JPRS ID: 10552 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10552
28 May 1982
U SS R Re ort
~
AGRICU~TURE
CFOUO 8/82)
FBIS FOR~I~N BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10552
; 28 May 1982
~
USSR REPORT
A~RICULTURE
' (FOUO 8/82J
CONTENT~
TILI,ING ANB CROPPING TECHNOLOGY
Use of Aircraft in Agrochemical Work ~
(V. M. Rurilo; SEL'SKOYE KHOZYAYSTVO TU'RI~TISTANA,
Oct 81) 1
Effectiveness of Aviation-Chemical Work in Turlanenistan
(V. Kurilo; SEI,'SKOYE KHOZYAYSTPO TURI~iENISTANA,
Jan 8 2) L1
Role of Sor~hum Cultivation Reviewed
(~~~~C3TE~H1,IIYA.I ~&IORATSTYA Fe1z~,;82,:_,,SBt.~~BQYE
KHOZYAYSTVO UZBEKISTANA, Nov ~1) 8
~ Cultivation on Irrigated Zand, by V. I. Ostapov,
et al.~
New Sorghum Varieties, by A. Kryzhinskaya, T.
T. Tursunbayev
Extensive Use of Aircraft in Agricul~ural Work Foreseen
(B. Bychkov; SEI~'SK~YE KH~ZYAYSTVO NECHERNOZEM~YA,
Mar 8 2) 13
Briefs 15
An-28 for Agricultural Work i5
- Aeri al Fertilizer Application
_ a _ [III - USSR ~ 7 FOUO]
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~ TILLING AND CROPPING TECHNOLOGY
USE OF AIRCRAFT IN AGRO~HII`iICAL WORK
Ashkhabad SEL'SKOYE KHOZYAYSTVO TURKN~ENISTANA in Russian No 10, Oct 81 p 31
�[Article by V. M. Kurilo: "In the Service of the Harvesr."]
[Text] Agricultural aviation has become a constituent part of the program being
implemented by the party for extensive utilization of the co~~~ntry`s industrial's
potential in order to advance agriculture and further improv~ the wsll-being of the
people. It has entered solidly into the lives of the kolkhozes and sovkhozes and
actively assists agricultural workers in their struggle for large crops and increas-
ed effectiveness a:id advanced science of farming.
Under the Tenth Five-Year Plan the aviators provided for successful fulfillment of
the planned assignments and treated 450 million hectares of agricultural land from
the air. There is a tendency for the proportion of chemical work done by aviation
ro increase and by 198G it amounted to about 40 percent of the overall volume of
work f or applying chemicals in agriculture.
Distinguished by high productivity, maneuverability and universality, agricultural
aviaCion provides for conducting aviation chemical work at the best agrotechnical
time periods. The importance of this work has to do with the possibility of per-
forming regardless of the condition of the so~l, the stage of vegetation of the
plants and the relief of the area, without disturbing the ~tructure of the soil or
damaging the plants. In terms of economic effectiveness, for many kinds of work
airplanes and helicopters have a significant advantage over modern ground machines
that are intended for applying toxic chemicals. Replacing ground technical equip-
ment with aviation on just 1 million hectares relieves 1,300-1,600 workers and
1,000-1,200 tractors of the task of field work for applying mineral fertilizers
during the busy periods on the farms, and when it is used .to apply herbicides and
other means of plant protection it relieves 5,300-6,800. workers and 3,300 tract~rs
during a season. ~
The most~widespread have been ultra low volume spraying (UMG) with 2.4D herbicide
- for fighting against weeds on areas planted in winter and spring wheat and rice,
using centrifugal liquid sprayers with AN-2 aircraft, and top dressing of spring
spike crops with liquid nitrogen fertilizers which provide for an additional yield
of grain of spring wheat of up to 3.3 quintals per hectare and barley--up to 3.9
quintals per hectare, and the grain of the wheat has an increased content of pro-
tein and gluten.
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Agricultural aviation plays a large role in cotton growing. The cotton growing re-
publics successf ully fulfilled the assignments of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for the
sale of cotton. In short periods of time agricultural aviation fully satisfa_ed
the needs of the agricultural woricers for aviation work to defoliate the cotton
plants. In order to increase the productivity of cotton they have developed: new
technology for spraying the cotton with a chlorocholinechloride preparation (TUR)
for chemical removal of the top foliagp of the cotton plants, which provides in-
creased productivity and makes it unne~essary to use manual labor or mechanical re-
moval of the top foliage; technology fo~~ air application of the TsAKS defoliant
and a mixture of it and magnesium chlorate, which provides for replacir.g the highly
toxic butiphos defoliant, which changes the time periods ior the beginning of de-
foliation by 8-lU days, considerably re~uces r_he degree of pollu~ion of the environ-
ment, doubles th e productivity of the aircraft, and reduces the total national eco-
- nomic outlays on the treatment of one hectare o� agricultural land; technology for
the utilization of the biological preparation dendrobacilline for using aviation
to f'ight against pests of cotton, which II~ake~ it gossible to reduce pollution of .
ttie environment with toxic chemicals and impxoves the sanitary and hygienic condi-
tions for the work of the people engaged in tendin~ tt?e cotton plants.
In order to accelerate the solution to the feed pr~blem we are increasingly using
technology for air top dressing of corn cultivat~d for ~ilage with a solution of
urea in the phase of milky and milky-waxy ripeness, which increases the protein
content in the silage mass. In the practice of aviation-chemical work we are more
and more extensively utilizing technology for air planting of grain spike crops,
rice, and seeds of grass mixtures, which will be c~nsiderably more developed in the
future. .
The development and e~fectiveness of aviation chemical work, like in air transpor-
tation as a who le, depends to a decisivt degree on the level cif planning work.
Methods of planning the use of aviation i.n the national e~onomy should be formed
in close connection with the establishm~at and developn~ent of inethods of plannizg
- of the ~ountry's economic and social deve?opment.
In the modern period, which is charac~erized by an orientation of economic develop-
ment toward intensivene'ss of management, the demands o.n the level of planning work
' are increasing very rapidly. Therefore the arrears that have accumulated in re-
cent years in the method~ of planning the appliation of aviation in the national
economy, whose effectivr^~.as is evaluated by the basic indicator of flight hours
(to an An-2 aircraft) have become es~ecially noticeable.
We are speaking about ensuring efficient and effective utilization of aircraft and
helicopters for aviation chemical work and itilly satisfying the needs of agricul-
ttire for aviation service, relying main ly on the intensive factor of management.
The task set in the Main Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the
USSR During 1981-1985 and the Period Up to 1990 to increase the role of the agro-
chemical service in agriculture and its responsibility for effective application of
mineral fertilizers and chemical means of plant protecti.on places high demands on
the :~Kricultural aviation staff and its agrotechnir_aI specifications and parameters.
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An importan[ stag~ in the chemization of agriculture and the development of scien-
tific and tec~hilical progress was the creation of the All-Union Production Scienti-
tic Associat~ou for Agrochemical Service for Agriculture. At the present time this
- specialized ser.vice has established business ties with kolkhozes and sovkhozes and
civil aviation enterprises and entered on a course toward development of the ma-
terial and tech~iical base and the creatian of complexes for chemization as well as
the introduction oi the scientific achievements and the experience of the leading
enterprises.
COPYRIGHT: "Sel'skoye khozyaystvo Turkmenistana", 1981
.11772
CSO: 1824/270
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TILLING ~:ND CROPPING T~CHNOLOGY
- L:FF~CTIVLN~SS OF AVIATION-CH;~IIC?.L WORK IN TURKMENISTAN
t~:shlchabad S;sL' SKOY~ KHOi.Yt~YSTVO TURKMr'.NISTANA in Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 32-33
/~.r~icle uy V. Kurilo, member of board and chief of Administration for Use ot
:.viation in the National r".conomy of the Ministry of Civll Aviation: "Effectiveness
of l:viation-Chemical l~ork"/
/Text/ The 26th CPSU Congress outlined a program for further improving the welfare
of Soviet people based upon stable and progressive development of the national
economy, accelerated scientific-technical progress and the conversion of the
economy ~ver to an intensive path of development, more rational use of the
country's production potential, maximum economies in the use of all types of
resources and improvements in the qualiCy of work.
'.vith regard to raising the productivity and stability of farming, more and more
importance is being attached to the use of chemical processes and also Co the
stcilful use of organic and mineral fertilizers, plant protection agents and
growth stimulators.
In cc,nnectivj� ~aith the use of chemical processes in agriculture, an important role
is being played by aviation-chemical operations one of the principal types of
aviation use in behalf of the country's national economy.
At the present time, approximately 40 percent of the overall vole3me of chemical
~aork is being carried out with the aid of aviation. Such operations as applying an
early spring top dressing to grain crops, the defoliation of cotton and the
treatment of rice plantings are being carried out only by aviation. The proportion
of worlc bein~; carried out, using the aviation method, against certain types of
grain crop pests is high and on the whole it amounts to 54.6 percent and against
the chinch bug and corn weevils 81 percent and against cotton pests 52.8
percent.
, The ~reatest proporti~n of aviation treatments has been reached in the Kazakh SSR
and for aviation-chemical work against weeds 90.1 percent. More than one half
of tt~e overall volume of chemical work in the Uzbek, Turkmen and Azerbaijan SSR.'s
is bein~ carried out by avia*_ion. The zone of activity for agricultural aviation
embraces the ertire country, including the most remote regions. Each year, more
than 3,000 aircraft and helicopters of agricultural aviation carry our agricultural
work.
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Tne aviators are making a worthy contribution by assisting the rural workers in
fulfilling their socialist obligations. Jointly with the agricultural organs,
measures are being carried out aimed at improving organization and technology,
raising the effectiven~ss and quality of the aviation-chemical work and improving
the culture oi farming and the intensity of use of the aircraft and helicopters.
The socialist competition among the collectives of enterprises of civil aviation
and Soyuzsel'khozkhimiya organizations is being employed on an extensive scale.
A~;ricultural aviation is making a great contribution towards the cultivation of
grain, cotton and other crops.
The USSR Ministries of Aviation and Agriculture are carrying out an entier complex
ot measures aimed at improving the organization and technology of aviation-che~nical
operations, raising the effectiveness of use of aircraft and improving the quality
�f applications of mineral fertilizers and plant protective agents.
The established practice of the two ministries with regard to the preparation of
joint plans, measures, normative documents and business-like relationships, when
solving operational problems, is viewed as a progressive method of economic
management and one which makes it possible to achieve high final results.
Durin~ the past few years, stronger business-like relationships have been
establislied with the organizations of Soyuzsel'khozkhimiya in the various areas,
with the kolkhozes and sovkhozes and with local party and Soviet organs.
The convening of. joint production-me;hodological conferences on exchanging leading
experience in the organization and carrying out of aviation-chemical work is being
practiced on a large scale. �
Republic, kray, oblast and rayon operational staffs are created for the period in
which the aviation work is Co be carried out, for the purpose of organizing
efficient use of the chemical resources, aircraft and helicopters. Operational
plans and schedules are prepared for each aircraft and helicopter.
~ Measures are ~eing undertaken aimed at maintaining the flight runways at kolkhozes
�anci sovkhozes in good operating condition and also for creating, on the basis of
inter-iarm cooperation, new tlight runways for the kolkhoz and sovkhoz ~hemical
si:~~tion~. This is a promising long-range trend. The carrying out of aviation-
chemical worlc through a system of chemical stations makes it possible to lower
].~bor expenditures by otie and a half times and to almost double the productivity
flf the aircraft flights. This is borne out by aviation work carried out in the
norch Caucasus, the Volga region, the Ukraine and in other regions of the country.
llurin~ the course of organizing the construction of flight runways, we
~ simultaneously devote a great amount of attention to the selection of dirt
airfields. ~1 proper combination for the use of these two types of sirfields
serves to raise the productivity of the flighzs while lowering the costs for the
aviation ~aork.
Support l,ases of agricultural aviation are organized for the purpose of providing
o;~erational management for the work of the crews, technical servicing for the
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aircraft and helicopters in the regions where the work is carried out and also for
solving problems concerned with flight safety. The work of such bases makes it
possible to reduce the amount of non-productive time during flights and also idle
time caused by organizational-technical factors.
The Ministry of Civil Aviation is devoting a great amount of attention to
introducing scientific recommendations and lea3ing experience into production
o~erations. ,:ach year, jointly with the USSR Ministry of F.griculturey a plan is
prepared and implemented for introducing technical processes and methods for
carrying out the aviation-chemical work into production operations.
Great importance is t~eing attached to the extensive introduction into operations
of such technological processes as foliar top dressings of mineral fertilieers, the
use of herbicides and pesticides for combating the weeds and pests of agricultural
crops, use of the TUR preparation for combating lodging in agricultural crops,
dessication and defoliation of plants and the aerial sowing of rice, wheat, other
~;rain crops and grass seed. -
In 1')80, on an area of 26.5 million hectares, the enterprises and su~units of MiGA
/Ministry of Ci~il t~viation/ employed new flight regimes and progressive
technolo~ies for the ca~rying out of aviation-chemical operations, they introduced
ne~~ types of worlc and they continued to introduce wide-swath sprayers into
operations. This was all aimed at raising the effectiveness of use of the aviation
_ equipment and improving the quality of the aviation operations.
The small liquid expenditure norms associated with the ultra-low-vo'.ume method of
spraying constitute great reserves for raising the productivity of the flights and
lowering the cost of the aviation-chemical operations, both for aviation and for
agriculture. In 1980, our enterprises treated approximateiy 1.4 million hectares
using the ultra-low-volume method. The new method makes it possible to raise the
productivity of tlie flights by a factor of 2-2.5. This aviation method of
spraying ~aas employed for combating the weeds of rice and wheat and for protecting
the crops against the agricultural pests.
_ ~1t the present time, one of Che chief tasks confronting civil aviation is that of
uncoverin~ and utilizing all available reserves for accelerating scientific-
technical progress in the field of aviation-chemical work.
Some measures have already been implemented in this regard.
~~;orlc i:~ being carried out in connection with creating new and more improved models
of a~ricultural and specialized on-board equipment for the aircraft and helicopters.
Commencing in 1978, the ~'.n-2 aircraft were equipped with more productive wide-swath
dusters for spreading mineral fertilizers. i.xperimental models were developed for
morc improved liquid sprayers for low volume and ultra-low-volume spraying.
Centrifugal sprayers are being intorduced into operations for the An-2 aircraft.
These sprayers have provzd their worth during the carrying out of aviation work,
using the method of ultra-io~a volume sprayin$ against weeds on wheat fields in
Y.a~alchstan. A centri~ugal spreader has been developed for the Ka-26 helicopter.
~'~u RVP-1M instruuient for the An-2U aircraft for recording the number of landings .
and the operational time of an engine both on the ground anc: when airborne has
been developed and is presently in the stage of being introduced.
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signal indicator has been developed for indicating the maximum turns and
r~inimum f-li~;ht speed for the An-2 aircraft. Use of the MI-8 helicopter for
aviacion-chemical work, for which agricultural equipment is being developed, is
ot definite economic interest.
In improvino the technological process of aviation work involving the use of
to:tic chemicals, an important problem continues to be that af preventing the
chemicals from spreading beyond the area being treated and especially when use is
being made of the ultra-low-volume method of spraying.
The agricultural organs are now devoting more attention to improving the warking
and leisure conditions for the flight and technical personnel responsi~le for
carryin~ out the aviation-chemical work.
A socialist competition among the crews of agricultural aviation is being employed
o~~ an e:ctensive scale in the interest of achieving timely and high quality
ful~illment of the aviation-chemical work and furnishing effective assistance to
che a};ricultural workers.
~ocialist collaboration between the aviation enterprises and farms, based upon a
mutual a~;reement, is producing positive results.. The greatest improvement in this
form of relationship between aviators and agricultural workers was achieved in the
north Caucasus.
Durinb the ~:leventh rive-Year Plan, the aviators must solve great tasks associated
~.~ith providing aviation support for agriculture. The state plan for agriculture
= for the 1981-1985 period calls for 482 million h~-ctares to be treated. Specific
measures must be implemented aimed at improving the organization of work, reducing
unproductive flights, eliminating aircraft idle time, lowering the totality of
trr~nsport expenditures and obtaining a maximum return from each flight and from
each minute of flight tiu~e. Together with raising the volumes and expanding the
spliere of�use of aviation in the national economy, priority attention must be given
tocla~ to those tasks concerned with raising the effectiveness of use of the
helicopters and aircraft.
COPYitIGHT: "Sel'skoye khozyaystvo Turkmenistan", 1982
7026
C~O: 1Fi24/259
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TILLING AND CROPPING TECHNOLOGY
UDC 626.85:633.174
ROI,E OF SORGHUM CULTIVATION REVIEWED
Cultivation on Irrigated Land
Moscow GID1tOTLKHNIKA I M.iLIOIZATSIYA in ltussian No 2, Feb 82 pp 57-58
/~lrticle by V.I. Ostapov, candidate of agricultural sciences and director of the
~ Ukrainian 5cientific Research Institute of Irrigation Farming, N.V. Belous,
candidate of agricultural sciences and senior scientific worker and L.F. Mazka,
candidate oi agricultural sciences and head of the Department of Irrigation at
the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation Farming: "Technology for
Cultivating Grain Sorbhum Uncler Irrigation/
/Text/ For increasing ~;rain production in the steppe zone of the Ukraine, a great
rolc can be played by tlie cultivation of grain sarghum on irrigated land together
with corn.
Owin~; to its biological characteristics, so.rghum is well adapted to ~he conditions
c~f a dry climate, it is not very demanding with regard to soil, it endures soil
salinization rather ~~ell, it is thrifty in its consumption of soil moisture (20-'Z5
percent less than corn) and it responds very well to. ir~igation. The degree to
whicn sorghum responds to irrigation is borne out by data obtained from tests
carricd out at the Ukrr]IIO'L /Ulcrainskiy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut
oroshayemogo zemledeliya; Ulcrainian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation
Fai-ming/, during which the grain yields obrained from the best hybrids, under
irrigation conditions and ~~i~h an entire complex of agrotechnical measures being
- carried out, reached 9.5-11 tons per hectare (~vithout irrigation 2-2.8 tons per
hectare.
I'or Lhe very first tin,e in a~;ricultural production practice in Khersonskaya Oblast,
brain sor&hum was sowii on a comparatively small i~'rigated tract of land in 1572.
1)espite tlie fact that tlie technolo~;y for cultivaCing this crop under irrigation
conuitiotis was still new to the producCion workers and not sufficiently mastered,
thu grain yield obtained usin~ the Step~oy-5 regionalized hybrid Lurned out to be
rather tii~h. Thus, at th~ Serp i Molot IColkhoz in Kalanchakskiy Rayon, follo~aing
four ~aaterings usin~; an irri~;ation norm of 3,200 cubic meters per hectare and an
application of 80 kilobrams of active agent of phosphorus and 70 kilograms of active
agent oi nitrogen, rhe sorghum grain yield obtained from an area of 20 hectares
amountect to 6.5 tons per hec~are; the labor expenditur~s for the procluction of 1 ton
of grain did not e~:ceed O.y man-hours and the production cost was 15.6 rubles per
totr. i.n even hi~;her yiclcl was obtained from this crop at the Komsomol'skiy
~.xpcriuienLal-Ucmonstra~ioii :;ovlcl~oz in Skadovskiy Kayon 7.9 tons of ~;rain per
hectare.
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it~,scarcl? was carried out aver a period of 4 years for the psrpose of studyfng the
~orphobiological characteristics of sorghum grain hybrids, their suitabilfty for
mechanized harvesting, the effectiveness of cultivation under irrigation conditions
and also the principal agrotechnical practices for cultivati.ng this crop on
irrigated lands of the UkrNIIO'L. ~
'rhe e::periments were carried out on dark chestnut weakly alkaline soils having a
ilumus layer of 30-35 cm. The climatic characteristics of the years in which the
experiments ~aere carried out varied from damp and cool to dry and hot. Since the
duration of the period marked by an average daily temperature of -10~ Centigrade is
150 days in the southern Ukraine, highly productive sorghun grain hybrids of the
mid-season to late group having a growing season of 130-136 days have proven to b2
acceptable for ~ultivation in this zone. From a largte number of hybrids, the most
promising anct highly productive hybrids bred by VIR /l~ll-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Ylant Growing/ and the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of
Corn ~aere singled out: Stepnoy-5, VIR-37, VIR-38, VIR-40 and KOS-1 and some others.
These hybrids are uniform in terms of the height and ripening of the panicles and,
in this re~;ard, suitable for direct combining. Thca average grain yield for these
hybricls, during the years in which the experiments were conducted, fluctuated from
7.5 to 11.4 tons per hectare depending upon the weather oonditions and the type of
h~: brid u~ed .
Th~~ studies revealed that sorghum responds very well to applications of fertilizer.
ldith deep fall plowing, 100-120 kilograms of active agent of phosphorus and 70-80
kilograms of active agent of nitrogen should be applied per '~ectare.
The ~est sowing method for sorghum grain is that of single grain sowing, with an
~nter-ro~a spacing of 7U centimeters. This method ~nsures uniform placement of the.
plants in a drill row and better exposure to light for them. When use is made of
the single grain socaing method, the optimum density for a stand of plants is
200,000 per hectare. If the plantings are crowded to a density of up t~~
250,000-30U,000 plants per hectare, the grain yield decreases noticeably (from 12
to 9 tons per hectare).
The use of triazine herbicides (in a dosage of 2 kilograms of active agent per
hectarc-:) prior to pre-sowing cultivation is most effective for combating weeds in
sor~;hum plantings. During the growfng season, the herbicide 2.4D is applied
_ (in z dosage of 1 kilogram of active agent per hectare) during the phase of 3-S
lcaves.
- '1'ile ten~lin~ of the plantings includes 3-4 inter-row loosenings of the soil: the
- first to a depth of 8-10 centimeters and the subsequent ones to a further depth of
`L-3 centimeters. Simultaneous with the inter-row cultivations and irrigation
~ ri~if;inb and prior to the first foliar watering, a nitrogen fertilizer top dressing
is applied to the plants at the rate of 20-30 kilograms of active agent per
hectare. For comt~ating aphids, which cause considerable harm to the growth,
cievelopment and yield of sorghum, the planCings are sprayed ~aith 0.2 percent
emulsions of inetaphos and rogor.
The ~aater consumption of irrigated sorghum in the southern Ukraine fluctuates from
2,771 to 4,630 cubic meters per hectare, depending upon the weather conditions
during the growing season, especially humidity an~' thermal factors, which raise the
need for carrying out more waterings. Sorghum responds very well to waterings
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l~e~;un clurin;; the tillering phase, the heading of the panicles and the forming of the
~raiii. 1he principal ~~atering method spr~ying. Yrior to spraying, the ridging
_ of interrupted furrows and slit-furrows in each inter-row spacing is effective; it
re~luces ~~.~~aLer losses thraugh evaporation and runoff. On tracts having minor slopes
the sor;;hum plantings are watered 2-5 times during the growing season using an
irri~;aL-ion norm of 600-650 cubic meters per hectare and for greater slopes the
number of ~aaterings is increased to 3-7, with a watering norm of 400-450 cubic
mete�rs per hectare. In both instances, the moisture content in the 0.7 meter soil
layer is maintained at the 70-80 percent NV /minimum moisture capacity./ (see Table).
Irri~ation Regime and Cropping Pocaer of VIR-37 ~orghum Grain Hybrid
(averade for years in which experiments conducted)
4!aterings for a Watering Irrigation Total Coeffic. Grain
moisture content Number of norm, norm water of water yield,
in U.7 meter layer ~oaterings m3 per m3 per consump., consumpt., tons
of soil, % NV hectare hectare m3 per m3 per per
hectare hectare hectare
- idithout ~.aatering - - - 1859..2899 597..1575 2.75
- 50 1.....2 1050 1050..2100 2571..3860 453..869 5.03
GO 1.....3 850 850..2550 3291..3986 345..500 8.62
7p 2.,,..5 650 1300..3250 3747..4630 355..474 9.99
80 3.....7 450 1350..3150 3727..4249 381..427 10.16
� _,._,.._~~_-_e...z-,_.~rr~__.__._.-s~_y :._,,...r�~ra~:_~._._:.s._...~..,~..~_ _ .
It is apparent from the data in the Table that tne maximum sorghum yield is obtained
~.~hen the moisture content of the soil is maintained at the 80 percent NV level.
The harvesting of sorghum brain is carried out during the phase of waxy or compie~e
ripeness oF the grain, using direct combining and with the header of the SK-4
couibine raised to the cutting height for the panicles and the speed of rotation of
the drum 550-600 revolutions per minute. The sorghum harvested in this manner
is i:nsiled in cement trenches or processed for flour, which thereafter is used in
the preparation of granules.
,
:'�.lthou~;h grain sorghum under irrigation is a new crop, nevertheless the areas being
set aside for it on farms in Khersonskaya Oblast are increasing c�aith each passing
�,~ear .
CU1'Y1tIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kolos", "Gidrotekhnika i melioratsiya", 1982
New Sorghum Varieties
Tashlcent 5iL' SKOYE I~HO~YAY5TV0 ULB:,KISTANe~, in Kussian No 11, Nov 81 p 32
/i~rticle by Kryzhinskaya and T. Tursunbayev, scientific workers at UzNIIZh: "New
~orghu?n Varieties"/
~Text/ In the breeding and seed production for forade crops at UzNIISh / Uzbek
Scientific l:esearch lnstitute of Animal Husbandry/, work has been undercaay for many
_ years in connection with the creation of new and highly productive varieties of
sorghum (Joughara), which can be employed for a variety of purposes: for
cultivation for silage nr grain.
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Ey crossing individual geographic forms obtained from the international collection
_ ~:~ith local varieties oF Joughara, we obtained hybrid material, suitable for various
purposes.
r1s a restilt of crossirg a specimen of Khigeri llwarf with the Olty Oylik variety and
sub:;equent selection over a period of many years, a new variety for post-harvest
sowings ~~~a5 develo~~ed Uzbeksl:oye 5(authors S.K. Kadamov, I.V. Massino and
A.V. Kryzhinslcaya). The plants of the new variety are uniform and they have
panicles which stand up straight on elongated stalks and white bare grain. The
_ variety is resistant against lodging and diseases. The height of its plants
- 165-173 centxmeters and its growing season from sowing to complete grain ripeness
' 113-115 da;~s.
During competitive strain testing carried out during the 1976-1980 period, the variety
Uzbekskoye 5 surpassed the standard the early-ripening Kokandskoye Red variety
in terms of all indicators: height oF plants by 39.6 centimeters, length of
panicle by S.6 centimeters, width by 1.0 centimeter, grain yield during
~ thrashin~ by 1.'L percent. The increase in grain yield amounted to 18.3 quintals
per hectar~.
In terms oE its chemical structure (crude protein, cellulose, BEV, ash), the grain
oF the new variety diffe~s markedly from the standard. For example, it contains
1.1-1.Z percent cellulose, or 2-2.5 times less than that foL~nd in the grain of local
and selected varieties. And this is of great importance with regard to raising the
fooci value and assimilability of feed in a ration, the composition of which will
inclucle the ~rain of this new variety.
In 197G, under production conditions at the Malik Sovkhoz in Syrdar'inskaya Oblast,
thr~ new variety proved its worth in post-harvest sowings the grain yield amounted
to 43.9 quin~als per hectare,or 6.5 quintals per hectare higher than the indicator
for the standard.
Tests conducted at the Karakul GSU /state strain testing station/ (1977-1979)
confirmed the supe:iority of the new variety over the standard in connection with
po~:.t-harvest sowings. Based upon the results of these tests, iJzbekskoye S has been
re~ionalized for ~ost-~~urvest so~oin~s on irrigated land in Bukharskaya and
I~as'ri?cadar'inskaya Oblasts.
:.s ~ resul~ of crossing a specimen oF t!frikanskiy Buryy (K-1814) with the Olty
O;li~: variet;~ and the selection of a hybrid population, the Uzbekskoye 18 multi-
pi.~rno:>e variety :,as created (auChors S.K. Kadamov, I.V. Massino, T. Tursunbayev) .
Tite vuriety has a strong, succulent and sugary stalk and an upright white grain
panicle. The plants a~tain a height of 235.5 centimeters and they are resistant
at;c.inst lodging, thus making it possible for the fodder to Ue harvested by combines.
TY~e ~rowing season From seedling to the stage of waxy ripeness of the grain is 109
d~i~�s and ~rom seedling to complete ripeness of the grain 142 days. It differs
Irom the Oranzhevoye 160 and Olty Oylik standards in terms of its late ripening
(b;~ 1U-19 and 20-23 days respectively), large height of plants by 76.9 -151.8
yuintals per hectare, yield of dry substance by 4U.3-49.9 quintals per hectare,
grai_n yield I,y 4.26-27.72 quintals per hectare. In terms of feed unit yield,
it surpasses the standard by 37.10-44.21 quintals per hectare, digestible protein
by U.03-1.26 quintals per hectare. In terms of the content of fat, cellulose,
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non-nitrogen extractive substances and ash, the new variety has intermediate
ic:dicators between the sugar and bare sorghum varieties.
e~ccording to data obtained from a test carried out at the Chimbayskiy GS:1 (1977-
1~~7y), the new variety procluced 999.5 quintals of fodder per hectare, whereas the
best rebionalized varieties Chilyaki local improved and Katta Bosh produced
only 73U.9 and 702 quintals per hectare respectively.
The ~;rain y~eld for the Uzbekskoye 18 variety was 73.8 quintals per hectare, for
the Ctiilyaki local improved 94.8 quintals per hectare and for the Katta Bosh
variety 90.9 quintals per hectare.
The Uzbelcslcoye 18 variety has been regionalized in the Karakalpakska;~a ASSR.
Thus, varieties bred as a result of extended selection work are of considerable
interest and can be employed extensively on the fodder fields of Uzbekistan.
CO~YRIGHT: "Sel'slcoye khozyaystvo Uzbelcistana", 1981
7U26
CSU: 1824/256
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~
TILLING AND CROPPING TECHNOLOGY
EXTENSIVE USE OF AIRCRAFT IN AGRICULTURAL WORK FORESEEN
Moscow SEL'SKOYE KHOZYAYSTVO NECHERNOZEM'YA in Russian No 3, Mar 82 p 34
/Article by B. Bychkov: "Wings Over the Field"/
/Excerpt/ Statement of.the USSR Ministry of Civil Aviation. About 40 percent of
the work on the chemicalization of agriculture is now performed from the air. Dur-
ing the past 5-year period state income from the use of aviation in rural areas
averaged more than 1.5 billion rubles annually. Ultralow-volume spraying waswidely
used in the control of mass pests o.f field crops in 1981.
V. Kurilo, member of the board of the USSR Ministry of Civil Aviation, chief of the
Administration for the Use of Aviation in the National Economy, coa~ents on the
prospects for the use of aviation in the country's agriculture:
The solution of the food problem brought forth by the 26th CPSU Congress and the
dynamic development of all the directions in agricultural production require an
even more active participation of civil aviation in a rise in the yield of fields
and productivity of animal husbandry.
On kolkhozes and sovkhozes during the llth Five-Year Plan 482 million hectares of
agricultural land will have to be treated by aerial chemical methods. This is ap-
proximately 18 million hectares more than during the past 5 years. Traditional
types of f ield treatment, which proved to be successful, such as the application
of mineral fertilizers, protection of crops against pests and diseases, control of
weedy vegetation and plant def oliation, will account for the main volume of work.
Such advanced technological method~ and types of field treatment as foliar top-
dressing of gra in crops with mineral f ertilizers in combination with herb icides
and pesticides, application of chlorocholine chloride, which prevents the lodging
of grain crops, desiccation and defoliation of sunflower seeds, potatoes and lupin
and aerial sowing of fodder grass seeds will also be introduced into practice.
The construction of runways, including with a hard surface, on kolkhozes and sov-
khozes will be carried out at accelerated rates and on a larger scale than before.
A total of 1,248 new airf ields--850 in the Russian Federation alone (the majority-
about 600--in the nonchernozem zone)--will be added to existing agricultural air-
fields during the five-year plan-
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In contrast to the past five-year plan aerial chemical work will be carried out
everywhere in close contact with the All-Union Scientif ic Production Association
for Agrochemical Services to Agriculture. This will make it possible to lower la-
bor expenditures to twu-thirds and to almost doul~ie the seasonal output of air-
craft. The organization of so-called support bases designed for a group placement
and labor in tensive maintenance of aircraft will become further widespread in re-
~ gions of mass aerial chemical work. Following the experience of past years the
maneuvering of the fleet of aircraft and helicopters will be practised. This makes
it possible to more eff iciently use aviation equipment and to perf orm work in a
better way and in a shorter time.
The useful initiative of agricultural aviators--socialist competition on the basis
of cooperatian agreements between aviators and the All-Union Scientific Production
Association for Agrochemical Services to Agriculture and bPtween kolkhozes and sov-
khozes--is also becoming more and more widespread. The fulfillment of these agree-
men.ts makes it possible to carry out the full set of aerial chemical operations an
a high organizational level and in an efficient and high-quality manner.
..Aircraf t over the f ield--this has become a customary feature of the present ru-
ral land.scape and not even because people have begun to live bett~r. Sober cost
accounting is the main thing here. Any manager now knows well that outlays inves-
ted i.n aerial chemical work will always be repaid generously.
COPYRIGHT: Zhurnal "Sel'skoye khozyaystvo Nechernozem'ya", 1982
11,439
CSO: 1824/265
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TILLING AND CROPPING TECHNOLOGY
BRIEFS
AN-28 FOR AGRICLILTURAL WORK--During zhis five-year plan Che fleet of winged machines
will also be replenished with the ~ltipurpose short take-off and landing AN-28 air-
craf t. As compared with the An-2 it has greater safety (two engines instead of one),
a cruising speed of 350 km per hour, improved cotnfort and a large capacity--17 in-
stead of 12 seats. In 3~ decades the design bureau of academician 0. K. Antonov,
hero of socialist labor, winner of the Lenin Prize, deputy of the U$SR Supreme So-
viet, gave many wir~ged machines a start 3n life. During this f ive year plan the
An-2 will also be replaced with the An-3 aircraft. It has a more powerful turbo-
prop engine. Productivity in agricultural work will be increa.sed 1.5-fold and the
cost of aerial chemical work will be reduced by 25 to 30 percent. However, Iet us
turn back to the An-28., A set of thc: latest pilot-navigatian and radio com~unica-
tion equipment ensuring high flight safety day and nigh~ is used in the aircraf t.
/Text/ /Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 19 Feb 82 p 27 11,439
AERIAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION--Minsk! 18 Mar--Aircraf t over f~elds--this means that
spring has come. The An-2 crew was the first in Soligorskiy Rayon to begin the top-
dressing of winter crops on the Kolkhoz imeni Chkalov. TW~� theeB lorussianaMilitary
mineral fertilizers on the Rolkhoz.imeni Rrasnoznamennyy
District and on the 10 Let BSSR Sovkhoz in Lyubanskiy Rayon. Agricultural aviation
pilots service 146 kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Minskaya Oblast. They now have to
cultivate about 800,000 hectares of arable land and meadow and pasture areas. A
total of 38 aircraft and 12 helicopters of the United Minsk Aviation Detachment, as
well as 30 aircraft from the.West Siberian and Ukrainian Administration of Civil
Aviation, will perform this volume of work. A apecial operatio~?zal headquarters was
established in the oblast for a better use of aviatian equipment in agricultural
� work. /By V. Legan'kov/ /Text/ /Moscow SEL'SRAYA ZAIZN' in Russian 19 Mar 82 p 1/
11,439
CSO: 1824/265 END
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