CURRENT INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS IMPROVEMENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82M00531R000400260017-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 13, 2005
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: August 14, 1973
• Content Type: MF

25X1
Approved For Release 21
DCI/IC 73-0884
14 August 1973
25X1 MEMORANDUM FOR:
SUBJECT Current Intelligence Operations Improvements
REFERENCE Memo for the Record; Subj: Meeting on Secure
Voice Conferencing, 3 August 1973; dtd 7 August
1973; Secret
25X1 1. Per your re u st and I met with
25X1 to discuss improvements for current
Intelligence operations. This memo will delineate the areas
reviewed in order of priority and discuss the status of each item.
2. Watch Officers" ' Se'cu're Voice Conference Net. NSA, at
our request and at essentially no cost, insta e a five(S) port
bridge in the National SIGINT Operations Center. (NSOC) on the
gray telephone system at NSA approximately six weeks ago. This
capability permits the five operations centers (NSA, CIA, DIA,
State & NMCC-JCS) to operate in a secure voice conference mode.
Since available equipment (the bridge) was used, only five phones
can be conferenced at once; however, since this is a Udial-up"
conference (this requires the caller to dial the bridge operator
who in turn calls all other conferees), anyone having a gray
phone can be included in the conference at the request of the
originator. The following modest improvements are to be made to
the net: use of an operator headset and hand microphone or AT&T
speaker-phone with hand held microphones, telephone line level
adjustments, etc. Other more sophisticated improvements will be
based upon needs and availability of funds and facilities (see
Reference); e.g., making the net a "meet-me" conference (when
the caller dials a number the phone- of the other conferees will
automatically ring). A "crash" type of conference is also being
investigated. This is similar to the "meet-me" conference, but
it also includes a priority interrupt in the event the phone is
already in use. The WHSR will also be included in the Watch
Officer Secure Voice Conference Net as soon as their needs are
clarified NSA is preparing the conference set-up procedures.
25X1 is preparing a test and exercise plan which will evolve
into a conference procedure document. in conjunction
with key personnel of the operations centers, will prepare a use
procedure document which will delineate minimum conditions neces-
sary for the establishment of a conference call. As soon as these
action items have been completed, the net will be operational.
25X1
25X1
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3. Analysts' Secure Voice Conference Net. This confer-
ence net is similar -to the Watch- Officers net; however, this
net would be used by intelligence community analysts and in
conjunction with the IC Text Editing Communications System.
It is envisioned that approximately six locations and ten
phones could be conferenced at one time. The locations would
be as follows: CIA, State, DIA, NSA, NMCC-JCS and the White
House. The quickest and most economical solution is the in-
stallation of a bridge on the CIA green/gray switch. This
would permit conferencing between green and gray phones.
Similar improvements discussed above and in the Reference
will be considered for this net.
A Senior Authorities secure voice conferencing net
can be developed as required, It is envisioned that this net
could be used by WSAG, NSCIC, USIB principals or whomever are
designated for this net. The requirements for the capability
are lacking not the technology to implement this net. This
net would have very stringent control over who is connected to
the conference in order to assure the confidentiality of sensi-
tive matters. Depending upon requirements and how the analysts'
Secure Voice Conference Net is engineered this net may satisfy
the needs of the Senior Authorities.
Action Required. A multi-addressee memorandum should
be prepared an sent to the principals proposing the establish-
ment of this analyst net, requesting comments regarding the
use of the net and guidance regarding the minimum number of
phones required at each agency (no more than two envisioned
at this time) and proposed locations.. Assuming that approval
will be received, a memorandum will be prepared for the Chief,
Office of Communications, CIA, requesting Commo to install and
maintain this bridge. A simple "meet-me" bridge could cost as
little as assuming that
existing phone lines are available at each-agency and no new
lines will have to be installed. When these action items have
been completed, appropriate procedures will be written for the
use of this net.
4. Automatic Dialing Set. Attachment A describes an
AT&T Magicall automatic dialing set. It is slightly smaller
than a telephone and comes in two versions. One;can hold
400 telephone numbers, the other can hold 1,000 numbers.
It can be programmed for extension calls, red lines, black
lines or long distance calls and it is fast and accurate.
A demonstration was arranged for the Chief, CIA Operations
Center and a copy of Attachment A was given to him. It
appears that an automatic dialer of this type can serve a
useful purpose in operations centers where the list of key
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people is long (1,000 names in the CIA telephone list finder) and
urgency is great to locate people. The IC secure voice conference
call number could also be listed on automatic dialers.
Action Required. The installation of this device has
been left to t e escre itit on of the Chief of the CIA Operations
Center. This capability will be brought to the attention of
the other operations centers.
.,K Text Editing Communications Net. We have been investi-
gating the need for and technical approaches that can be taken
to improve by expediting, and therefore in some instances provide
inputs not otherwise possible within defined time constraints,
coordination of action memoranda among members of the intelligence
community during crises or periods of increased tensions. We
have also considered the use of the capability for daily coordina-
tion of CIBs, NIEs, SNIEs, Watch Officer Bulletins, W.O. Summaries
or time urgent memoranda/position papers.
There are two basic benefits that can be obtained by
achieving this capability; i.e.: (a) an improvement in the
coordination process and cycle time, and (b) an improvement in
this communications media will assist in bringing the intelli-
gence community closer together.
Growth capabilities for the Text Editing Communications
Net would include: (a) file man' ulation, to include some of the
features on system, (b) an ability to
connect to the CIA host computer, and (c) an ability to connect
to the IDHS, WWMCCS and COINS networks.
The system considered has been sized to have two CRT
(Cathode Ray Tubes) and a printer (selectric typewriter) at each
of six locations. They are: CIA (also for use by DCI), NSA,
State, DIA, JCS and WHSR. An individual at each location would
be able to type a document and have it displayed on his CRT. He
will be able to insert characters, words, sentences, paragraphs
and pages as well as delete the same. The system will automatical-
ly left justify and do line wrap-around. He will also be able
to transpose characters, words, sentences, paragraphs and pages.
When his document is complete he will have the ability to transmit
it to one or up to five other locations. Using the analysts'
Secure Voice Conferencing net, the IC will be able to discuss:;the
action document and make changes using the CRT. When concurrence
has been reached a hard copy can be printed at each location.
An interface with a Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter (MTST) and
a Magnetic Card Selectric Typewriter (MOST) will be options of the
system.
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S E C R E T
 S E C R E T
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Three different technical approaches for the text editing
system have been examined. They are: (a) a stand-alone, essen-
tially point-to-point, system; (b) use of a large centralized
computer (e.g., UNIVAC 494 at NSA) system; and (c) a small stand-
alone computer system--expandable in the number of terminals
that can be connected, flexible in that it can be tied to other
host computers in a network in the future and with a growth
capability to assist the analyst with his job. Approach c is
preferred. An investigation/study report is being written which
will include cost and capabil-ity comparisons and a recommended
course of action.
It is envisioned that the system will operate at the
SI/TK level and that appropriate actions and/or waivers will have
to be granted for TEMPEST.
Action Re uired. As soon as the investigation/study
report has been written and reviewed in the IC Staff, it is
proposed that a multi-addressee memorandum be sent to the
agencies discussed above requesting their concurrence in this
proposed action. Estimated costs run as low as
price for one approach and up to about
costs for another, It is recommended that the IC Staff fund
for this capability with each agency paying for the leased line
costs (2400 B/SEC telephone line). After approval has been secured
it is proposed that the CPU be installed in CIA Headquarters and
that the Office of the Joint Computer Services be assigned re-
sponsibility to oversee development, installation and to operate
and maintain the system. The Office of Communications would be
tasked with the assignment of working with OJCS to coordinate
the communications circuits required at each agency. An appro-
priate memorandum would be prepared for the D/DCI/IC addressed
to the Director, OJCS and the Director, OC requesting this action.
When these actions have been completed, appropriate
procedures will be written for the use of this net.
w~, IC Secure TV Network. Six(6) RCA Globecom Videovoice
slow-scan leased terminals have been installed at the follow-
ing locations for a 90 day test period: CIA Operations Center,
State Operations Center, NSOC (National SIGINT Operations Center),
NPIC (National Photographic Interpretation Center), NMCC (National
Military Command Center) - JCS, and the NMIC (National Military
Intelligence Center) - DIA. A recommendation will be made prior
to 20 September 1973 relative to returning the equipment by
20 October 1973 or retaining the equipment beyond this date.
25X1
25X1
25X1
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S E C R E T
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Funds for the 90 day test came from IHC/IC funding. If the parti-
cipating agencies decide to retain the equipment they will individ-
ually fund for these terminals. To date the tests have been pro-
ceeding quite smoothly; however, it's too early yet to predict
the ultimate outcome. The purpose of the test is to determine
whether or not there are valid needs for a capability of this
type to transmit maps, charts, graphs, textual and imagery between
operation centers. The following alternatives are anticipated:
Alt. A - Return equipment to PCA Globecom since no
requirement exists at this time.
Alt. B - Retain equipment while a higher resolution
(greater than 400 line TV - perhaps 1500 or
2000 lines) - faster (greater than 55 seconds
transmission time - perhaps 6 seconds) system
is developed.
Alt. C - Retain equipment and request RCA Globecom to
make modest improvements (which we would have
to fund) to the equipment. (These improvements
could include the following: optional wide
angle, telephoto or zoom lens, TV monitor in-
tegral to the TV camera, improved speaker phone,
better archival recorder and improved hard copy
printer/camera etc.)
Alt. D - Return equipment on the basis that a capability
of this sort is required but the equipment has
too many deficiencies. Develop an improved
system having perhaps 1500 or 2000 line reso-
lution, wide angle telephoto or zoom lens, and
faster transmission times or a remote possibility,
at this time, would be a need for a real-time
closed circuit high resolution TV system.
A limitation of the present system appears to be the
quality and reliability and number of phone lines available, at
each location, on the gray phone system; therefore, some of the
alternatives above may include improvements to the communications
system.
Action Required. At this time no action is required.
~,8'. Improved LDX. The present WASHFAX LDX operates over
50KB/SEC inesQ 1-t -will only transmit textual material (no
shades of gray - black or white) having a resolution of 200 l.p.i.
@ 90 seconds transmission time. Attachment B is a specification
sheet and description of the DACOM Model 412 Securefax unit.
It can transmit with a resolution of 200 l.p.i. @ 90 seconds over
a normal telephone line (4800/2400 B/SEC). This means the O&M
costs are lower for a system having the same resolution and same
transmission time. Another advantage is that the unit is supposed
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25X1
Action Re uired. It is proposed that a meeting with
CIA-OC, DCA an other appropriate personnel be held to review
existing plans to update WASHFAX and to consider the use of
DACOM or similar "LDX" type units. Based upon the outcome of
this meeting appropriate recommendations will be made.
.9". IC Secure Facsimile System. Attachment C is a photo-
graPe receive over a TALUU - LITTON Systems facsimile
terminal. The quality of the photograph is excellent. The
transmission rate is approximately three minutes with a resolu-
tion of 100 lines per inch. A facsimile system of this type
could service the Intelligence Community if it can be shown
that there are cost benefits to be derived from this capability.
The system is to be installed in a simplex configuration with
the transmitter at NPIC and the receiver at the State Department
Operations Center for a 30 day test period. I have made tentative
arrangements, contingent upon key people witnessing the test,
to have the receive terminal moved to the CIA Operations Center
for an additional 30 day test period. This system could comple-
ment the IC Secure TV System. That is, a photograph could be
viewed on the TV screen and if a hard copy is required it could
be transmitted via the facsimile system.
Action Required. None at this time. We will continue
to monitor t e status a the LITTON development and other facsimile
systems. If it appears advantageous arrangmentt will be made
to have the LITTON System receive terminal installed in the CIA
Operations Center for a 30 day test.
I ,1-0'. Electrowriter. There are a couple of devices that woi11d ,
permit using an over ay paper on top of a CIB type map and write
alpha-numerics or draw lines that would be transmitted to a re-
mote site having a similar set-up. One concept would be to
acoustically couple this equipment to the gray phone system. This
would permit operation center watch officers to communicate in
this manner in addition to verbally discussing the items drawn
on the overlay.
Action Required. uiir__ed. We are obtaining additional technical
data on devices of EMs type. Discussions will be held with IC
agencies personnel on the worth of this capability. Possible
recommendations could include purchasing devices of this type
(approximately for a small format unit) or leasing
units for a 90 day es with the option to buy or continue to
lease.
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S E C R E T
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/p'. IC Communications' Improvements. All of the. ten items
discussed a ove wi require some additional communications or
improvements to existing communications systems. Some of these
additions/improvements can be handled on a case-by-case basis.
Depending upon the actions forthcoming an overall improvement
plan for the systems communications should be developed.
Action Re uired. None at this time. It is proposed
in the reorganization plan for the IHC (Intelligence Information
Handling Committee) that the ad hoc USIB Telecommunications
Working Group be integrated into the IHC. If this is done this
will be the group that will develop a comprehensive telecommunica-
tions plan.
I'/ k2:. Summary. It is recommended that all of the items dis-
cussed abov-'e 'be`acted upon according to the suggestions in each
paragraph.
Action Required. These actions can be accomplished
under the guidance ofthe IHC per the proposed reorganization
plans submitted to the D/DCI/IC, the DD/DCI/IC andi 25X1
Should the decision be made to retain the IHC as a 0SIB committee,
the actions recommended above could. also be performed by the IHC
in conjunction with the PRG. Somewhat similar studies encompas-
sing these areas have been conducted in the past by the IHC (IWIN -
Indications & WArning Intelligence-V- Study, IDEW - Intelligence
Data Exchange Washington - Study and TETRAHEDRON - Telecommunica-
tions Study); however no decisions were made regarding the study
recommendations by the IHC or USIB"a
25X1
Chief, IHC/SS
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S E C R-E T
 r9- . I'H7 O(!// 72- GAY'
SUB-MINUTE TRANSMISSIONS
? NON-CONDITIONED VOICE GRADE LINES
? OPERATES OVER DDD NETWORK
? UNATTENDED RECEIVE OPERATION
? SELECTABLE RESOLUTION
? FLAT BED SCANNER
? CONNECTS TO DAA
? CRYPTO INTERFACE
;.~ ? ELECTROGRAPHIC PRINTER
? EASY TO OPERATE
The Dacom Model 412 is a new and unique facsimile transceiver employing data compression. It has
operating characteristics which collectively surpass any other equipment available today. System features
include digital transmission, high speed, high quality, extensive automation, secure mode, internal paper
supply, adaptively equalized modem, and reasonable cost.
The Model 412 was designed to provide fast transfer of letter size documents between
offices using ordinary telephone lines. The cost per page is approximately the cost of a
special delivery letter.
Installation consists of connecting the unit to a telephone line through a DAA (Data Access Arrangement)
which is furnished by the telephone company and costs only a few dollars a month. For secure com-
munications crypto equipment must- be provided. The 412 is supplied with the necessary interface
connections for crypto units.
f 412
i
Any number o
transce
vers may be connected in a network. The circuits may be WATS
lines, tie lines, private lines, Autovon, microwave, satellite, or simply direct distance dialing
like an ordinary telephone.
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 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The Dacom Mod Y fPvRC&Fc$ 'M" rWi pgg~i~ng iPsPc?i O;1 9 P8?fl9177Pon, based on
advanced state-of-the-art technology throughout. Electronic circuitry has been reduced largely to LSI/MOS
chips. Digital data compression results in exceptional speed and quality performance characteristics. A
new modem with adaptive equalization permits full speed transmission through switched, non-conditioned
voice grade lines, as well as two way coordination, status, annunciation and control. Verification of receipt
of message is automatic. An electrographic stationary stylus printer produces high contrast copies on white,
bond like dielectric paper.
The 412 is intended for automatic transmission of most types of graphic forms such as typewritten and
handwritten letters, charts, drawings, sketches, diagrams, and maps in both clear and crypto modes. An
8'/2" X 11" document may be transmitted in less than one minute with a received resolution of 200 lines
per inch in the horizontal dimension and 100 lines per inch vertically. Alternate resolutions available are
200 lines per inch vertically when finer resolution is desired, and 67 lines per inch when speeds in the 30
second range are required. The horizontal resolution is always 200 lines per inch. Pushbuttons on the
console may be used to select resolution, page size, multipage mode or compensate for a noisy line. An
automatic stack feeder (optional), automatic answer and internal paper supply permit operation with a
very minimum of operator attention.
Operation is extremely simple, about the complexity of operating an office copy machine. Place the docu-
mOnt face down on the console and move it forward to activate the system. Pick up the telephone and
dial the desired number. When an answer tone is heard, hang up the telephone - that's all. The machines
then "handshake" for a few seconds, verifying line conditions, equalizing the modems, and automatically
establishing set-up functions (paper size, resolution, data rate, etc.). The "Transmit" light turns on and the
document moves through the scanner (always in sight), then drops into a tray. After transmission the
light goes out and both machines "hang up". If the "multipage" button has been pushed, the line is held
open so that redialing is unnecessary. "Handshaking" occurs between each document to assure that every
document is transmitted successfully.
At the receive terminal the machine automatically answers, prints the page, deposits it in a tray, informs
the sending station that the document was received and readies itself for the next message. No operator
needs to be present.
Document Size
Communication Line
Line Interface
Secure Mode
Scanner
Copy paper
Power per Terminal
Console Size
Console Weight
Modem Size
Modem Weight
DAC
Any size up to 8/2" wide by 14" long
Voice Grade, switched, non-conditioned line
Interfaces with Data Access Arrangement (DAA)
Complies with MIL-STD-188C (?6 V Polar)
Flat bed, optical, 200 lines per inch
(1,000 ft.) roll, white, dielectric, 8'/2" wide, cut to length, 5%",
11" or 14"
Average density text, 81/2" X 11" page:
Vertical Resolution Horizontal Resolution Speed
67 Ipi 200 lpi 35-45 sec.
100 lpi 200 Ipi 50-60 sec.
200 Ipi 200 Ipi 1'/2-2 min.
4800/2400 bps adaptively equalized, half duplex (full duplex
optional)
115 VAC, ?10%, 50/60 Hz, 9A, single phase (230 V optional)
Height-39" Width-25" Depth-33"
375 lbs.
Height-5%" Width-19" Depth-191/2"
301 bs.
i + Pt ~.,v/ PN o o e~ r-,-*
1'
4. (P 0 -
Release 2005/05 3 : ClA'-RDP82M00531 R000400260017-9
Dacom,lnc., 1060 Morse Ave., Sunnyvale, California 94086 Phone [phone]
~
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digital-fax
its sio9~nificance
to the military
F ACSIMILE HAS BEEN used by the military for many
years, but its widespread application, except in
specialized areas, has been amazingly slow in coming.
On a superficial level this is surprising since facsimile
offers the military user a number of unique advantages
of particular importance and usefulness relative to the
military mandate and mission.
Facsimile can minimize the time interval in com-
b pleting one of the most vital military communication
y tasks-the delivery of a message for action and im-
Robert S. Meltzer plementation.
Marketing Director The great bulk of written military communica-
tions Inc. is accomplished using teletype devices. Teletype
will continue to be used because its vast switched
network is installed and in operation, people know
and how to use it, and it does the job. However, coin-
pared to facsimile, teletype has two basic limitations:
1) It requires a skilled human operator, 2) It cannot
William V. Taylor transmit graphics. The human operator is deficient in
Manager Defense Sales two basic areas: 1) He introduces a time delay be-
be-
cause he is relatively slow, and 2) he makes errors.
Dacorn, Inc. Fa.-simile avoids these problems. The information on
_a document requires no further preparation, and hu-
man induced errors are non-existent. Of course, both
teletype and facsimile are subject to communication
line errors or garbling, but a garbled facsimile signal
will not misspell a word or modify the meaning of a
sentence. Not so with teletype.
Optical character recognition (OCR), a relatively
recent arrival, has been used to circumvent the tele-
type problems mentioned above. OCR has the ad-
vantage of phenomenal speed. Errors, while, existent,
can be identified and limited to a certain extent. How-
ever, with OCR another problem is experienced. The
more versatile its reading ability, the greater the com
fEPR'INTED FROM plexity and thus the expense of the terminal equip-
4: MAL MAGAZINE ment. A given OCR device is programmed to read
JANUARY/FEBRUAR 19 a pre-determined variety of letters tubers and sym-
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 jected. Enlargement of the repertoire of readable A secona prominent oosiacie to gle[llcl it?iiLaiy
characters is possible only at increased cost. In fac- use of facsimile is in the area of copy quality. Copy
simile, the infor ~~ e~ p~ a ~c t~5 3 C" v ?4906 t r 1) line resolu-
'Ar 1:
scanned microscopy and transmitted regardless or lion, anT $ We k~h !1~ -resolution of a
its design or geometric shape; errors in electronic in- standard transmission is completely satisfactory for
terpretation do not occur. Furthermore, facsimile is about eight point type or larger (about what one would
enormously more flexible than OCR or teletype since find on an ordinary typewritten page). Any smaller
it can convey maps, sketches, drawings, and hand- type would often be difficult to read. Telephone page
written copy in addition to alphanumeric and symbolic listings or newspaper baseball scoreboard information
information. Facsimile is fluent in all languages, in- for example would be close to indiscernible. Since a
eluding Japanese, Chinese and others that pose real great deal of printed matter is composed of very small
problems with conventional communication terminals. type, such material simply cannot be successfully con-
Of course, other types of communication media are veyed by a "standard" analog facsimile transmission.
used to move information, such as, mail, courier, tele- The other part of the copy quality question is paper
phone and television, but the application distinction appearance. While much progress has been made in
vis-a-vis facsimile are more evident than with teletype this area it is fair to say that many of the facsimile
and OCR. machines operating today utilize paper which is typically
Facsimile has one more advantage over other elec- gray, crinkly, limp, difficult to ,file, and aesthetically
tronic means for transmitting messages and docu- less than pleasing.
mentary information-it is potentially lower in overall Imposition of security provisions have always con-
cost. Simply put, if the cost of operator time, terminal stituted a non-trivial set of problems for communication
equipment, line costs, and other communication ex- equipment. This is particularly true for facsimile
penses are taken into account the cost per message terminals. Problems have occurred in two areas. The
with facsimile will often come out ahead. first has been the degrading effect of processing analog
With all the advantages cited above, why is it that facsimile signals through crypto equipment. The sec-
facsimile has not played a more prominent role and difficulty has come about in trying to eliminate
throughout military communications and not just in the radiation of intelligible radio frequency emissions
specialized areas? The reason is that facsimile, up to from the facsimile terminals. With respect to the ques-
the present time, has been deficient in a number of tion of radio frequency emission suppression, the fac-
significant areas. A discussion of these deficiencies and simile industry has always solved this problem when
how they have been overcome in newly introduced required, however, it has most often been done with
digital data compression facsimile equipment is the. a significant cost penalty.
subject of this article. While not all the deficiencies Government encryption equipment is normally digital
discussed below are concentrated in any one type fac- in nature. Roughly speaking, the bits of a digital stream
simile unit, one or more of these problem areas is within the crypto equipment are "scrambled" for trans-
usually found evident in any model examined. mission over the communication line and then put
d'
Analog Facsimile
Excessively long transmission time has been one
of the most annoying characteristics of equipment to
date. Most standard facsimile terminals are analog in
design and require approximately six minutes for a
"standard transmission." Since there are a great variety
of modes in which a facsimile unit can operate, one
must be careful to define the assumptions underlying
a stated parameter. When we speak of standard trans-
mission we are referring to transmission of an 81/2 x 11
inch page over a non-conditioned voice grade line
(600-2700 Hz), with a horizontal and vertical resolu-
tion cf approximately 100 scan lines per inch which
is adequate for reading typewritten material.
It should be noted that there are units recently
placed on the market which are capable of standard
transmission of three minutes or less. However, it is
the authors' understanding tfiat such units are more
liable to distortions caused by line interference than
the six minute versions, and the most successful ap-
plications have occurred over relatively short distances
or over lines with especially good quality.
The time taken to transmit multiple pages at six
minutes per page causes diversion of line from voice
use for excessive periods, increases communication line
costs, and undulyApprlrnivedffotcRWease 2005/05/23
back in the original bit stream order at the deco ing
station. In order to be scrambled, the analog signal
from the facsimile scanner must be converted to a digital
form. Ordinarily, such conversion entails a bandwidth
expansion. If extra bandwidth is not available, such
as when voice grade telephone lines are used, then the
signal must be degraded to some extent. The net result
of this analog to digital conversion process is often
degraded received facsimile copy.
Other factors which have also served to curtail the
use of facsimile within the military, have been lack
of compatibility between facsimile types, manual op-
eration of some models, sensitivity to communication
line interferences, and problems in reliability and
maintenance. It should be again emphasized that the
array of problem areas mentioned above by no means
exists in all machines. However, it should also be stated
that when an attempt has been made with analog
systems to eliminate, or substantially reduce, all of
these limiting characteristics, the resulting terminal
costs have made the use of such units justifiable only
in instances in which expense is not a prime factor.
Digital Data Compression Facsimile
The emergence of secure digital facsimile as a prac-
tical, cost effective medium with features far exceeding
aA1ftft2M _1 ign644Ys26ud4 $f9the development
 Approved For Release 2005105123 ? rin ancn2R nns3lannnano7sao17-$
and practical application of a number of new and ex-
citing technologies. These developments, related di-
rectly to advancements in digital equipment and tech-
niques are:
1. Miniaturization and fabrication of electronic
components employing large scale integration
and metal oxide. simi-conductors (LSl/MOS).
2. The development and practical implementation
of extremely efficient data compression algo-
rithms (codes.)
3. The development of high speed modulation/
demodulation devices (modems) capable of op-
erating at low error rates over switched non-
conditioned voice grade lines.
At the same time that these developments have
taken place the whole telecommunications transmission
facility is being converted with increasing rapidity from
analog to digital. Digital facsimile is able to take ad-
vantage of a myriad of performance flexibilities and
cost benefits resulting from the change over.
Description of Digital Facsimile Terminal
The digital data compression system employs the
same basic functional components as analog equip-
ment, with the distinction that digital components and
techniques serve to enhance system performance char-
acteristics.
A scanning device picks up light reflected off the
original document. The signal from the scanning de-
tector is converted into a digital bit stream. The bit
stream is then introduced into the compression cir-
cuitry where a code is applied to reduce the number
of bits necessary to convey the scanned information.
The output of the compressor is directed to the transmit
smit
section of the modem where it is chang1e~l0it
Approved For Release u
modulated carrier for transmission over a conventional
telephone channel. At the receive terminal the com-
plementary functions occur. The digital output of the
modem is expanded in the data reconstructor to its
original bit stream to activate a printing mechanism.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of the functional elements
of a digital facsimile terminal. Note: For secure ap-
plications, a crypto unit is placed between the fac-
simile system and the associated modem as shown.
When operated over the direct distance dialing (DDD)
switched network, a Data Access Arrangement (DAA),
is also employed.
Speed
The combined effect of data compression and high
speed modem technology substantially reduces trans-
mission time. For the "standard" transmission of the
new digital facsimile, a 250 word typewritten message
can be transmitted in less than one minute, or a 600
per cent improvement over the typical analog facsimile
unit in use today.
Note: Such speeds are routinely achieved over
trans-continental distances at modem rates of
4800 bits per second using voice grade DDD
telephone lines.
This increase in speed significantly enhances the
possibility of real time facsimile in many applications.
For example, while previously a ten page plan or report
would require one hour of transmission time, a digital
compression facsimile system takes less than ten min-
utes. The high speed permits visually-aided telephone
conversations at costs far lower than closed circuit TV.
Copy Quality
CIA- PbP6tt6N 0s 0d4bMb* gital
 pression, in addition to speed, is its ability to provide Digital data compression facsimile systems of the
increased resoly n igy ~ti 6~~t1 `t ClAtW6Y @6 J'ti) frw a speed stand-
o e c oc rat via d y the associated
penalty. In order to transmit fine me in orma ion or poin
small text, resolutions higher than 100 lines per inch digital modem or an externally provided clock. If the
are needed. If the resolution is increased in an analog terminal is required to operate over a narrow band
facsimile machine from 100 lines per inch to 200 or low quality channel, the clock rate can be reduced
lines per inch is both horizontal and vertical, the num- so that the equipment operates at a low transmission
ber of "dots" which must be transmitted increases by rate sufficient to communicate without excessive error.
a factor of four. Thus, a six minute transmission at Equipment of this type has been operated for the
100 lines per inch would increase to a 24 minute trans- U.S. Navy over HF radio links at bit rates as low as
mission time at 200 lines per inch, over the same tele- 75 bits per second. No degradation of copy quality
phone channel, occurs even at these low transmission rates and ac-
In some digital data compression systems, however, companying narrow bandwidths.
for reasons which go beyond the scope of this dis- One of the intriguing applications recently demon-
cussion, time increases only by a factor two. Since strated by the Defense Communication Agency (DCA)
the transmission time is low to begin with, this factor is the use of digital facsimile over digital networks such
of two imposes a minimum time penalty. That is, a as AUTODIN. The advantages of operating digital
one minute transmission at 100 lines. per inch becomes facsimile over AUTODIN are that first, being a mili-
only a two minute transmission at 200 lines per inch. tary switched network, most recipients of messages
Thus digital data compression facsimile systems over- will be near message centers. Also, the network is
come the severe time limitation imposed when trans- secure, and finally, AUTODIN is designed for very
mission of fine detail is desired. At 200 lines per inch low error rates, so that communication interference
with transmission times of two minutes or less, pages problems occurring on ordinary telephone lines do not
with information barely discernible to the human eye normally occur. Thus problem free reliable transmis-
can be transmitted and reproduced legibly. Since sion is assured.
military maps, diagrams, drawings, and printed ma-
terial often contain such fine detail, much more data
can now be successfully transmitted over voice grade
lines in a reasonable time.
Secure Communications
Because the output of the new facsimile systems are
digital in format, they suffer no degradation whatso-
ever when processed through standard government-
furnished encryption equipment. In addition, problems
of interface, synchronization and signal "handshake"
are minimized because both the facsimile and crypto
equipment are of the same digital character.
In the area of meeting government standards for
radio frequency emission, digital circuitry, and LSI
"chips" have a real advantage. The low voltages utilized
have inherently low radiation characteristics. If solid
state or quasi-solid state scanning and printing devices
are used, then the radiation problems are further
minimized. Under ideal circumstances no external
shielding would be required to meet federal standards
for secure operation. One of the severest problems
has thus been set aside if the equipment can be made
to meet federal standards with relative ease.
Flexibility
One of the most impressive characteristics of re-
cently appearing digital facsimile systems is flexibility
of performance and compatibility with other equipment
and systems. The flexibilities include its ability to op-
erate without modification over varying bandwidths,
its ability to operate over digital transmission networks
as well as the normal analog circuits, its compatibility
with store and forward devices, switching systems,
polling, broadcast routines and error correction tech-
Computer Compatibility
The output of a digital facsimile may be stored
on any of the media upon which computer output
is stored. This includes magnetic tape, disc, or solid
state memory. With compression, the efficiency of stor-
age increases in proportion to the compression ratio.
Storing and forwarding of fax messages is similar to
store and forward systems for computer or teletype
data. Other computer oriented functions such as mes-
sage switching, polling of terminals, broadcast trans-
mission, and error correction can be used with digital
facsimile terminals. By employing such operations, a
communication network can compensate for the
variations in communication line loading, and thus
accommodate a greater volume of digital traffic through
the system. The use of these techniques permits much
more economic operation of the network. The digital
facsimile system fits smoothly into the computer-
switched systems which are now being so successfully
applied in many military communication areas.
The military must constantly search for the best,
most advanced, yet cost effective, means available for
accomplishing its vital missions. In the area of facsimile,
newly introduced digital equipment offers to satisfy
this requirement.
Greater resolution and better copy quality provide
a wider diversity and depth of information to the
recipient. This, coupled with a high transmission speed,
results in vastly improved human communications and
decision making. Compatibility with existing computer-
controlled communication systems means that the bene-
fits of these new systems can be readily applied to
facsimile.
Consequently, digital data compression facsimile
equipment may be expected to have wide and rapid
acceptance in military communications.
niques. Approved For Release 2005/05/23 : CIA-RDP82M00531 R000400260017-9
 7 -0
Automate Dialing Set
4-o o
/m 7
 AUTOMATIC DIALING SET
to call, merely locate desired number
on motorized index, listen for dial tone,
then push ?t call" button ...
Approved For Release 2005/05/23 : CIA-RDP82M00531 R000400260017-9
 Approved For Release 2005/05/23 : CIA-
gives your business
these benefits...
^ SAVES TIME
? Makes telephoning effortless, accurate,
more convenient.
? Easily dials all kinds of calls- local, long
distance and intercom.
^ "REMEMBERS" TELEPHONE NUMBERS
? No need to look up numbers-they are
stored on magnetic tape and visibly in-
dexed.
Numbers may be easily recorded and
changed.
o You avoid the "memory tricks" that some-
times mean delays or wrong numbers.
^ MOTORIZED INDEX
o Permits rapid scanning and fast number
selection.
^ FLEXIBLE CAPACITY
? Individual tape cartridges provide 400 or
1,000 number capacity.
? Several cartridges may be used to give
additional capacity as needed.
? Cartridges are easily and quickly inter-
changeable.
^ OTHER "PLUS" BENEFITS
? Requires little desk space-small, com-
pact.
o Index entries can be quickly made in
pencil.
? Use your telephone in the regular way at
any time.
? No capital investment.
? Prompt, reliable Bell System maintenance
at no extra cost.
? Available in decorator colors.
FOR THE EXECUTIVE, automatic dialing serves as a
valuable "assist" in accomplishing more with sub-
FOR THE OFFICE WORKER making many outgoing
calls, helps reduce fatigue, increase efficiency.
HANDY PLUG-IN DIAL, used to record numbers on
magnetic top e, stores in cesc drawer or other out-
Approved For Release 2005/05/23: CIA-REIhff$A@ N9 .,l @aV14 ~~Qti G .
 Saves You Time and Effort:
Saves You Money:
lets you reach
your party quickly
and conveniently without
looking up numbers
or dialing.
speeds call-handling,
boosts staff efficiency
with motorized
index and easy-to-operate
equipment.
Bell System
American Telephone &Telegraph Co.
and Associated Companies
Approved For Release 2005/05/23 : CIA-RDP82M00531 R000400260017-9