate callouses. T+That do
you think--you think they are playing games at the plant? You are in no way of the
working class."
~likhayl became confused and suddenly everything became funny to him when he tried
to look at himself through his father's eyes.
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The next morning he arose earlier than everyone, poured icy water over himself and
again went to the plant and decided to request that he be ac3~r,itted as an apprentice.
He found out with amazement that even so he was awaxded third rank. He assumed for
himself that he had been given an advance.
Stormy days and nights of mastering his occupation began for him. He studied furi-
ously and did not let himself or others rest until he had meticulously learned
everything.
He mastered very rapi~dly the skills of many and achieved the highest, sixth rank.
And he immediately took on apprentices to himself. Young people love to work under
his beginnings. The generous unselfishness and kindness of this man attract the
fellows. Regardless of~who else in the shop one studies with, you still cannot get
along without it in precision and complex optical production. Reckoning here is
only in microns and fractions of a miczon. And experimental models mainly "travel"
in this shop. The technicians themselves rarely rely on the experience and inven-
tiveness of the machine tool operators such as Ivanov.
For example, take the history of one part for the objective of the latest micro-
scope. Such a complicated thing had never before been done, even similar to this.
r~ikhail I1'ich looked over the drawinq for a long time and carefully read the pro-
duction chart. At which end to begin? If one proceeded according to instructions
it would be too lonq and would the part be produced with the precision as thought
out?
He walked around puzzled for a day or two. He readj usted the machine tool ar:d
changed the cutting heads. And the result was an essentially new solution in the
~ te Ghnique of milling the most complex parts of optical devices, a method which per-
mits one to increase productivity thirtyfold! This innovation of Ivanov, used in
the entire sector of instrument building, saved tens of thous~nds of rubles.
The most refined innovati~ns of Mikhail 11'ich also became the achievement of his
~ appreentices: Yuriy Sasnin, Oleq Mikhaylov and many others. When they note in the
shop haw Mikhail I1'ich unobtrusively observes the work of younq machine tool oper-
ators, they jokingly sa~: "Hello! Ivanov is looking for talentl"
He seeks passionate lovers, like himself, of "headbreaking" work. And if he is not
given this work he finds it himself. Once in the shop they were manufacturing eye-
pieces for special microscopes. A superprecise thread was required so that each
turn had an ideal surface. Zt was assumed that this fineness could not be achieved
with the most filagreed milling. Almost invisible scratches over which tens of
metal workers then sweated, removing them manually, remained i.nevitable. It is
understandable that this exercise of the metal workers was hardly joyful wc~rk; so
many times at meetings they teased the machine tool operators: "It comes out and
you have nothing to do with it one way or another without manual labor."
Ivanov did not plan to protect "reqimental honor." He extracted the next creative
task for himself from this criticism. He thought for a long time. He tested and
ground this way and that and qave unusual profiles to the cuttinq e~ges of the
cutter. He used an original "slotting head." And so they again began from the
beginning.
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Metal working labor was not provided for at all in the production chain proposed
by Mikhail I1'ich.
Ivanov was always modest about what he himself achieved. He travelled to the other
end of town, to the well-known Kirov plant. He studies whether there is something
, worthwhile in the millinq machine operators there. Or as soon as he has a day off
_ he heads for the House of Engineering Propaganda on Nevskiy Prospekt to find out
whether something valuable has turned up there. How can one compete otherwise? He
always says to his friends: "Always hold the alignment to better and better!"
And it is he, M. I. Zvanov, Hero of Socialist Labor and delegate to the 24th Party
Congress, that is considered the best in the shop.
Some think that, having received the "highest praise," Mikhail I1'ich will settle
down and will cease to be troubled by rest. No way! Once they brought to the sec-
tion a blank weighing about 20 kilograms to manufacture an experimental part, and
- the part should weigh one-tenth as much. Mikhail I1'ich immediately raised the
- alarm---metal could not be squandered: At the first par*_y meeting he immediately
proposed that measures be implemented so that this was not repeated.
Once it was noted that :~ikhail I1'ich was a constant visitor to the job site cf a
young communist machine tool opErator. He would come up, observe for a little bit
and leave frowning. And hardly any complaints of any kind could be made against
the young fellow. He was fourth rank, he performs his tasks and there are no vio-
lations. What is it? But IvanoL- shakes his head:
"what is this 'what now'?" Yes, I have knowr. him for a long time. I have known
about his head and his hands--he could have control of mountains, but he remained
~alm, became lazy and deprecates himself."
And the persistent question arises: should the machine tool operator be cailed to
- the party group--it must be analyzed what kind of person he is and why he is stuck
among the "mediocre types"? And even more important how can he be helped7 Mikhail
I1'ich is first af al~. ready.
- ~1nd as always, the fate of this young ~ellow and the affairs of the shop collective
and of a~l LOMO is Ivanov's personal business.
To Be Firs~
The competition was beinq held for the rank of best in occupation among the young-
_ est w~orkers of LOMO. The entire brigade of milling machine operators awaited the
result with excitement. The brigade leader, Yuriy Aleksandrovich Metelkin, was
himself es~ecially excited. After all, no one other than Viktor, his apprentice,
to whom he had tried to transfer his skills, craftsmanship and spirit, participated
in the competition. Bu�r the main thing is that Viktor at his own initiative wanted
to participate in this competition. Metelkin trusted the young fellow: h2 was
clever and persistent. And he had finished secondary school. But he was still a
= youth! without any experience.
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Metelkin was glad for his apprentice and he himself would have taken his place.
After all, like Viktor, he began his journey here in this very shop, 23 years ago.
As an appren*ice. Gnly after demobilization from the Soviet Army. Someone advised
him to seek out a"non-dusty" position, but Metelkin decided to become an apprentice
for milling machine operator.
He was an apprentice for a very short time. The senior foreman ivan Fedornvich
IQllopchenko to this day recalls the capable apprentice. He worked with skill and
persistence. He loved the most complicated work. And all the time he learned. He
12arned from ris comrade foreman. No year passed that he did not gain a new rank
- and finally he achieved the highest--sixth rank! Having attached oneself to any
machine tool and to any system you could not go wrong with any task!
But Yuriy Metelkin, having seemingly reached the top in his occupation, still con-
~ tinued to study. He heard that Ivan Leonov from the Kirov plant was using a special
cutter of his own system--he immediately went to him: "Show me, teach mel"
He had occasion to be a guest in Moscow and he immediately headed to the capital
House of Engineering: what valuable things there could he take away and introduce
in his own brigade7 But Metelkin's brigade was a guard's brigade: Nikolay Bogdanov,
Nikolay Lyubich, Anatoliy Illarionov, Gennadiy Uvarov and Vladimir Petrukhin. They
were all highly qualified milling machine operators. Not all of them were highly
qualizied when they entered the brigade but they became so in it. Metelkin laid the
basis for the tradition: to help each other, always ready to replace a comrade
and to manage oneself freely at his own machine tool. It is no accident that MeteZ-
kin's workers bear the rank of brigade of communist labor.
And now Metelkin wished that his Viktor, for whom he had felt pain in the competi-
tion, would also become such a real guardsman of labor.
His Viktor is not bletelkin's son, his son Viktor also works at LOMO as an electrical
fitter. His Viktor is Viktor Zhukov~-an apprentice for ahom Yuiry Aleksandrovich
- feels no less than for his own son.
The competition has ended.
And now the young fellow with eyes bright with happiness runs to meet his tutor:
"Yuriy P.leksandrovich, complete orderl"
Viktor Zhukov had become one of the winners of the labor competition among milling
machine operators.
It is interesting to follow the work of Yuriy Aleksaridrovich and the expression on
his face. During these minutes he was seemingly carrying on a silent conversation
with the machine tool and finds a complete understandinq with it.
And this may be so. After all, Metelkin can marage to do that on his own machine
tool that no one else has ever been able to do. Once, they received an unusual
urg~nt order in the shop--to manufacture specially pz~ecise cast iron plates for a
series of very important optical instruments. These plates were initially machined
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- with great difficulty on the milling machines and were then sent to the experienced
metal workers. Their task was to quickly and methodically remove invisible micron
unevennesses on the surface of the metal and to achieve ideal surfaces whose pre-
- cision could be determined only by special indicators. This is a long, exhausting
process in which hardly 4-5 plates could be machined and brought up to co*~dition.
And Metelk~,n suggested th~ improbable:
"We can turn out not 5, but SO of these plates per shif~! And without any scouring.
Simply on our own machine tools."
And the improbable unexpectedly becomes the obvious. It turnQd out that M~telkin,
as soon as he learned what concerns his comrades in the shop are expecting with re-
gard to the unusual order, began to think: how can I help here? After an agoniz-
ing search, the idea of an original attachment to ~he machine tool was born. The
idea "was floated around" with his brigade comrades and the �irst experiments and
corrections to the thought-out idea were begun. Finally ~he first plate taken f.rom
Metelkin's machine tool was in the hands of the inspectors. Indicators and microm-
eters are in operation. Not one error! This was a great victoryl
- And Metelkin now has a new concern. How to change the design of the cutter so that
two grooves could be made immediately by a single cutter? In turn he got the idea
of a si.ngle attachment which would permit low-qualified machine tool operators to
perform a number of crucial operations accessible only to experienced masters.
Yes, the plans were enormous.
I am talking with Metelkin. His dark complected face is very young and devilment
- is in his hazel eyes. He talks jokingly about himself:
"'1'he occupation of milling machine operator? It is simply to know geometry. Here
we have a geometiy circlel"
But then he talks about each one in his brigade willingly, warmly and even with
- kindness. And he notes not without proudness:
"Almost every one of our workers now turn over products themselves without the OTK.
We have our personal stamps." ~
- "And you put the stamp on the p~rts?"
"why?" he is amazed.
_ "Well, and if someone suddenly"
"we don't have these 'suddenlys.' If it happened, it would be easy to find out by
the 'handwriting.
"Can one really determine who milled one or another part if all of them are identi-
cal and they were made from the same drawing?"
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"Of coursel Take for example musieians. They play the same piece. The same notes
are in front of them. But they sound different. It is about the same among us
milling machine operators. You recoqnize a machine tool operator by his 'handwrit-
ing' and by his style. The trained eye can iimi?ediately and erroneously dete~mine
by external appearance the parts, who did it and whether the spirit of the machin~
tool operator participated in the operation, besides his hands. Generally, we are
the same as in music."
"I see that you love music. Is this your attraction?"
"Yes. I love music." He thought for a while about something and quite unexpected-
ly adds: "Once it helped me to find Gennadiy, my youngest brother."
And he continues:
"My fatner ar,d mother died even before the war. My older brother worked as a lathe
operator at the Krasniy Viborg plant and he died when fascist 'incendiary bombs'
were dropped on the roof of the shop. And we and Gennadiy, understand, were orphans
in a children's home. We hold firmly to each other. He was sti].1 quite a small
- lad. And I was almost grown--14 years old. And I was Genka's guardian and mentor.
And suddenly separation: I was taken into the azmy as a pupil in the military brass
band. I played the trumpet. Later, as you yourself know, the war interfered with
everything and Genka'schildren'shome was evacuated somewhere from Leningrad and I
was stationed near Nbscow in a military school. In the band. They don't send young
people to the front. And now the cadets are h~ving a graduation party. The young
officers of tomorrow are going to their ~eqiments and fighting the fascists. We
played marches, waltzes and polkas. And now we were supposed to play my favorite
waltz Amur Waves, I couldn't stand it any longer and I asked the band leader to let
me dance. i was dancinq with some unknown girl, I had hardly managed to look at
her and the dance was over. And already here the voice of my chief: 'Metelkin, re-
turn to your position!"'
Suddenly the same girl touched me on the sleeve and looked at me closely: "So you
are Metelkin?" "Yes, I am Metelkin." "And you have a younger brother?"
I felt a shock. "Z have. His name is Gennadiy. Where he is I do not know. But
why do you ask?" "Because I probably know your brother well and I saw him qui~e
recently. He talked so much about you." "You know him? You saw him? Where? How?"
And this is how it was. It turned out that the girl had come from Ryubinsk a few
days ago where her father worked as the director of a children's home and my brother
fr~m whom I had been separated by the war was being educated in this home.
The very same ~vening I go to the company commander. I outlined my situation: I
need to meet my younger brot-.her. Either I go to him or he comes to me!
My brother came to me and we were never separated again. The company commander
assigned Gennadiy to the band as a pupil. But we decided as soon as we were de-
mobilized to go immediately to some plant. Our father was a lathe operator and our
- older brother was a lathe operatar. So we also inherited the "working stone."
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. I soon was able to see the younqer brother. Cennadiy Metelkin works in a neighbor-
ing shop. Of course he looks like his older brother: the same tall, enerqetic
person with f.ast movements. It's true C,ennadiy is not a milling machine operator.
Durinq the postwar years at the insistence of Yuriy, who was for him the only author-
ity,he entered a trade school and studied to be an automatic metal worker. He works
in the neiqhborinq shop and became a specialist in repair of inetal working machines.
A few years have passed since then. They are both fathers o:E families. Yuriy
Aleksandrovich from �ime to tisae looks ir~to Gennadiy's shop. "How are things going
with my younqer brother?" And Gennadiy always turns to his older brother for advice.
The opinion of an older brother is important to ~veryone. Yuriy Aleksandrovich was
often elected to the people's control group, the party bureau and to the party
co~aittee .
In the shop the~~ recall the time when Yuriy Metelkin headed the people's control
qroup. The hiatory related to storage of finished parts, which sometimes rusted
and wexe roughly thrown into a corner, is especially memorable. The guilty parties
were found and no excuses of any kind helped. Metelkin received a special order of
the shop chief in this matter and did r~ot rest until he had checked that everything
had been done as it should be.
But Yuriy Aleksandrovich has long had a new public commission and he does not tialk
quitely past if he saes disorder.
Once Gennadiy asked Yuriy:
"Llsten, where do you get such influence from? Y know you better than anyone: you
are a kind and soft person and yc~u do not at all have th~ aharacter of a manager.
Share you secret like brother to brother."
"My secret is the s3.mplest," answered Yuriy. "If you agitate and struggle for some-
thing, begin with yourself. In ord~r that people cannot rsproach you: after all,
� everyone can mx~]ce mountains out of a molehill. You have to test yourself.
Yourself!"
Probably this is the easence ot the matter. If you want to show people how to
achieve an important and qood matter begin with yourse~f. Be the first.
And he is one of the first. Milling machina operator of LOMO Yu. A. Metelkin was
- awarded the rank o! Hero of Socialiat Labor for high indicators in fulfillment of
tasks during the third, d~cisive year of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
Toward Maximum Precision
In an enozmous shop with snow white walls, everything is lighted by a bright blue
light falling fram a.bove from a wholn cascade of fluorescent lamps. fiundreds of
geople are c~orkinq with concentration at long desks. Here is the pinnacle of pre-
= cision! These are univexsal measurinq microscopes--UIMs. They are so sensitive
that air temperature fluctuations ox even a loud conversation during assembly can
_ affect their accuracy.
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And people are working quietly.
Here is an old man with thin face and blue eyes in horned-ri.mmed glasses. From
time to time he Quts a secrewed up eye to the microscope eyepiece and with his
fingers slowly rotates an almost visible screw under the black scale. He writes
something in a notehaok, thinks for a long time about the notations, then sighs with
relief, smiles, gets up and pac.es alongside his work bench with rapid, light steps.
This is Aleksandr Antonovich Bespalov, winner of the State Prize, and veteran of
the firm.
When future young workers hear about the amazing path which their enterprise travel-
led--from semicottage wor.kshops to one of the world's largest optical firms, they
_ often hear the name of Bespalov among the other names.
If the talk is about the First Five-Year Plan when shorinophones were being devel-
oped--the first sound-recording apparatus--one i~?ediately hears: "Bespalov was the
one who assembled the first model" or if one is talking about the first Soviet movie
came ra movements a g a i n o n e h e a r s: "At that time they came f rom Bespalov' s light
hands."
A conversation breaks out about how the first astrophysical instruments were devel-
oped and again: "Bespalov began the assembly of an experi.mental model."
And Bespalov ta2ks briefly about his own work:
"What do I do? Well, you can say that I assemble and adjust experimental models of
a gun for hunters of microns. There is now no letup from orders for ever newer and
newer mod~ls of ineasuring microscopes."
- The work of Aleksandr Antonovich requires effort, the fullest at~tention, patience
and the most precise skills. When a vezy complicated optical instrument is com-
pletely assembled, this is still only the beginninq. The main and most di�ficult
thing then begins--so-called adjustment. The adjuster slowly "conjures" over the
tiny assemblies, levers and lenses for lonq hours, days, and freguently even weeks.
And it turns out that during these minutes he holds his breath so as not to alarm
them and so that the "axis" of the instrument is not shifted by a hundredth of a
micron and so that the established and regulated "focus" is not disturbed. Each
instf�ument of the series is adjusted in this manner. And Bespalov is responsible
for the standard instirument in the experimental section. He does not have the right
to make an error.
This same Bespalov at one time adjusted the �irst assembly of the UZM. Althouqh
everything was correct in the drawinqs and calculations, the instrumc.nt erred. They
tried to assemble the instrinnent in a specially equipped room witho~xt vibration.
But the instrument still erred. And each time by ill-fated two microns. Regardles~
of what they tried and what they changed the deviation from a straight line still
appeared upon maximum motion of the optameter tube and still there were those two
little microns.
They tried newer and newer versions. And it was all the same. Deadlines passed
but the UIM was not delivered.
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Investigators worked intensely and Aleksandr Antonovich and his comrades urorked
late in the shop. And they found a solution.
They checked the path of the microscope table--it was in complete order. Accuracy
was guaranteed. But as soon as the machine tool began its return path the poin~ers
of the scale deviated b~ a total of six microns. The specialists worked on this
problem and Bespalov found justice for this "capriciousness," having designed a de-
_ vice which Lompletely eliminated the vibration.
The group af its developers was awarded the State Prize for this UIM and the name
of w~orker Aleksandr Bespalov was rightfully on the list of winners.
Many instr.uments have passed through his hands and there has not been one, develop-
_ ment of wZiich has proceeded without his thought, creativity, clever and at some
times th~ most unexpected corrections in the calculations of designers, developers
:3nd inve~tigators.
They wE:re demonstratinq a unique measuring machine in the Soviet pavilion in Brus-
sels a.t one of the international exhibitions which could make measurements of all
paramF~ters with high precision and speed by means of optics. This machine was
award~3 first prize--the Grand Prix--at the exhibition. The machine operated at
full speed and performed the most complex measuring operations. The display guide
gave detailed explanations to all visitors through an interpr~ter but frequently
- without an interpreter--in German and sometimes a little in French. IAMO worker
_ Al~ksandr Antonovich bespalov serviced this machine.
Long ago in the youth of Bespalov, which coincided with the years of the First
Five-Year Plan, the plant Komsomol workers, as now, insistently demanded from each
young worker--studyl
And Sasha registered for courses in foreign languages in order to study foreiqn
technical literature in the original. He engaged in boxing and strengthened his
character--with persistence he achieved that of which he thought and about which
he dreamed. Th.is is his character: not leavirlg that which has bee n begun half
finished, one doe~ not deviate anywhere until he is victorious. Thi.s is how it was
in the courses. No matter how difficult the Gezznan language was, he overcame it
methodically with an iron patience ~ntil he had mastered it.
During World war II, the Komsomol member, young optical worker Aleksandr Bespalov
campaigned near Leningrad and was wounded. He found himself in the north in one
of the aviation units after being released from the hospital. Here the optician-
inventor became an indispensible person.
He organized the instrument facilities in this unit within a short time. Moreover,
Bespalov fundamentally changed the instrument system of the aircraft, having de-
signed a special fixing m~chanism which ensured reliability of the most connected
- instrument with the aircraft in any position. KAB--Bespalov's aviation correcter--
was the name of ~his device.
When restoration of the demolished plants was begun, including optical plants,
specialists were rapidly demobilized. And now Bespalov in his overcoat without
shoulderboards hurries to Chugunnaya Ulitsa to a fami.liar passage.
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Suddenlp someone called to him:
"Aleksandr Antonovich?"
Before him stood Mikhail Panfilovich Panfilov--then a technician and the future
qeneral directar of the firm.
Panfilov told h im how much the country was expectinq of the Leningrad opticians
and how those such as Bespalov were now needed.
"You do not need to persuade me," answered Bespalov. "I am a political fighter
myself."
Yes, he, a working communist, always felt that he was a polxtical fighter all his
life. An he always tried to remain true to his party duty--to qo forward, to take
on the most difficult and take charqe of oneself.
During the early postwar years when the rubble of shops destroyed by fascist bombs
was beiaq excavated, he saw an ir~strument changed to unrecoqnition which Leningrad
opticians had czce been the first to develop in order to photograph the stars.
_ Aleksandr Antonovich well remembered with what love and care pro~inent scientists,
engineers and workers, includin3 he himself, had worked on it here at the plant and
how mu~h prid~, romanticism and how many dreams were related to this instrtuaent.
And now it's all ruined. A few fraqments. He felt grief.
But in those days Bespalov became one of the ent}iusiasts for restoring the plant
and then became one of the first proponents for developinq new optical equipment.
He was elected to the party committee and he again felt himself a political fighter.
A.zd how could it be otherwise. He, a communist, could not lonqer see for himself
any other role than to always be a party fiqhter. And primarily in his labor and
creativity here in the shop, in his own experimentaZ section and at hiR own job
site.
This became part of his flesh and blood: if something did not go right for someone
in his or in a neighborinq section, he was ready to immediately find out, explain
' and assist them. Thus it was when a finished lot of optical instrur+.e+lts were
turned over for measurement of. caliber--a snaq. It wasn't so terrible--three in-
- struments of tY~e entire lot "played tricks." And reqardless of how the enqineers
and adjusters fought and regardless of wht~t they did--nothinq worked.
And Bespalov i~nediately went to Zook and to help them analyze, to fir.d some omis-
sion and somehow to improve it.
And this is the way it is every day. But ask him to recall even two or three of
' these episodes and he shruqs his shoulders: this is an ordinary thinq. Incidental-
_ ly, everyone recognizes Bespalov as an innovatn�t if you judge by the summaries and
the few formulated innovator suqqestions. This is somethir~g he does "by himself"
and he does not feel it is necessary to record all this.
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His constant concern is to teach, to pass on knowledge to young people and ta trans-
fer experience accumulated at the plant over the long years of a~.l the five-year
plans--from the first to the present--to them. Wherever you meet his former appren-
tices today, he has given that one his thirst for creativity and his desire for the
new. Engineer Anatoliy Budinskiy ccmes into the shop--this is Bespalov's appren-
tice, and he consults with innovators d~puty chief of the c~esign office Boris
Shustov--also a pupil of Aleksandr Antonovich. Ent~re generations of young people
change at the firm, but in each of them there is an apprentice of worker-communist
Bespalov.
But not only the section in the shop--the entire firm is in his field of vision and
he sees all its concerns, anxieties and joys. And often, having completed work in
the section, Bespalov does not go home, but to the party committee to consult with
the secretary of the party organization, to share his thoughts and to ask about the
news. Aleksandr Antonovich always came here with support and advice when he was a
deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and when he performed crucial commissions,
being a~nember of the municipal party co~nittee and as a member of the firm's party
committee. Many crucial commissions are entrusted to him.
"So then," the secretary of the party committee said to him once, "we have ex-
changed opiz~ions and have reached a decision: you, Aleksandr Antonovich, are the
m~ost suitable candidate to become more familiar and to check how things are with us
in the chief technician's department."
And Bespalov carefully checked the work of the most important deFsrtment. This is
how it is recorded in the reports: "30 devices were developed and created." Bes-
palov, not only as a member of the party committee and as an engineer-specialist
- and innovator, was interested in lookinq at them and in analyzing and seeing the
w~ork in the shops and in the sections.
These devices rea].ly do exist but for the most part either in dreawings or if they
are in metal, why do they lay on the shelves. And haw do they operate?
There are many questions. Bespalav qives a report at the party committee.
The feeling of a manager in his plant brought ever greater acuteness in hi.m as the
years went by. Yes he, worker Bespalov, is manaqer of a firm, a city and of an
entire country. And this feeling was especially 3eveloped in him during many for-
_ eign trips. He is a member of the administration of the Soviet Society for Friend-
ship and Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries and he is a member of the Presidium
of the Leningrad Co~nittee for Maintaining Peace.
- Bespalov has been in Poland and in Czechoslovakia, in the GDR and in Fi,nland, in
Sweden and in Norway. He has participated in many international meetings, discus-
sions and forums devoted to the struqgle for peace. And everywhere he has appeared
as a representative of his own countzy and of his own Soviet motherland.
Once he was visiting the enterprises of the well-known Karl Zeiss firm. He talked
a.bout the Leninqrad firm LUMO. And he felt not without pride how the foreign spe-
cialists were amazed by the success of the Leningrad opticians. After all old
Russia generally had no optical industry and now the Leningrad firm was compe~ing
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on the w~orld market. The mark LOMO became a symbol of hiqh quality. And during
those minutes Bespalov was especially glad to recoqnize that he, a rank and file
worker of the firm, is directly related to this.
Y~s, Bespalov, despite all his cumbersome titles of rank and award.s (he was awarded
_ the Order of Lenin and the gold medal "Peace Fighter"), is primarily a rank and
file worker-communist for which the main party affair is his daily "commonplace"
w~o rk .
"Commonplace," this as before, toqether with designers and researchers, is to de-
velop the first models of ever newer and newer unique measuring instruments. He is
now working on a new model of a device of unusual accvxacy and perfection. One of
the devices is a special optical thickness gauqe for checkinq and focussing the
lenses installed in supports. It is a routine, commonplace matter. He himself
gave no special significance to his new innovation. But he received a routine in-
ventor's certificate for this device.
This "commonplace" exists in everythinq. Participation in the work of the scientif-
ifc and technical society, a r,~ew commission of the party committee with regard to
' exchange of party documents, correspondence with foreign friends, work on articles
for a literary journal about his trip to Scandinavia. And on a rare free evening
when his wife and son Vladimir have already returned from the plant, it is good
sim~ly to sit and listen wh at his old friend Vladimir Petrovich Vereshchagin has
to say. At one time they completed the factory training school toqether, they en-
tered the Komsomol together in the shop, they went to the front toqether and to-
gether they mastered optics from the beginning. Vladimir Pstrovich has something
to tell his friend. As an optical specialist he travelled to Moracco, Vietnam and
to France. The firm has business everywhere, and they, like thousands of other
- workers, engineers and scientists, are representatives of the firm and its main
people.
Family Treasures ,
Goncharov looks at Goncharov. In order to see better without rushing to put his
h o r n r i mm e d g 1 a s s e s on , he brings the newspaper a little closer to his eyes .
This is LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA, but an old, old edition--dated 3 July 1945. On a
half-faded, yellowed page was preserved a still rather clear photograph. It was a
gzoup portrait of the Young IGomsomols of the brigade that assembles movie projec-
tors. And in the center, 3n the forefront is the briqade leadEr: thin and ruffled,
staring with a victarious look into the lens. What is this! It was mentioned in
the caption under the photoqraph that the brigade leader produces three norms per
shift. Goncharov looks at Goncharov. Thouqhtfully, with a soft hardly discernible
smile: and the young fellow was dashinq." He pzronounces these words rv4t with
pride, but with sadness. And again he looks closely at the photograph. He looks
at his friends of the same age and at himself as if his friends wer~ in front of
him whom he met lonq ago and had again had occasion to see. And suddenly his eyes
light up with a mischievous, joyful fire. His face inunediately becomes younger
and he unexpectedly tossles his hair combed smoothly back as if he wants to say:
"well, and what about it if some thick qray hairs are visible and what about it if
there are some wrinkles. But this is I--this is I1" And for an instant I see him
as that "dashing youth," as which he impressed his photocorrespondent more than 30
years ago.
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"It is good to preserve this issue of the newspaper," he notes pensively. And he
adds as if joking: "It's somethinq of a fami~y relic. A family treasure. After
all Z have three sons. One works with me in the shop, the second works in the
nei~hboring shop and the third--also one of ouxs, part af the fixm, studies in the
technical school attached to the association I~OMO. These are treasures in their
hands."
The list of family treasures in the working familiy of engineer-metalworker of the
_ LOMC firm Grigoriy Andreyevich Goncharov is not so small: among them are certif-
icates of shock wnrkers of the First Five-Year Plan, combat medals of a Leningrad
defender, certificates for innovation and inventive;ness, metals of Wt~ for suc-
cess in development of new models of movie equipment, an award of the Polish Peo-
ples' Republic and finally the highest award of the motherland--the Order of Lenin.
sut one of them is not kept at home but in the personnel department of the firm.
_ This is Grigoriy Andreyevich's work book. And in the col~nn "Job data" there is
only a one-page notation: 1933j admitted to post of enqineer-metalworker.
Evezything began when Goncharov came to Leningrad from the little town of Dorogo-
buzh, which is near Smolensk. There he considered himself a confirmed "movie fan,"
and he went to see each film several times. And when he saw "The Battleship 'Po-
temkin�" he decided that from then on his entire life wr~uld generally be related
to movies.
No, he did not dream about either the occupation of movie director o r~ut a ca--
reer of a film star, he was attracted by something else. He looked at the old,
chirruping movie library install.ed in the g~ssage between benches and that trans-
mitted enchantir.q bea.ms onto a curtain attached to the wonden wall as a miracle.
The young boy was very envious of the two movie engineers who participated in this
- sorcery, one of which turned the handle of the prajector with an unusually import-
ant look, and the other of which operated the qenerator drive, producinq electric-
ity. To touch this apparatus with one's hand was already happiness. 1~nd to find
out how it was made? And who made it? Once he looked at the mark on it: Lenin-
grad Optical-Mechanical Plant." And this decided everything. He did not like to
put off anything. Within a week he was already in Leningrad at the plant and in
the shop where they made movie projection equipment.
and busy days then beqan, and what days! The human voice was heard for the first
~ time on the country's movie screens. Coming out of the movie house, they sang the
song of Maksim that had just been heard: "P blue globe spins and turns" and no
one knew that the lean worker, young Grisha Goncharov and his comrades had assem-
bled those first movie projactors.
But even outside the shop he aqain dared to hold a movie projector in his hands.
Cnce he heard from a friend from an adjacent enterprise: "I have not yet seen 'The
Opposite.' I can't get a ticket and they did not show it at the club. Thre is no
movie engineer." "There isn't?" asked Grisha. "That's no misfortune. ~Ae will
he lp them 1
Thus he also became a v o 1 un t a r y a m a t e ur-~vie eagineer. "The movie spun around"
on the latest libraries with the mark of his plant in clubs and in schools--
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everywhere where they only asked for it. The audience applauded "Chapayev," and ~
were overjoyed with the success of Maksim and of the heroes of "The Encounter."
But Grigoriy was three times glad: both for the heroes of the film, for the view-
ers and for himself--he saw how necessary his labor was to people--apparatus whioh
~ he assembles with his own hands.
And one more thinq: he can now not only be proud of the fact that he assembled
- this equipment but can soberly and critically analyze thcir quality even on the job,
can note their merits and deficiencies even from the viewpoint of an experienced,
interested movie engineer. He thus became an innovator, unique counselor and con-
selor for those who designed and improved experimental models of projectors. And
how important this was at that time!
The PeopZes' Commissar of Heavy Industry G. K. Ordzhonikidze came to the ~lant shop
from Moscow. Goncharov saw him several times. The Peoples' Commissar met with peo-
ple and became familiar with new marks of projectors and talked about how these pro-
jectors were needed in all corners of the country, especially on the kolkhozes.
The shop collective then developed a simple and most dependable projector and called
it Gekord, that is, the abbreviation for Geargiy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze. It
was pleasant to think and know that part of one's labor and one's concerns, ideas,
hopes and knowledge was left in this Gekord.
And with reqard to knowledqe, the further he went, the more that he needed. He
entered the workexs' faculty. It was difficult to sit behind a desk in the even-
ings, after a hard shift. But he did not give the appearance that it was difficult.
Asid not in order to embarrass his instructors. It was not them but a girl from
Svetlana in a red kerchief sitting c~uietly near the window. This girl was called
Kseniya. In Kseniya's presence he co~:ld not answer the instructor's questions at
all as if it was she rather than the instructor who was greeting him. It was as if
she was a controller over him.
It must be said here immediately that this is how it happened in reality. Kseniya
~akharovna became Goncharov's wife, came to work with hiun in the shop wh~re she has
now been workinq more than 25 years and her duties are a controller of the depart-
ment of technical control, and it is frequently she who checks the movie projectors
which her husband and his comrades assemble. As Goncharov himself states, it is
very difficult to find a more particular and mc~re "parniciou~" contzoller.
In i941 they interrupted their joint plans for the future. The first bomb dropped ~
by fascist pilots on the plant came into the shap where Grigoriy Andreyevich worked,
whose specialty had become manufacture of mines, antitank grenades and so on.
In May of 1942 several bright 150's rush~d along the Ladoga, raising a spray of the
liquid ice. Their wheels were hidden under the water and the machines, finding
themselves under fire, could be seen from a distance as some fantastic squadron.
They soon unloaded not far from Volkhovstroy, from which the line of the front
passed three kilometers away. And the just delivered machine tools were installed
in one of the empty shops of the Volkhov Altuninum Plar.t. The two surviving tur-
bin~es of the Volkhovskaya station provided power and after the second day here they
began to produce weapons for the defenders of Leninqrad. Young w~orker Grigoriy
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Gonch3rov organized this production. He trained the unusual personnel on the way:
housewives who had never seen a machine tool before and still quite green teenagers.
Nevertheless each day the weapons manufactured by Goncharov and his comrades were
sent directly from the shop to the front from hand t~ hand. They were sent from
= the workers to the troops.
Thus was established the basi~ for the characte r of the future ancestor of the
, working dynasty cf Goncharor~g. And primarily a keen feeling of personal resp~onsi-
bility for the fate of the ent.~usted matter. A beloved matter, great or sm.all, but
= needed by the people. Thus ~he moral heritage of ~.~Q Saviet worker was accumulated
~ which he lster, years later, ~ould trasnfer to his owin sons.
The growing sons unwi.llingly learned facts and events from the unwritten family
manuscript, perhaps not vsry significan*_ for others but for them important, that
ent~red their consciousness and comprised the objec*_ of their pride.
~ it wi~l always be remembered in the Goncharov family how, returning to the plant
= even before the end of t,he war, Grigoriy Andreyevicn together with his comrades
_ examined every piece of the territiory under t1:e snow: tnere the~ found a cartridge,
= theze a ro11Er, there a lens--they assembled s~und projectors for hospitals and
- clubs. And later, af~er *.he :-nd of the war, having finished his shift, he went to
= restore the equipment of the bomk~ed-out r~ovie theaters on Nevskiy Prospekt. They
_ xe.call how the head of the family did not ieturn home until late--they f~und out
_ that he was organizing a~semi~ly of new complex instruments for spectral analysis.
- The instruments were made in the neiqhboring shop and they were needed by many en-
terprisPS. Grig~riy tindreyevich came to a~s'_st. A person of encrnaous skill, a
~arn enc~ineer who had if one may say so "~:~gineering intuition, " he entered the
~:ourse c~f a~fairs quickly. He trained an entire section of assemblers who were
tr3ns ~erred to another shop. '2'Y~ey susr,ested that Goncharov al.so transfer there.
_ Th~y promised hi~h wages. He did not go. "It's more interestinq for me here. I
= am a movie fan."
And that is true. Tt was not easy to find a skillful master in man~i~acture of
- ~rojection equip~~nt o� any s,ystems and any models--portabie, stationary and thos~
designed for showing o� any �ilms.
- ?'he ran'~t and file wnrker becor,i~~ a full repre~Qntative of the firm LOMO abroad.
' The famous hall of science wa~ erect~d in Warsaw and the sons a~c~ompany Grigoriy
~ ?~id~-ey~vich to Pa],and. ~'Y:e father will instali the Soviet movie e~uipmeni: there.
- Later his labor ''g~oc~raphy" already encompasses Prague, Takyo, Osaka arid some Afri-
- can countries. His ~ons accompany him to Guinea, Toqo and Mali.
~ Grigoriy Az~drey~vich i~ a kind, simple a~nd o~~en man ~o whom people are attracted,
a.nsw~r:.ng friendshi~ wi~h fri~ndship and li~taninq to his wnrds. Once in t~tali r~e
~ even became an ins ~ igatoz of a unique "subbo~.riik. " There during his fre~ time
= GOI1CYldrut, and his new friends arganized immacula~e ordez in the roam of the movie
tneater where the rn;.+vie projector was ins~alled. They quickly becam~ accu~tomed
_ ~c Griqoriy Andrey~~rich and the local rPSidents asked h~sn to repair their watches
- a.nd some kinds of :~z~usehold appliances. He repaired them. Ur~sel,fishly ~nd with
- iriendliness.
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Once his oldest son asked Goncharov: ~
"Tell me frankly: You've been working for 40 years in the sazne shop and in the
same section and you have been involved in the same thing for 40 ;~?ears. Tell me,
swear to me, is it not boring? Wou2dn't you like to transfer?"
Goncharov shruqged his shoulders, removed his qlasses and looked with surpr~se at
him.
"Now what is thisl Transfer. First, I have one love. I love my work, my occupa-
- tion and as ~hey say in the song, "I hope that this is mutual." Work and an xcu-
pation lo ve him who is true to it. It then opens for him one secret after another.
: If one only looks at it more attentively, it opens to one that which amazes oneself~
- of course, how did I not guess th~s eazl~ler."
And since all members of his family are avid movie and photoqraphic amateurs, he
explains:
"Let's say that two persons take a photograph of Mednyy vsadnik or some other well-
known site. You look at the photograph of one and you have seen it a thousand times.
But in the photograph of another there is a discovery! It's as if this miracle oc-
curs for the first time before your eyesl This is because the second person looked
for and found an unexpected angle and knew how to see that ~ahicti all others had
passed by."
Thus it was in the shop of Goncharov himself. A long time aqo they had put into
- serial production a single movie projection apparatus. It came off the conveyor lot
after lot over many years. And it seemed there wa~ nothinq "to take away and to
add" to it. And the comments of users were the best. No one gave any attention to
the KPT, as this apparatus was called. But Goncharov d.id. He looked at the ordin-
ary with a fresh eye. And he suddenly saw that the system for switching on the cut-
out arc was insufficiently perfect~d and convenient. One could get along without
it. One could make it s~ that the arc itself was switched on.
- Of course, this is what they did. The designers aqreed i.mmediately. Because Gon-
= charov's unexpected suggesti~n was extremely simple. And the advantaqe from intro-
dLCing it was enormous.
Incidentally, if. one calculates the advantages from the innumerable suggestions of .
~ Goncharov, they would have long ago been worth 200,000 rubles, not countinq those
- introducta.ons which were officially not formalized.
~ The most exparienced desiqners of the firm feel that Grigoriy Andreyevich is their
own colleagus. Theze is r~ascan to talk about him, to consult with hiun, to think
and debate ~~aith him. Yes, y~es and to debate since it happens thusly: the old en-
gineer-metalworker, usually quiet and obliqing, unexpectedly be~omes prickly and
implacable. Thfs is when he is cor~vinced that he is right and that failure to in-
troduce his suqgestian :nay inflict losses on the firm. Again and again he se~s up
- an experiment and seeics new, r~wre c~nvincin~ proof of his position. .
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Incidentally, most frequently his situations are still without conflict. There
: where true talent, invaluable experience and knowledge are found, there is noplace
for conceit.
= How long they had racked their brains over a mechanism which was supposed to guar-
antee simultaneous autasnatic exposure in an installation of 11 projection apparatus
which was ordered for a ci ne ram a in Tokyo. Grigoriy Andreyevich suggested the
solution. ~
All these histories of course become worthy of the unwritten family manuscript and
are qiven to the sons--the heirs. ~
The heirs. Griqoriy Andreyevich, when they gather together around the table, at-
tempts to talk with them more carefully "so as not to chatter," although he still
looks at his sons with an evaluating glance and smiles. All of them even in char-
acter are hardly similar to each other, bu~ there is something of their father in
each one.
The oldest, Viktor, has a high forehead with a forelock and has be~n with tne firm
= for several years already. Viktor came to LOMO immediately after thQ eighth grade,
- became a radio installer and learned the fine art of installing the most crucial
assemblies in spectral analysis instruments.

~ Father and son consulted many times and debated various enqineering problems but
not only eng~neering ~roblems occurring in production. Grigoriy Andreyevich was
glad that his son accepts everything warmly and close to his heart that concerns
the life of a shop and Grigoriy Andreyevich was glad when once Viktor showed his
_ father a new certificate of a shock worker of comcaunist labor.
The most pleasant for the head of the �amily was nct external indicators, but the
essence of character. He saw that it was easy for the young fellow to both work
and study, completing the 9th, lOth and llth grades in the evenings. But the firm
urgently needed builders for reconstruction of the shops. There were not enough
builders. Ttie young people decided: we will help and we shall work on the con-
struction project. And Viktor was al~ang them--one of the first.
Another time Viktor heard friction in the shop. Griqoriy Andreyevich was planning
to step in but his son sharply stopped him:
"I will do it myself."
More than anything in life he generally likes independence and self-reliance as
incidentally does everyone in the family. Like Gennadiy. Many saw in him the fu-
ture of a musician from his childhood. Griqoriy Andreyevich bought a piano for his
son and the young fellow had absolute pitch and could listen for hours, enchanted,
to a melody that he liked.
But the son selected his father's path. He entered the shop where his father works.
He became a worker.
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And music~ No, he did not forqet it. True, not so much time remai.ns for it: work,
studies at the technical school in the evenings, but still the hours which he can
devote to Tschaikovsky and Chopin are doubly precious.
:
His father patiently taught his son to think about any, even a seemingly simple
operation so that each action was justified and previously calculated. And if it
was complicated he said: "Do not hurry. Think about it. If something does not
work then: think about it again. I will say nothing. You will achieve it with your
own mind and you will remember it more stronqly. To think is the main thing in any
occupation."
Gennadiy has already attained the third rank of assembler-engineer and his fat~er
has attained sixth rank. This is still a very difficult position to achieve, but
Grigoriy Andreyevich has no doubt that Ger.nadiy will reach it successfully. A1-
though the road is steep, but if,it was laid by the father, the son will travel
more easily along it.
~ The third son, the youngest, also plans to travel in his father's path. And it is
not only in the fact that Sergey is studying in the technical school at the firm
but perhaps even more important is the fact of how he listens and instills in him-
self what his father, mother and two older brothers say at home about the enter-
prise. And they always talk about this since their common work is at the firm--
the main and inseparable part of their life.
The Generous Life of Valentin Petukhov
our first meeting with Valentin Yakovlevich Petukhov occurred in the shop where
modern videotape recorders are developed for television studios. Hundreds oE peo-
ple in snow white smoGks were working behind long tables in an enormous light hall
similar to a scientific laboratory. Among them I sought out Petukhov, a solid,
wideshouldered man with thin and soft features of a dark face.
He looked somewhat li.ke a kindly schoolteacher and this was unexpected for me since
Z already knew that Petukhov served in the paratroopers during the war years, par-
ticipated in the liberation of Vienna of fascist occupation troops and was awarded
~ the Order of Glory, third deqree. At that time he had just barely ~~:xned 18.
Now he, like everyone here, was sitting in a snow white smock and holding in one
hand a small electric soldering iron and in the other pincers and carefully, like
a surgeon, touched different points of a dark panel on which, unfathom~able to the
- foreign eye, a labyrinth gradually occurred in the thinnest varicolored wires.
The labyrinth contained nuemrous triodes, dio3es and capacitors--the filling for
various types of units which, bein joined with other electronic and optical de-
vices, are transformed into a videotape recorder. This videotape recorder with the
mark LOMO then receives a permanent registration in our or foreign studios.
His friends in the shop Vladimir Sutulov, a formex naltic sailor and now an in-
staller, member of the party rayon committee, ti~e oldest wnrker Tat'yana Nikolayev-
na U1'yanova and veteran of the firm Ivan ivanovich Tsyganav asked me to write
about Valentin Yakovlevich.
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He enumerated tens of names and about each knew what "really should be talked
about."
_ "You already know what kind of people these are," says Petu.khov, "wh~en I came here,
I was already approaching 25 years. And I had no specialty at all. I worked as a
stevedore for several years after the war. 'i'he wages were good but the work was
not very interesting. I decided that I will spit on the wages and become an appren-
tice. And Speranskiy, the then deputy chief of the shop, says to me: 'well, young
fellow, it is already time for you to take on a family so how can I take you on as
an apprentice? And what about it if we immediately give you the fourth rank? You
have a secvndary education and you were connected to engineering in the army. I
will talk to the fellows. One must assist a former man of the front."'
The next day he was alzeady hired on ths production line where they at that time
- i.nstalled the sound amplifying equipment for movie projectors. He tried as well as
ize cauld. He was very excite d. It seemed to him that everyone looks reproachfully
_ at his unskilled hands. But Tat`yana U1'yanova came up to him and at that time she
was still a very young installer.
"Don't be emba.~rassed, no one can glue it immediately. You have already managed so
much!" she praised him, although a whole pile of parts had accutnulatpd near Petu-
khov and he was unwillingly delaying the remaining ones on the production line.
Tat'yana skillfully assisted him. And not only she, bst Sutulo�a, Tsyganov and any-
one that he requested about this and those that even he did not ask.
- Petukhov relates many of these stories and finishes them with the words: "You know
that I was always lucky to be among gvod people." There was among these stories
' one quite long ago during the blockade. It turnea out that he stayed in the be-
sieged city even as a teenager without parents and relatives. He roamed through
th~: snow-covered streets and fell into the snowdrifts, weakened and powerless. And
probably he would never have gotten up if some Red Army soldier, passing by in a
sleigh, dug him'out, brought him to consciousness and took him home.
We met with Petukhov many time s. His involuntary "lyrical asides" helped tn under-
stand much in his character, wh ich was kind, qentle and sympathetic.
LOMO had long ago become for Val.entin Yakovlovich not only the p lace where he works
but the main content of his li fe. This was a platform for creativity for which
~ Pet~:khov and many others comrades live. He is at the center of the social life of
his shop and his firm. During 23 years of work he was elected to the shop commit-
tee, the secrPtary of the party bureau and a memb~r of the party committee of the
association. A crsiet life is not for him--he is always advocating something, makes
some suggestion, checks and organizes. He also has inteqrity. Sut this is the in-
tegrity of a working man and a foreman who loves his work. And if he, Petukhov,
installs ~ complex mod~~l of a videotape recorder, for example, the Eiektron-2, then
everything should be at the highest level.
It is because of this feature of his character that Petukhov insists on an opera-
tion which is here called "a 1-~airstyle." This operation is the last before the
_ new apparatus is sent to its po int of destination. Petukhov carries out the final
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and the most precise finishing. This always costs him enormous tension. After
all, even the strictest controllers give their approval but Petukhov still has
something to finish. Once one of the f~remen could not stand it:
"Well, how much can you do. Soon you will begin to sign your name on each
instrume~t."
Petukhov shrugged his shoulders:
"Our signatures--mine and yours--already are on each instrument. And the signature
of evezyone who works at the firm. This is the same signature, the collective sig-
nature IAMO."
Petukhov's concern was always businesslike and creative. However, he talked very
temperamentally at the party meetinq of the section and the desiqn office. But
this was not simply the fervor of an orator. The very next day he and his comrades
in the brigade began to think about developing a special improved bench so as to
check the correctness of installation of the most complex circuits more rapidly,
more precisely and more reli.ably. And soen a special board with varicolored signal
lamps appeared in the sectiAn. Press a button and the manycolored lights instantly
let or,e know how one or another circuit is behaving.
Yet another innovation was horn here through the joint Offorts of the same instal-
lers--special produ~tion boards for so-called tying of the bundles when installing
the videotape recorders. All this facilitated and accelerated labor and improved
the reliability of the most important assemblies and units in the apparatus.
Nevertheless, Petukhov did not parade his participation in innovation and in
creativity. But when he as secretary of the party bureau and later as a membpr of
the party committee was called upon to "cres~e, seek and test," no one could re-
proach him: But how are things with yourself7"
The word "study" is not simply a slogan at LOt70. Courses, the evening scnool, the
technical school and the division of the vuz ase an entire academic combine to one's
awn efforts. Valentin Yakovlevich has already taken knowledge from almost all these
sources. But he also has other sources. Former apprentices. Here he goes into the
d~siyn office to the chief enga.neer Aleksandr Kuzin:
"Sasha,I would like to consult with you on perhaps one questian."
Sasha Kuzin and 18 more of the same teenagers as he came to LOMO from the PTU when
it was just beginning to be organized and they were all taken under the wing of
Valentin Yakovlevich. Petukhov taught them and acted as their mentor. He noted
Sasha Kuzin ~specially when they were assembling sound recordinq systnms: from
the start the young fellow grasped the situation and exasperated his men~or some-
times with the most unexgected but very lucid and serious questions.
Petukhov also thought at that time: here is someone that will be turned ~.nto an
engineer in the future. And he directed the young fellow: study! The years
passed. And Petukhov comes to one of his former apprentices, now the chief engin-
eer of the firm, for advice and consultation.
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The breadth of this knowledge and his rich experience also made Petukhov himself a
consultant but frequently an authoritative arbiter in discussions as well. The
version was frequently ccnfirn~ed which Valentin Yakovlevich had cfiven high marks
to. And then they say at the SKB: "So, Petukhov's version is accepted." Some-
times Petukhov's versions are also accepted far beyond the borders of the countxy
to where Valentin Yakovlevich travels as a chief assembler and a full representa-
tive of LOMO. Thus iL was in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Japan where he together
with a grcup of cther workers asser.?bled the cinerama orde:red in Leningrad for movie
theaters.
Can he really forget those restless days and nights in the laboratory, in the ex-
perimental section of the assembly benches alongside developers iCira Nikolayevna
Tsvetkova, Militsa Aleksandrovna Bamm and others. He recalled the first two shy
female students of the institute of movie enqineers who were trained in the shop .
in the assembly-installation section. TY:ey literally did not leave *he side of
- Valentin Yak~vlevich when the firsti cinerama set was being assembled. Everything
- h~d to be solved for the first time: for example, how to assemble the motor. The
success of synchronous starting of all the systems, including those rel.ated to
focussing the image, sound transmission as~d so on, depended largely on the accuracy
of selection. The experience and knowledge of chief installer Valentin Yakovlevich
Petukhov were natural here.
And all together triumphantly noted the first awards--the bronze medal of VDNKh and
' diplomas from the CSSR government.
An order fror~ Japan then came in. But it was a new order--this was not a repeat
of the pas*_ order. There is the same tradition at LOMO: each new model of an ap-
paratus or dPVice is continuously more improved than its predecessors.
The cir.erama for Japan was the most complex unit with the most modern magnetic tape
- devices and noise-protective filters controlled from a single console. The new
unit was too sensitive for long voyages and malfunctions appeared during the test
star~tups. 'Che search and intensive experiments continued during assembly in Japan.
And this was very difficult s?.nce the deadline for turning over the apparatus w3s
determined. '
Petukhov, like his remaining comrades, had reason to become very mach agitated;
without stopping assembly, they chanqed this and corrected that "on the road."
The cinerama was turned over to the Japanese within the established deadline. Dur-
ing assembly the Japanese specialists treated Petukhov with special deference. He
inspired in them involuntary respect of his skills, erudition and some special
:nodesty and kindness. The curicus Petukhov asked the Japanese about their life and
told them about his own Soviet country.
- when Petukhov returned from his next short assignment abroad to his own shop, he
had the feelinq that the separation had continued for entire years.
- Once, after a long absence, he noted two young, broad-shauldered youths in the me-
chanical section at the milling machines. Petukhov at first thought,these are
novices and I must became acquainted with them. Latier, having looked closely, he
smiled and loudly pronounced: "You returned!"
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And they both looked toward him~:
"Valentin Yakovlevichl How are yaul"
He was glad to see them like his own sons. These two had come to the shop once
from the PTU. But their efforts did not flag. Their work in the section was ~re-
cise and complex. And they w~re intimidated by it. ?~nd therefore. of ccurse their
wage:s w~re 2.ow. But once con~idence i^~ onself is less, the consequence is almost
alwa~ys being released at one's desire. Petukhov, and not only he, but many other
- co~iunists of the shop sounde:d the alarm: We must help the fellows stand on their
feet.
- However, some then trie.~. co cool theis ardor:
"Is there a reason to fire the crew? They will have to go into the army within 6
months anyway."
Hut Petukhov came to the party meetinq:
"We must look ahead and help the fellows to qain confidence and to convi.nce them
that their future is here in th~ shop. ~o that they themselves will return to us
to the firm from the army. They must do it themselves."
; After the meeting there was a confidential conversation wi~h Anatoliy Babanov and
the best milling machine operators i~? the shop.
"Fellows, i am hoping '~or you. This,is my personal request. Take these two still
- untried youths and do not let them be separated fram our collective."
Experienced mentors appeared amonq the fellows. And they tried. Valentin Yakov-
levich was frequently among them and advised:
"Do not attempt to 'overtake the plan' innnediately. Try to do no more, but do it
better. The speed will take care of itself."
And now they learned and how! They served their teza, in the army, returned to
their own shop and received qood wages and study.
s And it was that Valentin Yakovlevich, havxng zealously tried tio hold each of them
in the shop, said to one of his apprentices:
"But perhaps it is better for y~~u to leave. You have another callinq."
This was Oleg Mikhaylov, a 16-yeas~old youth. He had been hired in the shop on the
- r?quest of his mother. He was a student. But Petukhov later took him under his
own wardship. He was not a youth, but quicksilverl And he seemed to be intelli-
qent. But he did not desire to understand the simplest things in assembly. Petu-
khov also frequently n~ted something e~se in him: the youth's desire for drawinq.
He was always drawing and everywhere. Petukhov saw in his home the niunerous
sketches--landscapes, portraits and genre scenes. Ne then decided:
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"Whether you believe i.t or not, you have a different path--to the artist's school."
This was a long time ago! And now Uleg had graduated from a special school and
was a decorator artist of Lenfil'm. When Petukhov sees his name on the movie cred-
its ne is proucl: "My Oleg!" And as before Oleg regards Petukhov as his teacher.
Landscapes given to him by Oleg hang in Valentin Yakovlevich's new apartment re-
ceived from the firm. P~tukhcv and his sons are constant visitors of exhibitions
in the Hermitage and the Russian Museuin. And this is an irresistible need and at-
traction toward the beautiful. And therefore it is not accidental that the section
foreman, talking about Valentin Yakovlevich, once said:
"Petu;chov knows how to do everything only beautifully. As if her were drawing it.
He is an artist in his own way."
Hence, another of his passions is understandable: flowers. Flowers which he grows
at his dacha at Karel'skaya Peresheyka, an object of his special pride and tender
cor~cerns. His many shop acquai.ntances also love these flowers. Petukhov's dacha
, was obtained "from the firm" in a special resort zone of the association. He
- brings his friends there in his Moskvich so that each one can fall in love and
share with him the joy of ineeting the amazing creations of nature.
The Petukhovs have three sons. The oldest, Valentin, works in Far Yakutiya, the
youngest, Aleksey is still a student, and the middle one, Andrey, serves in the
Soviet Army. A letter has already come from the unit in which the commander
thanked Valentin Yakovlevich and his wife Nina Vasilevna for their excellent edu-
cation of their son.
Petukhov lives in Vyborgskaya Starona on old Vasenko Ulitsa in no way especially
noticeable. Bu.t they are frequently on Laboratornaya Ulitsa. Here many people
know Petukhov and especially the workers of the housing offices. He now call~ one
with regard to repair of the recreation and reading room, about the library, or
_ he organizes lec:t�sres through the efforts of the residents themselves.
why is Petukhov here? He is not a deputy nor ari inspector of the Department of
Culture. But Valentin Yakovlevich is this type of person: he is always tnere
where there is the pos~ibility to do something good, interestinq and useful.
Petukhov's sons were attracted in chilc~ood, even without his influence, to radio
engineering. But are there really others who are not interested in this? Thus
there may be the opportunity to organize these circles for the young people--his
neighbors on the street. And is there not joy in bringing music, the theatre and
creative arts to his many friends?
All this led Petukhov to the party committee of *he firm where he was appointed
the chairmari of th~ coordinating council to work with the population.
And he has had many enthusiasts: ~~vorkers, foremen, engineers and reti~ees. All
of them are from LoMO. And Valentin Yaklo~?levich heads these people.
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Optics is Their Family Matter
An Unexpected Acquaintance
_ My first acquaintance with the Golovan workers' dynasty occurred by correspondence
and under un~xpected circumstances.
They told me at one of the scientifir. research institutes where problems of genet-
ics were studied what amazing possibilities m~dern biological science has. What is
it now not capable of establishinq, penet~ating into the secrets of the livi:~g.
cell!
They showed me an instr~aaent toward which they exerciaed special respect and care,
careful~y touching its dull gray body. It is call~d a fluorescent biological
microscope.
"This is an entire unit filled with the most complex and delicate equipment," con-
tinues my guide. "All prev~ious bioloqical mic:roscopes regarded as perfected cannot
~ compare with it. How can they! We can observe ~ ceYl oz~?y in section. It was .
specially processed, frozen and stained. Many, many hours were spent on this. And
we observed it only in the stati.a state--dead and immobile. And at that only visu-
ally by eye. The new microscope has produced revolution! We see a cell in its
natural state--live and in its own light. We see all the chanqes in its microstruc-
ture. We can make any photograms, use spectral methods of analysis, obtain auto-
matic recording of information and use polarization microscopy. And all this in a
single instzument."
"Incidentally, they sent a specialist to us at the IAMO laboratory for these in-
struments so that everything would be debugged, regulated and adjusted locally.
We were amazed by h~.s work here--fast, precise ~rcd confident. His name is Golovan'
and he is younq, sympathetic and jolly. And Tater as it turned out he is not an
engineer nor a teckiriician but "simply" as he said, an ordinary optical engineer.
And he assembles these unique microscopes in his own experimental section.
- The scientist expressed a wish upon parting:
"If you are at LOMO talk with Golovan'. He should be arz interesting person. And
from all of us give him our respects."
I decided to fulfill the scientist's wish with pleasure, but it turned out that it
is not as simple to do this for the most unexpected reason. They asked me in the
personnel department of LOMO:
"Golovan'? Which one2 Do you know how many Golavan's we have?"
The young female worker of the departsaent began to enumerate:
- "Mikhail Golovan', that's one. Viktor Golovan' is two, Tamara Golovan' 3s three
and Nina Golovan' is four. Incidentally, Nina is no longer a Golovan' but a
Smirnova because she married, but her husband also works here at LOMO."
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In general an entire dynasty. The girl talked about this dynasty with pride.
"But I need Golovan' the optician," I said mare carefully.
"But they are all opticians."
"All? Well, the one of them who is a specialist in microscopes. Fluorescent bio-
logical microscopes."
"They are all specialists in both fluorescent and ultraviolet and generally in any
_ :nicroscopes which the LOMO company produces."
' There was only one way out: to meet with all the Golovan's. And this is how I
proceeded.
A Matter of Heredity
And now ~lmost all the Golovan's were assembled in a larqe three-room apartment on
Vyborgskaya Storona at the youngest of the brothers'--Vi.ktor Georgiyevich, as it
turned out the very one to which the scientist sent his best regards.
_ Unlike Viktor, quiet and thorough, Mikhail is warm and fiery. Both look much
younger than th~ir age and something boyish and mischievous remained in them. They
both suddenly l~qan te quarrel, recalling yesterday's fishing trip to Shchuch'ye
Ozero, now "seizing" on the character and "intelligence" of pigeons. They have
been attracted r~y pigeons since childhood.
In general they are very f o n d of living nature and therefore the rooms have been
filled with aquariums with electric lighting, with fantastic grott~es among the
- algae, among which swim odd, exotic fishes. And their home is also full of flowers.
Flowers are also a"weakness" of the Golovan's: They have transformed their plot
in the collective garden of the firm into a living, fragrant and beautiful carpet.
And of course everything that they do, they do "scientifically." Much special
literature has been read and assimilated both about raising aquarium fish and about
raising flowers.
- 'lfiey do everything scientificalJ.y--this has beco:ne a habit related to their work at
the optical firm. It isn't enough to have "golden hands" here, one must also have
theoretical knowledge.
viktor Georgiyevich is an optical engineer in the experimental section. Mikhail
~eorgiyevich has the same position in the Laboratory of L~icroscopy of the Central
Desigr~ Office, the wife of Viktor, Tamar Petrovna is a designer and the husband of
Nina Golovan', Vladimir S7nirnov, is a designer.
- ;licroscopy is really a family occupation of this dynasty. Those who develop micro-
scr~pes at LOMO are permanently connected to such scientific and scientific research
institutions as the Institute of Psychology, the Military Medical Academy, the
Znstitute of High Molecular Compounds, the Institute of Physiology and the Botan-
ical Institute. And each institute has its own special requirements on an
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instrument and its own special tasks and goals which its developers must take into
account. Therefore, one can see at the assembly table in the shops a venerable
scientist-designer and optical engineer discussing problems related to the devel-
- opment of the next experimental model of a future instrument.
They are all Golovan's with secondary and specialized education, not counting the
inntanerable courses for raising qualifications which they have taken.
Mikhail a3ds:
"we at LOMO are all 'permanent students' and study there never ends for anyone.
_ You study--and eWeryone here, regardless of whether you are a worker as Viktor and
I are or designers.like Tamara and Volodya are. It is impossible otherwise. One
- must maintain the mark. The mark of the firm. Yes, and speaking frankly, the mark
of a dynasty."
_ The mark of the Golovan' dynasty is thought of hiqhly at the firm. LOMO veterans
say that this is a family of specialists, public-spirited pers~ns and good succes-
sors to working family traditions that have been given to optical production for
more than 150 years.
Rnots and Branches
The present Golovan's are a branch of the root which was begun here by the heredi-
tary St. Pete~sburg worker Georqiy Metrofanovich Golovan'. He began; already be-
ing married, he became an apprentice automatic lathe operator and gained the occu-
pation of machine tool operator. He was one of the shock workers of the First
Five-Year plan. He finished the technical school and headed the optical shop of
the plant. During World War II he was evacuated together with the enterprise to
distant Cmsk, where he was elected the plant party organizer.
The present Golovan's were still young boys dwring the difficult military evauca-
tion. They recall those rare hours when their father was able to be at home. They
looked at him as at a wizard who could create amazing thinqs "from nothing." For
example, he could make a stool, table or even a cabinet from seemingly unnecessary
slabs.
They then w~orked together: wooden skates with metal runners, skiis and games. And
all this was made with their own hands. With their own hands! What joy it was for
the young Golovan's to giv~ a game made with their own hands to one of the comrades
and to hear their approval:
"Well, how about thatl You realZy did it yourself?"
The father said:
- "Would you like to make an even more valuable c;ift for your friends? Then teach
them so that they can make the same thing themselves. Hands are not only for
holding a spoon but a hammer as well. Right?"
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_ Crifoztunately, this happy time of being alongside his father did not happen very
frequently. He taught day and night at the plant and everyone was working for the
front: mother, Valentina Mikhaylovna, a seamstress by profession and grandmother.
The grandmother, Yekaterina Mikhaylovna Golovan', was an old Bolshevik. Despite
hez advanced age, she took cares on herself during that difficult time to assit
the tens of Leningrad opticians evacuated from the besieged city, bought provisions
for them in the surrounding villages and patiently and persistently helpd her small
_ wards to find their parents.
Thus lived the Golovan' family, with an open heart. There were no strangers for
them. You would come and there would be enouqh warmth for everyone. The family
became an orphan after the war--Georgiy M~etrofanovich perished. Th?re remained a
sick mother and three children--Mikhail, Nina and Viktor. In memory of their
father they preserved the Order af the Red Baxuzer of Labor, the Orcier Badge of
_ Ho~or and the Medal for Labor Valor.
And there was yet another award which was always kept in view as during their
- father's lifetime. A small, simple school microscope enscribed with their father's
name given by the collective of the enterprise--a r,~emorial gift to Georgiy Metro-
fanovich, shock worker of the First Five-Year Plan and enthusiast for development
of Soviet optics. how many times their father's hands carefull.y and gently touched
the black burnished body. What gleasure it was for the children to place their eye
to the microscope eyepiece and ther. to tell their friends about the fantastic
J "secrets" th~t they had seen.
Georgiy Metrof~novich's friends from the optical shop helped the young fellows to
accomplish their father's dream for them--to become rea]. opticians.
Nina, who had already successfully completed the lOth grade, had already been ap-
pointed as a laboratory worker. The well-known optical engineer Afanasy Petrovich
Terekhov took on Mikhail as an apprentice. And Viktor--he was only 13 years old
at that time. Special permission of the trade-union obkom was required for Viktor
to be hired at the plant as an apprentice.
Teachers and Students
The teaching of the brothers proceeded very ~apidly. First, their father had in-
stilled in them since childhood the thirst for skills and the joy of creativity
even in the simplest work. Second, the occupation of optician ~~as always the most
significant and interesting in his eyes and his sons looked at ever~~ hing through
their father's eyes. Third, Mikhail, who was two years older than Viktor, managed
to learn something in the Pioneer House as a schoolboy, learned the skills of mill-
inq and lathe operation and could himself turn a fine part. Viktor learned every-~
thing from his older brother.
The main thing was that from the fir.st steps the working youth of the brothers was
surrounded by the kindness of Georgiy Metrofanovich's friends--~Gaiakhov, Terekhov
and many others who remembered his sincere generosity. Afailsiy Petrovich Z'erekhov
seP.med strict and closed to Mikhail. At first he even felt some fear of him. And
why not fee~ fear! From the first days Terekhov gave him unexpectedly difficult
assignments.
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He had to learn to think for himself. Mikhail un8erstood very quickly how right
his men~or was, who only from the side could seem to be "a dried-up man" and who
= in fact from the first steps tried to teach the novice the most important thing in
his occupation which was always related to a persi$tent independent search and
solution of many difficult problems in assembly, installation and adjustinent of
optical instruments.
It is unimportant thaL you n?ade an error. It is important that you thouqht, Tere-
khov loved to repeat an3 added: "You know, they say among the people, he who knows
little makes no errors but that who is confident and knows everything does make
errors. And then he began to patiently explain what the error was."
Mikhail was transferred long ago to another section and if there was a need for it
he went to Afanasiy Petrovi~h long after for advice. And even being an optical
engineer of sixth rank and working in the research laboratory on experimental
" models of th.e latest microscopes or rather on mockups of these models, he ~nentally
consulted with Terekhov. And it was as if he heard aqain as in his youth: "Now
~ you think about it! You think about it again!" And it turned out that this advice
was constantly effective: to think and learn in one's own experience and i.n the
experience of one's colleaques.
His father's friends were worried about selectinq the future occupation of the
- 13-year-old Viktor. Petr Markovich Tychin and Pavel' Nikolayevich Pavlov--adjust-
ors of automatic machines--tried to get him into the automatic machine shop.
� Lathe operator Nikolay Vasil'yevich Kuznetsov and o13 optical enqineer Feodor
Aleksandrovich Galakhov tried to get him to their shop in the assembly and exper-
imental section. They argued where it would be better for ~he young fellow and
where it would be most interesting.
Viktor decide~ himself:
- "I want to work with Misha. With my brotiher."
He then began learning the skills of a comparatively young engineer--Ruf Ivanovich
Kolosov, with whom he quickly became friends.
Everyone tried in his own way to teach the lively restless youth in the occupation
of optician. In order to learn all its fine points, c~nstant attention, the capa-
bility of careful accumulation of skills and of scrupulous analysis of one's own
successes and failures were required. Only then could one qain the reaY attraction
of an occupation.
Would Viktor become such a one?
Like a sponge he soaked up everything that Galalchov and Kolosov said and showed to
him. And he learned their working procedures and secrets of his future occspation.
The young Golovan' changed before their very eyes. The boyish fidgetyness disap-
peared and he became reserved and close-mouthed. And the sinqle thing with which
- he exasperated both his m~ntors and the designers, developers and investigators who
came to the shop was his endless questions.
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vikr.Qr war;ced with ecstasy. N~ anr. s~e~!.:~ngly noticed when this yaur~g fellow con--
' triv~~d ta learn evezythinq. I;: was su~denly discavered that he could wa~x dn the
~ milling machine ~rd it was not kndwn wher. he had learrxed the fine points af lathe
~ arts . Kolosov "sudCenly" discoverea this in him. And Itolosov~ ~xadualiy begar~ te
txus:. Viktor with assembly not only of small asse,mi~li~s, but the most complex aci-
- ~usting instrum~n~~, ~ncludir.g speei.~l m.icror~ov~e unzts, microhardness measuring
~ instxur,.ents wi:-.h remot~ control and final]_y moaels of bioloya.cal microscapes ~
Ynuag Veterar~s
Y,.olosov looked at h' s charqe uf ~rh~m he was truly pzoud.
"N~w here i, a real Golcvan' he beqan t.o repeat, "he knows how ta :,iaintair. the
family honar. You oniy have t~ tr.:s': ay.m and he will fulfill it. "
- "Do you think you are not qett~;~g too ~a~ried ~.way?~` G~orgiy ~iktorovich Orlav,
the most "n~gging" foreman f.~om the ::ontrc sexvice, tried to ma~~ra~e Kolosov's
- enthusiasm. This was the most expRripnc~d sp~cialist whose keen, proficient eye
was hardly inferior to the most delica~e ir.stdr~:mQn*.s ~nd standards wk~ich he had
used in checkinc .
"I will answer f~r the young fellow," answered IGolosov.
And the professional skills of the young Golovan' brothers who had given yreat
hope, received the high marks of spQCialists.
Moreover, the brothers helped eack~ other and extricat~d each other. The 20-year-
old Mikhail acquired the hiqhest sixth rank in spite of all the adopted deadlines.~
Viktor, when he was only 18 years o:.d, had already achieved the fifth rank and
soon, like his brother, achieved the sixth ran'.c of optical enqineer.
Fewer and fewer of the veterans--friends of their father--remained at the enter-
pri.se. And it soon turned out that the "veterans" were now regarded as the Golo-
- v~n' brothers themselves, although they were still of Komsomol age.
The brothers already enjoyed the reputation of very experienced specialists by the
_ time that LOMO was created. They were naw requested to train personnel for the ex-
p~nded production.

~
V Creativity of the Brothers
~Iikhail was persuaded. A central design office was being organized and a special
research laboratory of microscopy was in it. You will work alongside researchers.
As what? As their first assistant and participant in investigatior~s. You will
d~velop new circuits and check th~n on models for them. And of course you will
make these mockups yourself. You are capable of doinq this.
Mikhail ~greed.
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= T:~~ establi~hment of the firm opened up new vast oppc~rtunities for creativity.
- Microscopes with the LOMO mark had already been sent to the market~ in tens of
countrieG ar?d the mo~t diverse institutes--from medical to metallurgical--sent in
- ~rd~r9 for development and creation of ever newer and newer microscopes.
Mikha~.l oc~upied a worker's position amonq a large collective of investigators in
the laborato~-;~. And he w~orked al~ngside engineer-specialists Inessa Leonidovna
Zarubina, Ira.r:a Konstan`inovna Lapina, Natal'ya Dmitriyevna Glazunova, Natal'y~
Sergeyevna Kibitki.na and Natal'ya Mikhaylovna Gunch~nkova, designers Anatoliy
- Ivar.avich Mamayev and Aleksey Alekseyevich Kulaxcov, designers and specialists in
optical calcu?ati.ons and among them was doctor of technical sciences Viktor
Alekseyevich P~nov.
~ Mikhail worked alongside each of them or rather together. with them. TogE~ther be-
c~use an investigator and developer unwillingly seems to t_hink aloud alongside
Mik.hail's job side, desiring to hear his opinion continu~usly.
- Mikhaa.l listens attentively and rubs his hand throuqh hi3 tousled hair. Beginning
to develop a new device, he knows already for whom this device is designated. An-
other time a developer of a mockup must literally show "on his fingers" how he
~rould like it and how he sees the future instruments. New assemblies and parts
are not always manufactured specially for the mockup but old, ~ised parts are used
in most cases. And frequently this mockup looks ridiculous externally. And even
so this is a"live" instrument. It should indicate what it i~; capable of, whether
- it is true to the idea in the design and whether the calculations were accurate.
And now much 3epends on the rank and file worker, optical-engineer Mikhail Golovan'.
The mockup was made with sk~.ll and knowledge and with a f~eeling of responsibility
and this is a prototype of a Future, but still only an er.~erimental model. The
' fate of the instrument is frequently on his conscious: will it be or not. And
there is no lack of con:~ultants in the labo:.atory and the SKB--scientists-special-
ists. And what about practical doubts? Mikhail picks up the telephone:
"Hello, Vitya? Could you drop in. We must.."
For a lonq time Vitya was for Mikhail only a young~r brother over whom he lorded it
as an older brother protected him arid taught him how to think. The younger was now
already a figure among the microscape specialists and he already travelled to
Moscow, Kiev, Tbilisi and other cities as a representative of the firm. He inde-
pendently adjusted special microscope units. The first optical instrument assem-
_ bled by his hands for investigation in ultraviolet bQams was exhibited at the
- world exhibition in Brussels. Many other improved models of ultraviolet micro-
scopes which the firm developed with his participation were displayed and received
high marks at the exhibition in Montreal.
1 There was perhaps not a single model of an instrument znto which Vik;-~r has not
put something of himself: either a correction to the design itself or to the as-
sembly technique or to the mathod of adjustment that guarantees the greatest ac-
curacy. Viktor, having become a recognized leader among the assemblers in t~e
optical section and their brigade leader, has also made a namA for himself in the
rssearch laboratory to which he of courae caa?e not only at the request of his
brother.
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Once Viktor tog~ther with do~tor of technical sciences V. A. Panov was sent from
IAMO to Stocl:holm. Here they assembled a~d demonstrated the latest model of an
ultraviolet microscooe. Representatives of the Federal Republic ~f Germany with
- their similar unit also came there. An involun~;:ary comparison was awaited:
~ whose model is best7
When they unpacked our instrument it seemed that it had been basically damaged
during shipment due to someone's careless. Panov, placing his eye t,o the ~yepiece,
exclaimed:
_ "Viktor Georgiyevich, look. What is this? There are some shadows in the field
of vision."
They appealed to the Swedish workshop. Under the vi.gilant observation of Viktor
, and upon his instructions and with his participation, the Swedish workers repaired
_ the instrument. Viktor did not sleep until almost the following morning.
When Panov again began to check the instrument, he could on2y say to ~�iktor:
"You are a real wizard. Honestly."
The most prominent specialists compared both instruments over a period of time in
Stockholm. The instrt.unent with the LOMO mark wa.s rated higher in all parameters.
Viktor was also in England, where hE went ~s an exni.bit guide to an industrial
exhibition where all firms of the world producing microscopes displayed their
pr~ducts. T1-.at is why when Viktor comes into the laboratory or the design office
- he is listened to with the greatest intere~t. They know that Viktor has a precise
and clear eye in precision mechanics.
And now Viktor has come to Mikhail's labaratory. Mikhail shows his brother the
mockup of the new model of the ultraviolet mi~roscope.
Zt turns out that one of the investigators suggests some new version of the assem-
_ bly or unit in the instrument. If Mikhail or Viktor says: "No, this will not do,"
they may aot waste time in checking. And it really will not do. If they say:
"Yes, this will do," then there is alr~ady no doubt that effort, enes~gy and funds
can be expended on final finishing of the device.
And what will Viktor Golovan' now say to his brother?
viktor does not hurry with the answer. He slowly walks around the mockup, looks at
- it, asks :iikhail to show him now one, now another assembly, listens to the explana-
tions of the developer and asks many questions. Viktor understands the entire
crucial nature of what has happened and does not waste words. He is interested
in eliminatirig possible complications in the design beforehazid. After all, he
will be thE~ cne who will assemble the first experimental model after the mockup.
HE must think. To think--in the language A~ both brothers this means that tney
wili test all the ur.known methods and procedures of precision machining of the
surface and will invent new methods and procedures day after day both durinq work
and af.ter work. Viktor is especially skillful in this.
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For example, the surface of the disk had been brought to the ideal. Th.is was only
the beginning. Now a layer of special "sealer" g~ue a fraction of a micron ~hick
had to be applie3 to the disk somehow ideally. And only then did Viktor answer the
investigators:
"You can produce this instrument. We can cope with it!"
Later, when Viktor Golovan' was accepted into the party, one of the old workers who
- had recommended him said:
"Viktor Golovan' lives with his work and is anxious about his work and for him it
is averything in the world. Some say that he is not very talkative. They ask
whether he teaches young people? His main educational line is again work. Every
instrument assembled by him teaches people in itself with its high quality. He
increases respect fcr la.bor and respect for the working man. An instrument devel-
- oped by Golovan' is its primary characteristic. Not only young but experienced
: opticians come to him for experience. He is a thorouqh person in everything."
That was truly said: "He is thorough in everything." Viktor Golovan' penetrates
- not only to the heart of an instrument but to its economics as well: he calculates
and knows how much a fluo~escent microscope will cost the firm. Why it is not less
_ exp~nsive is also his personal concern. He suggests that some especially labori-
- ous processes be made more efficient.. The result is 1,500 rubles saved for the
firm. 'I'he most complex assembly, accessible only to assemblers of the highest
rank,is lacated in the three-floor photvchambe~ of an instrument for taking pic-
tures with different degree of lighting. He suggested the technique in which a
number of the most complex operations can be entrusted to young optical engineers.
Generally if on~ listens what the youngest Golovan' is talking about at party meet-
ings, it may somet~.mes seem that he attracts newer and newer concerns to his shop.
For exampl.e, something is not go~ng well witn his neighbors and Viktor asks that
these assemblies be transfezred to his shop. Not everyone likes this. Sometimes
the rejoinder is thr~wn at. the orator: "YOU will make a mess of it yourself." And
he as if nothing has Y~appened says: "Of course I will. I wnuld like ta do it with
your help."
"Yourself" is his bric~ade which includes his old mentor ?tmlosov and his young
friends Valentin Galakhov, Mikhai~ Shalygin, Pavel Sobkin and athers.
Golovan's and Smirnov
He was not quite five years old when he was left without his father. His mother,
Yekaterina Dmitriyevna, a trolley conductor, took hian witt!, her when tnere was no
one to leave the young child with. From ring to ring. Thus, the war found hiun
and his mother in the troliey car. When bombing or artillery bombardment ~f the
_ city began, ths passengers had to immediately run to shelters. And only thF driver
and conductor had not managed to leave tk~e car when everything thunderEd around
them from the explosions.
"Ma.~na, what about you7" he asked wher. an air raid alarm sounded in their path.
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Yekaterina Dmitriyevna ciuiC~ly aii5wered:
"I? I am on duty."
Once at night in 1942 when the fascist aircraft were bombing Leningrad especially
heavily, "incendiary" bombs began to patter on the roof of the house on the Okhta
where they lived. A land mine exploded somewhere nearby. Yekaterina Dmitriyevna
immediateZy went to his bed: where is her son: where is Volodya? And it turns
out that he is on the roef. He is busily extinguishing the "incendiary" bombs
together with the adults. His mother throws up her hands:
"What are you doing7"
He answers her:
"And I am on duty. That's alll"
At 13 Volodya was awarded the medal "For the defense of Leningrad."
Several years later Young Komsomol member Vla3imir Smirnov became a radio engineer
on a combat vessel plying the vast reaches of the Baltic.
He entered LOMO after the army. He worked and studied. His bent was radio engin-
eering and he found special happiness in ele:.tronics. Because at that time the
very first steps were begun here in the unique "cooperation" of optics and elec-
tronics in an instrument itself, in the future microscope. All this attracted the
younq engineer. And he became totally involved in electronics and began to study
all the possible versions of interactions with optics. He was carried away with
ris work. A practical knowledge of optics or rather knowledge from the practice
of instrument building, assembly and adjustment of microscopes for which his
"electronics beginnings" were intended, were required.
At this time the young Golovan's, heredit~~y opticians who now as one of the first
had to organize manufacture of the latest special microscopes equipped with dif-
ferent electronic units, needed their "own" consultant.
Thus the acquaintance was made, later a friendship began and later an alliance of
engineer-researcher Vladimir Smirnov began with the working dynasty of Golovan's
(Nir.a Golovan' became ;iis wife) .
Vladi~rir had only to express an idea (he was always full of new ideas) about im-
proving the noise resistance of a circuit or about a new, more successful in his
view system of selecting the diameters or somethinq else and the Golovan's were
ready to test it and try it.
And their voices were heard more and more frequently at party meetings. They talk
about what is first discussed in the family circle: a modern microscope is a mul-
ticomplex and expensive unit and every customer has his own specific requirements
on it (biologists have some, chemists have others, metallurgists have still other
requirements and so on). So does it always make sense to develop a special devi.ce
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for every "one-time" customer from the beginning and ta the end? But what about
tLavelling a different path: develop a generally universal design but provide re-
placeable assemblies and change theu? depending on the customer's profile and
requirecnQnts .
Vladimir, a young comm~anist, often insisted on this idea at the laboratory's par~y
group and at party meetings in the TsI~. And although this idea hardly belonged
to anyone personally, everyone now supported it both with w~ords and deeds until it
became the rule. And again and again the enthusiast engineers-investigators Maria
Davydova, Natal'ya Gunchenkova, Irina Lapina, Vladimir Slnirnov and, of course as
always, alongside them the brothers Golovan'--Viktor and Mikhail--assembled them.
Tl:is is joint labor and ~oint creativity and a joint search for new paths in which
both the scientists, engineers and workers of the LOMO firm participate on an equal
basis. This is a continuous search. LOMO specialists only quite recently began,
for example, new serial production of an entire family of biological microscopes,
so-called "biolams."
Incidentally, development of instruments for investigation of the microscopic world
- is one of the ~r,ost important specializations of the firm during the lOth Five-Year
Plan. A large group of specialists--scientists, engineers and workers--has been
working on development of new devices tk~at help to penetrate the secrets of the
living cell.
Thus it turned out that all the Golovan's assembled most frequently ~at Viktor
Georgiy:vich's. And regardless of what the conversation touched on during the
meeting--about detached duty of one of the family members abroad about tours of
MFQzAT in Leningrad or about a new book of fiction which one of fihem had liked and
which each of them would undoubtedly read, everythinq still turned to these
"microscopes."
- Sometimes Nina sighs:
"Again, again they have started talking about microscopes. As if there was nothing
more interesting in the world. You come and they 'arrange' a production meeting for
you."
And this is true. They all applaud and laugh. Everyone is silent for a few mo-
ments. But Viktor unnoticed looks at the old dull black school instrument on its
� base which had been given to his father with his name. And he says to his sister:
"Well, Ninochka, what can you do. Microscopes aze our family business."
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KOSTYGOV UNIVERSITIES
_ The role of the foreman in production is important and the responsibility placed
on his shoulders and the responsibility for everything that occurs in his section
and that occurs with those under his wardship is important.
Not everyone can be a foxeman and not everyone will take on this difficult matter.
Once in the large shop of. astronomical instruments of LOMO I had occasion ~o make
the acquaintance of the oldest foreman of the mechanical section Sergey Mikhaylo-
vich K,ostygov. I did nat know at that time what position he occupied and I did
- not know that quite recently he was awarded the Order of the October Revolution
for his labor success.
It was one of the last days of the month. Behind the glass partition where the
foremen usuall~~ are I saw three. They were gravely talking about something. One
of them w~s familiar to me: the old mill.ing machine operator, LOMO ve~eran ivan
Fedorovich KoJ.esnikov. The second also seemed familiar: the athletic face of a
young man in light coveralls, a foppish array was worn almost on the back ~f his
head. He had a dark thin face. His eyes looked out seriously and thoughtfully
from under his thick dark eyebrows. I had seen him somewhere. I remembered that
his portrait was placed in the enterprise newspaper. He was the winner of a com-
petition among younq lathe operators.
- The tnir3 one I did not know. Young-looking, wide-shouldered with an energetic
face. He was showing them a drawing spread aut on the desk.
"Well, friends, our neighbors are having no success with this instrument. It's
amazing that there are so many operations in one parti How can we help them7 The
technique has hardly been developed and organized. What else can we invent here?
They are askinq us for help."
They were talkinq abo~it serious difficulties in ma.nufacture of a new, very complex
instrument for spectral ~nalyses in the adjacent shop. Development of this instru-
ment is one of the items of the firm's socialist pledges.
Both workers--the ald and the young--were listening attentively. Ivan Fedorovich
slightly pursed his lips, asked something, then added: "So, so" then, putting the
drawing aside, he said quietly:
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"Sergey Mikhaylovich, I don't xet know exactly but we will solve it. We will take
on the entire world. If i.t must be done then it must be done! Let us begin right
now on the machine tool."
Kolesnikov left and then the younc lathe operator. A;id the one who they called
Sergey Mikhaylovich remained sitting at the desk. Placing his hands on his cheeks,
he again Iooked the drawinq over. I iz~troduced myself. He extended a Wide, strong
hand :
"ICpstygov, senior foreman of the mechanical section." 14nd ~:Q follows immediately
with the statement: "You couZd write about Kolesnikov. T'he old man can litexally
do everythinq at his machine tool. A different, even serious part that you have
- 'tried' thousands of tim.es, but he suddenly looks at it in a new light and you can
be sure that he will turn it more precisely and faster. Volodya Skol'nov, who
was just here, is the same type of pilot."
"You have many of these aces here?"
"That's true, but there will be more," he finally answered.
'7'he main thing is that everyone wants to become one. And we will help them."
"We" is a school of communist labor in the macnine section which�senior foreman
Kostygov heads. This is his party commission.
To my question whether the post of foreman is to his likinq, he answered directly:
"It is Hard work, but I like it."
And he immediately asked me a question:
"'v~hat topic exactly are lou interested in?"
There was nothing for me to do but lay my cards on the table:
"Well, what about th~ role of foreman."
It is probably very curious to hear about an interesting person from other people.
The oldest milling machine operator of the astronomical shop Ivan Fedorovich
K,~lesnikov, who had already reached retirement age, had seen in his time many
foremen, first talked briefly about Itostyqov:
"A person with his feet on the qrounc~."
- He then thought about it and began to talk:
"Yes, the foreman in the section is ncw everythiriq. Even more so a senior foreman.
I have met many: sor�e are fussy and panic. And everyone feels with them that here
is one of the best. Another makes up to everyone and doesn't want to quarrel with
anyone. Ev~~n so he is not respected. After all, it is important ~:hat workers
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really feel that the foreman is the chief one in the section. Now regardless of
who you take--the people are educated and each requires respect. And it is simply
that the foremen do not become respected in their position. What kind of prodiic-
tion commander is he today and what kind of educator is he if he is hardly more
than a senior clerk who opens and closes details."
But Knstygov is different, quite different. He says, "It must be done," and you
do it, lay it out and do it. This is how everyone feels both old and young. And
mainly young ones. It is 3ifficult for them to recognize authority. Our section
has gained communist rank. This rank is not given for nothinq. Each of the
workers passing through his "universities" seems to have his head on his shoulders.
A"green" novice quickly becomes an experienced worker. After all you would be in-
terested in Volodya Skol'nov.
Senior Foreman and Novice
It happened this way: one year before the end of World War II Kostygvv was called
into the army and Volodya Skol'nov had just been born. In 1966 Kostyqov was ap-
pointed the senior foreman of the machine section while Volodya, having serverl in
the Soviet Army, came to Sergey Mikhaylovich that same year to the section as a
lathe operator.
He was literally the first one who met Volodya directly in the personnel department
and kindly clapping him on the shoulder like an old acquaintance and welcoming him
to the firm, conducted him acress the iarge, but ama~ingly clean and green plant
yard to the astronomical shop directly to his future job site.
They talked along the way and before coming to the shop the seni~r foreman had al-
ready found out that Volodya's father died near Konigsburg in 1945 and that his
mother work~d as a grinder at one of the plants. The youth had grown up and had
made s~mething of himself. He had completed the eighth grade. Kosi:ygov then
- liked c;~e remazk that he made with a guilty smile:
"They always felt that I would become a hooligan. But in the army they appointed
me commander of a division, awarded me the rank of sergeant, even though there were
fellows more educated than me with secondary and higher education. I had to 'make
- a try at it' since they believed in me."
volo~ya unwillingly thought how easy it was to talk with almost stranger. It was
as if he was simply and frankly talking with his own gather.
~.ostygov knew from experience how important it was for a novice on the very first
day and even the very first hour in the shop. Much depends on this, including
rapid acclimitizntion in the collective. A novice is after all especially impres-
sionable. Zf the job site is not prepared then someone will be hurt.
Kostygov conc~ucted each new arrival this way. And Volodya Skol'nov as well. His
neighbor in the section was excellent lathe operator. Valya Fedoseyev with whom he
- quickly becam~ friends. He immediately felt the kind attitude of yet another
- machine toal operator--Viktor Gordiyenko, ~ student at LITMO, and the firm's lead-
ing player on the volleyball team. Volodya's replacemen~ was qualified lathe
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operator vladimir Ivanovich Loginov, althouqh Skol'nov himself was still only of
third rank, which he had acquired even before going into the army. He observed
within the work of such skillful lathe operators as, for example, Nikolay Aleksan-
drovich Kazlyakov. Once, :~aving seen how Volodya looked at the work of the wall-
known lathe operator, ItQStygov noted:
- ,"Incidentally, it is difficult to achieve this skill without special knowledge and
it is simply impossible to maintain the LOMO maYk without it. By the way, we now
have at the firm a first-class academic combine. So that one who plans to remain
here for a long time must study. There is no path to lathe operation or to becom-
ing a fore~:an to anyone at LCMO without this."
During his first year on the job, Sergey Mikhaylovich sen,t Volodya to take courses
to raise his qualifications. At the same time he entered the ninth grade of the
ev~ening school. He then passed on to the lOth, 17.th and then entered the t~~hnical
school.
And during the year of his coming to the firm, a complex plan for the social devel-
opment of the collective was adopted as one of the �irst in Leningrad and the coun-
try. And Volodya ~,col'nov was one of 5,000 LOMO workers who received an education
provi3ed by the plan in schools of workinq youth, technical schools and vuzes dur-
ing the Eighth Five-Year Plan. He was one of many young worker-students in K,osty-
gov's section.
- Of course, Sergey Mikhaylovich also has many concerns about those who study. First,
each student must be arran~ged on the same shift: one on the nprning shift and an-
other on the evening shift. Then additional leaves are also granted to the stu-
dent. Some of them must work during this time.
But these present no difficulties to the studen~s. ~a the contrary, when meeting
Kostygov, they timdoul.~tedly ask: "What success7 It is difficult, but I understand."
Sergey Mikhaylovich had already found out about co~npetitions of occupational skills.
And now the ideas caught on: a competition of youn3 machine tool operatars must be
organized.
Kostygov invited the most well-known and multiexperienced lathe operators as judges.
Who else but them could properly evaluate the skills of the young people!
The day before the competition the senior foremart wished each of them separately
victory .
The young lathe opera.tors had never before worked with such truly combat attitude.
- This was the most memorable and happiest day for Volodya Skol'nov. Unexpectedly
for himself he surpassed the very intensive standards almost doubly an!3 the quality
= of the parts made by him were recoc,~nized as excellent by the tho.rough "oldsters."
Kostygov, being happy with his ward, thought: Here is a long-range reserve--knowZ-
ed~e--to become a future reservel Free orientation in trigonometry, sterometry and
total skill$ in reading a complex drawinq. This is how all this seemed and how!
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True, there were some misses at that time. Some of the participants of the compe-
tition had rejects. The rejects literally signalled to the young people where the
brakes were hidden which interfere with intensive gaining ~f productivity without
loss of quality.
Kostygov together with the shift foreman patiently examines each case of failure.
This is even mr~re important since no one can be accused of negligence or careless-
ness. Everyone tried as best he could in the competition.
But everything did nGt turn out equally as well for ev~eryone. Fo~ different rea-
sons. Significant gaps in thec~~y were found in some and slow response to high-
speed conditions were found in another and a third haci not yet learned how to apply
the latest L�ittings and how to use them. Thus an individual approach was needed
for each one. And the foreman teaches them. Like they teach, for example, in the
school of communist labor. The party and trade-union organizations of the fi.rm
warmly supported the idea of the competition amonq the ~~oung workers and soon ap-
proved competitions even on a wider basis and began to conduct them on the scale of
the association and later on the scale of the ministzy. Special conditions were
worked out and a vezy discernible stimulus was provided. The winner of the compe-
tition would be advanced to the r.~-~ worker's rank ahead of schedule. And here,
moving fozward, let us say that fellows from Kostygov's section, including Vladimir
skol'nov, who is~animously reccgnized as the Y~est among the young lathe operators,
usually led in the competitions.
'Do you know what is especially important f.or me?" says Volodya. "The senior fore-
man is continuously preser.~ �mong those who failed in the competirion. He feels for
each one and is concerned about ~as. And he sweats for the honor of the section and
_ fo~ our small collective. Generally you don't feed our 'senior' with bread only if his
section is first. It is first i?? everything, even in sports."
Talking about this, Volodya smiles and continues:
"Can even our Kostygov remain on the sideline if it is a matter concerning his sec-
tion? Never. 'Fellows,' he says, 'do as you like, but everyone should participate
in sports competitions. I will also come to the stadium.
And he did go. And not only to applaud from the stands. But like everyone in :zis
athletic suit. Like everyone he ran the hundred meter dash. Moreover, his time
_ was not bad. This strongly impressed us young people. We had qenerally become ac-
customed ~o the fact that t,",e 'old man' was always c:ith us everywhere and he knows
everything about each one and he feel~ for each one rls if he is dur own father."
vladimir recalled a hardly usual case. A young lathe operator and good machine
tool ope rator with whon he had participated many times in the competition suddenly
had a case of the blues. Once he came to work happy and later loafed. Once he was
a different person. He did not want to talk with anyone. And a complaint also �
came from his fa.mily.
The f'ellows in the sectioii were disturbed and even more so since he had also been
rude to Sergey Mikh aylovich. Many waited for the "old man" to brin~ the guilty
- party to his s~nses.
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However, Kostygov did not hurry to "bring him out of it." He once appealed to

~ Sko: nov:
';Volodya, you should find out quietly what has disturbeci him. He won't say any-
thi.ng, either he's ashamed or afraid. Or h~ doesn't trust him. But he is an aY-
- rogant fellow. So we have decided to give you a delicate mission with the party
' group organization. You are both young. He will be more frank with you. But to
punish a person for a lonq time the main thing is to find out everything."
And Kc~stygov fotnd out and helped him.
"The senior foreman said 'it must be done! This is the formula cahich determines
the degree of importance of one oz another commission. This formul.a is the guid-
. ing one for most warkers.
Volodya recalls how he dreamed about whether they w~ould trust him with such unique
work as Knslyakov was doing. And once he received it. He tried very hard. The
part came out. Volodya decided tr,at from now on he would work together with a
v~teran. But he hear@ something else:
y "Wait. It is early. You have little experience. We can't risk it here."
He was first hurt but then analyzed it and everythinq became clear to him. The
machine tool was too valuable and the part was too crucial t~o take even the slight-
est risk. But even this was not the most important thing: there were so many fine
- points in the work that his simple knowledqe and simple skills were clearly inade-
quate to it. For example, he held in his hand a delicate part--if its tempera-
ture increased by only 1-1.5 deqree it would ao longer be accurate. The lathe op-
erator's hand was supposed to feel the deqref of heat more accurately than any
thermometer. This is experience!
And sooa he said solemnly to Volodya:
"Well your hour has now come. The machine tool has now been freed about which you
have been dreaming. Go to it. And don't tremble. The more delicate the work the
more confidently should be the hand and the harder should be the character. Like
that of a surgeonl Is it clear?"
Senior fvreman Sergey Mikha.ylovich K,ostygov is a unique director of everything
happening in his section. i1e seems to direct everythfnq quite unnoticed. And not
only current work directly. People consult with him as to who to advance by the
Kr~msomol orqanization of the section. After all, senior foreman Sergey .Mikhaylo-
vich is a communist and a member of the firm's party committee.
The xnms~mc~l organization elected Volodya Skol`nov. And here iG~styqov was the
first adviser and assistant. "To become a real leader one must first be himself
- in front," he says.
Once during a meeting Serqey Mikhaylovich asked:
~~I heard that the K,omsomol qeneration is organizing a movement of innovators in the
_ section."
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"Exactly, Serqey Mikhaylovichi"
"This is good. This is at the heart of things! Even more so since the collective
of the firm has promised to turn over and introduce no fewer than 14,000 innovator
proposals durinc~ the current five-year plan." Kostygov smiled knowingly and Volod-
ya already knew that he was already asking: "What about yourse',f?"
The Komsomol organization made its recommendation but he re~ectECi it as unrealistic.
- lcnstyqov then said:
"It is sad. After all, you correctly rejected it. You look everything over as you
should. Think about it but calculate. There is something here for your hands."
And now Vladimir began to check the entire production process of manufacturing the
most laborious parts. He went to the assemb].ers and consulted with them. He inde-
pendently calculated the laboriousness and consumptio~ of inetal with the old ver-
sion of the billet and with the new one which he himself suqgested. It turned out
not bad: the labor constunption was cut in half but the savi~q of special steel was
400 kilogramsl
Volodya Skol'nov's method was adopted.
Kastygov congratulated him:
"You now see that you are a real worker. Even though you are of fifth rank, a
real worker beqins with a th rifty attitude about the entire production. Then he
becomes a real innovator. So then comrade IComsomol organizer. Yes, incidentally,
and what about your K,~msomol generation?"
Volodya lauqhed:
"I understood you Serqey Mikhaylovich. After I had done it myself they a17. began
to make suggestions more actively."
After some time Vlad~.mir Skol'nov was accepted into the party. The senior foreman
gave a talk at the first meeting:
"Did you know I myself did not notice how everything oCCUrred. Only it seemed that
a green youth had come to the section. And he is already the best Iathe operator.
And he is already the best innovator, a restless soul and the inventor of many
worthwhile suggestions. In short, he is a real experienced worker."
How Kc~stygov Became a Foreman
Let us return to the story about my first acquaintance with Kostyqov.
In a complex situation for himself, the senior foreman asked for advice and assist-
ance not only of the multiexperienced machine tool operator :tolesnikov but not
without accident of his younq ward Volodya Skol'n~v as well.
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The first thinq that had to be done was, havinq solved the next production prob-
lem, to find a method of rapid manufacture of unusually complex and laborious
parts and to help the adjacent shop which could not cope with the manufacture of
these parts. The main rule of the socialist cnmpetition is active here.
_ Second, FGostygov did not doubt that there was someone about the "patriarchs" of
milling machine operators of the shop that Ivan Fedorovich would think of. And
the young lathe operator, the future technician-inventor, sees much with a fresh
eye and utilizes all his acquired knowledqe.
- Sergey Mikhaylovich's confidence in the success of the unique duo of workers--the
senior milling machine operator Kolesnikov and the little-experienced, but theo-
retically excellently trained novice lathe operator Skol'nov---was completely justi-
fied this time as weil. After careful "analysis at home," Volodya showed the pos-
sibility and need to use precise casting in manufacture of these parts--this would
immediately reduce all machine-tool operations by 70 percent and would r~duce the
- laboriousness of them almost by one-half. Ivan Fednrovich, inc~efatigable in his
inventiveness, of course introduced his own original fitting and changes in the
configuration of sharpening the cutter.
The planned tasks are always constantly fulfilled in Knstyqov's section. H4w? On
what does the personal qualities of the commander of such a comparatively young,
but important section in organization of production as the section depend?
In ~he first specific case we are talking about senior foreman Sergey Mikhayiovich
- Itnstygov, w'hat is exceptional and special in him? What made him one of the best
foremen of the fizzn?
There is nothing special in him and there is nothing exceptional in him. And per-
haps initially he had far fewer formal data to occupy this position than otizers.
I3e came to the firm not having a secondary education. At that time he did not have
a single civilian specialty. He was drafted into the army as a youth and he later
reenlisted as a master sergeant. He was immobilized already "in years," ~he father
of a family--a wife and two child:ren.
of course he wanted more interestinq work. But where could he fird it at that aqe?
As a student? They hired him at LOMO as a stoker. They warned him on his first
day in the personnel department: "that he must study continuously. This i~ our
- procedure. Look it over and do not forqet about this."
At that time Kos~ygov did not qive any special siqnificance to these words, as if
they had been dropped randomly. He still did not know that from the first days of
the firm's foundizq the tradition had been established: cu~tivate your cadres for
all sections. They felt that it was better if the ton~ was assigned at the enter-
prise by those who started the roots here and who felt something for the collective.
And the firm began to place bets on the more capa.ble of them.
A year later before finishing the ninth course, Kostygov requests that he be trans-
ferred to another job on the same shift so as to continue his study.
_ It was hard for the new riqger: to load and carry heavy rolls of copper wire ~a
the electric motor section. His shoulders and back hurt from such unaccustomed
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labor. To sit at a desk and to concentrate on what the teacher is explaining
after such work req~.iired a very strong effc~rt. But he did not let it show. And
somehow it turned out in the ~hop: yesterday's master sergeant now gives out good
~ advice or is now called on to replace one who is out sick. Sergey Kostygov was an
observant person. He watched and he tested. And is there too much bustle in or-
ganizing the work of riggers? He corrected in his awn way the path of the carts
- with ~he load and calculated the most feasible time to deliver the wire. ICAStygov
was later appointed brigade leader.
A year later the brigade leader of riggers had succPssfully passed exams for secon-
_ dary school. They suggested that Sergey Mikhaylovich become the shift foreman of
the revolving section in the astronomical shop.
"Foreman? In the revolving section? I h~ve seen revolving machine tools only from
a d.istance."
~ The secretary of the party cammittee laughed:
"That's no misfortune. You will master it. The main thing here is that people
come here unwillingly. The firm begins to organize the latest opt~.cal instruments
for different sec~ors of science, engineerir.g and medicine. We must forc~ out our
competitors on the world market. This is not only a question of economics but of
politics and the c~untry's prestige as well. So that you, as a communist, should
understand that this is a combat and party m2.tter."
~ And so he appear~d in the astronomical shop. A rather modest, strong figure. His
blue eyes look at you softly, openly, but kin3ly.
The revolving section operators did not ~mmediately recognize him as chief. Kr~sty-
gov went up to one young machine tool operator without any tact and said:
"Please learn the occupation of revolver operator. I learned it. You are only
helping and coping. Otherwise how can I supervise you?"
xis directness hit th e heart of all the workers. They willingly went to meet him.
But all the intricacies of the accupation could not be practically mastered immed-
� iately. Obviously, it is important to analyze the essence of the matter. To be a
foreman means first ~o learn how to organize la.bor and to manage people. And this
idea of Kostygov was correct. All the machine tool operators in the astronomical
shop were soon joined--the lat:ie operators, milling machine operators, metal work-
ers and revolving section workers--into a single machine section. Sergey Mikhaylo-
=ich Rostygov was appointed the senior foreman. At that time he had already bril-
liantly defended in the evening division of the institute his diploma, related to
problems of planning and economy of production.
' The Section--School of Communist Laber
A worker approaches the senior f~reman and says:
"What is nappening, Sergey Mikhaylovich? The machine tool is standing idle. There
will be a direct loss to us and to the shop. We and the fello~:s have already fig-
ured out how to get around this."
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A lathe operator or milling machine operator could earlier come to the senior
foreman with a complaint: when will the machine tool be adjusted and how long can
it sr_and idle? The worker now inevitably presents the "economic base" and calcu-
_ lates how long the section, shop and firm will remain idle. This economic accent
i.n the daily conversations about production matters did not arise suddenly.
_ ItDStygov has propagandized his economic knowledge several years running. He is
the d.irector of the school of .;ommunist labor, which has also become a school of
economic knowledge, a schoal of advanced experience and a school of moral education.
It also has precisely allocated hours for studies, but it is not regulated by any
time framework. Because this is a school of labor. Not only students but the
propagan3ist hims~elf is educated and grows creatively in it.
It began with the small, seemingly quite insignificant. Machine tool operators
were assembled and it was suggested that they themselves organize in their own sec-
tion. They then tried to convert to se lf-checking. A worker of the OTK was re-
leased but they began to check the parts even more riqidly.
The senior foreman thouqht about the first results f.or a long time. It was not
bad. And the matter is not only one of indicators. Here, thought Sergey Mikhaylo-
vich, one must know human psycholoqy. A lathe operator who tidies up in his own
section would not let chips fall where they may and will not let grease or emulsion
drip over the edge.
In his time IGostygov understood vezy well what "standard-hours" and "nomenclature"
were, but he als~ knew something else: all these standard-hours are provided by
specific people about which nothing is said in the summary reports: Ivan IGolesni-
kov, Vladi.mir Skol'nov, Nikolay Nikolayev, Petr Malyy, Valentin Fedoseyev, Boras
Rusak, Nikolay FGokurin--generally tens of the most diverse people both in age and
occupation and with different level of qualifications, but even more iunportant
different in character. ~
And IcAStygov suggested to the shift foreman that a daily personal schedule be en-
tered so as to see from it who is workinq and how they are working. A machine tool
operator comes up, looks and it is clear to him how he worked today and how his
neighbor worked with whom he was competing.
The senior foreman assembles the students of the school of communist labor. He
has something ta say to them.
- Here the personal schedule lets one know whether thinqs went well with one young
lathe operator. T~ow is this so? He is hardly a capable fellow. The worst thing
is heard--he became disillusioned: "He is bored. You think that it is very impor-
tant to turn bolts and screws?"
And this circumstance also depressed Kostygov. He understood that until the fellow
feels interested and respect for his werk that no rules will help. How can one
bring him "to the people"? They also talked about this with concern at the studies
in the school of communist labor.
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But now some of the w~orkers--students of the school--turned attention toward that
which had hardly attracted anyone. On a tour. How many of them are at IAMO! Peo-
ple from many corners of our countzy and foreigners.
~ Well, is it really less interesting for one to look at al`1 this who turns, mills
or polishes parts customarily day after day?
a They suggested to this same fellow and not only him that he participate in this
tour through his own firm. And many saw their "nuts and bolts" in a quite differ-
ent light for the first time--as part of a unique technology. They heard how one
of the renowned adjusters at the firm, showing them the operation af the most
complicated optical instrument, said:
"You can't really say what is more important in this instrtanent--the pr~cision of
the lenses or the quality of an ordinary screw for adjustment. Everyone who has
' been lucky enough to put his hanns to development of this miracle deserves great
respect."
Eve.ryone. One of them was also this fellnw.
And this seemingly was all. Seemingly nothing special occurred but the young
worker for the first time thought seriously about his place in the shop. And he
began to change. For th~ better:
~ "Int~rnal reserves," says the senior foreman, "~re in every pe~son. True, it is
not always easy to reach them. The competition is the main assistant in this."
s
Kost~gov loves to work r:ith skilled people. And he tries so that everyone who de-
serv~s it is singled out with gratitude in orders throughout the shop. He is not
ungenerous in his gratitude.
The senior foreman has a routine exercise in the school of co~nunist laboz. The
topic is the culture of labor and the quality of production.
The worker.s~themselves began the class. The one who he had previously asked to
think about these questions: did they feel it was time to star~ rejecting arti-
cle~? what measures did they propose to increase quality? The studies were con-
- ducted directly at the machine tool operators' positions. A lively interested
conversation takes place. After all, these are the manager~ ot the section. All
of them!
But quite recently the experienced teacher anc~ manager Sergey Mikhaylovich Knstygov
was sent to an even more responsible production section--he was appointed chief of
- the shop.
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TI~ DIPIAMA OF THE SHOP CHIEF
The topic of the diploma project of student Alekseyev was called "Improving the
Operation of the Shop by Improving the Use of Equipment." And the main thing is
- that the diploma candidate has himself managed one of the largest shops of LC~MO for
~ many years. This shop is not inferior to other plants in the voliane of praducts
produced. It sends parts to numerous shops of the firm. And if something slows
- down here, almost the entire association inevitably begins to get a fever.
A new chief. Meeting with him,I tried to ~magine at what price he managed to raise
the prestige of the sho p and I mentally drew a portrait of a thoroughly exhausted
person weighed down ny a thousand con~erns, with continuous phone calls and urgent
c~uestions. However, the Vladimir Ivanovich Alekseyev with whom I first had occasion
to meet in his larqe and liqht office was in no way similar to the portrait that I
had mentally drawn for myself. He quietly and confidently answered phone calls--
there were plenty of them during these da~y~: the routine quarter was ending. He
answered with a cyuiet businesslike manner. ~
I felt durinq the first minutes that befare me was a skillful organizer who knew
his business. But what the main thinq in his skill was I still had tio analyze.
After all, one not occupying a position determines the prestiqe and influeace of
the shop chief among his subordinates and amonq hundreds of w~orkers, foremen and
engine~rs.
Vlasiimir Ivanflvich answered my question about this:
"One must understand the simplest truth itself: the atrength,of a chief is in his
subordinates. One must only trAat one with justice an3 skill."
Vladimir Ivanovich grew up at LOMO before becoming chief of the shop, like most
managers of the firm, from its own rank and file w~ork~rs. He entered GOMZ where
his grandfather and uncle w~oYked at that time, as ~n apprentice lathe operator in
1944. Why did he begin as a lathe operator? He didn't know anything at all about
this profession but lathe operators were necessary. 1~nd in the personnel department
they began to talk to the thin blockade teenager very uniquely: "A lathe operator
is easy. You turn the handle, switch on the 'self-runainq' and rest for your health:'
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The "ease" did not bemuse him. He began to drive a tractor as a student in the
evacuation near Vclogda, then he replaced the tractor operator who left for the
front and worked in the field like all the adults. He worked very hard. Of
course, it was not easy at the lathe. It was easier but not as complicated. This
he understood immediately as soon a.s he was given his first seemingly simple oner-
ation. Here is a billet and here is plug. Bore the opening so that one end or
the plug goes into it and the other dcesn't.
Vladimir looked at all his voluntary mentors of ac~ lathe operators with much re-
spect and almost with worship: Petr Smirnov, Petr Saperov, Nikolay Krutikov and
others. And within several years Vladimir Ivanovich Ale kseye v was a lathe opera-
tor of the highest xank. He completed the technical school. He was assigned the
position of foreman o~ a large mechanical section.
He studied with different machine tool ogerators of his own section. Now if a de-
bate arose about introduction of any innovation, not only among the lathe oper-
ators but about the gear-cutters and polishers, his word carried weight and proof.
- And as it always happens, what position was he not appointed to. For example, when
_ he became the senior foreman in assembly of optical instruments. He took up the
study of optics and electronics although there were enough specialists in assembly
even without him. He could not simply do otherwise. The concept "organize" meant
"learn how" for him. And later when the staff an~ the complexity of the job became
much more complicated and the range af probl~ms zxpanded sharply, he still remained
true to his initial principle--know, find out and learn how.
The shop received a new isnported revolving machine. They installed it and switched
it on. They attached the first billet but the wark did not proceed. The friction
_ clutch went out. They could not understand what was wrong. And even the m~st ex-
- perienced foreman Sergey Nikolayevich Pynin shrugged his shoulders:
_ "I don't understand. And this is not the reason that it went out."
Of course, they could call the chief engineer to help. The shop chief was not ob-
ligated to adjust and debug machine tools. But he was interested in understanding
and analyzing how to find the reason for the failure. And he final.ly finds the
error. The machine tool operates.
Alekseyev himself may have forgotten about this long ago, but people remember. And
they talk with pzide about their chief: "Vladimir Ivanovich is always aware of
what is going on."
_ But not evezything went as smootnly for the shop chie~. He dia not have enough
economic ;cnowledge. How could one manar.s praduction and be involved in problems
of cost, profitability and profit without them? This means that one must conduct
one's affairs blin3ly under conditions of the new planninq and economic; i.zcentives
system. And he goes to the institute to study.
~ In 1967 he graduated from the engineering-economic institute by correspondence, de-
fending his diploma with mark of excellent. I asked Vladimir Ivanovich how and
what interesting he used from the shop work for his diploma work and he impercept-
- ibly turns the conversation toward a new channel:
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"Well, what is a eliploma? If I say frar.kly tYiat the most interestinq thing is
that you don't have to write anything in diploma work. These are people who are
alongside you and on whom everything really d~pends. And one must find a common
lanquage with rhem and create a friendly, woLk-capable collective. This is what
is important to me. Then everything is all right: both the "shift factor" and
the equipment load and all similar indicators. And of course the only authority
of a chief," he concluded pensively, " is not to a~hieve much. What could I have
- done alone without the party ~rqanization and without the shop communists?"
The life of the new shop manager began with acquaintance with the party organiza-
tion. The party organizer is Ivan Nikolayevich Dmitriyev. ~'he communists have
elected him as their leader for 13 years running. He is several years older than
Alekseyev. His biography is simple. Before the war he was a timber cutter. He
was a master sergeant of a machine gun regiaient at the front. He served in the
army for 15 years. After demobilization, already being the father of two children,
he entered the shop as an apprentice lathe operator. Yevg~eniy I1'ich Semenov
taught him, a cammunist and former partisan. When we talked he went in~o the
chief's cabinet and said angrily:
"When will we get orde.r among the casters? What are the t~chnicians thanking
about? A billet is an entire mountain but a mouse should move it. No, I do not -
plan to bLry metal any longer. After all, it does not fall from the sky."
- No one said anything to the thrifty Semenov: after a~l, we'll w~ork it out later.
And this "later" never happened. And Dmitriyev, exchanging two or three words with
Alekseyev, got up immediately and they went with Semenov to the senior technician.
"We have founc~ a common language with Dmitriyev and he helps me a lot. For exam-
- ple, I began to trace the entire route, beginninq with drawinqs, from billets to
_ finished parts. And flaws were found in the intrashop planning."
They had to break it steeply but not everyone always liked this and doubts arose.
They soon decided to hold a gzneral meeting and Alekseyev was supposed to give a
report. And now the new chief was hardly tempted--there was no time, and he com-
missioned his deputy to speak to the workers. But it did not turn out. The
party organizer insisted: "You must meet person to person with people. Otherwise
how can you manage? They have a riirect idea about what to think. And what about
- you concerninq them. "
Alekseyev listened to the talks attentively. Ivan Nikolayevich introduced him to
people in a lowez voice. Senior foreman Sergey Nikolayevich Prypin. He had re-
tired lonq ago. He remained in the shop as an adjuster of automatic machines in
order to at the same time teach this occupation to young workers. And now Yakov
- Leonovich Parfenov--also an adjuster of automatic machines--specialist of the
highest class and party group organizer, gives a talk. He was awarded the order
of Lznin. He feels that now some tutors of the younq formally relate to their
duties but more than. half of the w~orkers in the shop are young people. And that
the new chief should generally take this into account especially.
. Semon Kazachkov, a young worker and as Dmitriyev expressed it, "the grandson of
Pfyp~a alonq the party line," also said a word. Because Kazachkov had been tauqht
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- his occupation and recommended to the party by Parfenov and he had at one time
taught and tutored Prypin and also recommended him at that time to the party.
Senior f~reman I. IGoltunov and polisher, deputy to the regional Soviet V. Chumakov
demanded that he "take a shorter rein" with violations of discigline.
Both the complaints and the proposals were valid but the most important thing, Alek-
seyev felt joy: the people in the shog were interested in working better. 1~nd
frequently he got the idea he "commanded" these people--not the best method of
management. But to consult with them and make a decision is perhaps the truest
and most reliable. without even talkinq about the fact that the person with whom
he was consulting grows in his own eyes and is ready to take on his own
rESponsibility.
As never before, Alekseyev felt the importance and value of the participation of
each one in solving a difficult problem when reconstruction of the production
areas, replacement of obsolescent equipment with new more improved equipment,
shifting of machine tno.ls and so on was begun in the shop, as in all ~ther shops
of the firm.
During the period of reconstruction the shop was given no break but the additional
requirement: do not reduce the output of products. And of course so that this
was not reflected in the quality and in general fulfillment of all socialist
- pledges. ~
This was a real test ror th~ new shop chief and for the entire collective.
Alekseyev suggested to the party organizer that the communists be assembled and
that he talk frankly with them. But a general open party meeting is better.
The work was organiz~ed into thxee shifts without specific days off under the clat-
_ ter of jackhammers. With lighting from temporary wiring. Under construction tim-
bers. on old machine tools which had been hauled from place to place. On new
~ machin~ tools with program control which still had to be assimilated.
- And what didn't the working wit suggest! After all they had to temporarily stop
all the milling machines. And what about the footing? This was a long and major
job. The milling machin~ operators Yuriy Aleksandrovich Metelkin and Gennadiy
Pavlovich Uvarov suggested the way out themselves: install a channel iron girder
and fill it with cement. But what would be suitable for the milling machine op-
earators would not be suitable for especially precise lathes. How cauld this be?
land lathe operators Garman Ignat'yevich and Nikolay Makarov suggest their own
solution to the shop chief: wnat if they install the machine tool directly on the
vibration supports so as not to lose time in filling it with cement. And what
about the vibrations of the machine tool? They also studied this. We witl work
at low speeds. True, the third shift will have t~ work harder. But this is a
temporary phen~mtnon--reconstruction is under way!
The shop party bureau followed all the proposals smoothly. An amazing atmosphere
of labor enthusiasm and some kind of "unaqreed-upon competition" were organized.
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Once Alekseyev su~gested to the brigade of polishers--Aleksey Fomin, Petr Kuchenov,
Valeriy Shchelokov, Valeriy Lutsenko and Feliks Kalashnikov--stay and work on the
evening shift: del~very of the billet in lthe casting shop was delayed. It turned
out that they had tickets to the theater, a cultural show. They had planned for
a long time to go BDT to go to a beloved show and they would not manage to see it.
' But the brigade leader said decisievly: _
- "All right. Once is one thinq--we will stop on three. On thE evening shi�t."
They worked sadly. They covered the norms doubly and triply. And in the morning
they came to work again. The shop chief expressed his gratitude to them in an
order.
The shop chief came to all the Komsomol meetings. Ae noted the capable, promising
youth. The youth had to be tauqht. They had to be taught beforehand. '1'he con-
cerns were constant. For example, modernization of machine tools. He talked
about this many times with technician Valentina Ivanovna Kuznetsova. He talked
with the party organizer and they decided to invite as a consultant the best gear
cutter Ivan Vasil'ye�rich Bazunov. They created something resembling a complex
brigade. And they a~;hieved and accomplished what they had thought of. The most
complex operations a2~e now considered comparatively simple and rank and file ma-
chine tool operators now cope successfully with them~. And these are mainly young
people. '
Success i.lspired tnem. And on the advice of the shog chief not one but several of
these complex brigades were formed, the purpc+se of which was to develop the tech-
nolagy and accessories so as to +~tilize the equipment more densely.
The most d2fficult thing initially was with the new program machin~ tools. There
were many machine tools but who and how wo~ld work on them? Talents began ta be
revealed. For example, the shop chief proposed that adjuster Viktor Britov as-
similate this new equipment. gritov was ex~eptionally capable. He rapidly mas-
tered the machine tool and immediately beqan to teach others. Foremen, engineers
and technicians now came to him for "raising their qualifications" in program ma-
c:hine tools .
The example of Britov attracted other machine tool operators. A competition was
arganized among them. Dmitriy Petrovich Petrov competes vigorously with Britov
and they assist each other. Now each one works on two program machine tools si-
multaneously. They teach the otehrs.
It was eight months while reconstruction was under way and the shop fulfilled the
plan, even producing products above the plan. All this was became of maximum
loading of the equipment. And because of increasinq the ahift factor.
I should like to add a small afterword to this essay. While this book was being
prepared for press, Vladimir Ivanovich Alekseyev was appointed to the position of
chief technician of the association.
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- SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF LABOR AT TI~ FIRM
As is known, scientific orqanization of labor arose on the eve of Societ power.
Lenin, exposing the notorious "Taylor system" and reqarding it as a"refined at-
trocity of bourqeois exploitation," saw in it "a ntanber of the richest scientific
achievements in analysis of inechanical motions during labor, elimination of super-
fluous and inefficient motions, wurking out the most correct work procedures, in-
troduction of ~the best accounting and monitaring systems and so on."* Lenin
assumed that everythinq scientific and proqressive from this system should be per-
- manently used in the interests of the Soviet economy anii in the interests of the
workers to increase their standard of living, well-beinq and leve]..
The new, socialist contribution also required the highest labor productivity.
And this means the highest organization of it. The party leadership proposed that
mod~l enterprises be developed for this and that socialist management be taught on
their ~xperience. He felt that scientific organization of labor was the most fun-
damental and timely problem of all public life.
At that time the first ~voT [Scientific orqanization of laborJ cells were born a*_
the plants and factories.
"Scientific organization of labor is the most reliable m.eans of increasing its
productivity. Development of a firm itself and development of its most important
trends in the field of specialization and mechanization, improvement of the man-
agement structure and the main thing of course organization of labar" says general
director of LOMO M. P. Panfilov, "is all related to NOT."
One of the veterans Miron Pavlovich Sh~ynin heads the department of scientific
organization of labor and manaqement of the fizm. Here in three research labera-
tories of the department work 28 highly qualified specialists: engineers, physi-
ologists, psychologists and musicologists.
What does the NOT service do?
Businesslike Suggestions
7'he chief of the machine assembly shop was having a meetinq. The occasion was
an alarm siqnal: im~.>ortant parts had not been manufactured by the deadline. To
*
V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye socheneniye" [Complete Works], Vol 36, pp 189-190.
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detennine what the situation was, the workers of the planning-shippinq office were
stimunoned. Telephone calls were heard from time to titne in the office. The shop
- chief picks up the telephone and answers briefly and decisively. He then again
returns to the main question.
The meeting ended. Only one worker in the firm's w~orking smock with a uotebook
in her hands remained in the empty office besides the chief. She had not taken
any participation in the pzoceedings.
"Well, what would you say, Lyuc~nila Anatol'yevna?" the shop chief asked her. "Was
everything this time ~ccordins to science or not very much so?"
I will begin with that which I liked: the sgeed with which you solve problems.
1The clearness of instructions. But now you have deteznu.ned the cause of the delay
of parts. You have assigned new deadlines orally. No one writes it down. Proto-
col is not maintained and the decision has not been rec~rded in aziy documents. And
how will you check it? Does this mea.~ that a check will be made at the next rou-
tine meeting? And then not everyone who was at the meeting has a direct relation-
shi.p to the matter? Why invite those not related? And one moze thing: you were
distracted by telephone con,versations and this scattered the attention of those
attending the meetinq and distracted them from the main thing. The secretary who
frequently caine in with documents for siqning also created a distraction. And it
is absolu~tely i:npermissible that the meetinq participants came and went whenever
they felt like it. And y~u sat for a vezy long time with a break of four hours in
overall complexity. And who could decide anything besides the meeting. Let us
- look at it together."
Lyudmila Anatol'yevna Ivanovna is a worker of tt~e department of scientific organi-
zation of labor and the chief of the office. She graduated from the financial-
economic institute and was involved with investiqation of organization of labor
and management. And a broad field of activity was offexed to her at LOMO.
The chief of the machine assembly shop had already long ago established contacts
with workers of the NOT department. The senior en g in ee r of th i s department
Igor' I1'ich Bogushevskiy studied planning, accounting and the work of the auxil-
- iary services in the shop. Many improvements were made here upon the recommenda-
tions of Bogushevskiy. Take, for example, the storaqe room in the section. Boqu-
shevskiy suggested that one or another articles not simply begin at piece by piece
but that>sets be collected together for ass~mbly. The storage room managers were
- specialized in specific nomenclatures so as to work with knowledge of matters--
rapidly and intelligently.
The shop chief was also able to ascertain how not only a reduction of the amount
of paperwork but qenerally of the document workload helped the shop. Only the
- information required at a given moment began to come into him.
~ He saw how much workexs from the NOT service were doing to help the foreman. How
they helped them to correctly distribute their time, how to place people and how
to bring order to the workinq day~-in short, to create favorable conditions in
� the section and to increase labor efficiency.
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And there were previously different instructions about the work of the foreman
and shop chiefs. But there were general propositions in them.
' And how should one proceed in a specific case? Complete parts were not issued in
~i~r~e. The person on which they counted did not come to ca~rk. '~he drawings did no~
- come in on time. The workers of the NOT d~epartment work at different versions of
production decisions for these cases. Of caurse, the foreman selects the best ones
for himself.
The prestige of the workers of the NOT department slowly increased in the eyes of
the shop chief. And once he said to Lyudmila Anatol'yevna:
"Cou?3 not NOT help the fate of the shop chief7 It must be ac:mitted that the more
perfected the system of organization of labor in the shop is, the more acutely you
_ feel yesr own deficiencies. In any case, the fluctuations bother me. So there is
the suggestion-wcome, observe and study. My working day, my office and my desk is
:t rour disposal. Sit down, spread out all your papers on it and see what is right
and what is wrong."
This is a complex matter. We have b~ecome acc:ustomed to the term "manager." But
- "business person"? Yes, exactlyl We know many manaqers who are selflessly de-
w ted to their business and who know it. They work late. Th~y don't even have any
rest at night. In general these are real enthusiasts read1 to pay any price "to
fulfill the plan."
But enthusiasm alone, even if it is reinforced by knowledge, is not enough. This
_ is felt especially in such modern p*_-oductic+n as LOMO where almost evezy shop can be
compared to an entire enterpris~ in the volume and complexity of the articles
produced.
- It is nc~t so si~le for a capable engineer who knows production to take the helm of
the shop. There are too many concerns: a number of services of the most diverse
3esignacion, engineering and technical personnel, hundreds or work~rs, the plan,
quality, realization of production, communication with other shops, wage funds,
everday life and educational work.
Ivanova certainly penetrates the work style of the shop chief. Her papers are o;;
the desk. Alas, such a facility cannot be managed without papers and without docu-
ments. In order to manage one must know primarily how much information is needed.
Every day. r111 the time and continuo~sly.
Lyudmila Anatol'yetma beqins with how to help bring order to the papers on the
chief's desk. And she writes in her recommendations on the topic: "Bring order
to working with documentation and st~rage of it. To d~ this, place the documents
in folders according to the designation qf the documents and depending on the fre-
quency ~hat they are consulted; store the folders in vertical pcsition and then it
will be easier to extra~t what is reguired. Zt is best to have the folders of
different colors. For example, a red folder for incoming correspondence not yet
considered. Another, let us say white or blue folder for documents sent to execu-
tives or for monitoring and a strict reminder. All correspondence must be reviewed
on the day of its arrival."
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Trying to be unnoticed, Ivanovna persistently observed the work of the shop chief.
He is now touring the section with notebook in hand. He listens to coanplaints and
suggestions. He resolves one thing, making notes on one sheet, on another and
on a third.
And hcw will he later check what was done and what was not done? Will he leaf
through the entire notebook? Will he make notes on the calendar? And if something
is not fulfilled must it be recorded again? M~oreover, it is difficult to monitor
the fulfillmer~~ of orders.
But what about instead of notebooks he takes a card index? And he makes the same
notes on individual card indexes. Arranged together in the necessary order and by
deadlines for fulfillment, they can always be seen. It makes sense to entrust
monitoring for execution to a special worker--a secretary or to someone else. In-
cidentally, not only the chief needs a secretary but the assistant and reviewer who
knows production and knows how to fulfill important commissions.
Observing how the shop chief conducts his own working day, Ivanova easily estab-
lished that the shop chief essentially has not clear routine. During the entire
day numerous workers of different services drop into his office when they need to
or want to and he receives them at any time. It seems t:o the shop chief that other-
wise all problems cannot be solved in an operational manner and after all you can't
stop production.
NOT department worker Ivanova brought these reflections to the shop chief for a
frank conversation.
The shop chief had something to think about. He answered frankness F~ith frankness.
Lyudmila Anatol'yevna step by step followed the shop manager's working day. She
then wrot~ down her own observations, conclusione and outlines of futher reco~nen-
dations. This is the well-reasoned advice of an expert with respect to the chief
of a given, specific shop, with regard to its characteristic features and specifics
and with respect ta the personality of a manager with quite specific features of
character, virtues and deficiencies, habi.ts and tendencies, views and temperament.
She observed how the character and habits of the manager are reflected in prepara-
tion of decisions.
And among the notes to be remembered appears this one: "Compile a routine of the
working day for the shop chief and for the work of all shop subdivisions, having
provided time for work with correspondence, holding meetings, receiving workers of
the shop subdivisior.s on production problems and also on personal mattera. Develop
a sample plan for the work of the ahop chief for the next month, providing in it
consideration ~f questions of a future nature:
a) on questions of a future nature that require preparatory work for deci-
sion-making and turninq over the appropriate tasks to executors (pre~aration of
_ drafts of decisions); monitor the execution of assignmentsj
b) familiarize the ahop chief with the literature (a list of books is
needed) on organization of -~anagement and so on."
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These and mAny other recommendations of the NOT department worker helped to deter-
mine the new work style of the shop chief and manager.
I am Writing to You
I was interested in the office:
"How many letters does the firm receive per year?"
"Almost 100,000 letter-telegraph dispatches."
"That means how many answers must be sent?"
"That goes without sayinq. And we also write letters to many addres~~; ourselves."
"And is there also interfirm corrESpondence?"
"And how! They write from the administration to production and from the production
to administration. Engineers, designers, shop and departrc?ent chiefs and planners
write. There are reports, requests, official reports, lis~s aazd technical documen-
tation. There are approximately 200,000 internal dispatches annually."
Ho w many office workers are needed in the apparatus and how many postal workers
and messengers are requiredl The post office of an entir~ city must cope with the
same thing.
The flow of documents will increase. This is inevitable: the range of problems
and tasks which LOMO solves will expand and the range of contacts, including for-
eign contacts, will increase.
But how will one cope with this flow? Will the business production staff be in-
creased continuously? No. "We must continue to work for further improvement and
reducing the cost of the administrative-management apparatus," so it is said about
this in the proceedings of the 25th CPSU Congress. They forced the LOMO managers
to rethink things with new acuteness and effort. The movement of documents must
b~ ordered. Documents are the basis on which everything is constructed: planning,
regulation, coordination and checking of ex~cution.
Organized production begins with clearly compiled documents.
And the following problem was formulated and posed to the NOT service: to reduce
labor and time expenditures in fulfillinq ~aork on compilation of doci:.~ents and on
their reception, recording, accounting and distribution ar.~or,g executors and
delivery.
This problem is not solved immediately. T:~ere are ao ready models. One must think.
Raisa Yefi.movna Polina--a worker in the fiizn office--thought about this. The prob-
lem also touched her personally. The flow of documents was flooding the otfice.
Documents frequently duplicated each other. Ordera came in every ciay which should
have been delivered immediately to their deatination. But many addressees are
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several kilometers from each other. And Raisa Yefimovna quite freq,uently had to
expend not only much time on dispersion of papers and not only to analyze the es-
sence of different documents but she also had to deliver them hers~lf to the ad-
dressees, performing the duties of a messenger. Sanetimes the messengers became
the authors of the dispatches themselves--designers, technicians, planners and
workers of the accounting office.
Raisa Yefimovna Polina, being a correspondence student, attempted to look at her
occupation crPatively. Like everyone in the firm, problems of efficiency and im-
provement of management disturbed her. The serious, weighty suggestions of Polina,
related to improving the office service, interested the department of scientific
organization of labor and management where Polina is now the senior engineer of
one of the laboratories.
Many of her sugqestions, realized together with those of other specialists of this
- laboratory, helped to solve urgent problems.
I am now having a conversation about this with Raisa Yefimovna. And she talks
about what their sma.ll laboratory hns already been able to do.
"First about the letters. It was firat necessary to sharply reduce the simplify
the number of letters because this in itself is a very laborious proc~ss. We qual-
ified the corresp~ndence and worked out standard texts concerning formulation of
agreements, supply, technical inforn?ation, exchange of experience, adoption of or-
ders and so on. The texts and copies were printed in the firm's printing plant.
The issue "Collzction of Standard Texts for External Correspondence" was used by
them for convenience. A fourth of all the letters now sent from IAMO is printed
on the firm's forms."
"And do you have many specimens of these letters?"
"About 100."
"But how is data changed in these standard letters?"
"For the convenience of the typists who type only the variable data, copies of the
letters are placed under the originals, which together with the originals are bound
together into blocks."
- As a result the time expenditures on correspondence were redu~ed by a factor of
more than 3.5 after standardization. And the firm not only made up th~ expenditures
on paper and printing expenses, but also saved 10,000 rubles on this. All external
correspondence was centralized and any letter ie dispatched only through a common
department.
And if, for example, the addresses must be written on the snvelope. Will this be
a trifle? But still it takes one and a half to two minutes. And several tens of
letters are sent out per day. This adds up to hours taken frota the business produc-
tion workers, needed for more impor+tant matters. And we introduced envelopes with
so-called open window on which an address does not have to be written since it is
visible on the letter through the transparent insert.
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"This is ~oncerning external correspondence. But an enormous circulation of dif-
ferent documentation also goes on inside the firm?"
"Yes. ~en more so since enterprises with their own systems an3 forms of plan-
ning, accounting and report writing have been included in the association. We be-
gan here with standardization of documents. All their standards were grouped by
principle of identical and similar designation into classes and groups. Y~Iaving
studied them, it was decided: 300 forms of different documentation can be replaced
without any loss whatever. And standardization of dociunents made it possible to
process them by using computer equipment."
"We have talY.ed with you about the innovations in document grocessing. What about
delivery of them to the addressees? After all, there were several con~rersations
about the fact that designers, technicians and foremen became messengers for an
hour. "
"Oh, this is already ancient history. We have not needed messengers for more than
one office for a long time. Almost all staff inessengers have been reduced. A ring
post office replaced them. You can see it in action. The pickup will ,3rriv~ in
five minutes."
And precisely, within five minutes I went to the main entrance and saw a small pick-
- up to which the gates were immeidately opened. Two girls sat in the cab. We were
soon introduced. These were driver-expediter Nadya Sin~l'nik and business produc-
tion-sorter Natasha Kurga. They are the pntire staff of the ring post office.
Hundreds o� thousands of documents, letters and newspapers pass through their
- hands. Several times per day, strictly on schedule, the pickup travels between
all the subdivisions of the firm, distributing business papers which were previous-
ly packed in folders and cases. The driver-messenger�places the correspondence in-
to the post boxes belonging to the shops and departm~nts and removes the outgoing
mail which was also ~repared in time for dispatch by the shop and department mail
room workers.
Of course, not everythiny was smooth at first. It turned out that someone delayed
papers and the schedule was not kept. At the suggestio;~ of the girls, the pickup
was re-equipped, special compartments were placed in it in order to more easily
sort packages and special briefcases were prepared to facilitate delivery. Other
innovations were also introduced.
"1~r?d can the work of inessenger be interesting?"
"And how. But the main thing is how many people we have relieved of superfluous
concerns and how much time we have saved for main work."
~ahy Does Petrova Work Bettor Than Gerasimova?
"Let's look in on the ~hop of amate~ir movie and still camera equipment," suggested
Vladimir Nikolayevich Mitrofanov, the chief of the NOT office. "We and you will
possibl}� see something curious."
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I had visite~i this shop several times and it was really remarkable, a modern shop
with production and conveyor lines with electronic sfgnalling devices. The shop
was large and well-lighted. There are long spans along which an endless conveyor
belt slowly moves.
There are well-lighted benches along the conveyor, at which a female worker sits.
Each one assembles sm~ll parts ~nta assemblies from which an objective for the
popular Smena-8 camera, which is in great demand, is finished on the conveyor line.
"Look at these two femal~ w~orkers," said Mitrofanov, pointing to the assemblers
w~orking alongside each other, "Petrova and Gerasimova. These are the best assem-
blers on the operation 'assembly of tr.e shutter base.' But the operation of one
of them is more rapid and that af ~he other is slower. Although both women have
identical time of service and exp~rience. They have the identical rank. And gen-
erally there is nothing different a~aut them. And both have the great desire to
work as good as possible. In short, if there was a differeace in physical data--
_ in acuteness of vision, let us say, then everything would be simple and clear for
the NOT service."
"Our task is to study and disseminate leading experience. And if it is accurate
to develop a meth~d of this study and dissemination. Observe for a little while
how they work," suggested Mitrofanov.
"Observe closely. I think that you will hardly notice a difference. And this is
perhaps impossible even for a person with a practiced eye."
"Le* us say so. However, is the difference so great that it can ~e determined?"
"The difference is really small externally, counting in seconds and fractions of a
second on each individual components of the operation. And there are a lot of
them. And the operations are mass types. Imperceptible seconds saved by each as-
- semoler per shift is already an additional lot of cameras per day."
"~,nd does this not bring some concern about the intensity of labor to the physical
fatigue of workers?"
"Possibly at first glance, but here is something cwrious: a carQful examination
showed that the worker who produces mo~e products usually gets tired less."
"Beginning the investigations, we had to arm aurselves with a special camera and
chronometer and make a series of continuous sequential photographs. As a result
something like a film was obtained, taken by the frame photography method. One
of these films could be called, for example, a'shutter' operation and one cauld
see how worker Gerasimova or Petrova installs the liners and axles in the base of
the shutter. Soon much was discovered. Both unique planning of the jobsite near
the conveyor itself and the posture ~f the worker and the sequence of one ox: an-
other movements."
"It seems to be a trifle how one holds ones hands during w~ork. Petrova rests her
elbows on the table and her movements are absolutely precise. The ~unch grasped
by two fingers is inserted in the opening under way. A short strcke with the
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~ hammer and it is riveted. Gerasimova seems to have her elbows suspended and the
punch "fumbles" into the opening until it falls into it. Seconds are lost. The
muscles are tensed for a longer time. Fatigue begins sooner and work proceeds more
slowly. Many fine points were also de~ermined due to which it is harder or easier
- to work. Gerasimova also revealed her virtues. She was skilled in installing the
_ shutter base into the attachment with both hands simultaneously. This is easier
and faster. The experience of the best workers---Gerasimova and Petrova--were
studied and synthesized as a result. A special instruction chart was worked out
by means of which the most efficient methods of work of those young female workers
who had only taken on this occupation could be taught more easil~�, more rapidly and
mainly more clearly,"
Mitrofanov showed me one of these instru~tion charts for the movie equipmer~t assem-
blers. This is only a few pages. But a brief, cZear description of all ogerations
is contained in them. And there are tens of expressive photographs that illustrate
them sequentially by items. The workers are taught from these charts in the
schools of advanced experience. Labor productiv~.ty in them was increased by an
average of 4,5 percent compared to those who had mastered their occupation in their
time by the ordinary method.
The NOT department conducts principle investigations, w~orks out recommendations and
methods which become a compulsory guide for th~ shop workers of the association.
_ For example, a special me~hod was developed. It was intended for the NOT engineers
in shops and for workers of producLion-engineering trai.ning, consultants of the
schools of advanced experience, technici$ns and production innovators.
The method contains four sections. Selection of operations for study, selection of
procedures and methods of labor, compilation of a draft to describe these proce-
dures and methods. And the instruction chart itself which was already discussed.
Everything is significant here and everything is designed with rsgaz~d *e the effi-
ciency of expended efforts and means. For example, the investigator should bear in
mind that an ogsration selected for study should be mass or standard type for one
or another shop, no fewer than three workers should be engaged in it simultaneously,
the productivity of the operation is not less than three minutes and it is not less
than 5-IO days during a month ;f marn~al labor comprises no less than half the oper-
ational time. This is especially important r.ow when the association has converted
to new wage conditions and to new rates.
From the most modest calculations, an additional reserve of labor productivity in
mass production alone comprises approximately 6-7 percent annually due to introduc-
tion of advanced exparience.
The NoT service, being involved with study and introduction of advanced experience,
is investigators working hand in hand with innovator workers. They study with them
and enrich their experience with the fruits of scfentific investigations.
It Seems at First Glance
The reader has already probably noted: when we are talking about NOT one fre-
quently hears the phrase: "At first glance." This is no accident. Because NOT
is always discovering something unexpected. But only at first glance.
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But in fact, can labor productivity be increased if a worker takes frequent breaks
during a shi~Ft? If she has more breaks? Do not hurry with your answer. Psycho-
physiologi,ts, who carefully study the problem of labor on a conveyor and on a
production line where fatigue is caused r,ot only by the physical load but by monot-
ony and boredom, did not find it immediately.
~ What can be done so that the same Gerasimova and Petrova and many tens of their
friends w~orking on the conveyor line become less tired and feel stronger and bet-
ter and are highly productive during their work? What work and rest conditions
would be most desirable and beneficial to them?
And the psychophysiologists visit the conveyors again and again. They stand by
the conveyor belts and the production lines from the first minute of the working
day to the last minute. The pointera of the chranometers flash, the shutters of
cameras are heard audibly, graphs are compiled, the slightest changes in the well-
- being of the workers are recorded and the data are processed statistica].ly.
Analyzing them, the psychophysioloqists proceeded from a conclusion already made
repeatedly in the experiment: human efficiency is very variable over the course
of the day. It is the highest 2 or 3 hours after the beginning of work. It then
usually dropped. Samething similar happens after the lunch break. Moreover, the
fatigue aecumulated during the first half of the day makes itself felt during the
second half. And therefore, the highest level of labor productivity during the
second half of the day is most frequently lower than that during the first half.
As a result the NOT service makes the _recommendation: give the first five-minute
break about 1 hour 40 minutes after the beginning of work. Give a second 10 min-
ute break (physical exercise) 3 hours 15 minutes after the beginning of the shift.
And again give a five-minute rest 1 hour 30 minutes after t~~~~ lunch break.

~ The recommendation of NOT was first introduced on the camera assembly line. More-
over, the speed of the conveyor was changed in the photo shop upon the advice of
the psychophysiologists. It was changed so that the greatest speed was mainly
during the first half of the working day and the slowest speed was during the
- first and last hour of work. And another recommendation was to alternate the
workers in the operations every month or two.
What did this yield? The new work and rest conditions, changing the rhythm of the
conveyor and alternating workers in operations sharg~ly improved their well~being
and attitude of the workers and labor productivity increased. And it was calcu-
lated that these innovations on the aonveyor alone produce 10,000 rubles saving
annually.
The psychophysiologists of the NOT service, to whose activi.ty many initially were
unsure of, became very popular people in the association. Their participation and
assistance was requested by many shops. N~w the most efficient work and rest modes,
developed on the basis of psychophysiologi.cal investigations, have now been intro-
duced at more than 1,500 jobsites.
So as you ca~n see, that which seems unexpected and paradoxical at first glance
_ suddenly opens up new opportunities so as to achieve the best results with the
least expenditures.
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The "Moonlight Wa1tz" a~d Labor Productivity
You of course had occasion to observe how at times a person whistles quietly to
himself on the job. He whistles in time to his motions. And obviously his work
comes out better from this unique accompaniment.
And now soldiers are marching and behind them are tens of kilometers of road. Fa-
_ tigue has overtaken them. But suddenly an orchestra is heard in front and their
legs seem to "walk by themselves" in tune to the cheerful rhythmic marching music.
And the fatigue literally disappears! Psychologists and physiologists have long
explained this secret of the effect of music on man: sound is related to the sen-
sation of m4tion, Rhythmic music evokes and maintains stable motor and mental
activity. It relieves nervous tension. It is capable of stimulating the physio-
logical processes of the organism. And at the same time it is capable of making
them both optimum and economical. And it creates the necessary moad.
And if this is so, then is it possible not to consciously use music, so to say,
for purely practical goals--to facilitate one's labor and at the same time to make
this labor more productiv~e?
Thus was born the idea of functional music. Long before this term itself became
widespread, the first step had been taken at LOMO: before the beginning of the
shift when human flows headed across the thresholds to the shops, they were accom-
panied by cheerful, joyful music coming from loudspeakers.
But it was not so simp?e to utilize functional music in the shops. Many of the
most diverse problems had to be studied and solved. Could it be used everywhere?
And where is it primarily necessary? And in what doses? And during what hours of
the working shift? And there were as many questions about the nature of the music
- ' itself, about the genres, orchestration and rhythm! And about selec~ion of
programsl
And a series of experiments was begun by physiologists on one of the large mass
_ production sections for which monotonous labor is eapecially typical. Careful ob-
servations and investigations were conducted day after day. And it was precisely
- established: how and when fatigue of the central nervous system, the cardiovascu-
lar system and *_he muscular system begins and develops during work. Having deter-
mined the hours of the greatest fatigue during the shift, it wa~ possible to com-
pile a schedule of music transmissions.
- And not only a schedule.
And what about the musical programs? Who and how would they begin to be selected?
It was necessary to consult with the most qualified consultants in the field of
music. And the department of scientific organization of labor appealed to the
Leningrad Conservatory for assistance.
Not only specialists in the field of optics or electronics, but well-known musicol-
ogists first appeared as consultants in the shops of the firm.
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The musicologists and psyr_holoqists selected the first repertoire. There were 30
� programs per month. Loudspeakers were installed at that time in the section. The
wires fr~m them extended into the shop assembly for connection to a~ape recorder.
Each ioudspeaker has a switch. If you want to listen, if you don't want to, you
switch it off.
When everything wa~ ready, the consultants from the conservatory gave lectures in
the shop about how music can always have a favorable effect on man and of course
during work. They were coz~vinced not to saitch them off.
And it was true. When the music transmissions began no one switched it off initial-
- ly. Ex:.erpts from classical operas and jazz rhythms were heard.
But there were soon surprises. It turned out that music has far from an identical
favorable effect on everyon~. Labor productivity decreased for some and some ir-
ritably switched off the loudspeaker.
It turned out ~hat the music initially distracts the attention of some people from
their work. And after all it should, like the wind pushing a sail, be "unnoticed"
but pushing forward with force.
And again there were psycho].ogical investigations but now based on primary experi-
ence. Practice showed that the greatest effect is gained from rnusic si.mple in or-
chestration, primarily cheerful music. Works performed on the piano and on wind
and electronic musical instruments were best received on the job.
And again there was a surprise: at the end of the shift they "started" a cheerful,
fast melody by an instrument ensemble. It turned out that cheerful rhythms had no
benefit at the end of the snift.
Why7 The psychologist, physiologist and physician talked to the workers for a long
time. They concluded that by the end of the work day the human organism experiences
a defini~e revi~alization together with the onset of fatigue. Calming, quiet and
slow melodies rather than cheerful rhythms are required at the end of the shift.
As soon as it became clear that functional music is a valuable matter and enjoys
- very real benefit, the firm created a special studio from which they began to con-
duct transmissions of functional music to many shops. A record library numberi:~g
more than 5,000 works recorded on tape was created. Incidentally, auch an exten-
- sive musical stock was simply necessary since first experience showed that even
the most beloved melodiss interfere if they are rapeated too frequently.
As you can see, rhe concern of the NOT department was supplemented with regard ::o
introduction of this innovation. And there was soon a need for the post of "engin-
- eer-musicologist," unusual for the firm, who would select musical programs on the
recommendation of psychologists and physiologists. These duties were entrusted to
a worker of NOT--an engineer having a musical and engineering education, Geliy
Fedorovich Sukhanov.
- Sukhanov is an enthusiast of this new post and works with animation. He unwilling-
ly made a very remarkable observation. He, a proponent of functional music, most
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- liked to meet wel.'.-Qrganized and established work i.n the leading shops. There
where the musical rhythm could be "hand in hand" ~:ith production rhythm.
But in other shops he was first cautious and uncertain about intzoduct=or. of func-
tional music, especially in those where presses roar and conveyors rumble. If a
loudspeaker is switch~d on here on jobsites, as in the phntographic shop, only
more noise will actually be heard from the music.
Then he got the idea of using antibackgrounds. Special earphones were given to
workers engaged at the presses. They protect them fron~ external noise and make it
possible for them to hear the music.
As the first, carefully studied experiment showed, the workers' attention was not
_ distracted and not dispersed. On the contrary, the music, freeing the person from
stress caused by the noise, permits better concentration.
And statistics proves this: both injuries and turnover of personnel in the tool
and die and ather noisy shops were reduced over a period of six months after intro-
_ duction of functional music. And they were soon interested in the automatic ma-
chine shop: "And is it not possible for us to use music? And there is such a
noise from the automatic machines."
The question was more than appropriate. The noise level in the automatic machine
shop was really high. But how could it help if a worker servicing sevpral machine
tools on the same line was in constant motion? He could not drag a cord plugged
into the loudspeaker system behind him. But there was a way out. There is a small
transistor radio in the top pocket of the ordinary w~orking jacket. And the ear-
phones were connected to it.
Do people like to wr~rk to the accompaniment of music?
A questionnaire poll was conducted. Seventy-nine percent of those questioned noted:
music reduces fatigue and increases efficiency. Ninety-three percent added to this:
it improves the mood and provides good exercise.
In places where functional music has been introduced, labor productivity was in-
creased by three percent. Work quality was improved. And this was no surprise.
Good music has an aesthetic effect on man and forces him to be exact toward his
labor, to learn more acutely and to more clearly perceive the beautiful.
- Moreover, they also call the studio during rest breaks and request: "I would like
to hear the 'Moonlight waltz' of Dunayevskiy again." Or: "And could you play
Uginskiy's Polonaise?"
"I Stay Becauso T Want To"
Youn~ optical grinder Boris N., having gone ta the personnel department to formu-
late his relaase at his own desire, was ashamed that he wanted to be released so
fussily and again dropped into the NOT department.
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Regardless, Boris had to submit. He filled out a thorough questionnaire in the
NoT department: why did he want to leave a~nd with whom and with what was he dis-
satisfied. Perhaps the worki.ng conditions were unsuit~ble? Or the work was un-
interesting and the wages were too low? And perhaps he had established abnormal
relations with the foreman and brigade leader? Are there no prospects for your
growth? Is there no opportunity to study?
It turned out strangely: a person had to fill out a detailed questionnaire upon
leaving a job rather than upon entering it.
Another conversation was held after the questionnaire was fil,led out. And it
turned out that the grinder wrote the statement: "I request to remain at r.;y own
wish."
This was several years ago.
I am in the sociological laboratory. My company is one of its w~rkers, the senior
sociologist-engineer.
A question. What is your laboratory involved in?
The answer. we develop problems related to plans of the socioeconomia development
of the firm. One of the social problems is personnel turnover. The scientific
workers of the Leningrad Financial-Economic Institute helped us here. The first
phase is usually study of statistical data. One very significant circumstance
was determined. During the years when the investigation was conducted (1968-1969),
more t;�~n half of thos~ leaving were young people. And we have half ef all workers
at tY~e firm that are up to 30 years old. The laboratory conducted a survey of one-
third of the young workers. Thousands of filled-out questionnaires were processed
by a special program on a computer. We received extensive informatiAn. For exam-
ple, one-third of those questioned, in answer to the question whether they were
satisfied with the attitudes of the ~administration, answered "No." It was obvious
that almost all the unsatisfied workers were from the procurement and finishing
shops. A rather typical attitude toward young workers was determined for a numbesc
of shop managers: the young are inexperienced and this means that it is risky to
trust him with a good machine tool and tools and we will give him a poor machine
to~l and we will give him materials last in line. We brought the attention of the
managers of the firm to this. Recammendations were worked out--how to proceed so
- that the novices worked better. The administration estab2.ished a strict proce-
dure: now all novices are provided with good equipment and a standard set of all
necessary tools from the first day on the job and are supplied accurately with
materials and parts. Zt is a simple pat*~rn: the more trust in the young worker,
the higher his responsibility is. Piecework for beginning workers was also re-
- stricted at our recommendation. Within one or two years the statistics showed that
turnover in the procurement and finishing shops had been cut in half.
A question. But this was probably only one of the reasons causing the turnover?
Answer. Of course. A young person who links his fate to the firm should be ~.,on-
fident that he will acquire a firm material base here. After all, he will acquire
family in the future. This means that he must earn good wages, that is, work well,
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and conditions mu~t be created for him to rais~ his qualifications. But since
the shop chiefs and foremen were given our recnmmendation as a duty to eliminate
the reasons interfering wi*_h young people working well and earning good wages,
there became fewer and fewer young men and wvmen who felt that they were temporary
at the firm.
It is not simple to find all this out. Here is an example. A young machine tool
worker handed in his in~ention of leaving. The foreman, without thinking, signed
it. When th.is case was analyzed, the foreman said:
"And why should I bother with him? He spends haZf his time smoking or strolls
around thP shop."
But the machine tool operator gives these explanations:
"Yes, it happens that I wander around the shop because the foreman gives me an as-
signment for a day or for a week. But if he would give me an assignment immediate-
ly for a-:lonth, I would have no idle ~ime."
These cases prompted the engineer-investigators of the NOT service to become in-
volved in development of important problems. The first was to imprc-�e intershop
planning and the second was how to eliminate an unconcerned attitude of other ad-
ministrators to the requests of workers about leaving the firm. Each application
should be considered with maximum attention. Why does a person leave? Is there
really a telling reason for this? Perhaps it is easy to corr~ct? Perhaps the ap-
- plication to leave ;aas written in anger due to a minor affront?
Question. And how was a way out found?
Answer. Public personnel offices were created in the shops. 7chis same public
committee then began to operate on the scnle of ~he �irm. The committee included
workers and representatives of the administration. The committee tries to de-
termine the reasons for leaving and takes all possible measures to create normal
working conditions for the worker.
The followiny statement has recently been printed on the official forms of appli-
cations to leave:
_ "Comrades! Before making a decision to leave the shop, carefully think about the
reasons that aaused this and try to correct them with aur help."
"If yau have still decided to leave, fndicate the reasons that interfere with your
continuing to work in the shop."
I had occasion to visit one of the meetings of the public committee for personnel
- of the fizm. The committee meets twice a week with the participation of the as-
sistant general director of the firm for personnel. The materials of the shop
office are carefully studied here and their work is analyzed and generalized. And
- here I met grinder Boris who was discussed at the beginning of this chapter. For
about an hour and a half he patiently explained his complaints. They summoned the
foreman of the section in,which Boris worked. And the conflict was resolved.
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, The public coc~unittee for personnel gradually expanded the range of its activity.
_ It participates in the reception of workers to the firm an maintains contact with
young workers who have gone into the army. And many of them usually return to
their own collectives after demobilization.
I continue my interview.
_ Question. I have heard quite aften recently in your firm: "Potential turnover."
What does this mean?
Answer. You see tihe idea of leaving the enterprise at one's own desire does not
- appear immediately. A person accumulates affronts, dissatisfaction with his occu-
pation is aggravated and a conflict with a bYigade leader or foreman increases.
Frequently, as you and I have already seen, the c4nflict can be resolved in the
end. And the public commi.ttee for personnel in the shops and the public commi~tee
- created at our r~commendation rendered great assistance here. But all this forced
us to think about something else. Would it not be possible to provide beforehand
for possible conflicts and to prevent their becoming an applfcation of leaving
through one's own wish?
There are many psychological fine points here which one does not immediately catch
and one does not immediately read.
Question. Who helps you to analyze these fine points?
Answer. We have in the laboratory specialists--psychologists and physiologists-~-
working with us sociologists. Their assistance is inv~aluable. We developed to-
gether the method and system of questionnaires which are conducted once every 6
manths with the participation of the public offices of personnel in the shops. We
managed to determine possible, buti almost undetectable conflict situations.
For example, the youngest workers in one of the shops, it is true, expressed in am-
- biguous foYm dissa*isfaction with their jab. The foreman was frankly amazed at
this. Both their work records were excellent and the working conditions were fi~e
--this was a shop that had been reconstructed.
The psychologists managed to detezmine the reasons for the dissatisfaction af the
young people. It turns out that in manufacturing parts, they have a vague idea of
_ the final product of their labor and their work no longer had any attraction for
them.
An excursion to the neighboring shops was organized for them and they were shown
the instruments for wk~ich they made parts. Their attitude toward work changed ap-
preciable. They felt that they were creators of the latest modern apparatus which
- are used on all continents and in all corners of the world.
Question. Apparently there is an especially jealous attitude to supporting the
_ labor of young people? What do your psychologists say about this?
Answer. Yes, there is rich material to study this a~at~rial at the firm. A young
man or young woman, coming to u~ from the PTU, usually has a aecondary education.
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- Many continued to study, combining it with work. And naturally, raisinq their
own educational level, young people gravitate toward interesting work. TY?ey are
no lonqer content with simple operations that require only the most elementary
sk~sJ.ls and mechanical execution.
Question. How do they at the firm attempt to eliminate these contradictions?
Answer. This is not a simple question. A high level of technology is always re-
lated to mechanizat~on and automation, that is, to simplification of manual oper-
ations. But on the other han3, the need f4r peopZe with broad technological view
= incre~G?s ~nd ade~?~ ~uners and adjusters ar~ r~quired. A new technology is born
that requires various types of knowledge frnm a worker, especially in optics.
, Young people can rapidly acquire several occupations and easily switch ta new oper-
_ ations. Tk~e advice of psychologists was used in practice in a number of shops when
_ new models of instruments were 3ev~lopea there and complex technology was employed.
The education of a worker becomes an additional reserve for labor productivity.
Question. Especially a lot has been said recent~y about the significance of the
microclimate in the production collective, that is, about the effect of personal
a~~~tudes toward the results of labor. What can be done here and what are your
- psychologists doing?
Answer. We compared two seemingly absolutely aimilar brigades of opticians.
Everything was identical in them: the number of people, their qualifications and
they performed the same work on the sane equipment. But a small difference was
found in the results. One of the brigades regularly distinguished i,tself with high
labor productivity (7-10 percent higher than that of its neighbors) and witl~, a
miniinum percentage of rejection. What is wrong? A different microclimate. The
_ first brigade was a united, friendly collective. There were tense relations and
- frequent conflicts in the other b~igade. A lot of time was lost here on resolving
relations.
Question. Perhaps the second brigade was unlucky and incompatible peop~.e were as-
semb~ed there accidentally?
Answer. Of course it happens this way. Incidentally, our psychologists concluded
that it is very imp~rtant in making up brigades to take into account the psycholog-
ical compati.bility of people, the range of their common interests, their needs,
- life situations, principles and sympathies. Without this there cannot be a real
brigade in the sense which we have become accustomed to understanding this. But
what is especially important is the personality of the manager and brigade leader.
The brigade leader is appointed by the administration. A very impor~ant circum-
stance was determined wher. studying this problem. Tt;.ere are usually two leaders
- in a brigade if the appointment of the manager is unsuccessful. One is the offi-
cial appointed leader and the other is th e unofficial leader. However, the unof-
y fi~~}al leader enjoys the greatest influence in view of his businesslike and per-
sonal qualities. And this in itself freguently causes an acute situation in a
- small collectiv~. It is this very situation that developed in the second brigade
of opticians under discussion. The brigade leader was soon replaced tr,tere at the
recommendation of psychologists and everything changed. '
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Question. This means that it is not so sin~le to be a brigade leader?
Answer. In any case, it is much more complicated than people think. In forming
production brigades, managers frequently underestimate the opinio~ of psycholoqists.
And some aspects of creating these groliYS remain outside the field of vision of tiie
managers. For example, should there be a man or woman as a brigade leader? It
would seem that a competent man as head of a female brigade is a proper appointment.
But if you question a female brigade of painters (the brigade leader is a male) it
turned out that this was not so. Half the brigade expressed dissatisfaction with
the brigade leader. He was unable to understand the needs and interests of the
female workers. Moreov~r, he was much younger than fhe members of the brigade.
You cannot decide to talk with such a brigade leader about everything bothers you.
And without this how then can he be the head?
Upon our recommendation a female brigade leader was appointed and th~ psychological
climate in the brigade improved a lot.
Question. Obviously, the difference in the age between the brigade members is also
important?
Answer. Undoubtedly. Study of t~his problem revealed some fine paints which must
be taken into account in forming a briqade. An old ~aorker, for example, is espe-
cially sensitive to the slightest deficiencies of w~rkxng conditions in the shop,
but is less perceptive to any rough points in relations with the administration.
His life and production experience, his high occupational skills and his knowledge
- of his prestige in the collective evokes a feeling of the incomparable strength of
his position. And on the other hand, a young worker responds especially emotional-
ly to each w~rd of the chief. He has his own rpquiremen~s related to the prospects
for growth and raising of rank.
Thus complex psychological problems frequently arise which are inevitably solved by
the brigade l~aders, foremen and shop chiefs. Brigades and sections must be formed
so that people of different ages can supplement each other harmoniously, combining
the experience of a veteran with the energy and knowledge of young people. To
validly evaluate a person, his character and his possibilities, one just learn how
to distinguish the psychological fine points which others try to brush away. But
a production organi2er of any rank is unthinkable today without this.
we are making the first attempts. Our psychologiste and sociologists are working
out recommendations based on specific study of one or another brigades and sec-
tions. Special topical seminare, leature cycles and conversations with the par-
_ ticipation of our sociolagists and psycholoqists are conducted after this. Exer-
cises are conducted with the brigade leadera, foremen and senior foremen on topics
related to problems of the person in the collective and management of the
- collective.
Our firm is a collective of communist labor. This places special responsibilities
on us. We have to bec~me our own type of laboratory where clearly new relations
in the labor collective are formed.
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Electronic Assistants
The telephone rings:
"They are calling from the supply department. Be so kind and prepare duta in
which articles steel pipe is now used at the firm and in what quantities and of
what diameter. And how many of them are needed durina the first quarter of next
year. And we also need data on."
The request was listened to carefully and written down.
"Everything is clear. You will receive all the data in a few minutes."
"All the data within a few minutes?" But who can know about this and remember how
to answer suddenly to an unexpected question? These very pipes are used in the
most diverse shops and for the most diverse instruments, of which a countless num-
ber is produced. Yes, of course the data which they request can be assembled. But
the shops must b~ questioned and one must dig into an enarmous card file and make
complex calculations. This is generally a week or week and a half of ~rork for an
entire group of qualified people.
But the supply w~rkers recei.ve the answer i~nediately. [aithout any wires. And
within several minutes. The operator enters the assignment in a machine and the
machine prints out an exhaustive answer. Its magnetic memory is unlimited.
_ And th~re is no need for card files. There is no need to load down planners and
economists with boxes of desks full of swollsn foldera with very extensive informa-
tion. Ninety-five percent of the entire information service nas subscribed to the
computer center, which has become the nucleus of a future ASU--autamated control
system.
The computer center is the same age as the firm and was born together with it. And
they could not get along without it. At one time a"low-power" machine calculating
station was located here. The firm was immediately able to acquire entire computer
complexes. One of the enthusiasts of creating the firm--its first director for
production and economics Ivan ivanovich Vasil'yev--headed a group which from the
very beginning "taught" the computer not only to serve the engineers and designers
in their creativity, but of also assisting all the services in their extremely
complicaked w~ork of management. In the complex plan for the socioeconomic develop-
ment of the firm for the lOth Five-Year Plan, it was immediately provided to devel-
op an automated produ~:tion manaqement system on the basis of a computer cen~~r.
In the lighted rooms of the computer center people converse silently with machines
in the language of algorithms. To each question they receivQ exhaustive, precise
answers, advice, instructions and waraings from their interlocutors.
The chief of the computer center af IAMO candidate of economic sciences Yakov
Iosifovich Pivovarov relates beforehand the following story:
"The well-known academician Trapezn.~?;~~~ ~~:aehow calculated that the entire adult
popula~ion of the USSR would be required by 1980 to work in the sphere of managing
our producti~n."
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It w~ould be required if there were no computere among the other means of
mechanization.
It so~mds fantastic. But let us take the "very smallest." Approximately 250 mil-
lion parts are manufactured annually in the shops of the LOMO firm. Several dif-
ferent operations are required for manufacture of each of them. This means that
we have already calculated new millions. And not for the sake of counting. One
must determine precisely how much and what materiale are required, the priority
of their manufacture by deadlines, the priority of sending them for asseaibly, one
m~xst calculate the neen for materials and equipment, the number of workers, the
cost of expenditures and so on and so on.
And now imagine what staff should be made up of engineers, technicians, normalizers,
ec:onomists and other specia'ists for calculatinq these data (among others) if they
are azmed only with an ordinary slide rule and an addinq machine. And how much
time they would spend on this. If you calculate, continued Pivovarov, such a param-
eter as the equipment load. One Leningrad economist, having studied our production,
- determined how many equipment load versions can be under the simplest condition.
But 40 parts must be machined on at least I5 machine tools. Do you know how many?
Ten to the 28th powerl And we have thousands of them of the most diverse designa-
tion from which the best and most profitable version must be selected. And all
this concerns in the given case only one problem: efficient loading of equipment
at the firm.
But let us take an even smaller scale, continued the chief of the computer center,
a shop or even a section for which a foremz.n is reaponsible. Investigators have
established that the foreman should operate with information 3.6-fold greater than
that which he can perceive in such a complex production enterprise as ours.
- Computers have now freed the foremen of needless concerns. He first receives a
form on which everything is scheduled and everything is taken into account from the
computer center for each day.
And the machine takes on the "technical" functions in almost each management link.
The machine memory provides unanimity in planning, cantrol, accounting and analysis
of the activity of each subdivision and of the er~tire firm as a whole. Z'he computer
- helps to select the optimum version when solving any creative problem, regardless
of what it concerns--equipment, technology or finances.
Yakov Iosifovich leads me to a wall consis~ing of files.
"Information from the shops, departments and design offices," he explains, "is
gathered in them. A half million bita of information in the form of alphanumeric
characters on the most diverse problems comes to us here every month. The 'elec-
tronic brain' immediately processes it."
"Undoubtedly there is no amount of people who could calculate "manually" and could
"overtake" the computer. But �rom the viewpoint, for example, of selecting the
optimum versions."
Pivovarov laughed:
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"I see that you also must overcome the 'psychological barrier' of mistrust of the
computer, which we have already encountered ourselves. I can cite an example,
h3ving already become a reader. Once we checked an experiment with dispersion of
equipment. A group of the most experienced engineers and computers solved the
problem. The engineers propo~ed an excellent, well-thought-out version. But vahen
they found out that their assignment was duplicated by a camputcer, they were hurt.
Some of them b~gan to speak ironically. Well, we already see what the computer
has 'thought up."' And intentionallyl When they compared the two versions it
_ turned out that the machine, free of traditions and templates, had proposed a new,
unexpected version. They checked its veraion and it turned out that, because of
it, the path of the parts between two m4chine tools is reduced by a factor of 1.5
compared to the version proposed by the most experienced specialists. The computer
does not make the slightest deviation from established order. Once a foreman tried
to 'go around the instruction' of the machine and violated the priority of the op-
eration in processing and began to do operation '2' instead of the last operation
'3.' But the machine knows that operation '3' is the final one. If it is ful-
filled that means that the part is finished. And it immediately sent a new as-
signment to the section."
Management using computers does not tolerate the slightest violations of production
discipline. It in itself is a powerful stimulus to increasing production skills.
We are walking through th e rooms past many computer, keypunch-calculating and
special production recording devices. This engineering complex--the electronic
brain--became the basis of the ASUP [Automated production management system] con-
nected to all shops and sections and the planning system for most production sec-
tions, detailed calculation of production assignments and automatic monitoring of
their fulfillment and so on is now introduced at the firm with its assistance. And
all this is in addition to the thousands and thausands of the most complex engin-
eering and design calculations. Thus accumulated experience made it possible ta
convert from solution of special problems to development af a complex automated
management system.
Under new conditions of economic planning and incentives, the firm receives from
the ministry and main administration only the basic nomen~lature rather than a fin-
ished plan. The firm its elf determines the remaining extensive z~omenclature of
articles on the basis of what brings in the greatest advantage and highest profit.
And to produce what is most advantageous and what is most profitable is indicated
to the firm by an electronic economist. Because of the camputer, the number of
engineering and technical personnel at the firm was reduced by 167 persons, thos~
in the planning departments were reduced by 58 persons and those in bookkeeping and
finance departments were reduced by 73 persons.
But this does not mean th at the computer generally forces a person out of here.
The main thing is that th e machine releases the valual~le time of a person from
- everything that can dist ract him from direct creativity.
Do you know what the day of a rank and file engineer frequently begins with at
- LOM07 With a telephone call. Yes, yes. He is interested in which la~est informa-
tion innovations have come in in that field of engineering in which he is involved.
And he immediately receives an exhaustive answex previously recorded on tape--the
computer memory.
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If a designer needs syatematized information on a strictly specific problem in a
narrowly specialized field, the computer helps him to find a complete list of the
literature with which he must become familiar. The books are recorded in its
memo ry .
The creators of future instruments can determine beforehand the optimum capabilities
of one or another designs by means of a computer.
- But this is only the beginning. We will soon be able to plan precisely and before-
hand by periods each phase of birth of each new instrument, from the very initial
- stage, from the designer's thought, from the initial sketch to a detail plai3, from
- the first drawinc~s to a mockup and from a mockup to an experimental model and put-
ting into serial groduction. And a strict schedule of preparing the production for
each element of the design will be compiled beforehand. The ASU only needs before-
- hand a general annotation for the future instrument. Desfgners, technicians, in-
vestigators and testers will know precisely beforehand when and by which calendar
deadline they should begin or end.
- "I am confident," states Yakov Iosifovich, "that this will be a weighty contribu-
tion to the success of Leningrad firms: to reduce the deadlines for development
and introduction of new equipment into production and to raise product quality.
And this is the main thing baday."
From a modernized nighttable to an automated production management system and from
the attitude of an individual worker to problems of a communist attitu3e toward
labor in an entire multiperson collective--this is the range of problems of the
NOT service at the firm.
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FOCAL POINT OF COMMUNIST EDUCATION
- There is a building on the territory of LOMO which in no way reminds one of a pro-
duction site. Moreover, it is here that you can meet any workers of the firm--
workers, engineers, scientists and young workers only beginning their working life
and gray-haired veterans who have given tens of years to production.
And each one comes here with his own concerns and suggestions, with his questions
and thoughts and comes for advice and assistance.
_ The pulse of the social life of the association beats continuously here. In this
building is concentrated a unique staff of all the social organizations of the firm
engaged in communist education of workers: the party committee, trade-union com-
mittee, Komsomol committee and editorial office of the weekly ZNAMYA PROGRESSA.
"There were many significant changes in the work of the party, trade-union and
Komsomol organizations with creation of the firm and with introduction of the new
_ form of production management," says secretary of the LOMO party committee Anatoliy
Ivanovich Kirsanov.
Creation of a large production association opens up new and very favorable oppor-
tunities for ideological and political krork among the collective and permits dis-
semination of leading experience on a wider basis, faster and with gr~ater effect.
And it operates more confidently, clearly and more goal-oriented, solving the most
important problems. We have many hundreds of co~nunists in the party organization
--a real guard which is capable of anything. 7.'he IAMO party committee, according
to the bylaws of the CPSU, enjoyed the rights of a regional party committee. It
has 55 persons in its expanded composition. Current affairs are solved by the of-
fice of the party committee.
Who is included in the party committee? Well, primarily these are 30 of the lead-
ing, most active workers from the different shops, leading specialists and managers
- of the main subdivisions and representatives of all large party organizations of
the association. All this makes it possible for this party committee to more uni-
versally and more deeply analyze the firm's activity and to consider in detail and
with total competency the questions brought up for discussion. After all, the
members of this expanded party committee are closely related directly in their
work section with the primary party organization and know and judge tne situation
by the `acts of life itself which they encounter in the daily work rather than
from summaries.
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And of course the members of the party committee can under these conditions inform
communists and all workers of the firm more operationally and more fully about the
decisions and decrees of the party committee, thoroughl.y ex~laining them at party
and workers' meetings. And this is important. Aftar all it is one thing to read
some decree to people and quite another if the person who participated in its dei
velopment, discussion and adoption himself talks about it himself and answers
questions which may arise convincingly and exhaustiv~ly. This also increases the
personal responsibility of each member of the party committee and more fully de-
termines its role as a collective body of the party management.
A real opportunity appeared under the new conditions to devote attention to bztter
thought-out, scientific approach to party work and to substantiation of the effi-
ciency and results of any measure which we plan to implement. One of the condi-
tions of this scientific approach was development of a future plan of party work
, for the long term. These plans are closely tied to plans of the socioeconomic de-
velopment of the firm for each five-year plan.
This plan was developed at the initiative and with the participation of the party
committee for the lOth Five-Year Plan--a five-year plan of efficiency and quality,
as the 25th Party Congress and General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev defined it. Of course this definition became our main ref-
- erence point in all work of the party organization and for all its sections--from
the party committee to party groups.
The materials of the congress are beinq universally studied at LOMO after the 25th
CPSU Congress and moreover in all exercises which prupagandists are conducting and
they talk in all schools of communist labor and at all party and workers' meetings .
in detail about the role of our firm in fulfillment of the tasks posed at the 25th
CPSU Congress. After all, one of the features of I,OMO is that its production is
required by practically all sectors of the natianal economy. 7'he success of other
fields of science and technology largely 3epends on the quality of instruments
- made here.
The party committee organized special theoretical and methodical seminars for
- propagandists and political informa~ion specialists and prepar~3 for them reference
materials which would help them more clearly, more specifically and more convinc-
ingly talk to the student;;, which is now required of workers of each subdivision of
the firm.
The work of the committees of the party committee in monitoring the economic activ-
ity of the administration, in development of technical progress and in economic and
social development became more animated after the 25th CPSU Congress.
The coinmittees render invaluable assiatance to the party committee in solving the
most fundamental problems related to the role of communists in recor~struction and
in mechanization and automation of production processes.
The LOMO party committee proceeds on the basis that success in fulfilling the de-
cisions of the 25th CPSU Congress depends primarily on the skill of communists who
he~~d political and organizing work directly in the shops, in the production sec-
tions, in departments and laboratories, from shop party organizations and from each
communist separately.
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_ Discussion of the materials of the 25th Congress at the firm aroused each communist
_ seemingly to again ask himself: have I done everything so as to justify the high
rank of fighter of Lenin's party in full measure? Here are several inter.views at
the jobsites.
Optician, supervisor of the brigade imeni 25th CPSU Congress, K. Yakovlev is
speaking:
"The workers of our brigade, like all Soviet people, received the Annual Report of
the CPSU Central Committee to the 25th Party Congress with enormous interest and
warm approval."
"When you read between the lines of this most important document, you think about
its propositions and conclusions and gain a feeling of deep gratitude to our party,
which purposefully and sequentially leads our country along the path indicated by
Lenin.
we answer a worker about the concern of the party and government: work with doubled
energy. We have the conditions for this. Even more progressive machine tools are
now being developed for opticians and dianond tools will be introduced for the first
time in fine polishing oper~tions. This wi.ll permit a significant increas~ of labor
productivity during the lOth Five-Year Plan and will improve product quality.
Our opticians have converted to the brigade method of work. There were 42 brigades
in 1976 and each worked on ~ single detail. Five of them were young brigades
headed by a brigade leader-mentor. This is a~so new since it appeared quite re-
cently in the practice of our shop.
Our brigade stood a shock watch during the work of the 25th Party Congress. WE
cover our shift assignments daily and the quality of work is good. But it will be
even better!"
Senior foreman communist V. Spitsin:
- "Our mechanical section coped successfully with their pledges taken in honor of
_ the 25th Party Congress."
"The section was the victor from the results of the 25th 10-day labor watch and it
was awarded a certi�icate and the challenge red banner."
"The brigade of boring lathe operators, which is headed by young Komsomol Vladimir
Romanyuta, also won first place. And he himself raised his own rank to third rank
during this time."
"It is not easy to head a young workers' collective. There is little experience
arnong the young machine tool operatars and it happens that some of them violate
labor discipline and it is hard to make demands on young people, they do not al-
ways understand you at first and try to do something on their own. Now here I ap-
peal to the party groups and to communists for assist~nce."
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, "i never weaken contact with them. I rely on the party group both in organizing
and in educational work. For exeunple, here is how we together contrcal rejects."
"Someone conceals a sin and one of the young people spoils a part or turns in sev-
eral flawed parts. A signal comes from the OTK and 2 as the direct representative
go to one of the communists, most frequently tc~ party group organizer Nikolay
Semenovich Matyukha. Help so and so,I say, to turn the fellow onto the correct
path . "
"And this was not immediately in my practice that they refused this request to me,
saying that they were busy or that were some more important reasons. Without any
superfluous words, that same Nikolay Semenovich switches off his machine tool, for
example, and heads to the jobsite of the guilty party. 2 look from the side and
there is a serious conversation under way: the reason for the rejects have been
found and Nikolay Semenovich shows how to correct it and then sees whether every-
thing is okay. Training, both occupafiional and purely human, for a young person
provided a clear lesson in mutual help."
"My prc~posals always find support among communists and the section has become the
leader probably due to our cooperation."
Milling machine operator Yu. Vasil'yev, an innovator, mentor and member of the
- party committee of the association:
"The word 'quality' is now in the ears of everyone but I also think that the strug-
gle for Zabor quality begins with education of the working conscience of the young
worker who of course desires to master his skills. One is inseparable from the
other."
"And when you think about the thousands of young w~orkers who will determine the
appearance of the firm at the end of the lOth Five-Year Plan, you understand what
responsibili~y has now been laid on us, the veterans. That is why both the party
organization and the trade-union committee devote ever more attention to develop-
ment of apprenticeship and to the remarkable, most noble movement which was born
in Leningrad."
There are now 800 mentors at LOMO. The party and trade-union organizations have
selected the most ~xperienced workers from an enormous number of the best--commun-
_ ist and non-party, ready td share selflessly and unsparingly their skills with
young people and mainly to educate in their wards working pride and a feeling of
high moral rQSponsibility for their labor and for all their behavior."
"Seminars of inentors are held at the firm, they visit special lectures and exchange
experience."
"The party cdmmittee and the trade-union committee is always seeking newer, more
- flexible and more effective forms of tutorship."
"And if the labor discipline was recently improved among young workers and if most
of our wards won the right to enter the Komsomol and become worthy members of the
LoMO collective, then undoubtedly this is due to the important labor of the tutors."
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"And if a tutor was skillful in teaching his ward to love his occupation, to re-
spect lalbor and to value working friendship, then let he himself teach his comrade
to follow the same principles--principles which tr.~ party organization of the firm
teaches in the LOMO collective and.which find their fullest and clearest embodi-
ment in the daily life and work of the communists of the association."
"The right hand of the party committee is the trade-union committee. The trade-
union organization combines thousands of workers, scientists, engineers and salar-
ied emplo~~ees at the LOMO firm. Working under the supervision of the party commit-
- tee and in close contact with it, it widely recruits all workers of the firm to
participate in production management and to pa.rticipa.te in the mass competition to
fulfill the five-year plans ahead of schedule and for high product quality."
"Much has been done among the shop committees the permanently acting production
meetings, the advice of innovators, VOIR and other creative organizations which the
trade-union committee of the firm supervises, to develop an effective mass competi-
tion. The LOMO collective was one of the first to support the patriotic call of
the w~orkers of the Association Kirovskiy Zavod, who came out with the initiative
to fulfill each production five-day task within four days. The trade-union organ-
izations of the shops helped eacn of the participants of this competition to work
out his own plan-pledge and the complex plan for increasing labor productivity at
each jobsite. Being true to the slogan 'Complete a five-day task withi.n four days'
makes it possible to regularly evaluate the personal contribution of t~ie competi-
tors to the success of the co].lective."
"The trade-union organization of the firm warmly supported and disseminated the
ca11 of the Moscow workers 'Give a worker's guarantee to each article.' And to do
this, they organized even more widely the competitions that have become traditional
_ for the firm and which provide for awarding the honorary ranks: 'Best worker of
the shop (association) in occupation,' 'Best young worker' and so on."
"These are those who are irreproachable on the job and in everyday life and these
are those who showed the highest labor productivity and achieved the highest re-
- sults in occupational skills, in innovation and in economizing of inetals and raw
material. These are those who transferred the 'secrets' of their success to the
greatest number of their own comrades in their occupation."
Cumpetitions by occupations have become a powerful stimulus for the movement for
- communist labor in which the absolute majority of IAMO workers participates."
- "'From high work quality of each one to high labor efficiency of the collective' is
tl:e main direction in the activity of all public organizations of the firm."
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YOUNG COMMUNISTS
- A conversation broke out in the party committee: with what and when does education
of a young communist begin? From that memorablQ moment when he is handed his party
- card? From that party meeting at which he excitedly hears the words: 'I request
that so and so by accepted'?" Or perhaps, even earlier?
"Of course :.t is much earlier," so says secretary of the party organization of the
LOMO firm.
"It is much earlier," he repeats with confidence. "It should begin from the very
day when the young man or woman first crosses the threshold of the enterprise. Of
cours~ not all of them will become party members in. the future. It is felt that
this is very important: so that they feel a moral a~nosphere such as an 'ideologi-
cal' cl~~.mate where their dream to become a party fighter is born of itself from the
first minute tt~at they are among a new collec~ive of workers."
When you become mc~~e familiar with the mul~tifaceted life of the LOMO firm, you be-
gin ~o understand: this is not only a creative laboratory of new progressive forms
of production organization and management. This is a uniqu~ laboratory of commun-
ist education whose activity is closely t~.ed to the concern of the party committee
about supplementing the party ranks and w.'1th education and with ideological temper-
ing of younq communists.
= Incidentally, an average of 150 workers k~ecome party members here in the multi-
= thousand collective of the firm. You berome acquainted with them and you see tha~.
these are actually the best young w~orkers and your~g foremen, the young engineers
and designers--the future of the firm.
Recently the party committee secretary in a solexnn occasion handed a party card to
one of them--young lathe operator of th.e astronomical shop Nikolay Nikolayev.
And now I am in the astronomical shop ~~ahere specialists of the highest class, high-
est not only in 3.eve1 of qualification.s but in the degree of the responsibility
with which a person relates to a mattF:r, develop the most complex optical instru-
ments. It is a complex task to name the best one among them. And even so they
name Nikolayev immediately.
~
When the work was ended we became ac.~quainted. And Nikolay Nikolayev almost modest-
ly talks about himself.
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"I came to the shop as an apprentice lathe operator. I now understand how much
~oncern the older.� comrades--communis~s and non-party workers--showed me until I
learned to gain the fine points of the occupation and how they hAlped me to better
understand myself. They helped me with o~her than speeches and exhortations. I
saw how, for example, communists Aleksandr Fedorov, Konstantin Kharlamov and Viktor
Smirnov worked. They were the first ones to be interest~d in me: how I Iive, who
my friends are and what I am interested in. And they seemingly by chance opened up
to me newer and newer 'lathe' secrets. ~I myself did not notice how I gxadually
gained my occupation and I lost the skill of wandering around the shop and start-
ing any kind of conversations with my section neighbors. It was very good that
from the first days such people respected in the shop by all considered me one of
their own and i frequently repeated to myself what I heard from them: 'This is a
matter, first of all that for which you are responsible.' I tried to do as they
did. Moreover, i was even amaxed why they treated me so well and so attentively
even like my father since I had hardly managed to deserve this. Or perhaps I was
simply lucky to be among good people. But later I learned and understood something
else. Whether I was lucky or not, a tradition was established in the shop which
~ communists kindly maintain--to give their experience to each novice. This meant
not only to teach him their skills but ~o give him a true party look at everythin,g
which he encounters in life. The senior forema~.n convinced me to graduate from the
evening school. I later entered the correspondenc;e division of the institute. It
was difficult and I almost dropped my studies, but my neighbors in the section,
communists, did not give up and helped to creatE~ conditions for normal study."
r
And could Nikolayev not feel sympathy ~oward fihe,5e people who had been so concerned
_ about him? Could he not desire to be something :Like them himself?
Once, when an urgent btit "unsuitable" order came into the section, Nikolay willing-
- ly took it on himself. He knew how ttie communists af the shop wvuld act in similar
cases. He took it on and completed it 1.5 times faster than expected. Soon, he,
a distinguished worker and young IC,~msomol, was el~~cted to the Y.omsomol organization
of the shop and later to the shop committee.
Listening to the story a't>out Nikolay Nikolayev, I unwillingly recall the words of
the party committee secret~ry that the education ~~f a young communist begins long
before he enters the party.
, And now Nikolay Nikolayev is a young communist. He touches with pride his inner
pocket of his jacket where his candidate's card :~s kept. His dream has come true.
But Nikolay understands that everything is only beginning. T'hey will now approach
him with a new measuring rod and with ne~,~ demand.s and a different demand is now on
him.
He will soon undergo self analysis before communists: how is he justifying the
trust of the collective.
And in fact how? He now looked at himself with di�ferent syes. He approached
himself with a different measuring rod. He had n~w received the assignment of
- machining a large lot of partsa Having thought it over he decided that all these
parts can be converted to casting. It turns out faster and less expensively and
both metal can be saved and the machine tool can be freed for more riecessary
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operations. He consulted with his comrades and they agreed, but warned him: but
don't be stopped by trouble." After all, the entire technique has been set up,
inscribed and it is not easy to chanye it. And true he will not get by without
having trouble. He then proceeded as the party conscience had guided him.
People now looked at him in a different light and trusted him more and pl~ced
greater hopes on him. And now Nikolayev together with experienced lathe operators
Smirnov and Fedorov suggest high-speed clamping accessories which would permit the
machine tool operator to work easily and quickly. They tested it on Nikolay's ma-
chine tool and the result was excellent. But again there is a problem: there are
18 lathe brigades in the shop. And all of them need these accessories. The com-
munists proposed that they be manufactured through the efforts of the collective
itself. And they were manufacturedl
There is also the expression: "It was not noticed how a person grew."
Everything is excellently noted in the LOMO party organization.
When the deadline approached, Nikolayev was unanimously accepted from among the
candidates to membership in the partp, And after several months the party bureau
recommended Nikolayev as a candidate for the party group organizationof the sec-
tion. And they were not wrong. Nikolay Nikolayev is now one of the best fighters
of the party group organizations, he enjoys prestige and has initiative and is
demanding. ~eryone in his section shares this opinion.
There is a small grinding shop at LOMO located on the side of the large shops.
Various special resins are made here for gluing glass and metal and grinding-
' polishing micropowders are mar.ufactured for machining optical surfaces. Once the
young tdina Kupriyanova--a resin work~r--gave a talk at a routine political meeting
in the workshap that was devoted to communist morality. Her first specialty--ma-
- chine tool operator--was cleaner and easier. But they needed someone more as a
resin worker in the smatl workshop and Nina decided to master this difficult occu-
pation as well, which she has not left up to this day. Nina w~s very adept in her
studies, referring to many works of artistic literature. And her female friends in
the shop--students of the circle--talked about her selflessness in work ~nd her
- responsiveness. The strict controller of OTK Yelena Fedorovna Knyazeva said: "If
everyone always worked like she does, there would be no need to be concerned about
quality." A propagandist told ai~out this in the shop party bureau.
- The communists of the section and among them Yelena Fedorovna Knyazeva willingly
gave recommendations to the young worker. And now Nina Kupriyanova is yet another
fighter in the party organization of the firm. She is really a fighter. Modest,
but decisive.
- Additional grinding materials were needed to machine the mirrors of a large tele-
scope. She convinced everyone to remain after the shift and was the first to take
on a large volume of the work. And for this she gained respect in the shop. It is
no accident that every time when foreman Viktor Vladimirovich Karikov goes on de-
- tached duty or goes on leave he leaves the section in the hands of Nina Kupriyan-
ova. The foreman is calm. H~ knows that he can rely on Kupriyanova and it makes
no difference that she is the youngest one. They respect her and know that she
will solve all problems with skill, ~ustice and in a party manner.
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_ And chere is yet another acquaintance: young engineer-researcher Vyacheslav
Grechkin from the Iaboratory of electronic components. He gave an excellent ac-
count of himself in difficult and complex investigations relateci to develo~ment of
a luminous flux stabilizer and other optical instriunents.
Several years ago the investigator was a rank and file radio installer and active
trade-union member at IAMO. Later with a pass of the firm he entered the Leningrad
Institute of Aviation Instrume~ Building and reti:rned to the design office as an
engineer. They trusted him with working out one of the problems, very important
for engineering progress in the optical industry. He coped successfully with it
and then gave an interesting report about his research at a conference of young
specialists of the firm. Problems of optics was Vyacheslav Grechkin's entire con-
cern. But why then does he devote evenixigs in the Central Lecture Hall and at
seminars in the House of Political E;ducation and which innovations does he con-
~ stantly seek out at the shops of baok stores where they sell political literature?
The fact is that Vyacheslav, having become a communist, performs a very important
commission in his design office. He is a political information specialist. At
first Grechkin was uncertain of himself: designers are themselves educated people
and what could he provide new to them? However, now when Vyacheslav Grechkin gives
a talk on political information in the design office during the lunch break in the
- recreation and reading room, almost everyone comes there. And it always turns out
that the young designer has the most interesting materials at his disposal regard-
less of what the discussion is about--about problems of environmental protection or
about the situation in the Near East or about the historical visits of Leonid
Tl'ich Brezhnev abroad related to the struggle for peace. Like most other young
communists, Vyacheslav Grechkin is a worthy member of our party and the important
service of the mentor communists of the association are responsible for this.
They are engaged on a planned basis and sequentially at LOMO in supplementing the
- party r~nks. This is one of the most important spheres of party committee activity.
= G~ec~a1 seminars of the party group orgar~izations and ~~Zeetings with party veterans
are devated to ed+,ication of young communists. The secretaries of the shop party
organizations specially listen to this problem at meetings of the party committee.
- Th~ personat and daily leadership of communists is very valuable dur~.ng the entire
period of the candidate period of those whom they have recommended. If a candidate
- for membership in the CPSU has committed some offense, his guarantors are usually
_ summoned to the bureau. The party committee has also organized a special school
of party candidates. Besides propagandists, managers of the firm appear at the
sessions and they talk about the primary problems of the association which all par-
ty members and the entire collective of the firm must resolve.
r~1d it is very important that every young communist be visible in this enormous
party organization. Every novice coming to the firm enters a favorable climate
where the atmosphere itself generat~s around him the dream to become a communist.
~1nd everything is done here to see that theae dreams come true.
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A BOOK WHICH HAS A THOUSAND AUTHORS
This is a book of forecasts whi,ch I continuously realized. These forecasts are not
from the field of fiction. They were predetermined beforehand, calculated before-
hand and they have a firm foundation that qunrantees that everything written down
will be done within the designated deadline. And every person working at LOMO, hav-
ing looked at this book, can learn what changes will occur at the firm during the
next five-year plan and what he himself can firmly count on, bearing in mind the im-
provement of working conditions, recreation conditions, raising of qualifications,
education, provision with housing, medical assistance, an increase of wages, that
is, how his living conditions will improve.
_ This book is the complex plan for the socioeconomic development af IAMO. It was
worked out by a special committee of leading specialists of the associacion with
th~e participation of sociologists and is discussed and adopted by all workers of
the firm--to coauthors of the plan and its direct executnrs.
The system of primary measures on mechanization and automation, to increase the
technical level, quality and specialization of produc~ion and to improve the man-
agement system is clearly determined in the book. And here, along with other prob-
lems, are invariably everyday social problems.
- For example, development of new instruments has an appreciable effect on the occu-
pational-qualification structure of the collective and the association needs people
- of completely new specialties: engineer-technicians and engineer-investigators to
develop hybrid intQgrated microcircuits, engineer-designers in fiber optics, opti-
cal assemblers in fiber optics, operators of electronic units for mathematical mod-
elling of new developments. And they have been trained beforehand. It is clear to
everyone that rnore adjusters with higher and secondary engineering education are
needed directly in the shops in adjustment of instruments and that adjustment of
complex photoelectronic instruments can be carried out by a worker only with a
higher technical education and that the knowledge of qualified workers should ap-
proach in their own level the knowledge of diploma specialists.
Vigorous scientific and technical progress caused a serious socia~ problem through-
out the world: the need for new measures in the occupational-qualification struc-
ture of labor collectives. It was justly decided that the rapid occupational
growth of a collective should be the social consequence of technical progress in
the association.
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In order that each rank and file worker become more qualified, a special academic
cambine was creat~d at the firm in complete accord with the plan for social devel-
apment. A total of 5,000 workers and engineering and technical personnel study
annually in an enormous building with an area of 2,000 square meters. Each audi-
torium an d each ~ffice are supplied with the most modern equipment up to electronic
systems for proqrammed teaching.
Who studies here and what do they stu3y?
All new workers (except those who have completed the PTU at the firm) are taught
the theory and practice of any occupation chosen by them. Everything that a lathe
operator or milling machine operator or optical engineer should know, let us say,
in theory is learned in the classes. Everything in practice is learned in special
training-~roduction shops.
_ Courses are taught here to raise the c~ualifications of even the mo~t experienced
workers, courses of "goal designation": timely training of workers to mastei the
- assembly of instruments which the firm must manufacture in the near future.
Every worker can obtain a secondary, related occupation here. Moreover, the lead-
ing experience of the best production innov~ators is constantly studied in this
_ training combine. It is felt that the saving from a planned increase of qualifica-
tions of workers of the firm comprises 112,000 rubles annually. The source of this
income is a rapid increase of labor productivity. ,
There is a special class of "simulators." The occupational suitability of a person
for one or another specialty which the firm needs is determined here by means of
instruments and tests.
Semin~-~rs arc. held continuously in the training combine of the firm to raise the
qualifications and creative growth of foremen, engineers, technicians and desig,zers.
Many of them combine production work wifih scientific activity. The future scien--
_ tists have the opportunity to pass the candidate minimum in philosophy and a foreign
languacre in the training combine.
There is a two-shift school of young workers here whPre they obtain a complete
' secondary education. For those who plan to obtain higher education without inter-
ruption from production, a vuz preparatary group has been created. An academic
consultation office has been created for correspondence students. There is a tech-
nical school at the firm where young workers or the children of workers of the as-
sociation also mainly study.
And now among those who develop the latest optical instruments at IAMO are more than
3,000 graduates of the young workers' scriool. and more tha~n a thousand graduates of
the technical school and hundreds of workers who have achi~eved a higher education.
It became possible to place more than 600 workers who achi~ved a secondary techni-
cal education with the assistance of the firm in assembly, debugging, regulation
and installation of the most complex instruments.
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Special groups of engineers in adjustment of electronic and optical systems were
created and work here in six mechanical assembly shops. People with higher edu-
cation were taken to perform the most crucial production operations where diverse
and extensive theoretical training is required.
The complex plans for socioeconomic development stimulate the mutual interests of
the firm and of its collective for the successful results of labor.
This mutual interest was expxessed, specifically, in such indisputable facts: la-
bor productivity was doubled during the Ninth Five-Year Plan and almost the entire
growth of product volume (98 percent) was achieved due to this. The wages of
workers increasad an average of 27 percent and tha~ of machine tool operators in-
creased by 40 percent. The additional, 13th wage comprised 75 percent of the aver-
age monthly wages. The material incentives fund of the workers more than doubled
during the five-year period.
The firm spends millions of rubles every five-year period on housing construction,
recreation, therapy, education, on construction of he~alth resorts, tourist bases,
sports structures, pioneer camps and kindergardens.
The personal incentives of each worker, employee and engineer in the success of his
. own firm increase with each year. The people of LOMO are convinced in their own
experience of the inseparability of the firm's interests and those of each one work-
ing at it.
I have related in this chapter only some of the items of the complex plan for socio-
economic development that have already been implemented.
"The House Where We Live"
improving the housing conditions of the LOMO workers is one of the most important
directions of the complex plan for ttle socioeconomic development of the association.
The firnl is building an apartment building.
New residents from LOM~J can more and more frequently be found in the most diverse
rayons of ~he city. And almost entire quarters are populated by workers of the
firm at Vyborskaya Stornoa. LOMO now has more than 100 of their own apartment
buildings. They are comfortable with all the conveniences of modern apartments.
These apartment buildings are carefully appointed and are equipped with mechanized
laundries and service shops have been organized. The firm expended more than 1.5
million rubles during the Ninth Five-Year Plan on repair and appointment of their
own apartment buildings.
More than half of all the LOMO workers live in apartment buildings belonging to
- the association. Moreover, the firm now participates in participatory construction
of a number of apartment buildirags which the city is undertaking. It appropriates
- hundreds of thousands of rubles for this construction from the social development
fund. And this means that tens of families of many workers and employees of the
association will receive new apartments.
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Yet Another Facet
Yes, the complex plan of the firm is multifaceted. But there is a human being be-
hind every line of it. A human personality with his own secular demands, passions,
attractions and interests. Yes, it is really a human personality. They are per-
_ sistently and uniformly concerned here about the haxmonious development of each
worker, about his ideolo~ical and general cultural out~.ook and about acquiring the
treasure of all social riches which literature, music, movies and generally any
artistic creativity can provide for man.
, Let us take a look at the House of Culture Progress, which is not really a house
but a combine of culture. It immediately combines three enormous clubs, recon-
structed and equipped on a modern basis, which is required for any type of recrea-
tion which one prefers.
Two peoples' universities regularly work here with 11 faculties in different fields
of knowledge, 14 clubs "for interests"--amateur music, movie excuzsions, ~ourism,
collecting, photography and so on.
More than half of the workers at LOMO are actively involved in 52 artistic
collectivesi
The library has 150,000 volumes. Select any book--classics, Russian and foreign,
any works of Soviet literature and all journals--literary, social-political and
engineering.
It is calculated that more than 300,000 persons visit the House o� Culture during
a year. They come because they are interested! I frequently met workers and en-
gineers here whom I had met at the firm, gathering material for this book. I saw
some at concerts of the wind ensemble preparing a new program. I met others in the
vocal class and still others in the choreography studio. I saw how the instrument
ensemble attentively studied new works. I observed how assemblexs of movie cameras,
tool and die workers and operaters of thecomputer center carefully work out each
step in the school of ballroom dancing. Moreover, LOMO can be rightfully proud of
, its ensemble Kristall, that has become popular far beyond the firm. Kristall
propagandizes modern ballroom dances and helps young workers to gain a deeper feel-
ing for music and to develop good taste.
- Incidentally, the young people devote special attention here: colorful occasions
of young wives and holidays for young parents are arranged here. A young family
club has been created. The members of this club meet with teachers, physicians,
sociologists and other specialists for frank discussions and consultations on
questions concerning them.
Those who come here with children need have no concern with whom they leave them.
A special room has been especially allocated for young people where the children
can play at any games. Experienced teachers arrange jolly amusements, ~heatrical
meetings with heroes of fables and show them animated films.
Incidentall~, no one is left without attention here. Old female workers can com-
fortably sit in the company of their spouses at their knitting and can listen to
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music or can improve their dresamaking. Veterans of World War II give reminiscen-
ces to young workers. Heroes of Lat,or meet with their own young shift. Frequent
and desired guests of this House of Culture are well-known Soviet writers, compos-
ers, artists and painters. They acquaint the opticians with their own new works
and make creative plans for the future.
Meetings with interesting people whom workers ~f LOMO love so are not only meetings
with well-known guests but with their own "firm" workers. Is it not interesti.ng to
- r~eet, let us say, with metalworker Boris Nikolayevich Anisimov--a foreman in manu-
facture of mockups of new movie cameras and simultaneously a painter--landscapist
- and portraiti.st and participant of many exhibitions? Or to hear the amazing story
and see the films taken by underwater swimming amateur in the depths of the sea,
optical engineer Aleksandr Mikhaylov, or to visit an evening of poetry arranged by
worker-poets from the lithography association of the firm?
There are 1,500 athletes involved in 22 sports sections at LOMO. Among them are
178 masters of sport and thou~ands of ranked athletes. A total of 30 masters of
_ sport of the USSR, 4 candidates for master and 50 athletes of first rank were edu-
cated in one ~ection of track athletics alone. Many of the students of the sports
sections are participants and winners at the All-Union Spartikads and in the Olympic
Games. The supervisor of the school of higher sports skills at the firm is V. I.
Alekseyev--a multiple champion of the USSR in track and his students have estab-
lished 39 world re~cords. Highly qualified specialists conduct exercises with ama-
teur athletes. 1~mong them are 10 meritorious trainers of the USSR and RSFSR.
From year to year the firm alZocates tens of thousanda of rubles to development of
physical culture and sport in their own collective. LOMO workers have at their
disposal an excellent stadium with total complex of spo~ts equipment and stands for
spectators, a rowing and bicycling-skiing base and a shooting range. Construction
of an enormous new sports complex with central sports club, two soccer training
fields, a swimming pool and other structures has begun.
This is only one line from the plan for socioeconomic developmentl
The Lunch Table of the Firm
"How did they feed you today?" A machine tool operator or optical engineer, having
returned to his jobsite after the lu.~ch break, frequently hears this question.
Both his foremen and shop chief and the general director himself if he is nearby
asks him aY~out this. Not to mention the managers of the party or trade-union
organization.
A good lunch is important. If one wishes, this is most of all an additional re-
serve of labor productivity. After all, this additional reserve is not only in
new equipment or in innovative experience. It ~s also born at the lunch table and
- in the workers' dining hall.
Therefore, the firm considers all dining halls in the associat3.on, whether they
are formally subordinate to it or not, as one of the most important subdivisions
in the plant .
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This vital (in the literal sense) question has arisen repeatedly at meetings of
the most active party members of the firm and at trade-union conferences. Thus in
time was born the idea of creating a public catering combine that combined all the
various dining halls. And this made it possible to mechanize the work processes
in preparation of food, to improve its quality and to see that each one could each
- lunch with pleasure and rapidly. Of course it is easy to say "rapidly." The com-
bine had to prepare tens of thousands of dishes daily.
The firm took on itself expenditures on mechanization and similar conversions.i And
allocations from the profits for construction and reconstruction of the dining
halls are also provided in the complex plan for socioeconomic development o� LOMO.
Everything changed within one year alone. The large dining halls, beautifully
draped windows, restful painting of the walls and the soft color of the fluorescent
lights. Comfortable furniture and clean, fresh air.
The partitions everywhere are made of glass panels in the kitchens, bakery and in
the pan::ries, the walls are paz~elled and ceramic tile is on the floor. Restful and
- convenient cloakrooms have been equipped for the service personnel.
And the main thing is that equipment that facilitates the work of the ooks has
been installed at each step. Snack bars supplied with mQdern equipment appeared in
the shops. And in each of them one could obtain steaks, fish, shashliks, hot tea,
coffee, fresh milk, cream, kafir, fruit juices, eggs and pastries.
A new, beautiful building appea~ed on the territory of the enterprise. This is the
culinary store constructed by the firm which also operates as an ordinary cafeteria.
One can drop in here for a slice of bread and butter, can eat hot sausages, can pur-
chase a cup of coffee or cocoa with a pastry, pie or puff-pastry. And after the
shift the women, so as not to lose t3me after the work day standing in lines in
stores, can purchase semi-finished products here.
tWnen summer begins and the bushes begin to bloom in the plant yard, an open-air
cafe begins to operate in the shadow of young trees. One can l:ave a good meal
here and at the same time can watch the perforcmance of participants of artistic
endeavors, listen to a short lecture or learn interesting news.
- The combine now has at its disposal a first-class factory kitchen, confectionery,
= family of dining halls and excellent snack bars in each shop.
And the t:.me when a machine tool operator or metalworker, sensing the approach of
lunchtime tooked anxiously at his watch, has been forgotten at the firm. And an-
other time, switching nff his machine tool "ahead of schedule," he hurried to get
- into line into the dining hall. Everyone now has lunch as they wish and what they
want. Z'here is also time to breathe in the fresh air on a garden bench, to look
through a fresh journal ar to listen to the radio.
If a diet has been prescribed, don't worry. Diet nutrition organization is the
subject of the most careful concern at the firm. There is now a special dining
hall for 640 persons here. And there are special diet tables in all the other
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dining halls of the combine. Any worker of the firm, if he has a doctor's pre-
scription, is fully provided with the necessary treatment and dietetic nourishment.
Incidentally, hundreds of people receive dietetic nourishment at a discount here
" and many receive it absolutely free due to social insurance.
The physicians of the LOMO polyclinic felt that, due to therapeutic nourishment,
the periods of loss of capacity due to illnesses relv~ed to the digestive organs
were reduced by one-third.
Yes, of course, it is not a simple and easy task to feed many thousands of people
well and with taste who are engaged in two shifts in the shops of the enterprise
and even more so the young people relaxing in Pioneer camps, plust the mar.y dacha
dwellers in Tarasovo village and other places.
- And outside the city in Tarasovo village, the LOMO firm has yet another unique
"enterprise." It is both pastures, orchards and potato fields and berry planta-
tions. Herds of cattle, hundreds of swine feeding and an enormous poultry house
can be seen here. The auxiliary fazm, like everything related to the firm, is
well-appointed, mechanized and supplied with modern equipment.
Its own auxiliary farm, wel?-set-up and profitable, is a guarantee of the highest
quality af products to the firm's dininq table.
Good Health to Youl ~
These words are from the letter of Anna Vlasovna P., a worker in the optical shop,
to the LOMO hospital.
She fell ill suddenly arad they took her directly from home to the hospital. Not
to the regular city hospital but to her own "firm" hospital on Chugunnaya Ulitsa.
Anna Vlasovna's condition was serious. Moreover, it was critical. A complex oper-
ation related to trepanation of the skull was requiredl. Only the most neurosur-
geons could save the female worker. And only in a cli~nic supplied with the most
modern medical equipment.
And all this was in "its own" hospital attached to the firm.
- A complicated operation was immediately carried out on Anna Vlasovna. They cared
for the female worlcer carefully after the operation until she was completely on her
' feet. And now she is again working as before in the optical shop.
Here is a note from her book of reminiscences and wishes:
"They performed an operation on me which they could not do at the institute on
Bronnitskaya Ulitsa. I am now walking arourid at home like a healthy person. My
respects to youl A. Pikovskaya."
"I am happy that S. Zlotnikov performed the operation on me. All the patients ad-
mire your great skills, enormous love of labor and kindness. P. icorchagin, 81
years old."
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"You cannot even imagine how I am happy that we have such a sanitary unit. They
- could never help m~ in any sanitorium as they do here, especially the manganese
and carbon baths� Foundry worker Ivanenko."
Letters, letters and enthusiastic reviews. From those who have been saved, from
those extxacted from severe circumstances and from those to whom health, vitality
and jo~ of life has been returned.
Valentina Geargiyevna Terent'yeva, the chief physician of the medical-sanitation
service of LOMO, pridefully shows off her "facilities." Two polyclinics, four ex-
- cellently organizsd health stations and a hospital. And the laboratories--a clin-
ical, biological, microbiological, functional diagnostics, physical therapy depart-
ment with large, excellently appointed offices for light and electronic therapy,
mud baths for tak.ing paraffin baths and pools in which patients with especially
- severe forms of radiculitis are treated. We visited with her in the pulmonological
office, in the physical culture treatment office and in the dental and otorhenolog-
ical office.
The real palace of health preservation is the new, main building of the LOMO hos-
pital, constructed quite recently. From afar an enormous white building surrounded
by a chorus of trees is visible. The wide reflecting windows flash in the sun like
gold. The large rooms, laboratories, operating and recover~~ rooms and the comfort-
able wards impress one with their cleanliness and bre~the with an air of quiet.
There are 200 beds in the new building. New wards have been opened--nerve, oto-
rhenological and special surgical wards.
In one year alone the firm spent more than 100,000 rubles to acquire the latest
medical equipment--Soviet and imported. There are also instruments in this hospital
which are being used for the first time in medical practice and incidentally devel-
oped here at the firm.
I met not only "their own" staff specialists in this hospital but also pro�essors
of the First Medical Institute and the Military Medical Academy. They see patients
here, perform operations, are involved in scientific research, improve the method
of operation on the chest and abdominal organs, use the latest method~ of rehabil-
itation and carry out qualified postoperative observa~ion. They help the hospital
medical workers to master modern operations on the vessels of the lungs.
The medical workers have at their disposal excellent equi~ment, modern wards, in-
cludinq rehabilitation wards with the latest electronic apparatus, an endoscope
office wirh the most modern instruments for optical diagnosis.
Fwerything advanced and new is being in~roduced in the treatment center of the
firm, like at the firm itself, and neither effort nor funds are spared on this.
The concern about the health of workers is an inseparable part of the extensive
program foz economic and sncial development of the collective.
"The Resort Shop"
"I don't need to go to the Crimea or to the Caucasus. I would like to go to
Tarasovo."
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One can frequently hear these words now in the trade-union committee of LOMO.
What kind of place is this to which many, very many workers, engineers and employ-
ees of the Leningrad Optical-Mechanical Association are ready to pass up the golden
beaches of the Black Sea and the mountain air of the Caucasus? This place is on
the Karelis peninsula.
Perhaps, the definition "corner" is not quite accurate for such a large, well-
appointed recreation zone. Everything in the center of this forest village is
like that in a real city: a post office, House of Culture and dispensary. Every-
thing is also in mcadern style. There is also a d~partment store with reflective
show windows and neon signs.
And around it arP located many comfortable cottages painted in the most diverse
colors in groves of lilacs, in the gold of cactus plants and in the floating fires
_ of peonies. Entire families relax at these dachas, constructed by the firm for its
workers. The inhabitants df each cottage have at their ciisposal furniture and
everything required. Here nearby, a special store s~tls a large quantity of semi-
finished products of ineat, vegetables and dairy proclucts.
And if you don't want to cook at home, you can enjoy an excellent cafe. This, is a
beautiful and comfortable structure. It is an airy, brightly painted room, ap-
pointed with light, plastic-covered tables and chairs. There is everything here
for a good mood. And it becomes even better when the steaminq dishes, shashliks
and arocnatic meals appear on the tables.
I met in this cafe with the Mikhaylov family, LOMO workers, with whom 2 hac~ come
in the fircr,'s bus. They invited me to their tahle. Cool dry wine and fruits ap-
_ peared. Pavel Yevseyevich, an old milling machine operator, sharing a bottle of
Cynandal on the occasion of "a successful move to new quarters," said:
"There is relaxation and there is relaxa~ion. And when I come here with my wife
then let my Anna Matveyevna be freed from the kitchen. But I am uncomfortable
- here. We work identically: I at a machine tool and Anna Matveyevna on the con-
veyor. And should she work here as well--no. It's true, during this season we
wanted to cook ourselves and my wife is the foreman on this account. But we came
here once or twice simply out of curiosity. We liked it. We had breakfast, lunch
and dinner in any form. If you want dairy products or if you want meat dishes they
are here. The diet is whatever you require. There are salads and desserts of
whatever you like. And if you love Caucasian dishes, then of course you can find
them here. There is enough and it is tasty. So we decided to take our meals here."
It was easy �or Mikhaylov to convince me to do this. Especially after I had myself
"tested" tfie breakfast, lunch and dinner here. The cafe's popularity was not born
- of itself.
First, the very best products from their own auxiliary farm are served here. Sec-
- ond, the most experienced and most inventive cooks are sent to this cafe from the
food combine during the vacation season. And third, LOMO has outfitted the kitchen
unit of the cafe with the most modern culinary equipment.
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Coming out of this cafe, one can go into the cafe-ice cream pavilior~ if one
desires.
Generally there is a place to eat and a place to satisfy one's sweet tonth. On
this day at Tarasovo I also met another acquaintance--assembler of optical equip-
ment Sergey Vladimirovich Smirnov. He had r3one to the lake with his wife and two
children. The parents were holding fishing rods in their hand and the children
were holding a pail for the forthcoming catch. The Smirnovs had arranged themselves
in a special pension together with their children, not interfering with anyone.
Forty families take their vACation simultaneously in this pension.
"This is so comfortable," says Smirnov, "comfortable and quiet. The children are
with you where you can see them and when can you be with them at other times? So
that you can be free of any 'current' concerns."
"But do they not get bored with you here?"
"tnThat do you meanl There is everything here for the young people--a sports area,
swings, any type of attractions, soccer, volleyball, competitions, excursions and
special daily movies. But now we are going together to the lake with our fishing
rods."
We walked along a forest road and then through a flowering meadow, again through
the forest and suddenly in frent flashed far-off, blinking in the sun with gold
lights, a cool. and large mounta~n lake which had attracted almost the entire "pop-
ulation" of the village on this hot day. Hundreds of vacationers, especially young
ones, were sunbathing on the beach, swimming in the lake 3nd playing ball. The
beach at Tarasovo has been equipped as lovingly and carefully as those of the best
resorts: comfortable dressing cubicles, sun-protective umbrellas and lounge chairs.
After some time I again saw them with their fishing rods in a boat, far beyonc~ the
buoys surrounding the safety zone for swimming.
They were not alone on the lake. The firm has constructed a boating station at
Tarasovo and any person can if he desires take the oars and travel around the
picturesque lake or simply fish a little bit, dropping his anchor in a beloved spot.
It would take more than a day to cover every corner here. There are approxi.mately
100 new country cottages here. Some are in the deep forest, others are somewhere
on the slope of a hill and still others are in a grove near the brook. Everywhere
there is space, freedom, quiet and calmness.
IIut if you go a kilometer or two in the other direction, you can unexpectedly hear
a guitar from far off, Happy melodies are replaced by sad ones, sad ones by happy
ones or. suddenly you hear popular sing.ing among several voices. There is a tent
village in the space among the forest trees. This is the firm's young people's
camp. Athletes and tourists travel here in entire companies. Attra~tive walks
along short and long paths and among forests, lakes and waterfalls begin here.
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Not far from the tent village is an entire sports complex: tennis players battle
on an excellent court and teams formed from the vacationers compete on the volley-
ball and basketball courts. The endless battles of skittles players proceed on a
specially equipped area.
Young sisters Anna and Lidiya Poyarkova are workers from the tool and die shop.
"I and Anna," says Lidiya, "spend almost all our days off here at the two-day vaca-
tion base if only we can receive passes."
And she added:
"You can judge yourself what can be better, especially here, in summer on a day
off, you have no concerns about eating and you are ready for anything. And of
course it attracts you. You can go to dances in the evening--there are dance areas
~ in the open air here. There is a brass band here. And if the weather is bad you
can go to the library or to the movies. And what a movie theater there is in the
club! And the films such as Nevskiy are first rate. Or you can go to a concert.
Or to an amateur evening. You are not bored here. You return to the shop and it's
as if you have been born again--you are fresh and the work is incomparably easier.
In general, Tarasovo is Tarasovol"
And everyone whom I met here tal.ked with enthusiasm about their "own" Tarasovo.
Quite recently here at the firm's resort the new and without any exaggeration the
most excellent pension Dubki became operational here. Its construction, like de-
, velopment of the entire "resort shop," was als+~ provided in the plan for socio-
economic development of LOMO for the Ninth Five-Year Plan. And as stipulated, the
firm did not spare expenditures. And the hundrPds of thousands of rubles which it
selflessly allocated from its own profits to create Dubki were worth it. I am now
convinced of this myself.
It is enormous with magical outlines of the banks of ponds. Along the shore
stretched a long, light and very unique three-story building with wide entrances.
The tall and luxuriant crowns of the young oaks and poplars, birches and maples
- surrounded it in a green ring. You h~ve only to open the doors of the wide en-
trance and you i.mmediately enter an at�mosphere of the most complete comfort, beauty,
elegance and quiet. The interiors of the chess hall, dining hall, guest rooms, li-
braries and dance floors have been done with such fine artistic taste and skill.
But the main thing is that the residential apartments, each of which is designed
for two vacationers, are good and comfartable. The comfortable and beautiful
furniture, mirrors, soft rugs and flowers. One can, having freely arranged one-
self in a comfortable and soft chair turn on the stereophonic receiver and listen
to music. Or one can see a television set in this comfartable and beautiful room
or one can refresh oneself with a shower in the evening before g4ing to bed or in
the morning after an exercise. Everything has been carefully provided here--from
_ soft slippers near the doors of your room to fresh flowers on the table. If you
wish to play chess you can always find a partner and "defender" in the chess pavil-
ion. If you with to compete at billiards then do sa, a billiards pavilion has been
constructed alongside the pension.
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And if the evening is a little warm and you are tired of walking and do not wish
to sit in your room, you don't have to. Lights flash in the evening on the green
stage and there will undoubtedly be something there interesting for you: a meeting
with a w~iter, a concert ar simply happy, amusing games at which one can relax.
~verything is harmonious at Dubki, where approximately 2,G00 persons now take their
vacation every year, and everything has been combined successfully--both restful
- nature and the skills of the builders and artists and the caring hands of the
managers.
Moreover, the first good traditions have already aris+en at Dubki: the birthdays
of the vacationers who come for a vacation in the per,~.sion are recognized collective-
ly and solemnly and with happy arrangement, On the d~~y when I had occasion to visit
the dining hall there, they were cangYatulating four warkers of the firm at lunch on
their birthdays. They were seated at the same table and the chief cook set a large,
steaming holiday pie, baked with his own hands, in their honor on a large tray to
general applause.
The day that I spent at Tarasovo will be long remembered. I recall not only the
magical--beautiful places and the excellent structures, but also the small emblem
which you always see on the facades of the dachaa, stores, cafe and pensions--
everywhere. This is the LOMO emblem. The firm's mark.

~
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LOMO DURING THE IOTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN
LOMO has confidently stepped acr.oss the threshold of the lOth Five-Year Plan, rais-
ing itself to a new level, having fulfilled all tasks of the Ninth Five-Year Plan
ahead of schedule and having provided the country many million rubles' worth of
products about the plan.
Behind is one of the most important phases of technical dev~elopment: 13 of the
largest shops were reconstructed during the past five-year plan and approximately
- 1,000 of the latest highly productive machine tools were installed. The wages of
workers, engineers and employees were increased by an average of 17 percent. Their
material incentives in the total success of the firm was increased.
The volume of industrial production during the past five-year plan increased by
79 percent and primarily due tn an increase of labor productivity. A total of 360
completely new types of instruments meeting all modern requirements was developed
and manufactured. The output of consumer goods, including movie cameras, movie
projectors and still cameras, was altnost doubled.
- The collective of the firm produced additional products with more than one million
rubles during the days af the watch prior to the Party Congress alone.
And of course, the warm, hearty congratulations of General Secretary of the CPSU
Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev was the very highest mark of the association's labor and of
- all the collectives and organizations that participated in creation and introduc-
tion of the world's largest astronomical telescope with main mirror six meters in
- diameter.
LOMO entered the lOth Five-Year Plan with this "baggaqe," full of resolve to ful-
fill it ahead of schedule. In their letter on the eve of the 25~h CPSU Congress,
the Leningrad opticians wrote to the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Commit-
Committee:
"Having entered a new phase ia~ the strugqle for further production efff.ciency and
quality of labor at each jobsite in the name of the most rapid increase of the
economy and standard of living, we Leningrad opticians have adopted increased so-
cialist pledges and counterplans for 1976 amd have concentrated our efforts in
providing the highest growth rates of labor productivity, improvement of produc-
tion and management and in a continuous rise of the technical level af products
produced and of the economy both large and small."
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How will this be implemented in practice? This is discussed in the second inter-
view with the general director of the firm, xero of Socialist Labor, winner of the
State Prize, delegate to the 25th CPSU Congress Mikhail Panfilovich Panfilov:
"The main thing for us today is to solve the tasks posed by the 25th CPSU Congress.
The collective of our association is faced with making a contribution to solution
of the problem of raising the technical level and of increasing the output of in-
struments of v~rious designation."
"During the new five-year plan we should provide a further increase in the voltune
of production by no less than 65 percent, mainly clue to an increase of labor pro-
ductivity. The output of articles, most impoztant for the national economy and
science--spectral measuring instruments and microscopes--will be more than doubled."
As one of the main tasks, the 25th Congress posed an increase of output of consumer
goods with a simultaneous improvement of its quality and variety. Therefore, ~ae
~ r:,u~t develop the production of consumer gc?ods at accelerated rates.
The most important direction of our work durinc~ the Ninth Five-Year Plan will be
to increase the technical. level and quality of products produced, Mpre than 300
nomenclatures of experimental models and new unique instruments should be manu-
factured dur~ing the five-year plan and more than 120 articles should be put into
serial production.
We ~~lan to increase 2.5-fold the specific weight of pro~ucts of the highest cate-
gory of quality, to present 57 articles for the emblem of quality and to achieve
a situation so that our instruments meet these requirements from the first phases
of development. It is not suffici~ent today to pose the task of achieving the level
of the leading foreign firms. We can and should develop our own, Soviet level and
produc,e articles of the highest w~orld class."
"The opticians ge:~erally have the broadest prospects for development," continues
_ Mikhail Panfilovich. "And this is natural because both today and in the future
scientific and technical progross is impossible in any field without it. Take,
for example, the prospects for development of ineasuring instruments. I think that
within several years almost all our measuring instriunents will operate jointly with
r_.c,mp~~ters of~various designation that provide rapid receipt of information and also

~ ~igh-speed data processing."
"Th~ use of computers to process infozmation permits not only a significant in-
crease of the labor productivity of the investigator but also replacement of sub-
_ jective analyses of_ investigators with more precise and stricter analyses."
"we have already put into serial production new spectrophotometers for express
analysis of alloys in metallurgical production that provide acceleratior of the
processes and increase the quality of inetals, new quantometers to analyze impuri-
ties in motor oil that permit elimination of pxemature wear of them and make it
possible to extend the operating cycles between repairs."
"The saving from using the new spectral instruments in the metallurgical and chem-
ical inclustry alone and in transport comprises tens of millions of rubles."
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i
"Because of extensive unification and standardization, new families of biological,
fluorescent and polarization microscopes are being developed and put into produc-
tion. New equipment has now been developed and already put into serial production
- to illuminate television centers that transmit colnr pictures."
~ "We feel another direction of our work is very important--to develop microscopes
that provide live investigation of biological objects. We plan in the future to
produce microscope-photometers which will permit our scientists to rapidly obtain
information about the structural and different physicochemical properties of liv-
ing cells."
"The future of the firm is also related to the output of ~~;ze latest spectral in-
struments used in the most diverse fields bf scientific research and production;
- our spectral instruments used in the chemical and metallurgical industry for ex-
press analysis will multiply their functions and will not only be used as automatic
, analyzers but will also be able to control the most complex production processes."
"Incidentally, medicine is now very interested in using our instruments to deter-
mine the content of rare-earth metals in the blood. This will permit much more
refined diagnosis of one or another diseases and determination of the absolutely
precise dosage of inedicines."
"Much could be said about those telescopes, still and movie cameras and equipment
for movies and television which we now produce and which we will produce in the
future. But if I talk about everything you would need too many new pages."
"After all, the specifics of our pJ.ant itself forces us all the time to seemingly
feel the pulse of technical progress and all the time to look constantly ahead so
as not to lag behind the requirements of time by one iota."
"General Secretary of the CPSU Central Comanittee L. I. Brezhnev named the lOth
_ Five-Year Plan one of quality. And this means that we should struggle with still
greater efforts to produce an excellent product, to win the personal mark for even
more of our workers and to increase responsibility of ea~h one for the quality of
the articles produced. Moreover, we are planning to present 57 new instruments for
the certificate of emblem of quality. But by 1980 we must bring the weight of this
production up to 34 percent, in other words, to considerably exceed the indicators
which we achieved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Moreover, I would like to note
that each of us should strive to fulfill the task td increase the guaranteed ser-
vice life of a considerable number of instruments approximately 1.5-fold."
"Further expansion of producti.on capacities will also be continued. Primarily,
the builders will erect a new optical building and by the end of the five-year plan
we should put into operation yet another building of 50,000 square meters. We will
continue reconstruction and spec~.alization of production. A a~umber of new mechan-
ized shops, warehouses and highly mechanized sections will be opened and additional
automatic and conveyor lines will be introduced. And new highly productive equip-
ment, including industrial robots, will be installed to carry out further mechan-
ization of the shops."
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- "The primary task is to increase production efficiency. The incrPasing role of
capital investments in technical re-equipping and reconstruction of existing pro-
duction is being provided for this purpose in the basic directions for development
of the national economy."
"Z'he problem of increasing the output of products with each ruble of basic funds
is being placed on this basis."
"we also plan during the lOth Five-Year Plan to increase the volume of production,
mainly due to further reconstruction and technical re-equipping of the shops and
sections. For example, it is planned in our five-year plan of socioeconomic devel-
opment to mechanize an additional five shops and 11 sec~ions in a complex manner.
The number of machine tools with program control will be doubled."
The struggle for production efficiency and quality is unthinkable without continu-
ous improvement of personnel. And the firm has constructed a new training center--
a multistoried building supplied with all modern teaching hardware, especially to
train and retrain their own personnel."
"A total of 2,000 young men and women of 11 occupations will be trained in this
center in only one PTU. Besides the occupations, each student of the PTU will re-
ceive a diploma of graduation from secondary school. They will all link their fu-
ture to the firm."
"Generally, everything is going according to plan and according to the plan for
socioeconomic development of the firm for the lOth Five-Year Plan. Much has been
provided according to this plan to further improve working conditions, everyday
life and recreation of the workers."
"As you can see, new horizons are being opened to the firm during the lOth Five-
Year Plan and we are confident that we shall fulfill everything planned by the
25th Party Congress!"
- END -
C OI'YK [GHT : Leni2daL, 1976
~ G521
CSO: 8044/1G76
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