UKRANIAN UNDERGROUND TEXTBOOK: THE ROAD TO FREEDOM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00415R008400130001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 26
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 15, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 10, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION SELLeT/GONTROL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE A
i INFORMATION R
-r
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COUNTRY USSR (Ukrainian SS
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SUBJECT Ukrainian Undergr
25X1A The Road to Freed
PLACE
ACQUIRED
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DATE OF
INFO.
tbook:
(19.13.N.PIlactiacP1-h ET0E14
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SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
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10 Aura, 1951
26
The material contained in this report was written in the
25X1X liestern Ukraine by and specifically for members of the underground and not
for the benefit of foreign consumption. Neither format nor content have
been altered in the editing process.
THE ROAD TO m IOU
hat'ils for Initial Ideological-Political Training of
OUN Members
Part III
Brief Information on the Ideology, Policy. and History
of Ukrainian Revolutionary Nationalism
Underground, 1949
Preface
The following is a manual for elementary ideological-political training.
The necessity for such a manual has become urgent for several reasons,
First of all, since 1941 our organization has made great progress in its
ideological development. Our movement has revised and much better sub-
stantiated a great many of its previous viewpoints0 kany new advanced
ideas have also been introduced. At the same time, all these new
ideological developments could not be conveyed to the rank and file of
the OUN, since the conditions of underground struggle discouraged meetings
on a big scale among members of the organization. Besides, the members
were overloaded with practical assignments, due to the development of
mass insurrectional warfare, In many cases such conditions may be
observed at present, but they cannot be tolerated any further, Every
member of the OUN must become familiar with all our ideas, and must be
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theoretically prepared in the best way; otherwise he will not be able
to perform properly assignments given to him by the Command of the
organization. It is clear to everyone that the compilation of the
proper inetruetion book is the first and most important measure for
the correction of existing conditions?
Second, the treining courses lately organized by various celle of our
organization are not always satisfactory; as a result, ideolegieal
errors and freeeintereretation of vtrious problems are frequent, Such
a situation can only be revIsed by making a single manual obligatory
for the entire organization.
A third reason for issuing this book is its possible value As a self-
training manual-
The fourth reason is constituted by a great demand for theoretically:
prepared personnelsitce the basic form of our struggle, under present
conditions, is political-propagandietic activity. Therefore, the necessity
of ideological-political training Of members of the underground Move-
ment is very great. Aithout this training, the instruction of the OLIN
that every- member of the OUN and every underground Worker or insurrectionist
must be a eropagandist cannot be practically fulfilled? All this requires
us to consider publication of the groper manual aS not only essential
but imperative, Only the difficult conditions of our struggle delayeo.
its earlier issuance.
The manual Road to?Freeoom comprises four farts:
le Catechism of the Ukrainian nationalist
2. Stuey of the Ukraine
3, grief information on ireeoloey, policy, and rdtoxr of
Ukrainian revoiutionary nationalism
4. Lrief information on the Bolenevist system of oppression
and exploitation
The manual gives all the most necessary information which must be
known to every member of the OUN? ee offer this manual to our frienee
with a reenest Raise our ideological-political level Raise our
ideological-political preparedness2 Having our weapons ready, let
Us use every spare minui.e for training oueeelves. This ie required of
us today by the needs of our revolutionary etruggle; this is reeuired
of us todny by. the Ukraine! The higher our ideological level, and the
more friends aoeuire this brief manual, the more certain will be our
victory.
November 1949
BRIEF INFORIATION ON 1W IDEOLOGY, roucr AND HIST9R
OF UKRAINIAN REVOLUTIONARY NAT1ONAL15ie
The OUN is a political organization which unites us, its members, on the
basis of our common viewpoints regarding the moet essential forms of
social life, the objectives of our etrugrle, and the methods to be em-
ployed in this struggle, These views, taken jointly, usually form an
ideology. Conseouently, our ideology is the principal factor which binds
us, membere of the OUN, into a sinjle fighting association, if only on
a voluntary beeis, but, nevertheless, tightly drawn together. Our ideology
is also the decisive factor due to which we accepted the name of
nationaliste; it is the eistinction wFAch creates our ideological-political
difference from other Ukrainian anc foreign par tics
This ideology has also another ery imeortant significance; it is our
tneoretical weapon in the struoje against all our enemies and adversaries.,
In order to defeat our enemies physically in armed streggle, we have
preliminarily to overcome them iaeologicallyi we must undermine the in-
fluence of their ideology among the Ukrainian masses and implant our own
ideas. This may be done only if we, members of the OUN, and all
rarticipants in the underground movement, are well prepared ideologically
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Therefore, ideological preparedness of the cadres of our movement has
a paramount significance for our organization. By improving our
ideological preparedness, that is, by increasing the knowledge of our
ideas, our program, our policy and history, we strengthen still further
the monolithic nature and ideological unification of our organization
and prepare ourselves for still more successful participation in our
political-propagandistic activity. Therefore, the slogan: "Raise our
ideological preparednessP1 must be realized to its full extent.
WHY DO V.E CALL OURSELVES NATIONALISTS?
Our movement is a nationalistic movement, and our organization is the
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists0 ae call ourselves nationalists
because, first of all, the basis,. the cornerstone of our ideology is
our conception of the nation and national state. In the second place,
we call ourselves nationalists because, in our strugele for the Ukrainian
Independent United State as well as in our everyday life, we are guided
by a single most important slogan: "The welfare of the Ukrainian
nation is the supreme law."
The most characteristic feature of our conception of the world is the
fact that we consider the nations in it as a natural phenomenon of man-
kind, the highest form of human society, and we recognize their historical
significance. The most characteristic feature of our activity, our way
of thinking, and our harts and souls is the subordination of everything,
and primarily our personal life, to the interests of the Ukrainian sesople
the etruagle- for their freedom, happiness, and glory.
Here we briefly describe : (1) our concept of the nation, (2) our con-
cept of the national state and (3) our interpretation or the slogen
"The -welfare of the Ukrainian nation is the eulreme law,"
1, Our Concsat of the Nation
Our concept . of the nation in the shortest form was interpreted in the
ideological thee e of the First Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, which
took place in Vienna in 1929. The fourth parasraeh of one of these
theses states: "The nation is the nighest type of organic human community
which, in spite of its greatest psychological and social diversity, has
its Own inner form created on the basis of similar natural positiOn,
common historical destiny, and an incessant tendency to realize this form
by all means
Here, we will try to clarify better this brief definition by answering
the folloWtng questions:
I. Why is the retion not an ordinary but a special community, the
highest form of orsanic human association?
II How have nations been created?
III.. Psychological and social differences inside of the nation.
?IV. Who is embraced by the concert of nation?
V, ;Alen May the people be annihilated?
I, Why is the nation not an ordinary but a aliaala ,cpmrhnit7a the higyest
form of oreanic human aesd'ciati.on?
tt ??.
Aso:or:sing to the accepted definition of the nation, the latter is the
highest form of organic human aseociation.. An association is a certain
group of people who are united by certain relatipns, There are various
associations in existence Lembers of sport fellowships, youth organi-
zations or political parties, soldiers of armies also form associations
because they are united by certain organizational relations, certain
common aims, and certain interests and viewpoints. It is quite clear
that a great difference exists between an association established by the
members of a sport fellowship and an association which represents a
whole people, a nation
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Firsts these differences are determined by number, intensity, permanence,
and quality of relations which unite the members of each organiza-
tion. vempareummwtne organizatimnImmma as the nations the nadber of
relations among the numbers of a sport fellowship are considerably less;
they are much weaker, less permanent,and, in many cases, of an entirely
different nature.
HO;
Second, each of these organizations originated differently. For instance,
the sport fellowship was formed as the result of a voluntary decision by
its members. By a similar decision, it may be dissolved at any time.
But a nation, obviously, was not created by this or that voluntary deeision
of the people; it was formed independently from the people, as a result
of historical development during many hundreds or thousands of years,
No. decision can dissolve the nation as a people's association. At
present, all individuals are born, irrespective of their wish, as sons
of a certain people; and even if someone renounces his nationality and
joins people of another nation, just the same his origin will be a con-
stant reminder to himself and to 'others that he is the son of a strange
people and that he is a renegade, Therefore, the nation is not any
ordinary human organization hut it is a special-tyre of human association
Taking into consideration the number, intensity, rermanence, and eualities
of relations which bind the members of a people together, and also eon-
sidering the conditions of the people's origin, we define nations as
organic associations. The word "organic" implies that nations are or-
ganizations powerfully eelded together, organizations which in many
cases merely represent a single undivided living organism, and that they
are formed naturally. In contrast with this, such organizations as, for
instance,a sport fellowship, are artificial associations.
What are those bonds or relations which bind the people so tightly into
the highest type of organic human association?
1.1Nlaras, The importance of the language is extremely great for
a eeonle. The Ukrainian language is the feature which remits'
one to identify a Ukrainian among.strangers in the easiest way,
the feature which zest of all distinguishes Ukrainians from
other nationalities. It is the most clearly expressed feature
which unifies us Ukrainians into a eiresle commonwealth. Common
language was the first means by which Ukrainian tribes recognized
each other as related peoples and by which they identified Poles
as foreigners. Each individual learns to talk in his native
language and the native speech is the easiest to understand.
Songs, legends. and literature, created in the netive language of
the peosle, also contribute greatly to their unification. It
is true that in certain cases entire peoples lose their language
or have no language of their own at all but, nevertheless, con-
sider themselves as separate nations. Ireland and the ILSolL
are examples of such nations. Sometimes the Irish language
was almost entirely extinct in Ireland; howevelalrishmen always
considered themselves as a separate people and always vigorously
struggled for their independence. Americans also consider
themselves as a nation, although they represent a mixture
of emigrants from various European countries and speak English.
But such cases are exceptional. The general rule is that
there cannot be a people without its own language. Therefore,
our present effort to convince all Ukrainians to use only the
Ukrainian lansuaee actually is a struggle for the existence of
the Ukrainain seople.
2? Territory. The territory is also of nreat importance to the
people. It plays an imnortant role as a. uniting factor because
it makes it possible for the people to live. together in a single
unseparated mass. Such an environment is a .certain preliminary
condition for the people to form a separate nation. Living
in the same territory for a long time, individuals become attached
to it and begin to love it. Thus,. the initial form of patriotism
arisee. Love for a native land, hence the concept of
fatherland, originates; the native country is more beautiful
and more beloved than any other country. The consciousness that
we have our own native land, our attachment to this land, to
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its fields, forests, rivers, mountains, to its nature, the
love for our fatherland?art they not those feelings which
tightly bind individuals together, thus unifying them into a
single people? Are they not those feelings without which the
existence of the Ukrainian people cannot even be imagined
today? Having their own territory, the people always strive
to control it, and endeavor to be master over this territory.
Thus, originates the desire for an independent state. Upon
building their own state, the people attain the possibility
for the development of their national features, and for the
realization of their talents and creative forces. Then, the
process of national formation, the feeling of national con-
sciousness and unification reach the highest level, Without
the territory, however, all these factors would be very weak.
The nature of the native country has a strong effect on the
character of the people. It is eenerally known that the
people of each country have certain features peculiar to their
(eel group, These characteristic features distinguish peoples
of various groups and, at the same time, bring closer the members
Of the same group. Finally; the territory is a basis for the
biological existence of the people, the foundation of our life
as human beings: it feeds us, we build our dwellings and
settlements on it, we owe our clothes to it, aria we use its
various natural resources. A group of people deprived of its
territory is in danger of complete national annihilation,
ttimilarity of character. Certain attributes of character are
common to each people, as, example, in their peyenological
oiseosition, These attributes are peculiar only to a particular
people, They are revealed in, the culture of this people, in
national establishments, in every national custom. These
attributes distinguish one people from another, but on the
other hand, they draw together the members of the same national
aesociation. izychologioal features are so deeply implanted
in members of the same national group that they are transmitted
through heredity The oombieation of these psychological traits,
inherent in the majority of a given people, is exactly what we
define as a national. attribute, The well-known French in- -
vestigator of this subject, Le Bon, makes the following, up-
doubtedly correct, statement in his work Psychelea of raues1
Del-slaras.,nt:
"AS a result of my numerous journeys in various
countries, I have aceuired a very clear conviction
that each people has its Own intellectual
frame, as permenent.as its anatomical; this frame is
revealed in its feelings, thoughts, institutions,
beliefs, and art.0
And further:
"Moral and intellectual features, creating by their
combination the people's soul, represent a synthesis
of the entire past of the people, the inheritance of
its ancestors,, It seems that certain cieviations
sometimes happee in individual representatives of the
same people, but more attentive observations show
that the majority of this very same people always
have a certain number of coemon psychic traits, as
permanent as are the anatomical. features, which are
transmitted always and invariably from generation
to generation,
"The combination of psychic traits comhion to all
individuals of a given people determines the so-called
national character and also outlines an average type
which is peculiar to this people. A thousand French=
men, a thousand Lnelishmen, and a thousand Chinese
taken at random will have certain considerable
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differences, but, nevertheless, they reveal hereditary
features which permit one to describe the types of
French, English,and Chinese peoples...,"
TO illustrate how people's traits differ in the eyes of a foreigner,
the following are the characteristics ascribed to Ukrainians by a
Polish ethnoerapher:
"The Ukrainians are the most intelligentepeople among all
Eastern Slavic peoples. They are more individual than the
Russians and stubbornly strive for economic independence.....
"One of the characteristic traits of the Ukrainians is their
determination, which often turns into obstinacy and persistence
A Ukrainian likes to live alone, although he mostly lives in
villages The Ukrainians are naturally gifted with artistic
taste and musical talents....
"Ukrainian villages differ from those of Russians to such an
extent that it seems that thousands of kilometers separate
these two peoples. A clean tidy room and a flower-garden in
front of the windows are the pride of each Ukrainian house-
wife,..." (Land andeetelpels; edited by Professor G. Loscicki,
6arsaw, 1933).
Differences in the national characters of various peoples sometimes are
so fine that they are very difficult for an inexperienced observer
to detect, but they always exist, and are revealed in various forms.
Neither physical separation from onegs own people nor conscious re-
nunciation remove or change these traits. They may disappear only
after a sufficiently long absence from the native country, for example,
several centuries of continuous association with foreigners on a
friendly basis.
The following example may illustrate some of the above statements:
It is well-known that N, Gogol was a Ukrainian only in origin;
otherwise he was a Russian; he wrote in Russian, was a Russian
patriot, and a Russian in all his consciousness. Nevertheless, his
Ukrainian extraction caused all his masterpieces to be saturated
with Ukrainian spirit, and hie creative power reflects the nature
of a Ukrainian individual. Ivan Franko characterized the creative
trend of N. Gogol by comparing him with M. Saltykov Shchedrin:
"The first satirist after Gogol in Russian literature, he differs
by the nature of his humor and pattern of his satire se radically
as only the nature of the Ukrainian is different hem the nature
of the Russian. Lore humane, the Russian humor remains sad and
tart even when filled with loud laughing, and anger is shown
in Russian humor when in the Ukrainian tears are seen through
the laurhter.-,"
4. National habits and customs.
In the course of living together for long periods, sometimes
thousands of years, a people creates a great many habits and
customs which are peculiar only to them. Various social and
religious events and rites, methods for their celebration,
customs of family, society and community life: these elements of
life are firmly established in many nations. A great many of
such habits and cuatsms have been created by us, the Ukrainians,
be, spite of the fact that We did not enjoy a common life for
centuries because of our defeat by invadere. These habits and
customs tightly bind us together.
5, Common historical destinyeecommon historical traditiens,
Let us imagine that we, Ukrainains, have no past history of the
Ukrainian State with its struggle for unification of the Ukrainian
tribes, its struggle against nomads and neighbors; that we have
no past history of the Cossacks and the struggle for liberation
of the Ukraine, and for the independent Ukrainian State, with
its glorious insurrection under the leadership of B, Khmelnitski;
that we have no past account of the 1917,1920 liberation struggle,
the liberation struggle against the occupants after 1920 until
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the present time. In that case, how faint would be the feeling
that we Ukrainians are a separate people! We may even have
doubts that such a consciousness would exist at all, since only
the struggle for a common cause, common efforts, common en-
deavors tie together a people and its generations with strong,
although invisible at first sight, threads. The historical
tradition, the history of common endeavors, unify people into
a nation in the same way as a common language and a jointly
inhabited territory..
To an extent no less than is done by political history, people are
tied together by their culture. It is generally known how greatly
important for us Ukrainians are our folk songs, what a great role
T. Shevchenko's Kobzar and, for that matter, all Ukrainian literature
have in our life, Without them, OUT ties as a single people would
be considerably less than they are at the present,
60 National consciousness.
There is one certain prerenuisite for making our historical,
political, and cultural traditions serve as a binding national
faetor: our people must know their political history and culture.
People who possess such a knowledge can be said to be nationally
conseious. Rational consciousness has a decisive significance
for the existenceof the peeplen Without national consciousness
the people, in the actual meaning of the term, cannot exist.
Well aware of this, conquerors always try to withhold from
the people the knowledge of its history; they always attempt
to distort, by all means, this history to prevent the penetra-
tion of the truth about the people's past to the popular masses
This is exactly what the Bolsheviks are doing now in regard to
the history of the Ukrainian people
T National ideals and the struegle for their realization_
Such ideals, such efforts always convert people into a single
united association, bring the people onto an historical stage,
and make an historical subject out of this people. In striving
for the realization of their ideals, the people always desire
advancement, always have certain national aims, and find
enough power for active struggle to reach these aims, Only then,
the people live; only then is it a real people. These are the
principal relations or ties which bind people into a single
organic association,
Some of these ties are not solely factors which bind the members of
a given people, but also appear in the role of factors which do form
the people. This refers, for example, to the territory, national
idealsaand struggle for them, and to the political and cultural
history in general. For instance,, the territory, as was briefly
mentioned before, has a certain effect on the people's spiritual life,
Our historical past not only binds us, the Ukrainians, together, but
also has left a considerable trace on our national face and our con-
temporary ideals, The same may be also said about our national
ideals they are not only a binding factor, but also have a certain
effect on our formation as a separate people,
Besides the above described relations, each people may he recognized
by certain peculiar traits of physical build and physical appearance,
Scientifically it has been proved that, for instance, the Ukrainians
have certain characteristic traits in their physical appearance, the
Russians have other traits and the Germans still different ones,
According to data of anthropology (the science of human physical
features), most Ukrainians have dark hair and eyes, a straight and
narrow nose, an oblong face, the highest skull among the neighboring
peoples, great stature, short arms, and long legs
?
This racial-anthropological differentiation of mankind, differentiation
due to physical features, has resulted from the fact that human beings
are subject to variability and heredity similarly to animals and plants,
A Soviet anthropologist discusses this phenomenon in the Small Soviet
?paysIIETAJA as follows:
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1...Similar1y to other animals, a human ls eubject to variabilimy
which ie revealed, first of all, in the existenee of the various
types of mankind. The formation of the main racial categories of
mankind took place very long ago, in contrast to other animals,
human beings have developed in respect to their adaptability to
environment,. However,- the adaptability itself is under the influence
of deliberately guided working activity based on helpful use of
implements nvented and developed by man. This self-adjustment ol
human beings brought mankind to a particularvariability, resulting
in wide racial diversity, A certain similarity to these conditions
may be observed among domestic animals which are also under the
influence of an artificial environment created by man.
1/Separate races are arising among themselves all the time thus
creating new descendants. This racial merging is always on the
increase, because of the development of communications between
separate parts of the world, resulting in commercial intercourse
between distant regions and migration of their population. Thus,
new racial formations appear ane new complex racial features
originate.,.."
Listing the most essential. physical features which may characterize
human races, the above-mentioned anthropologist points out the
hereditary nature of these features
example, descendants of the Chinese in general reproduce
the type of their progenitors, even when transferred into different
environments. The same is true of the Negroes, the estern
Europeans, the Australians, and other definitely established types."
Thus, .the nations, as we see them, are really a particular type of
human association. No other organization is united by the relations and
ties which characterize nations. Owing to such numerous, powerful, and
permanent relations among its members, a nation is considered as the
highest type of organic human association, There is no organizatioe
in the whole world welded together more vigorously than a nation.
How have nations been created?
First, it should be noticed that in most cases we are dealing with peoples
who originated: and were properly organized long ago, The only exception
appears to be the peoples of the countries of so-called new colonization,
particularly, the peoples of America. There, the process of forming new
peoples now continues; this process is based on the mixture of imMigrants
of various nationalities. This formation process is usually characterized
by the predominance of a single people, as for instance, the English in
North America, and the Spanish and the Fortugese in South and Central
America; by the mixture of immigrants with natives (mostly in South America);
and by common political and economic interests, This process, entirely
peculiar to the newer countries, takes place under specific conditions. The
formation process of so-called-old nations, as for example, the peoples of
Europe, Asia.. and Africa, was somewhat different. Because of the fact that
old nations represent the overwhelming majority of the world's peoples, we
consider this process as a typical one.
The following is a simplified representation of the process. kany thousands
of years ago the world's population, owing to its numerical growth, had to
migrate and settle down in new geographical areas, under new natural-geographical
conditions, These new conditions caused considerable, sometimes hardly
noticeable, changes in the physical features and character traits of the
people, but at the same time these features and traits became common and
peculiar to those people who lived together under similar conditions, and, in
the course of thousands of years, became hereditary. Furthemthose groups
of. people wno lived most closely together created a common language and common
customs, developed affections towards their land and similar people, and
required certain common interests.
In the case of the conouest of one tribe by another stronger tribe, either
complete physical annihilation of the conouered people took,place or their
assimilation with the conoueror occurred, and, as a. result, new Alysica
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and psychic features appeared and new complexes of !Inman features were
created. This was the manner in which the various tribes originated.
Neighboring tribes, in the presence of certain conditions (especially
when one of the tribes attained A proper stage of political and economic
development), usually united, and thus created a people, Further
historical development continued to strengthen relations among the tribes
within a group of people..
It must be noticed that for the unification of separate tribes into a
single people the most essential, decisive significance was attached to the
fact that all these tribes had many things in common, such as language,
customs, and affection for their land. All other factors, as for
example, the attainment of a proper level in political and civilized
development and a proper level of economic life, had only a secondary
significance. Quite a few historical cases show that even though, for
eertain reasons, similar tribes could not unite all at once, even though
they were forced to live separately under different political and often
even different economic and cultural conditions, they remained a definite
part of the people to which they actually belonged. The following examples
illustrate such cases the Transcarpathian Ukrainians and the rest of the
Ukrainian people; the Austrian Germane together with the rest of the
German people; the Germans of various German and Austrian countries be-
fore the unification of Germany; and the Germans, French, and Italians
in Switzerland. Thus, in the initial stage of their development, peoples
and nations Are the products of the process of the differentiation of
mankind,
One may observe from the two foregoing paragraphs that national groups
have originated naturally regardless of people and their conscious activity.
Some of their common traits, such as language, customs, and habits, appear
to result from a people's creative ability. Others, as for example,
affection for one's own land and own people and the dislike of anything
strange, have to be considered as natural human qualities. Consequently,
here we deal, on the one hand, with laws of human society, since people may
develoe affection towards similar people only in common life; and, on the
other hand, with natural qualities of human character and the human soul
Still other features, such as common traits in human character, akpear,
first of all, eue to the fact that a constant influence of natural
environments work, and trend of life leaves its impression not only on the
physical appearance of human beings, but also on their intellectual structure;
and, second, due to the biological capacity of humans to transfer these
traits hereditarily. Here we see the effect of biologica/epsychic laws.
Finally, specific traits of physical structure and appearance result from
the subordination of mankind, as a constituent of living nature, to
such biological laws as variability and inheritance. Therefore, it may be
concluded that the process of differentiation continues regardless of
human will or action. It proceeds exclusively from certain law of
human society, specific features of human character, and from
biological laws peculiar to the entire living world.
The process of human differentiation on the principle of intellectual and
racialeanthropological unification is very slow and, therefore, unnoticeable
by human beings. Holsever, this process, proceeding constantly and con-
tinuously, is as perpetual as mankind itself,, koreoyer, this process
stands above the people. Separate nations may perish or in some other
way disappear from the historical stage, but the process of differentiation
continues to function during all periods of mankind's history. The process
'of .formation of peoples in the countries of so-called new colonization,
which still continues, is nothing other than the result of this constantly
proceeding psychic and racial-anthropological differentiation of mankind.
However, all the attributes which characterize a people are not sufficient.
to consider a given people as a nation, as a people in the full sense of
this word. In the course of historical development, the concept of a
people acouired a certain definite meaning. Only that people is considered
as a mature people, for example, which has struggled for, its
national aims in the past, which has a certain political and historical
background, and which at present has certain political ideal's and conducts
a struggle .for their realization. Otherwise, a people is not considered
as a nation, but only as a certain ethnographic group, Thuss as we see,
in order for a certain human association to become a nation, it must have
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historical, politicalaand cultural traditions, national consciousness,
national idealv,and must have struggled for their realization. We
nationalists consider them as most essential for the existence of our people.
As has already been explained, the nation is a result of the natural
process oltepiritual. and physical differentiation of mankind, the process
which proceeds independently of the .people; and, on the other hand, it
is a product of historical development in which human beings take a
conscious part.
It is very important to understand correctly the relation between these
two forms or,stages of a people's existence. As the people cannot exist
as a nation without historical traditions, national consciousness, and
the struggle for national ideals; eo no national consciousness or ideals
may be originated without an ethnographic mass, for example, the people
in the initial stage. of its development. First, the people must he formed
as an ethnographic association, and the origin, of this association
does not depend on humans, being a result of the natural process of human
differentiation. The combinationof all relations which bind members
of the name people into a single organic association is defined, in our
concept of a nation, as a single inner form, which is created on the
basis of similar natural location, common historical destiny, and incessant
striving for existence with all possible efforts; the latter activity
being denoted as a constant struggle of thd people for the realization
of its ideals, whereas these ideals usually correspond to the possibilities
and strength of the people and reflect the peoples desires.
III? fissEhsIng.ical and social differences within the nation.
it would be erroneous to accept a nation as something absolutely uniform
and whole. Considerable differences usually occur within the same people.
First of all, there are psychological differences. It is well known
that there are no two individuals entirely similar in character. It is .
known, for example, how different are phlegmatic and sanguine types of
humans. Obviously, the phlegmatic and sanguine types of individuals occur
among the members of the same people. There are also certain psychological
differences between a farmer and a city dweller, a laborer and an
intellectual worker. However, in spite of all these differences, the
majority of the members of a given people posses certain common traits
in their nature, which comprise a comPon national. character. Regardless
of existing differences in their temperaments and nature, the members of
a given people, for the most part, occupy a similar position towards
problems of national significance and attempt to solve these problems
in the spirit of common national interests.
Further, in every nation social differences arise owing to the existence
of separate social classes and groups which actually have separate aims
and interests. This differentiation takes place especially among these
peoples which have such classes as landlords, large-scale industrialists,
bankers, and merchants. Peasants, workmen, and intellectual workers
may have their own interests too.. However, in comparison with the
national interests of the whole people, these separate class interests
have only secondary significance. The strongest feeling, which has
always united and now unites individuals among themselves, is the national
feeling. The same ideals for.shich a great many people in the whole world
are ready to fight and die are the national ieeals: the freedom and in-
dependence of peoples, their happiness, their might, their glory: In
case of a menace to the independence of a people, all social classes
and groups rise jointly for its defense. Isychological and social
differences, thus, are considerably weaker than the ties and relations
which unite people into a nation, and that is again why a nation is the
highest type of human association.
IV. Who is embraced by the concut of_anation?
The concept of a nation includes not only people' presently living, but
also past and future generations. A nation must be considered on the
basis of its history. The members of a nation are even those people who,
for certain reasons, have to live abroad far away from their native
country and their own people. This is the way a nation was considered
by Shevchenko, who addressed the Ukrainian people in his immortal
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Message as follows: "To my countrymen in the Ukraine and outside of the
Ukraine, dead and living and not born yet, my message is intended,"
V. when main,at.ipfople be annihilated?
it is not difficult to answer this ouestinn after everything that has been
said about a people In the political sense of this word, a people ceases
its existence when a) it has no national ideals and does not struggle
actively for them and b) its national consciousness has disappeared, in
thie case, a people is representative only of a weak-willed, passive
ethnoloRical mass, However, even under these circumstances it is possible
that, given certain favorable conditions, a people will revive l it will
recover its national consciousness, will establish certain national ideals,
and will begin an active struggle for their realization. In other words,
there are always possibilities for a people to be re-established in active
political life, On th whole, a people ceases its existence when its members
are completely exterminated physically or entirely assimilated under the
influence of another people. Therefore, all occupants strive not only for
the elimination of the national inhabitants in a political sense, but also
attempt to completely annihilate them, as,for example, by complete
physical extermination or complete assimilation, This is exactly what
the Bolshevik plunderers from Moscow are trying to achieve. Thus, our
liberation struggle against the Bolsheviks is not only a struggle for the
existence of the Ukrainian people in the political sense, but also a
struggle for our very physical existence.
Our doctrine of a nation has been formed, first of all, in a struggle
against imperialistic, antinationalistic views on a nation declared by.
ruling groat naticns, and, on the other hand, in a struggle against a
false, antiscientific Marxist approach to this subject. Both viewpoints
are directed against the interests of the people, especially against the
interests of an enslaved people. Both viewpoints on a nation are also
antiscientific and conflict with historical reality, The main pureose of
major world powers is to maintain their dominance over ether weaker
nations, while in the case of the Marxists it is to decrease the significance
of national problems, thus facilitating the realization of their Utonian
vision of a world state without national subdivisions, In the hones of
the Russian Bolsheviks, the Marxist theories of nations and socialistic
revolution became solely a cover for their imperialistic predatory policy,
According to the views of the representatives of major world states, the
national principle, division into nations, and the existence of various
nations have no significance in the establishment of national loundaries.
Before the first imperialistic war, such views prevailed among "scientists"
of Germany, Austro-Hungarv, and other great powers. They considered as
nations only those peolles who had their own states. Stateless peoples
under the rule of areat powers were not nations at all, according to their
ieterpretation, but merely ethnic groups. Peoples who lost their state-
hood long ago were defined as "nonhistorical" peoples and they were con-
sidered as incapable of organizing an independent state, They classify us,
the Ukrainians, among these peoples contrary to our whole history.
In the eyes of the Russian-Tsarist imperialists, we Ukrainiane never haTe
been a separate people, but only a "Southern-Russian tribe" of a single
Great Russian people, a tribe which has no right to state independence,
The Auateo-Hungarian imperialists tried to substantiate a necessity for
the existence of the multinatinal Austro-Hungarian empire by the
economic interests of the peoples of Central. Europe, In their opinion,
the disintegration of Austro-Hungary would mean a catastrophe for all. of
Europe, All the falseness of these theories is clear today.
In such countries as France, England. and the USA, national problems were
almost of no interest, These countries, especially France and England,
except for their colonies, have been in existence for many centuries as
national states and there was simply no necessity for these countries to
deal with national eroblems. Besides, these countries,subjugating under
their rule numerous colonial peoples, obviously were against sincere
recognition of the right of nations to independence, against recognition
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of the national principle as a basis for international order, and they also
were and aie now in favor or verious imierialistic concepts beneficial to rreat
powers,
The other enemy of the national principle is karxiam, "Proletarian-6 have
no country of their own"; "nationality, patriotism, and national interests
are prejudices and superstitions," assert Marx and all his adherents.
Thus, Marxiem denies the right of nations to existence and proclaims a
struggle agoinst national sentiments and patriotism. according to Marx,
the history of mankind does not reflect any struggle of peoples, but
solely the struggle of classes. The working masses must get rid of their
"national superstitions", and, by all means, devote themselves to the
interests of a struggle against the wealthy- exploiting classes, for social
liberation. The aim of this struggle is the creation of the universal
internationel state, in which division into separate peoples will be
eliminated, and a single human community with a single language will be
established, "Nations," according to Marxism, "are a ?historically
transitional 3 phenomenon,. They even originated during a transitional
period, when feudalism gave way to capitalism, Conseouentlya just
as nations did not exist in the past, they will not exist forever
and will disappear in the future," Mankind itself in its development
advances in this direction, according to Marx, and this factor is
corroborated by a steady increase in the elimination of differences among
separate peoples and a growth of closer relations among them,
The Marxist-Bolshevist concept of a nation is entirely false and nuite
contradictory to historical reality, We know about the existence of
peoples since the very beginn5ns of the written history of mankind. The
ancient Egyftians, the fersians, the Greeks, and the Romans obviously
were separate peoples. Nobody can deny this fact. True, they were
not similar to contemporary peoples, being in a Very low stage of
historical development, but nevertheless, they participated in historical
events as separate intellectual and racial associations, and therefore
must be considered as separate peoples. Se observe the peoples 'also
during the period of feunalism, The "theory" that nations originated
during the disintearation of feudalism and tee beginning of capitalism
is entirely groundless. In our discourse on the concept of a nation,
we have already described the process of the formation of peoples and
outlined conditions for this process. Lconomics, or any social-econoeic
formation, have no decisive significance in this process. What really
happened during this transitional. period Was that the process of inner
cementation took place among the asiropean peoples, which were strongly
and permanently settled in their territories, close to the state in which
they are at the present time. World history is, first of all, the history
of a etrunoie of the peoples with each other. (We nationalists do not
support such a situation and consider it as a negative circumstance; but,
unfortunately, this situation has always existed, and we have to recognize
it for the sake of objective truth.) Peoples, not social classes, appear
as the actors on the stage of world history. Class problems always have
played and play now a secondary role in respect to national problems. The
contemporary proletariat reveals national feelings in the same way as do all
other social classes. Class contradictions always have been settled within
separate groups of people. If the elimination of differences among peorles
takes place, as indiceted by Marx, it must be emphasized that during the
last centuries the national consciousness of all peoples in the world has
risen to a lseel where it has never been. before. At present, there is no nation
in the whole world which would voluntarily renounce the freedom of national
development, which would not endeavor to secure the best conditions for
a national existence, and which would willingly accept a national yoke.
The idea of the European Union or word superstate, which has been widely
accepted lately, does not lead us to a fusion of nations at all, It solely
signifies that certain nations, those of Western Europe particularly, are
attempting with the aid of such political conceet to preserve the
best conditions for their national existence. In short, the whole past histosy
as well as 'the events of our days entirely deny the Marxist-Bolshevist theory
of a. nation and, at the same time, coMeletely substantiate our nationalistic
theory.
The most evident denial of Marxist Bolshevist views on the nation may be seen
in the results of all previoss Bolshevist policy in the U66h. The Bolsheviks
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did not achieve any essential success in creating a nationless society, On
the contrary, in the attempt to secure the sympathies of the largest group
in the USSR, the Russian people, they adopted the principles of Russian
imperialism. Class slogans and socialistic ideas happened to be unsucceesful,
and the Bolsheviks were forced to promote their policy under Russian national
slogans, A certain success achieved by the Bolsheviks, seemingly on the basis
of creating a new "Soviet individual", actually is nothing else but a success-
ful Russification of the peoples subjugated by Moscow.
Although the Marxist theory is Utopian and unacceptable fpr the national idea,
a considerable number of Ukrainian intellectual people fell under its influenee
at the end of the nineteenth century and during the first decades of the twentieth
century. This influence prevailed with insignificant changes until the be-
ginning of the thirties of our century, and still exists among the Ukrainian
Bolsheviks and among people raised under Soviet conditions. This was chiefly
owing to the fact that the Marxists promoted their antiscientific international
concepts of nationalism together with the ideas of social-economic reconstruction
of the hitherto existing capitalistic system, simultaneously with the ideas of
the new socialistic eocial-economic order. Being enchanted by the social
economic ideas of socialism, the Ukrainian intellectual people accepted also
all the false antinationalistie viewpoints of Marxism in respect
to the problem of the nation and national state. Contributing to this situation
were such factors as the weakness of the Ukrainian liberation movement during
that period and the absence of Ukrainian nationalism among a considerable
number of the Ukrainian intellectual people. All this was possibly- owing
to the stateless existence of the Ukrainian people for a long period. In
addition, this group of the Ukrainian intelligentsia failed inthe beginning
to recognise that all international slogans in the mouths of the Russian
Bolsheviks are merely phrases designated to cover their imperialistic
plans, Obviously, in order to attract this segment of the Ukrainian popu-
lation to the struggle for the independent Ukraine, it has been necessary first
of all, to indoctrinate them in the proper concept of a nation.
However important, this was not the only problem which had to be solved_ In
general it was also imperative to give a strong theoretical basis to the
Ukrainian Nationalist Movement, Only a proper objective concept of the nation
and the national state could he considered as a basis for Ukrainian revolutionary
nationalism, The Ukrainian Nationalist Movement properly understood the
historical reouirements, and, standing on a correct objective podtion in re-
spect to the problem of the nation and the national state, created a strong
and sound theoretical basis for its ideological and political development.
Our Conce t of the National State
Our concept of the nation and national state has been formed in a struggle
on two frontsg against various imperialistic views declared by representatives
of great powers and against a Marxist approach to the problem of the state.
The views of the representatives of great leading nations were based on open.
denial of trio right of small ?ples to maintain their own indeendent states,
Marxists have a different approach, trying to substantiate scientifically their
antagonistic relation to a state. According to their views, a state always has
been only a means of oppression in the hanas of wealthy social classes. They
have tome to the conclusion that states must be destroyed; only then will
mankind enjoy real happiness and freedom,
This concept of a state is entirely wrong. Their notion that, in the future,
peoples will be able to exist without states is Utopian, fantastic, and has
no realistic basis. The entire Marxiet theory of a state is an attempt to
consider history solely as a struggle of classes, an attempt to deny any
significance of a state for the people and for mankind in general,
The state originated as a natural form of organization of clans in the beginning,
tribes later, and peoples still later. A clan or a tribal organization is a
prototype of the initial form of the state But during the period of clans
and sometimes of tribes, there was no division of population into classes of
exploiters and exploited. This is not denied even by the Marxists. There-
fore, it may be concluded that the state did not originate as a tool for the
oppression of the economically weak classes by those of great wealth, hut it
is a result of a natural need to regulate life inside the community and to
defend this community against outside enemies.
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Hence, it was considerably later that the subdivision of the population
into classes took place, and only from the time when a class society ie
formed may we consider the state as a means of class oppression- Ruling
classes use the state organization not only for oppressing the working-
class masses, but to a still reater extent they utilize it for conouering
strange territories and for subjugation of other peoples. As a result
or the predatory policy of the imperialists, multinational states were
created.
A multinational state together with simultaneously existing class subdiVision
of population, serves as a double means of oppression,. First, it is used for
social oppression of the working masses of its own people, and, second, the
multinational state is an instrument for national oppression and exploitation
of subjugated peoples,
Obviously, such states should not exist; they must be reconstructed first of
all,. Single-nation states must also be reconstructed if they serve in the
hands of the ruling classes, for oepressine and exploiting the workine masses.
In order to live and progress, mankind must be organized and must develop
a certain type of organization. There is no: doubt of this. Only a system
of free national states may be considered as a proper answer to this problem.
Any other system, being in contradiction to the natural desires of mankind,
would be impractical. A system of free national states of all peoples is not
only the most fair solution of the problem of international relations,
but also the most worldly, most,realietic answer to this problem.
The establishment of free. national states will eliminate, first of all,
multinational states; hence, it will stop national oppressionl Further,
for taking the state out of the hands of ruling exploiting classes, the
present social order must be reconstructed on the principles of a class-
less society. Then the nation will cease to be an instrument of oppression
and become again what it was at the beginning of its existence, that is, a
form of organization for the economic and cultural life of the people and
for defense against outside enemies e This latter function might be Completely
eliminated, if an order could be established in the world abolishing the
menace of attack of one country by another and at the same time establish-
ing an international organization built on the principles of justice to
repel such an attack if it should occur As an organization of the intetnal
economic and cultural life of the people, the nation cannot vanish and cannot
be replaced by any other form of organization. The compulsory apparatus
within the state might be brought to a minimum, being used only for securing
an internal order. The national bud et would not require any considerable
sacrifice from the population, and all material and mental resources of the
people could be utilized for its economic and cultural progress... However,
all this ispossible only in case the nation has cemplete assurance of its
safety in 'respect to attacks from without. Unfortunately, at the present
time we are far away from such conditions,
he nationalists assume that the independent national state is the only fort
of political organization which provides a people with the best conditions for
the development of all its inteilectual and material resources. Without its
own national state, namely, a state created on the ethnographical territory
.of a given peoole, this people cannot progress universally. Moreover,
without its own-national state, a people is destined to perish. A stateless
people is always forced to suffer hardships and exploitation from its
enslavers, who, disregarding the slogans they use for self-coverage, always
attempt the political,- cultural, and Sometises even physical elimination of
subjugated peoples, This is an exact situation which may be illustrated by
the whole Ukrainian history and also by the history of other enslaved peoples.
We Ukrainians were, oppressed by Poland from the 14th to the 18th centuries,
and by Tsarist Russia from the 18th to the 20t4 centuries, After 1920 we
suffered at the hands of the Moscow Bolsheviks, the Poles, Rumanians, Czechs,
Hungarians, and Germans, and now again, the Moscow Bolsheviks strive for our
annihilation,
We nationalists, taking into consideration all the previous historical ex-
perience of the Ukrainian and other enslaved peoples, assume the independent
national state to be the most eseential condition for the existence and
proper development of our people. We definitely reject and oppose the form
of a state such as the Bolshevist USSR, which is merely a cover for Moscow-
Bolshevist imperialism. lee also reject all forms of the multinational state
based on national oppression.
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The idea of an independent national state also has its source in the deepest
desires and national feelings of each people. Peoples desire to be masters
of their own land and wish to be free, Such are the demands of their feelings
of national honor, national pride, and patriotism. Peoples hate Slavery and
always strive for freedom.. Real and full freedom may be obtained only through
independent national states, which not only satisfy the interests and desires
of separate peoples, but also, in the best way, serve the interests of all
peoples together and all mankind.
We nationalists assume that the highest destination of all peoples of the
world, taken together or separately, must be the widest possible development
of the intellectual and material culture. The progress of mankind is really
a sum of achievements of separate peoples. Contemporary culture would be
higher and richer if all peoples, including those who have been or are now
oppressed and subjugated, participated in the development of culture. This
participation in the cultural process may give good results only when all
peoples enjoy conditions for the maximum development of their ambitions end
talents within their own countries, that is to say, when they live in their
own independent national states. Thus, the system of free national states
serves the interests of all mankind in respect to its cultural progress.
As we see, peoples and nations, being the products of the natural differentiation
process as well as the products of historical developments are those precious
values that mankind must protect by all means. The progress of mankind can
be achLved neither through artificial forcible unification of peoples nor
through the policy of recasting and fusing separate peoples into one whole,
but solely by giving the peoples full freedom for their creative activity and
development. Such conditions are possible only within the system of independent
national states. Those who oppress and annihilate other peoples destroy
the basis for the progress of mankind in general, and are not only the enemies
of enslaved peoples but they are the enemies of all mankind. The USSR of
today is just such a furious enemy of separate enslaved peoples and of all
mankind.
We nationalists struggle for the system of free national states for all peoples
of the world. The immediate task of our struggle is the realization of the
everlasting dream of the Ukrainian people establishment of the Ukrainian
independent state on the Ukrainian ethnographic lands.
*
The greatest obstacle to the liberation of the Ukrainian and other enslaved
peoples and to the establishment of the system of free national states is
imperialism. Strong countries always try to extend their influence, develop
their significance in the world, and reveal,their power by means of predatory
imperialistic wars, occupation of foreign territories, and subjugation of
other peoples. Imperialism and imperialistic wars are the greatest shame
and evil of contemporary mankind.
Obviously, imperialism causes small and weak peoples to suffer to a very
great extent. Imperialism is not only a political and cultural menace for
small peoples, but it also endangers their very physical existence. The
tragic. fate of the Ukrainian people, in the course of its entire history,
is a direct result of the imperialistic policy of stronger neighboring
peoples Therefore, small and weak peoples must strive for elimination of
materialism from international life and for establishing such conditions
which would not permit strong nations to conduct imperialistic tars and
predatory policies.
Imperialiatie and predatory wars are a great misfortune even for imperialistic
peoples themselves, since they always claim enormous sacrifices in human life
and materials from the population. Sometimes a single war destroys the
achievements of entire generations and whole centuries. Contemporary wars
are very bloody because of great technical progress and because of a high
national conscientiousness of all, including, small and weak peoples. For
several decades attempts have been made by advanced intellectual people in
every nation toward eliminating imperialistic wars and creating prevontk_
guarantees against them. But, because of the camouflaged opposition oi
imperialistic countries to the realization of such ideas, theee attempts
have so far produced no results and now, as always before, imperialism rules
Un'
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In the name of international justice, in the name of human progress, for the
well-being of the Ukrainian and other peoples, we nationalists strive for
the complete destruction of imperialism. First of all, we try to eliminate
the most negative and malicious manifestations of imperialions-spredatory wars
and enslavement of small and weak peoples by large and strong nations.
Human beings differ from the rest of the organic world by their knowledge and
by their reasoning ability. Knowledge and reason have made it possible for
mankind to reach a high level of intellectual and material culture, Knowledge
and reason have helped human beings create highly developed forms of social.
life and forced them to make laws against thieves, banditsand. other anti-
social elements. Because of their criminal nature bandits are not permitted
to act freely. Reason and human consciousness must also lead to creating
the proper cultural forms of international life and relations, This can and
must be achieved, especially at the present, when relations among peoples
are closer than ever before,. Lately, more and more people are coming to
the conclusion that imperialistic predatory wars must be disposed of as
criminal and antisocial, as nothing but international banditism.
We nationalists endeavor to eliminate completely this international banditism
and consider as necessary initial measures for this purpose: a) the destruc-
tion of the USSR as the most terrible jail of peoples, and the formation
of independent national states by all peoples of the world; b) the creation
of an international organization which would protect the system of free national
states and which would have the ability and power to stop immediately any
aggressive attempt of one nation against any other people, Such an inter-
national order would satisfy fully the interestiof the Ukrainian people as
well as the. interests of all other peoples in the whole world, and also
would serve the interests of international justice. Mankind, in the
course of its further progress, will arrive at this point sooner or later,
However, we are in full understanding that the moment for establishing sucn
an order in the world is still far away, We nationalists see ahead of us a
long and persistent struggle for this order against imperialists of various
kinds, and, first of all, an unyielding struggle against the Loscow-Bolshevist
imperialism, 4e, with our just and advanced ideas, will triumph in this struggle,
Today, as well as twenty years ago, our concept of the nation and the national
State is our most essential ideological-theoretical weapon, At present, as
in the past, the representatives of the leading great nations develop various
theories which are directed against the idea of free national states. Among
such theories, not devoid in many cases of imperialistic meaning, may be
considered, for example, the ieea of a European Union, as it is propagated
by West European countries, and the theory of a world superstate supported
by the USA. Proceeding from the argument that economic cooperation among
all peoples has become an urgent necessity in this day and ane, the represen-
tatives of leading nstione suggest theories for political organization of
the world which are first and foremost advantageous to themselves, theories
which permit them to preserve, at least to a certain degree, their previous
dominating political and eseeomic positions. Though, recognizing a necessity
for close cooperation among peoples, we Ukrainian nationalists are opposed
to such .conmeAtou of a world order which would ceuse enslaved peoples and
countries to be further dependeot politically and.900nOmioaper., We Ukrainian
nationalists 'consider that objectively there are no obstacles for establish-
ing closest cooperation among peoples within the limits of the system or
free national states. This system, realizing a desire of peoples for their
national independence, would be the most stable system which, with the aid
of a strong and just international organization, will be able to eliminate
any international conflict,
Some of the Ukrainian intellectuals, mainly those among the Ukrainian
Bolsheviks, are still under the influence of antiscientific Marxist-Bolshevist
theories on the nation and national states, Besides corrupt elements, therd
are also honest individuals among the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. They still re-
main in the ranks of the Bolshevik Party only because, some time ago, they
succumbed to the Bolshevist propaganda and accepted their false theories.
Obviously, it is our task to open the eyes of these people to the false
antiscientific character of Bolshevist theories in general, and particularly
to their ideas on the national state, Our first step in this direction
will be to snatch these people away from the Bolshevist class.
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Thus, we, the Ukrainian nationalists must carry out an ideological struggle
on two fronts: against antinational theories often promoted by the
repreeentatjees of leading great countries, and against false Marxist-
Bolshevist theories, Armed with the right and sound ideology, we will con-
tinue this struggle coureeeously.
Our Slogan: "Prosperitytfor the Ukrainian Nation
is the Supreme Law."
Our slogan "Prosperity for the Ukrainian nation is the supremo law" has a
double meaning: ideological-political and ideolosicalemoral. The ideological-
political meaning of this slogan is seen by the fact that we, the nationalists,
consider the. Ukrainian people and their prosperity as the most essential of
our national. values. The prosperity of the Ukrainian people is the highest
aim of our hopes, our struggle, and our life. To the srosperity of the
Ukrainian people we subordinate the interests of every Ukrainian individual
and also the interests of social groups and classes, since the wealth and
happiness of individuals and groups hinge entirely upon the conditions in
which the Ukrainian people live. The people and their prosperity are even
more important than a state per se. The state by itself has no value for
us; it is but a means for the betterment of the people. We struggle for an
independent Ukrainian State, inasmuch as only an independent national state
can provide the conditions required by the people for their universal
development. If another form of political organization would take better
care of the interests of our people, then,naturally, we would struggle for
that other form of national organization. However, as long as there is no
other form, andundoubtedly there never will be, we struggle for an inde-
pendent Ukrainian State.
Practically, we define the "prosperity of the people" as follows: a)
physical health of population; b) high, heroic morals of the Ukrainians;
c) high level of the Ukrainian culture, and a high cultural level of the
Ukrainian masses; d) the revelation of and development of the people's
creative talents; e) high economic and cultural level of the country, together
with high living standard of the popular masses; f) constant maximum readiness
for defending the national independence. Under our present ccnditions of
enslavement we consider the struggle for cur national liberation as our im-
mediate mission; to it we subordinate everything else,
The ideological-moral meaning of the slogan demands that we the nationalists,
always work only for the prosperity of the Ukrainian people, that we do
nothing which could detract from their wellebeing, Every nationalist must
adjust his everyday life to conform with this principle. Every nationalist
must always determine for himself at the beginning of his work whether or
not his action will serve to benefit his people. No difficulties can stop
a real nationalist in work which is directed to the tnterests of the
Ukrainian people and our struggle for national liberation. He must proceed
with his task even under the threat of death.. Our slogan "Prosperity for the
Ukrainian nation is the supreme law" does not threaten any other nation
since we attempt neither to conouer foreign territories nor to enslave other
peoples. ae, the Ukrainian nationalists, catesorically reject imperialism?
We aleo struggle against chauvinism. While loving our own people and striving,
first of all, after their prosperity, power, and glory, we, at the same time,
praise and respect all other peoples of the world.. We believe that the
peoples of each nation must love and serve, first of all, their own people.
In doing this, cerery individual not only fulfills his duties toward his own
people, but also contributes, in the best manner, to the principle of mans
progress. Thus, our slogan contains no trace of chauvinism or imperialism.,
THE IDEA OF THE UKRAINIAN INDLIENDIZT UNITED STATEts:
THE HIGHEST AND FUNDAMENTAL IDEA OF UKRAINIAN NATIONALISM.
WHAT IS ITS MEANING?
The First Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists stated in its ideological
decisions: "The primary task of the Ukrainians under their present conditions
of political enslavement is the creation of such a political-lawful organiza-
tion as the Ukrainian Independent Unified State," Realization of this idea
is the most essential and fundamental aim of the OUN and the entire Ukrainian
Nationalistic Movement,, All other ideas have only secondary significance,
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Vie, the Ukrainian nationalists, are struggling for the creation of a
Ukrainian Independent Unified State because we understand that only in
such a state can the Ukrainian people develop their intellectual and
material resources to the fullest extent and live as really free, prosperoue,
and happy people, Under foreign rule the Ukrainian people always will
suffer from oppression, humiliation, and economic exploitation, and will be
annihilated in jails, concentration camps, and in exile,
The idea of the Ukrainian State means that we nationalists struggle for an
order in which the Ukrainian people would be sole master in Ukrainian
territory and our future independent state would serve only the interests
of the Ukrainian neople, Our future independent state will be Ukrainian
not only in form but also in content, in domestic as well as foreign
policy.: We struggle. against all forms of dependence of the Ukraine upon
any other country, At the present time we struggle for seperation and
complete independence of the Ukraine from Bolshevist Russia, ae know
that stronger states always try to exploit other countries, Se do not wish
to be downtrodden by anybody and, therefere, struggle for the freedom
and total independence of the Ukrainian State, se do not oppose cooperation
with other nations, but are against forced relations, such as, for example,
our union with escow forced on us by the Bolsheviks who have occupied our
country with their treens, we wish to cooperate with other peoples, to
enter into alliances with them, and to establish mutual understanding; but
only on the basis of the entirely voluntary decision of the free Ukrainian
people, on the basis of equality of peonies, and in conformity with the
interests of the Ukrainian people, Cooperation on such a basis is possible
only when the people have their own entirely independent national state,
Our idea of a united state would include all ethnographical Ukrainian lands,
that is to sayo those territories which are new or have recently been
inhabited entirely or for the most part, by Ukrainians, Each Ukrainian has
a right to live in his national state, No part of the Ukrainian territory
must remain outside of the Ukrainian State, 4e will always endeavor to
unite all Ukrainian people and territories within the boundaries of the
national Ukrainian State,
Wily OUR LOVEUFAT IS L5aVOLUTIONAEY
The word "revolutionary" is generally used to define a movement which
struggles for A basic change of the existing political and social order,
and the establishment in its place of a new order based on entirely different
principles, Such a movement, using the most effective methods which usually
contradict existing laws, has often to be conducted through an underground
'orcible armed struggle, Our nationalistic movement is a truly revolutionesy
movement in regard to its purposes as well as its methods,
Why is our nationalistic mcvemeat a revolutionary aovement in regard to its
purposes?
I. We nationalists struggle for building the Ukrainian Independent
United State on Ukrainian ethnogranhic territories. This means
a radical change in the political arrangement which has hitherto
existed in Eastern Europe, .For many centuries the ruling poser
in the East has been represented by Poland or gussia. Today this
role is played by Bolshevist oscow, in the case of the formation
of the Ukrainian Independent States the oscow imperialists will
be thrown back from the Carpathian kountains and northern shores
of the Black Sea far tosthe northeast, beyond the line of the
present southwest boundaries of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet
Federated Socialist Republic), The Polish imperialists will be re-
pulsed to the wests on the line of the Wieprz and San Rivers, In
Eastern Europe, on the site of former 'Russian and Polish im-
perialism, instead of the present imperialistic USSR, a new
political entity will arise--a Ukrainian State, With respect to
the political system which has existed in Eastern Europe for so
many centuries, this event will be really a deep radical revolution,
2 ;Ale nationalists struggle for creating in the future Ukrainian
State a social-economic order which will be entirely different from
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anything existing in other countries. In the great majority of
esintemporary states the capitalist system is definitely established,
This system is based on the principle of freedoaiof economic aa-
.tivity and on .the principle of private ownership of land, factories
and plants, in trade and other enterprises. The organization of
economic life along these lines brought into being,on the one hand,
a Wealthy clasp of large landlords, industrialists, bankers, and
Merchants; and, on the other hand, a large small-landed and landless
peasantry and worker class (proletariat). There is a constant
struggle between these two groups, and this internal strugrle
considerably weakens the whole nation, Contemporary France is
an example of such a situation.: We nationalists stand for the
greatest possible unification of a people, We also stand for
just distribution. of the national wealth among all people, Since
the capitalist system unavoidably leads a nation to great in-
equality in the wealth of individuals and, as a result, to an
internal class struggle, we nationalists are against capitalism.
We, are also against the political regime which exists now in the
ussa Under this regime the members of the Bolshevik Party actually
form a new bourgeoisie. They may have everything they like, where-
as the workers and members of collective farms live in grasping
need,
4e nationalists struggle for establishing such a social order in
Which there will be neither landlords, nor bourgeoisie, nor such
parasites as contemporary Bolshevist magnates who enjoy their
life while millions of people perish from starvation and tremble
in fear of the MU and MGI. 6e struggle for the greatest possible
equality between peasants, workers, and the intelligentsia; for a
claeslese society, that ia for a society which will know neither
wealthy nor poor members. This may be achieved only when; a) all \,
mines, factories, plants, banks-, railroads, and wholesale trade
will, be not in private hands but in the possession of all the people,
under the control, of the state, and b) real democracy is established
in the state, namely, when the people through their representatives
will, be able to control the Ukrainian government. Because of the
lack of control by the people over the Bolshevist government, the
Bolsheviks are able to exploit the peasants and workers. We strive
after conditions in the Ukrainian State under which the people
would have real control over the distribution of the national wealth
and over the material position of all social groups. Thus, our
nationalist movement is also a revolutionary movement in respect-
to the social-economic objects of our struggle,
3, We nationalists also struggle for a spiritual regeneration of the
Ukrainian people, that is for elimination of all those bad qualities
which have been developed in our national nature because of a long
existence in bondage, under the yoke of other nations" There are
&till a great many such negative traits in our national character,
A considerable portion of the Ukrainian people consider the whole
Soviet Union, not just the Ukraine, as their native country and,
therefore, they are ready to fight and die not for the Ukraine firs%
of all, but for the Soviet Union. Lost of such people are from the
eastern regions. Thousands of the Ukrainians from the eastern
reginne died during the last war with the cry, For our country,
for Stalin" Many eastern Ukrainians, being under the cultural in-
fluence of their oppressors, the hussians, despise the Ukrainian
culture and consider it as A culture of low value. These people
have no Ukrainian national pride. Often, some of the Ukrainians
are indifferent to national affairs, being interested only in their
private lives. The Ukrainians, having been enslaved for hundreds
of years, sometimes lose entirely their sense of national dignity
and are ready to serve their enemies. In short, there are still
many slavish features in the nature of the Ukrainians, These
negative .features must be rooted completely out of the character
of the Ukrainian? if we wish to be a real people like other great
nations. Instead of slavish inclinations we have to shape in the
Ukrainian people the character of a free peoele with high national
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consciousnesst ready to fight and die only for the Ukrainea
freedom-loving character, firm against enemies, active, full of
faith in their own strength and in the might of their own people,
Regeneration of the character of the Ukrainian people is considered
by the Ukrainian nationalists as a most essential problem.
Ukrainian nationalists will always strive for this, another
revolutionary feature of our movement.
Why is our movement a revolutionary movement in regard to its methods of
struggle?
We believe that our task of Wilding a Ukrainian Independent United
State may be realized only by forcibly driving the occupants from
our lands, by taking up arms against our enemies. We are constantly
and thoroughly preparing ourselves for such an armed struggle with
the occupants We understand that to shorten the time of the
occupation and to bring nearer the moment of our liberation, we
must use every means to harass our enemy, and we must try constantly
to destroy the occupants, manpower and material resources; to
undermine their might. Thus, we use violence, physical battles
with the enemy, as our basic method for strugaling against the
occupants, disregarding entirely the part that this method
obviously contradicts the laws of the occupying country, We
may temporarily restrict our violence or even bring it to a eom-
plete halt as the exigencies of the moment may demand, but,
basically, we stand on the principle of an armed struggle against
the occupants. eince the enemy subjugated us by force and keeps
us enslaved by force, we can achieve our liberation only be rorce.
In order to inflict the greatest damage on the enemy and avoid, at
the same time, his repressive measures, se employ the method of
the underground movement; we form an underground organization
and act in strictest secrecy,
The GUN rejects legal aethods as a basis for waging a liberation
struggle. We know that success in our movement is impossible if
we keep our activities solely within the limits of the laws
established by the occupants, since these laws have been drawn up
solely to benefit them, and not the enslaved people. Besides, if
we were to attain some success by legal activity, those achieve-
ments would be known to our enemies and could be easily eliminated
by them,
The OUN rejects the viewpoint that the Ukrainian people must use
only legal possibilities and try to develop peacefully in the
fields of public education, economy, and culture, Several political
parties in Galicia supported this viewpoint some time ago. However,
nobody ever has obtained freedom without violent struggle and
nobody ever will.
There is no practical possibility in the USSR for a liberating
struggle other than the underground movement. If a strwrgle by
legal methods could be imagined formerly in Poland, such a
struggle is absolutely out of question today in the USSR, The
historical merit of the OUN is thA it has created a powerful
underground organization which may successfully withstand Bolshevist
imperialists,
We nationalists consider the Ukrainian people on Ukrainian territories
as a basic force necessary for building the Ukrainian State, and
therefore our main hope in a struggle for liberation is the power
of the Ukrainian eeoale iteelf. Nobody else will give real freedom
to a subjugated people. Other countries will begin a war against
the USSR only when this war will serve their own interests. Such
a war may take place aossibly only several decades from now, What
would happen then to the Ukrainian cause, if we should not have con-
ducted our present struggle? During that period the Bolsheviks would
completely subjugate and assimilate the Ukrainians, and at the proper
moment there simply would be nobody who would care for the dkraine.
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Emigrants from the Ukraine are not taken seriously abroad, unless
they are backed up in their activity by the struggle of their
own people at home. This struggle facilitates the efforts of emigrants
for the liberation of the Ukraine and may interest other countries
which might even agree to help, under proper conditions, a nation
actively struggling for its freedom? The active struggle for
liberation also contributes considerably to the development of
national consciousness and revolutionary spirit in the people.
This may be illustrated by the successful results which were at-
tained from 1943 to 1945 by our movement in such backward parts
of the Ukrainian territory as Polesie and LemkiVshchina
(Lemkivtsi?), On the other hand, the lack of an active struggle
weakens and even destroys national consciousness, as May be ob-
served in villages and districts where our struggle is less active.
For the enslaved people, national consciousness is a most essential
fetor n it is a basis for the existence of the people, a hope for
a better future of the nation,
We nationalists organize and conduct a liberation struggle on the
Ukrainian territory under any circumstances, disregarding such
factors as who the occunants of our country are and whether the
conditions for a struggle are easy or difficult. For instance, the
conditions for an active liberation struggle in the Bolshevist
USSR are most difficult. There are no worse conditions in the whole
world. But disregarding these conditions, we stay in the Ukrainian
territory with our people in order to struggle actively for our
liberation. We nationalists and our organization never leave the
Ukrainian people. and territory, no matter what difficulties we en-
counter. Since 1939, when the Western Ukraine was occupied by the
Bolsheviks, our organization has remained in the Ukraine as a single
organized and active independent force.. All other Ukrainian
political parties had no ability to continue a struggle under such
difficult conditions and were scattered. The leaders and members
of these parties conducted no struggle or national activity at all
during either the first Bolshevik or the first German occupation.
Many of them were arrested by the Bolsheviks and were sent into exile
or perished in jails, Before the second Bolshevist occupation, almost
all of them escaped abroad, We nationalists do not retreat before
the occupants: we fight them instead? We are committed to this
fight by our national honor and pridet Each Ukrainian patriot must
consider a struggle against the enemies of our national freedom as
his duty and must not flee before these enemies. If today, in the
sixth year of occupation of our country by the Bolsheviks, the Ukraine
J_s far away as yet from complete subjugation by the enemy, if the
strong and wide Ukrainian revolutionary movement still exists in the
Ukrainian lands?all this is a result Of the decision of our organi-
zation to continue an active liberation war on Ukrainian territory
under any circumstances,,
In outlining the objectives of our struggle,: and in planning the
future political orderin the Ukrainian State, we nationalists take
into consideration all the latest and advanced achievements of
human thought and practice? We do not cormit ourselves to the
preservation of everything established before, but, on the contrary,
we are ready to discard old forms of life, if they have proved to
be imperfect and out of date, in order to make room for the newest,
most advanced forms, Such, for example, is our view concerning
a capitalistic social-economic order which is already outdated in
Europe, In its place, we wish to build a new social-economic order,
a classless society However, before accenting any new idea, we
thoroughly verify its usefulness for the Ukrainian people. We
nationalists decisively reject ideas which contradict the interests
of the Ukrainian people and state, their prosperity, and their sound
development.
5. Our organization establishee very high moral renuirements for its
members., Only selected individuals may become members of the OUN.
We nationalists assume that the success of any struggle is decided by
the people, and is based primarily upon the ability of these people
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to withstand and overcome any difficulty, by their courage, persistence,
fanaticism, and idealism,. Only individuals with such qualities
are accepted as members of the OUN, There is no place in our er-
ganization for cowards or unstable people who are not ready for a
sacrificial struggle for the liberation 0.17,the Ukraine,
The OUN demands from its members an absolute obedience to the orders
and instructions of all leaders, A strict military diecipline is
maintained within the organization, We nationalists understand
that discipline is a basic condition for the existence of any sound
organization, in urgent prereouisite for the success of any struggle,
and therefore we accept the strict discipline in our organization
voluntarily ane readily.
WHY DO WE DEFEND IN OUR STRUGGLE ON THE FORCES OF
THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE ITSELF?
There is nothing in the world that might be obtained easily, without work or
effort. As we work to obtain all necessities in our everyday life, we have
to exert certain efforts to attain the liberation of our people. There is no
historical example of any people who has been liberated without a struggle,
The Greeks, the Serbians, and the Bulgariansattained their freedom from the
Turkish yoke only after an active and heroic struggle. The Irish obtained
their independence only an a result of a very long and stubborn struggle
against England, a struggle which exacted great sacrifices from the little
Irish people, India also staged an obstinate struggle for her liberations
Today the Jewish people have restored their own state after two thousand
years of stateless existence,. This restoration was possible solely because
the Jews have recently adopted a method of active struggle for building their
own state. They would never have succeeded in establishing the Jewish State
in Palestine if they had continued to be inactive, as they were during many
centuries.
Obviously, a struggle for liberation proceeds differently for various peoples.
Certain peoples struggle longer than others; the conditions of struggle are
much easier in some eases than in others. All depends upon the fighting power
of the struggling peoples and their enemies,. However, disregarding the form,
duration, and intensity of a struggle, we have to recognize one thing as an
inevitable factor: the necessity to struggle.
Thus, we rely on the power of the Ukrainian people itself, since we realize
that freedom will not be achieved by itself, but that our people must struggle
for it. This is the law of ljfe: that only through a struggle may subjugated
peoples obtain their freedom. Besides, only in a struggle does the nation
grow and become stronger; only a struggle produces and increases the proper
forces which are so necessary for obtaining freedom. With the proper forces,
we consider a nationalistically conscious and politically developed people ready
for the greatest sacrifices united by a strong and sound political organization
capable of guiding a people's struggle for liberetion, capable of leading the
people to victory.
Obviously, various cases of struggle for freedom reouire different degrees of
national consciousness and. Political development, Sometimes less conscious
peoples and those with a weak political organization may attain liberation,,
whereas more conscious and better organized peoples fail in their attempts,
Here, success depends also on the enemy's forces, to which corresponding forces
of the struggling people must be opposed. A defeat results when a peoples
forces are insufficient, or when their introduction into a decisive struggle
was not properly timed. .A victory by leas conscious peoples means that the
forces of these peoples were sufficient for success under the prevailing con-
ditions, Conversely, if more conscious peoples fail to succeed in their
struggle, it follows that the forces of these peoples were not sufficiently
large for the given conditions.
From 1918 to 1920, such small countries as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
and Poland obtained independence mainly because of the fact that the people
of these countries had national consciousness, were politically developed,
and had an organization of political forces higher than ours,. At that time,
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we relied very little on our own forces and did not lay much attention to,
their development; thie was the chief cause of our defeat,, nli other
factors, though eometimee eesennial, had no basic eieenificance.
We must etruggie today, when our most cruel enemies, the Ruesian-Holshevik
oppressors, try to suffocate, by all means, our national consciousness;
attempt to root out any asfiration for independence; and ruthlessly suppress
any manifestation of national-rolitical life. Absence of a struggle would
mean postponement of the movement of our liberation for many years, since
in that ease we would lose the possessions without which no liberation
is possible, namely, our naticnal-political consciousness and organized
nolitical forces. Thus, we rely- on our own forces because only these
forces decide and assure the liberation or an enslaved people, and because.
this is derianded by present conditions,.
As a result of all previous hard experience, the Ukrainian people Is convinced
that liberation will not be given by somebody else, and we have to struggle
for its realization. Crientation on foreign outside rorces and/er a hope
that freedom mae be brought to us by other countries without our own struggle
constitute a very poor basis for clannine our liberation:
First, many countries may be entirely indifferent to the cause of our
liberation. For example, ngland anu the USA during the 1918 te 1921 period
remained wholly indifferent to our liberation attempts,
Second, other countries may sacrifice us to their own interests,. It must
be always kept in mind that certain peonies are geidec in their behavior
solely by their own interests. Sometieee a certain country helps another
country not because it sincerely wishes to help, but just with the purpose
of reating an obstacle to the growth of its enemy. Unfortunately, such
is the present situation in the whole world and its misinterpretation is
a very poor policy. We must have a sober view of reality, rejecting any
hope of help from other countries:, The attitude of France toward 0117
liberation attempts from 1918 to 1921 may serve as a good exakOe of a
nation which sacrifices another people to further its own interests, At
that time, France was standing for a strong hussia as her peseinie ally
againat Germany. But at the same time, tiying to insure herself' against the
possibility of an alliance between hussia- and Germany, France supported, by
all means, the idea of creating a strong l'oland as a counterpoise to that
alliance, and therefore was in strong opposition to an independent Ukraine,
whjch,contrary.to her 1Jans, would weaken both hussia and Poland. This
attitude on the cart of France toward our struggle for freedom greatly
contributed to our defeat from 1918 to 1921, and, later, France dearly
paid for her blundering in the twenties by losing her independence during
the period from 1940 to 1944 and her position as a great power among other
countries.
nometiees, relying on other countries merely results in changine the kind
of enslavement, Thus, for example, in 1941, as a coesequence of Hitler's
so-called "liberation", only the oppressors .and forms of oppression were
changed in the Ukraine In 1943-1944, as a result of Bolsheviet "liberation"
frOM the Hitlerites, the erevioue Russian-Bolshevist oppressor came back,
Thus we rely on the forces of the Ukrainian people itself because we are
convinced that nobody else will give us our freedom. We know that relying
on forcesefron without predestines the cause of our liberation to failure,
since other countries may use us to further their own interests and also
may enslave us again.
But this attitude of ours does not mean at all that we reject any help by
any ally; it does not signify that help to enslaved peoples from other nations
is never poseible, 6uch help is quite possibleand has a great significance
for enslaveo peoples. For example, because of the aid of France, .npland,
and the USa in 1918, the ineeche obtained their freedom after centuries or
enslavement. Because of the same aid, 'Poland also attainen her independence,
ne reject no allies; on the contrary, we look for them, However, in our
seareh for allies we do not rely exclusively upon them. We do not expect
any favor;- but seek aid which would stem from the mutual interests of both
parties. Mile looking for allies, we eimulteneously organize our own struggle,
which facilitates our search for allies- and our efforts to obtain necessary
ne develop our own forces, since our strength helps.us to find real
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allies, not protectors. Strong peoples always have allies; weak peoples
have only protectors. 4e know very well the meaning of a protectorate over
the people. The people hardly can expect any outside help without their
own struggle for liberation. Without a struggle, the people may even be
unknown abroad, The fact that before 1917 our struggle for liberation was
very weakconstituted a reason why other nations knew very little about us
from 1917 to 1921, when we began a struggle for building our own state. At
the same time, the other nations readily accepted fables issued by our enemies
denying the existence of the Ukraine and Ukrainian people, and declaring
the Ukraine to be an Austrian or German invention. Obviously under such
conditions other countries did not consider aiding us; meanwhile, however,
they helped the Poles, whose liberation insurrection was widely known. It
was our struggle during the 1917-1921 eeriou that disclosed the Ukraine to
,the whole world and led the Ukrainian people onto the international stage,
Thus, we rely on the forces of the Ukrainian people itself because this per-
mits us to find real allies and Obtain necessary aid.
Favorable conditions appear to be a very essential factor in the struggle
of enslaved peoples. They may considerably facilitate a struggle and make
its successful conclusion possible. In 1917 the Ukrainian people received?
because of the revolution in Russia, very favorable conditions for libera-
tion but did not utilize them at the proper time, The leaders of that
period did not bring the national consciousness and political development
of the popular masses to a proper level and did not organize an army; in
other words, they did not develop the forces of the people itself, and the
Ukrainian State fell before the enemy's superior forces. On the other hand,
in 1648 the Ukrainian people under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, in
spite of extremely unfavorable conditions, defeated powerful Poland and
established its own state, the Cossack Republic. This success was
achieved by the Ukrainian people solely because its own forces were properly
developed at that time. Thus, we rely on our own forces in order to be
able to utilize each opportunity for the realization of our Aiberation
endeavors, since we know that even the most favorable conditions
are not sufficient for success without proper action.
In the course cf history, the Ukrainian people has revealed unusual vitality.
Even during the darkest period of its history, in the lath and 19t1- centuries,
the Ukrainian people not only did not cease to exist as a nation, but greatly
increased in numbers and territory. At the present time, the Ukratnian
people, in respect to its population, territory, and resources, belongs
among the largest and most wealthy peoples of Lurope. In the course of its
entire history, the Ukrainian people teas revealed great creative talents
and freedom-loving sentiments and still reveals them today, The Ukrainians
belong to the family of most cultural peoples. Thus, we rely on the forces
of the Ukrainian people itself because we are convinced that our people
possess all the prerequisites for obtaining its freedom and for oceueying
a proper place among other free and equal peoples.
W1TH WBOi4 DO WE WISH TO GOOPEfLATE?
We may cooperate only with those who do not deny our right to a free and in-
dependent state, who have no predatory intentions, and who do not force us
to accept their "protectorate", which actually means another enslavement.
We wish to go along with all freedom-loving peoples of the world, because
we strive for the closest collaboration based on volition, equality, and
mutual respect. We wish to live in friendship with all free peoples and
cooperate with them because we assume that free national states and close
friendship and cooperation among all peoples are the most just and power-
ful bases for a world order which may secure the conditions necessary for
the further progress of all mankind.
We wish to go along with all enslaved peoples of the USSR: the Belorussians,
Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Loldavians, Georgians, the people of
Azerbaidzhan, of the Northern Caucasus and of the Volga River area, and the
peoples of the North, Siberia, and Central Asia. All these peoples share
our fate; all of us have the same enemy and similar aims. Cm the basis of
our similar conditions of life and full understanding of our mutual interests,
we are developing today a real friendship for one another, which will become
a basis for a common anti-Bolshevik front and a cornerstone of our relations
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We wish to go along also with the Russian people; however, only on condition
that the Rusaian people cease to be an instrument in the hands of the
Bolshevist ueUrpers, that the Russian people conduct a struggle against
the Bolshevist enslavers, and that the hussians build their state only in
their own lands. These are all prerequisites for the closest cooperation,
today and in the future, between us and the Russian working people.
We wish to go along with all peolles just recently subjugated, such as the
peoples of Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, and
Yugoslavia. These peoples have already understood the real nature of
Bolshevist niiberation", and their most anxious desire now is to shake off
the Bolshevist yoke,
At have always been in favor of organizing a common struggle of all peoples
of the USSR and of nations recently occupied by Bolshevist imperialists..
During the German occupation we tried to organize a unified front of struggle
Against the Hitlerite and Bolshevist enslavers, both enemies of all freedom,-
loving peoples S We worked hard toward this goal: a wide political campaign
was conducted, national detachments of the peoples of the USSR were organised
in the UfA, and during the period of 21 to 23 November 1943 we called a Cen-
forence of Enslaved Peoples of Eastern Europe and Asia. As a result of this
activity, the Anti-Bolshevist Bloc of Peoples (ABN) was organized in 1946.
Peoples of the USSR as well as the peoples of recently occupied countries
are represented in this organization,
We also wish to cooperate with all peoples beyond the boundaries of the USSR
and its influence. Today, the peoples of Aestern Europe, Ameriea, Asia, and
the Whole world face the same peril which affected all peoples of the USSR
thirty years Ago: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in 1940; and the peoples
of Central and Southeastern Europe after the last ware We warn them against
this denser and call them to a struggle against the Russian-Bolshevist
imperialists, We know that this struggle is inevitable, and any delay will
only result in increasing the sacrifices. The only proper action today is
the creation.?of a common front of all peoples enslaved and threatened by
Russian-Bolshevist imperialism.
WHO IS A REAL REVOLUTIONARY-NATIONALIST?
The Ukrainian Nationalist levement (RUN) was initiated at the end of the nine-
teenth century. The program of the RUN already included many ideas which
we may find now in' the program of the OUN. However, the Ukrainian
Nationalist kovement received its fundamental substantiation at the First
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists which took place in Vienna in 1929. Then,
the Ukrainian Nationalist Lovement was finally converted into an organized
movement by the creation of the OUN. Since then, the Ukrainian Nationalist
isovement has been developee in the Ukraine in two respects: as an
ideological-political movement and as a revolutionary organized force.
The period from 1929 to the present time has been characterized by the rapid
growth of Ukrainian nationalism. During these years, the ideas of Ukrainian
nationalism have received wide recognition and a great many followers have
joined the movement.
Who is a real revolutionary-nationalist? A real revoletionary-nationalist
is an individual who recognizes all the ideas of Ukrainian nationalism, ac-
cepts its program, and struggles for the realization of these ideas in the
ranks of the OUNe
We do not consider as real revolutionary-nationalists such indLviduals who,
accepting our idees, do not participate actively in the struggle for their
realization. An organization with such members would represent only an
ideological movement, not a political fighting force, capable of threatening
our enemy and leading the people to victory.
;es do not tolerate separate attempts of individuals to carry out a struggle
of their own, Every real nationalist understands perfectly that a disorganized
struggle never yields. very good results, and, therefore, he willingly joins
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the (JUN, readily submits himself to organizational discipline, and pladi:y
executes all orders of the leaders.
The concept of Ukrainian nationalism embraces also those nationalists who
only accept the ideas of nationalism, but do not fight for them However,
the highest type of nationalist is represented by those who actively struggle
for the realization of the ideas of Ukrainian nationalism as members of the
OUI'L Each member of the OUN must be proud of himself, because he is the
highest type of nationalist, and must try by all means to increase the
membership of his organization
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