POLITICAL PUBLICATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00415R013000010003-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 157
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 18, 2001
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 16, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

CENTRAL, I,NTE'E IGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
ECT Political Publications
25X1A
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The I following unclassified documents are being sent to you on loan.
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Enei Soviet Land Vol. IV No. 2+,.25 December 1951
ar
y 1952
vol. V No,,. 2,, 25 Janu
Vol. V No. 3,:10 February 1952
Vol. V No. 16) 25 August 1952
Vol. V No. 17, 10 September 1952
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 NCIPYRGHT
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Feb. -10, 1952
proved F elease 2002/011 11 15R(
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Automatics shop of the Moscow Ordzhonikidze A3achzne building plant. In this picture deputy jorenuo; S. R itin (lejt), Stalin
Prize holder. acquaints representatives of the ILulaisi motor works-engineers G. kaba.ladce and t Lunin-wish (1,
highly productive automatic machine line far the manufacture of cylinder blocks.
1. New Achievement, of the Na.-
taasal Economy of the USSR
2, M.al_ostic Prwn'a.mme of Com-
munlst Construction 'Faking
(Zeal Shape
2. Production of Soviet Union's
,'O.ricuhure and Food Indus-
try on Vicw at the Inter-
CONTENT S
Page
national i xhibiiion in Bombay P. Yhvnynik 4.
1~. `What Makes th.e National
lneome in. the USSR 1Rise and
what Does it Mean to the
People Y. I ronrad S
[1. I'a.cts Only A. ~Surov fi
ii. hnreigu Guests in the USSR 11. I uthyavise1 7
i. Young Soviet Workers g
'. Glimpses From the USSR
J. `3=10 i1f1U College Students in
Moscow
1u1, '1`r-easure House of the Art of
the Eastern Peoples I. 13arashko 14
Now 1)cvelopmentts in the
Study of the Species and Spe-
Page
12. Ncnv Soviet Colony Film
Taros Shevchcnko V. SYtalutnoc;ky 18
12. At the Construction itcs of
People's Poland 20
14. 7'he First Montle (Sim, v) F. Ititorre21
15. Results of 19th Chess, ;Icsm-
pionship of USSR 41. li'oluv rd cover
Supplement : On th'. results of the fidli meat of
the state plan kw the development of the
National Economy of the USSR in 1951.
Report of the Ccn ; cal St lti ;tical Board of the
Council of Ministers of the IJ.S.S.R.
Cover : Students in the laboratory of ceotr I block-
ing; system at the `Italin Railway Ess inecring
Iustihito in 1\-Tosc...Al.
PRICE As. 2
Edited, printed and published by 1'. Matvecv for 'PASS in India, Travancore House, Cwzon Road. New Delhi,
at the Roxy Printing Press, New Delhi. Only cover printed at the Punjabi Press. s~dat Jiazar Delhi.
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SOVIET LAND
V..)1. V No.
An Illustrated Fortnightly Journal
Published by TASS in India
February 10, 1952.
New Achievements of the Nationa
Economy of the USSR
THE Soviet people, inspired and directed by the
Party of Lenin and Stalin, are successfully im-
plementing the magnificent Stalin programme
for building the material and technical foundation of
Communism. Nature is being transformed in vast
territories of the Land of Soviets ; the world's biggest
hydro-electric stations and irrigation systems are being
built. The economic might of.the Sccialist power is
rising year after year ; the culture of the peoples of
the USSR is being advanced and the living standard
of the working people is improving.
The past year has witnessed new, outstanding. vic-
tories on every sector of Communist construction.
Vivid and convincing evidence of this is contained in
the report of the Central Statistical Board of the
Council of Ministers of the USSR on the fulfilment of
the state plan and development of the national economy
of the USSR in 1f51.
The uninterrupted and rapid development of eco-
nomy and culture in the Soviet country is a result of
the wise direction of all Communist construction by the
Party of Lenin and Stalin, a result of the enthusiastic
labour of the Soviet people.
The gross production plan fixed by the government
for 1951 has been fulfilled by all industry of the USSR
to the extent of 103.5 per cent. As compared with
1.950, gross output of Soviet industry has grown in 1951
by 16 per cent. The provisions of the 1951 state plan
have been surpassed in a number of most important
industries, as, for example, in the production of iron
and steel, coal, oil, electric power, electric motors,
metal cutting lathes, tractors and harvester combines,
automobiles, steam locomotives and diesel engines, ex-
cavators, etc.
Thanks to the unrelaxing attention devoted by the
Communist Party, the Soviet Government and the
great Stalin to the technical progress, major successes
have been achieved last year oving in imprthe tchnical
equipment of all branches of national economy, in rais-
ing the level of mechanization in all the arduous and
laborious processes. The Soviet machine-building in-
dustry has produced about 500 very important types
and models of machines and equipment. The use of
new highly efficient technological processes has been
steadily promoted in all the branches of national eco-
nomy and automatization of production has been ad-
vanced. About 700,000 inventions and rationalizing
proposals have been adopted in production last year.
Labour productivity in all branches of national
economy has been growing steadily as a result of im-
provements in technical equipment, in the skill of the
workers and in the organization of production. A 10
per cent increase in labour productivity was registered
in industry last year as compared with 1950.
An index of the quality of work in industry, one of
the most important sources of accumulation in national
economy, and a condition for improvements in the
living standard of the working people are contained
in the systematic cuts of production costs. The plan
for lowering production costs in industry was improved
upon this year, with a result that a saving of more than
26,000 million rubles was effected in industry alone,
apart from the saving resulting from the reduction in
wholesale prices for raw and other materials.
The past year has witnessed further progress in socialist
agriculture. Notwithstanding the unfavourable weather
in the Volga area, in Western Siberia, Kazakhstan
and in some other districts, the gross crop of cereals
last year amounted to 7,400 million poods. Moreover
the crop of food grain-wheal: and rye-was higher
than in 1950. The gross cotton. and sugar beet crops
have increased substantially as compared with 1950.
There has been a continuous increase in livestock of the
collective and state farms. The total stock in the
country increased by nearly 14 million heads in 1951.
The successful development of industry and increase
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in the production of agricultural raw materials made it
possible to effect a considerable increase in general
consumer goods. Government orders for extra produc-
tion of a number of very important manufactured goods
and foodstuffs over and above the annual plan, have
been surpassed.
The progress of transport goes hand in hand with
that of industry and agriculture. The workers of railway,
water and motor transport have considerably increased
freight shipments.
Engrossed in peaceful pursuits, the Soviet people
are at work on the realization of a colossal construction
programme. State capital investments last year were
112 per cent of the 1950 amount. A special place be-
longs to the titanic hydro-electric system now being built
on the Volga, Don, Dnieper and Amu-Darya rivers.
The government plans for all these great works in 1051
have been successfully accomplished.
The rapid advancement of economy of the produc-
tivity of labour brings with it an increase in the national
income, reductions in prices for food.ar_d manufactured
goods and the systematic growth of wages, salaries and
peasant incomes. The national income of the USSR
Majestic Programme of
S IX years ago, in his address to the voters,
on February 9, 1946, the head of the Soviet
Government,.]. V. Stalin outlined a majestic
programme of postwar peaceful development, the pro-
gramme for building Communism in the USSR.
This was only a few months after the war, when
many Soviet cities and villages wrecked by the fascist
barbarians, were still lying in ruins. The hard conse-
querces of the war were still felt in many ways. Many
an American and British newspaper in those days main-
tained that a long period of economic decline was
inevitable in the USSR, and that the Soviet Union
would not be able to overcome the postwar hardships
with its own forces.
And at that very moment, Stalin's genius like a power-
ful searchlight illumined. to the Soviet people magnifi-
cent prospects of Communist construction. The inspiring
words of the beloved leader roused the Soviet people
to new feats of heroic labour for the sake of furthering
the progress and raising the might of their own Socia list
State.
J. V. Stalin formulated the principal tasks of the
in .1951 was 20 per cent above the 1950 income, in first postwar five-year plan as that of restoring industry
comparable prices. and agriculture to the prewar level and then to exceed
The Communist Party and the Soviet Government
are constantly working for the advancement of the
cultural level of the working people. There has been a
substantial increase last year in the attendance of all
the schools of the country ; the network of rest homes,
cinemas and other cultural and educational institutions
has been expanded. Major achievements have been
registered in Soviet science, letters and the arts. The
working people of the USSR are enjoying all the
benefits of the world's most advanced socialist culture.
-From I Z V ESTIA, January 29, 1952.
this level to a more or less considerable degree.
J.V. Stalin outlined the plan also for a longer period. He
spoke of the intention of the Communist Party of the
USSR to organize another powerful upsurge of the
national economy which would make it possible within
the next 15 years to raise the level of Soviet industry
to a point approximately treble the prewar level, so as
to enable it to produce annually up to 50 million tons
of pig iron, up to 60 million tons of steel, up to 50+)
million tons of coal and up to 60 million tons of oil.
The Soviet people accepted tl:.is plan as a programme
in accord with their vital interests. The great airs
embodied in this programme-the building of Commu-
nism, engendered the titanic energy of the masses.
Production of Soviet Union's Agriculture
and Food Industry on View at Inter-
national Exhibition in Bombay
(Continued fram page 4)
qualities are well represented at the exhibition. More
than 250 varieties offish used for commercial purposes
are found in the seas, rivers, and lakes of the USSR.
For the wealth and variety of fish the USSR heads the
world list ; moreover the most valuable varieties, such
as salmons, sturgeon, etc., predominate among tl e
fish used for processing. The 1950 catch was 27 per
cent higher than before the war.
The fish processing industry of the USSR is highly
mechanized. For example, crabs are tinned at special
floating plants right in the sea. Soviet scientists have
developed a new method of tinning black caviar, namely,
pasteurization, which makes it possible to preserve tl e
high qualities of caviar for a very long time.
7'lic exhibits in the agricultural section of the Soviet
Pavilion at the Exhibition in Bombay, as well as the
exhibits of any other section of this Pavilion, afford
striking evidence of the fruitful results of the peaceful
labour of the Soviet people.
The socialist emulation movement for the fulfilment
of the postwar live-year plan (1946---1950) ahead of
schedule attained nation-wide proportions. It sup-
plied a still more powerful impact to the initiative of
the Soviet people. And it is known that the postwar
five-year plan was accomplished ahead of schedule.
'The USSR achieved still greater progress in every field
of socialist economy and culture. In vain did the
imperialists hope that the Soviet Union, which made
Colossal sacrifices for the victory over the forces of black
reaction ,would not cope with the difficulties of postwar
construction. In 1950,the last year of the quinquennium,
d-c output of Soviet industry was 73 per cent above the
volume produced in the prewar year of 1940. The area
under cereals was expanded by more than 20 per cent
durir g these five years. The gross grain crop in 1950
was 245 million poods in excess of the 1940 crop. The
rational income of the USSR in 1950 was 64 per cent
1_igl er than in 1940. The living and cultural standards
of tl.e Soviet people were greatly advanced.
1'he year 1951 brought still greater victories to the
peoples of the USSR. Industrial production in 1951
was double the 1.940 figure. A considerable increase
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Communist Construction Taking Real Shape
By Nikolai Loginov
in output was registered in all the branches of the heavy All the wealth of the USSR belongs to its people.
and light industries. The production plans were sur- The powerful progress of national economy advances
passed in the iron and steel, coal mining and oil indus- the living and cultural standards of the working people.
tries ; rich oil deposits were discovered in new areas, The national income of the USSR is steadily rising, and,
and big trunk oil and gas pipelines were built. Output incidentally, it is used entirely for the benefit of the
in the machine-building industry rose by 21 per cent in working people. Prices of food and general consumer
1951, when more than 400 new models of machines and goods were reduced on four occasions in the last fine
equipment were turned out. Noteworthy headway years ; wages, salaries and the incomes of the collective
was made in electrification. The annual power pro- farms are growing. Science, culture, literature and the
duction in the USSR is greater than the combined arts are flourishing in the USSR.
power production of Britain and France. The provisions
of the 1.951 plan were over-fulfilled in the chemical Improvements in the life of the people and the pro-
industry and in railway transport. gress of Soviet health protection brought about a 50
The Soviet Government does everything to promote per cent decline in the mortality rate as compared with
the mechanization of agriculture. In the last six years the prewar year of 1940, and a still greater decline
the collective and state farms received 673,000 tractors was registered in child mortality. The natural
(in terms of 15-hp tractors), 147,000 harvester combines increase ih the population of the USSR amounts to
and millions of other agricultural machines. The me- more than 3,000,000 a year.
chanization of agriculture together with the employ-
ment of advanced agrotechnical methods assist in raising The Soviet Union is free from economic crises and
the crop yields. The gross grain crop in the last few years unemployment. The socialist system of economy
has been exceeding 7,000 million poods annually. ensures the planned and uninterrupted development
New construction has been launched on a gigantic of the productive forces. The workers, collective iar-
scale in the vast expanses of the great Land of Soviets, mers and intellectuals know that they are working for
from the Baltic to the Pacific shores, from the snow- their own benefit, for the benefit of all the people.
covered Arctic to the sun-baked districts of Central Consciousness of the social significance of labour in the
Asia. socialist society stimulates the heroic efforts of the
A special place in this construction belongs to the masses. Labour in the USSR has become a matter of
colossal. hydro-technical systems being erected on the honour, valour and heroism. In the Soviet society the
Volga, Don, Dnieper and Amu-Darya rivers-the working masses are the conscious makers of their
Stalin construction undertakings of Communism, which history, the builders of the new world.
have no equals in the world for their dimensions and
pace of construction. The most powerful machines The achievements of the Soviet people in the post-
ever built by man are employed on these jobs. This war years afford a still more vivid illustration of
mighty technique is operated by Soviet people. inexhaustible possibilities inherent in the Soviet social
One of the great construction undertakings-the and state system. For the first time in history the
Volga-Don Shipping Canal is to be put into commis- Soviet system has unfettered and released the titanic
sion next spring. With the opening of this waterway, energy of the people and awakened the powerful activity
all the seas of the European section of the USSR-the and inexhaustible initiative of the masses. Every (lay
White, Baltic, Caspian, Black and Azov seas-will the life and labour of the workers, peasants and intel-
have been linked into a single shipping system. ligentsia of the Soviet Union affords fresh and more
vivid manifestations of the moral and political unity of
The new power stations will supply annually 22,500
peoples
Soviet society and million kwh of cheap electric power, and the hydro- the USSR, Thanks the friendship of the will and
d
a
technical systems will make it possible to irrigate more asppiratins of all the e to the unanimity of the country,
f
than 28 million hectares of land. The new irrigated the Soviet State is in a peoples inhabiting the croplands will yield a quantity of produce sufficient to aims dreamed position by the the minds great
reamed of for many ages by the finest minds of
supply the requirements of tens of millions of people. mankind.
mnThe Soviet people are subjugating the forces of
nature for their benefit ; they are linking rivers and The great plans. mapped out by the leader of the
seas, reclaiming swamps, lifeless deserts and sun scorch- Soviet people are being steadily carried into life. The
ed steppes and converting them into fertile fields and successes achieved by the Soviet people under the
blossoming orchards, planting forests and creating an guidance of the Communist Party and of their great
abundance of products. leader, J. V. Stalin, constitute a most weighty contr:-
The construction of the gigantic hydro-electric bution to the struggle for peace and friendship among
stations, canals and irrigation systems which will tran.s- nations. The peace policy of the Soviet State stems from
form the climate of vast areas, will enable the USSR the very essense of the socialist system which has nothing
to raise the productive forces of the Soviet society to a in common with any. aggressive ambitions, with any
higher level, and to take a long step forward in building plans of conquest. Engrossed in peaceful construction,
up the material and technical foundation of the Soviet Union is conducting an indefatigable..struggle
Communism. for' stable and lasting peace in the, whole world,
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Production of Soviet Union's Agriculture and Food Industry on
View at International Exhibition in Bombay
By P. Khvoynik
1 THE: produce of agriculture represented in the
Soviet Pavilion at the International Exhibition
in Bombay is illustrative of the colossal advance-
ment of agriculture and the food industry in the Soviet
Union, of the abundance of food in the Land of
Socialism.
The outstanding successes of Soviet agriculture have
been achieved as a result of the collective labour of the
Soviet peasants and the high level of mechanization of
farming processes. The titanic construction works of
Communism launched on the initiative of the great
Stalin, the colossal hydro-electric stations and irrigation
systems being built on the Volga, Don, Dnieper and Amu
Darya rivers, will bring about a still greater increase in
agricultural production in the USSR. The expansion
of the irrigated and watered areas alone will make it
possible to produce annually an extra 3 million tons of
raw cotton, 500,000 poods of wheat, 30 million poods
of rice and 6 million tons of sugar beet. The cattle
herds will be immensely increased.
Large-scale planting of shelter belts, construction of
reservoirs and the introduction of the proper travopolye
system of farming are being promoted in the Soviet
Union on a vast scale. The realization of these under-
takings in accordance with Stalin's plan for remaking
nature will forever do away with drought and crop
failure and secure high and stable crop yields in the and
districts of the USSR.
All the achievements of the Michurin agro-biology,
the most advanced in the world, are being utilized on
a vast scale in Soviet agriculture. Working in close
co-operation with the practical workers of Socialist
agriculture, the Michurinist scientists of the Soviet
Union are discovering new laws governing the develop-
ment of nature and new ways of raising the efficiency
of agriculture.
The steady advancement of agriculture makes it
possible to increase output and broaden the assortment
of foodstuffs. The Soviet Government is systematically
reducing prices for food and general consumer goods,
and this leads to further improvements in the living
standard of the working people.
It is impossible to describe in a brief article all the
exhibits of Soviet farm products and food items on view
in the Soviet Pavilion at the International Exhibition in
Bombay. There are many varieties of cereals, flour,
groats, tinned fish, vegetables and fruit, confectionery
products, wines, caviar and many other items.
A prominent place belongs to the samples of cereals
and allied products on display. The Soviet Union is
the biggest producer of cereals, and in the last few years
its annual grain crop has been exceeding 7,000 million
poods. The rising efficiency of agriculture has brought
about a steady increase in the grain yields in the USSR.
The crops garnered by the collective farms from vast
areas average 2-3 tons and more per hectare. Domestic
consumption of cereals and grain prochicts is steadily
growing in the USSR. But the Soviet Union is also a
traditional exporter of grain to the foreign markets :
the foreign trade of the Soviet Union is based on the
principles of its peace policy and international economic
co-operation. The Indian public knows of the Soviet
wheat deliveries to India dictated by the sincere desire
of the Soviet Union to relieve the food difficulties in
India.
Not only the production of grain, but of all farm pro-
duce has grown immensely in Soviet years. Gardening,
horticulture and viticulture have been well advanced.
The achievements of the Michuriin agro-biology, have
made it possible to push the planting of orchards, berries,
vineyards, citrus fruit and tea to districts where their
cultivation was considered impossible in the past.
The USSR now ranks fourth in the world for the size
of its vineyards. About 2,000 varieties of grapes are
grown in the USSR, moreover their yields have reached
the record figure of 45-60 tons per hectare. The
vineyards and orchards are cultivated with machinery
supplied by special machine and tractor stati.on.s. There
is a wide network of scientific research institutes and
experimental stations.
The abundance of farm produce furrisl-ed the basis
for a powerful food industry. Hundreds of highly me-
chanized enterprises have been built in the USSR in a
brief period of time. It is enough to say that more than
100 mechanized bakeries, 38 modern creameries, 45
dairy plants, 47 canneries, 10 sugar refineries, 25 tea
packing factories and many other enterprises were built
and put into operation in the second Five-Year Plan
period (1933-1937) alone. The enterprises of the
food industry are provided with improved automatic
equipment and instruments made in the USSR. Only
the best, first-class raw materials are selected for pro-
cessing in the Soviet food industry. Thanks to the
excellent technical equipment of the food enterprises,
the improved recipes and technological processes and
the implicit observance of all the rules of sanitation and
hygiene, the Soviet corsumer receives foodstuffs of
superior quality only. Evidence of this is contained in
the samples of confectionery, wine, chocolate, jam,
preserved fruit and other products on display at the
Soviet Pavilion.
Despite the colossal damage caused to Soviet na-
tional econcmy by the war, output in the food industry
had grown far in excess of the pre-war level as a result
of the successful accomplishment of the first post-war
Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) production of butter has
grown by 57 per cent, tinned goods--48 per cent, sugar
--17 per cent, confectionery products-23 per cent,
etc. As compared with the pre-war figures, the output
of dietetic products has grown five-fold, of special pro-
ducts for children--5.7 times and of vitamins-10.4
times over.
The Soviet fish products known. for their excellent
(Continued on page 2)
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WHAT MAKES THE NATIONAL INCOME IN
THE USSR RISE AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN
TO THE PEOPLE ?
By Y. Kronrod
Candidate of Economic Science
T HE term " national income " is often encountered
in newspapers, magazines and books. When-
ever a country's national economy is dealt with,
or the standard of living of its people, or what possibili-
ties there are for its economic development, the national
income is always taken into account : the actual figure,
whether it is going up or down, and how it is distributed.
What, then, is this national income ? In the follow-
ing lines we shall try to answer the question briefly.
Every country produces material wealth that is es-
sential to life--articles of consumption and means of
production. The total amount of products produced in
a particular country is in the terminology of economists,
the aggregate annual product. The production of this
material wealth requires different expenditures such as
raw material, auxiliary material, fuel, machinery, and
so on. Obviously, to be able to continue production
society has to make good those expenditures by setting
aside a certain portion of the annual aggregate product.
The remainder is the national income, which society
uses, on the one hand, for consumption, and on the
other, for new construction and expansion of production,
that is, for accumulation. Let us give an illustration.
Let us assume that the value of the material wealth (the
aggregate product) produced in a year is 20,000 million
rupees, and to produce this material wealth,4,000 million
rupees worth of instruments and means of production
are used up. In that case the national income will equal
16,000 million rupees.
It follows from this that the national income is
created solely by the working people, by those who pro-
duce the material and cultural values. True, one may
come across another definition of national income,
namely the total income of all people in a country. But
that is an altogether unscientific definition, for in that
case it would mean that persons who do nothing but just
live on dividends, for instance, are also taking part in
the production of the national income.
Now, let us go back and see how the national income
is produced in the USSR and how it is used. The pro-
gressive nature of the Soviet Union's economy is reflected
particularly strikingly in the rapid growth of the
country's national. income. The rate of growth of the
national income of the USSR is without parallel in any
other country.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution in
Russia the national income was quite low, due to the
country's technical and economic backwardness. In
1913 it was but 21,000 million rubles. But there has
been a radical change in the situation since the victory
gained by Soviet power ; the USSR has become a mighty
industrial power and agriculture has been transformed
into mechanized collective farming on a big scale. Thanks
to this, production of the national income has grown
many times over, amounting to 128,300 million rubles
in 1940, or more than six times as high as in 1913. In
1950 it was 64 per cent above 1940, and in 1951 it was
up 12 per cent over the year before.
What gives the USSR an exceptionally high rate of
growth of the national income is the Socialist character
of its economy, which knows no crises, is operated ac-
cording to plan in the interest of the people.
There is no unemployment in the, USSR, where work
is guaranteed to everyone. This fact, alone affords the
country of Soviets tremendous opportunities of develop-
ing its economy and of increasing the national income in
proportion. At the same time, every branch of the
national economy-industry, transport, agriculture, and
so on-gets immense quantities of up-to-date highly-
productive machinery year after year. It is enough to
cite one example, in 1950, the number of machine tools
used in industry was more than double the pre-war
number and a great many of them were new and im-
proved. Agriculture received in the 1946-1950 period
536,000 tractors, 93,000 grain combines and millions
of other agricultural machinery and implements.
Thanks to the rapid progress made in technically
arming labour and in improving production methods,
labour productivity has been increasing steadily and
at a rapid rate. Productivity of labour in industry
in 1950 was 37 per cent above the 1940 level. This
increase in labour productivity, the basis of which is
technical progress, is the chief source of the great annual
rise in the national income of the USSR.
What do the Soviet people then get out of the grow-
ing national income ?
The higher the national income the more do the
Soviet people get for consumption and for accumula-
tion. It should be borne in mind that there are no
exploiting classes in the USSR. Soviet society is com-
prised of working people, and the entire national income
belongs to the people and is used in the interest of all
of society. That is why growth of the national income
leads to greater wellbeing of the people. . Distribution
of the national income in the USSR makes for systematic
improvement in the material condition of the workers
and peasants and expansion of Socialist production in
town and country.
The working people of the USSR receive approxi-
mately three-fourths of the national income to meet
their personal material and cultural needs. Since the
national income of the USSR in 1950 was, as has been
stated before, 64 per cent above that of 1940, it is not
difficult to see that the material welfare of the people
has risen substantially. And, indeed, statistics show
that the income of Soviet people---workers, peasants and
office. employees-in 1950 was 62 per cent (in compar-
able prices) above that of 1940. It is altogether natural,
therefore, that there should be ,a rapid increase in the
(Continued on third cover.)
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~e~ts PKIy
By Anatoli Surov,
Soviet Writer and Playwright
W E can often feel what the pulse of a nation, any nation, was yesterday, what it, is today
and what it is going to be tomorrow by reading the newspapers. It makes no difference
that the life of a newspaper is short-it's life is but a day - the daily Press enables us
above all to judge what is the chief thing, and not only today but also tomorrow.
X X X
And so let us take a look at newspapers published on one and the same day in the
two worlds. Lying before us are newspapers which came out on the same Sunday, October
14, 1951, in the USSR and the US.
In the USSR
Before us are 50 Soviet newspapers
of that day. They come from every
part of the country, from different
republics and regions, industrial
centres and rural areas. But they all
have one thing in common, something
that makes them kindred and unites
them-they are Soviet newspapers.
Facts speak for themselves, and
they are stubborn things. It will
be enough, therefore, to reproduce
some newspaper items to understand
the trend of the Soviet Press, which
truthfully mirrors the thoughts and
hopes, the peaceful labour and heroic
deeds, of the people living in the
Soviet country. The most captious
reader will not find in it even a single
line calling for war.
" Uralsky Rabochi " a newspaper
published in Sverdlovsk, reports on
the results obtained in an emulation
pact entered into between three Ural
cities : Sverdlovsk, Molotov and
Chelyabinsk. The Sverdlovsk City
Soviet has accepted after inspection
:0 new apartment houses and
spent over 25,)00,000 rubles on city
improvements. Molotov is building
a children's home to accommodate
120 children ; it will have regular
classrooms and shops for manual
training. And Chelyabinsk reported
26,000 trees and 110,000 shrubs
planted last spring.
On page two under the heading
" My Contribution to the Cause of
Peace," the paper carries statements
by readers, men and women in all
walks of life, telling what they are
doing for peace.
" Stalingradskaya Pravda " under
the heading " Yesterda% in Stalin-
grad " writes :
" The State Architectural and
Building Inspection Commission has
okayed 20 new residential buildings.
"A group of members of the
Stalingrad Philharmonic Society left
for the City of Kalach to conduct a
musical and literary programme for
the Volga-Don Canal builders. The
programme includes, the literary-
musical compositions "Peace Will
Triumph Over War," "The Life of
P.I. Chaikovsky," and "The Paths of
Development of Soviet Music."
" Leningradskaya. Pravda " re-
ported a decision taken by the
Regional Committee of the Party
and the City Soviet Executive
Committee to lay out big orchards
along highways and railway tracks.
Along sidings, fruit trees will extend
to a width of 1:5(1 metres on each
side of the track, which means that
for every kilometre of track there
will he 30 hectares of orchard.
" Pravda Severa," published in
Arkhangelsk, carries a story on a
readers' conference held in the
Nenets Area school to discuss T.
Syomushkin's book " Alitet Goes to
the Mountains." Vanyuta, a rein-
deer breeder, said that before the
Revolution darkness and igr_orance
were to be found not merely in
Chukotka, the book's locale, but all
over the Far North. But now even
in the depths of the tundra new
settlements have cropped up, schools
and hospitals are functioning, and
Nenets youths and girls are studying
at higher educational establishments
in Moscow and Leningrad.
In the USA
now here are a few
Ameri-
Sunday
can newspapers, the usual
6
papers,
1951.
Here is the
a newspaper
considers
"solid."
" New York Times,"
the bourgeois world
respectable " and
A headline on page one reads:
" Dewey Denounces Civil Defence
Lag, Rebukes 15 Cities." And the
text under it reads. "' Governor
Dewey called cn the carpet today
the officials of 16 counties and 15
cities that he said were ' shockingly
delinquent' in preparing local civil
defence plans... " Dewey demanded
of those present " to explain the
reasons for their failure to obey the
Defence Emergency Act of the State
of New York."
" Waves to Train in Maryland,"
is the headline on another page.
The text reads : " The Navy an-
nounced today that its training
centre in Bainbridge, Md. would
begin receiving Wave recruits,
October 31."
And another item under the
headline : " Eisenhower Going to
Naples," tells of the general's leav-
ing "to watch manoeuvres by the US
Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean."
In their attempt to screen their
aggressive plans the warmongers are
trying to make the ordinary Ameri-
can citizen believe that he is threat-
ened with the danger of attack, that
America may be attacked.
And the "respectable "newspaper
puts up a scareheadline : " Food
Stocks Urged in Case of Bomb-
ing. Defence Chief Also Advises a
Household Water Supply as Emer-
gency Step." To " becalm " its
readers, the paper advises every
family to stock food for three to five
days. This advice, as a matter of
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On the Results of the Fulfilment
of the State Plan for the
Development of the National
Economy of the USSR in 1951
Report of the Central Statistical Board
of the Council of Ministers
of the U.S.S.R.
SUPPLEMENT TO SOVIET LAND
NO. 3, FEBRUARY 10, 1952
 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415RO13000010003-2
On the Results of the Fulfilment of the State Plan for the
Development of the National Economy of the USSR in 1951
Report of the Central Statistical Board of the Council of
Ministers of the U.S.S.R.
THE development of it.dusts y, agriculture and
transport, capital cor_structior, expansion of
trade and rise in the material and cultural stand-
ards of the people in 1051 are characterised by the
following data :
1. Fulfilment of Industrial Output Plan
The annual production programme of gross ou/piu/
for 1951 was fulfilled by the industry as a wl.o.le by
103.5 per cent. Separate Ministries fulfilled their an:tirual
industrial gross output programmes as follows :
Percentage of
fulfilment of
annual plan
for 1951
Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy ... ... 104
Ministry of the Non-Ferrous Metallurgy ... 102
Ministry of the Coal Industry ... ... ... 100.7
Ministry of the Oil Industry ... ... ... 1.03
Ministry of Power Stations ... ... ... 102
Ministry of the Chemical Industry ... ... 104
Ministry of the Electrical Industry ... 103
Ministry of the Communications Equipment
Industry ... ... ... ... ... 102
Ministry of the Heavy Machine-Building
Industry ... 100
Ministry of the Automobile and Tractor
Industry ... ... ... ... ... 100.6
Ministry of the Machine-Tool Industry ... 100
Ministry of the Machine and Instrumer_t-
Making Industry ... ... ... 100.9
Ministry of the Building and Road-Building
Machinery Industry ... ... ... ... 106
Ministry of the Transport Machinery Industry 100.9
Ministry of the Agricultural Machinery
Industry ... ... ... ... ... 104
Ministry of the Building Materials Industry
of the USSR ... ... ... ... ... 102
Ministry of the Timber Industry of the
USSR ... V4
Ministry of the Paper and Wood-Processing
Industry ... ... ... ... ... 103
Ministry of the Light Industry of the USSR ... 102
Ministry of the Fish Industry of the USSR ... 109
Ministry of the Meat and Dairy Industry of the
USSR ... ... ... ... ... ... 10'3
Ministry of the Food Industry of the USSR ... 107
Industrial Enterprises of the Ministry of
Cotton-Growing of the USSR ... 99.7
Industrial Enterprises of the Ministry of
Railways ... ... ... ... ... 99.1
Industrial Enterprises of the Ministry of
Public Health of the USSR ... ... ... 106
Industrial Enterprises of the Ministry of
Cinematography of the USSR 10:3
Ministeries of Local Industry and Ministries
of the Local Fuel Industry of the Union
Republics ... ... ... ... ... 106
Producers' Co-operatives ... ... ... 106
In 1951 the production programme was overfulfilled
for certain items of ferrous metals, certain non-ferrous
metals, iron piping, coal, coke, oil, natural gas, petrol,
ligroine, diesel fuel, peat, electric power, electric motors,
electric vacuum apparatus, metal-cutting machine-tools,
spinning machines, looms, roving machines, tractors,
grain combines, flax combines, complex thresh?rs, flax
pullers, tree plr nting machines, lorries and motor-
cars, autobuses, trunk line locomotives, diesel loco-
motives, excavators, graders, bulldozers, motor rollers,
cranes mounted on automobiles, automatic loaders, ball
bearings, synthetic rubber, automobile tyres, synthetic
ammonia, caustic soda, sulphuric acid, mineral fertilizers,
chemicals for combatting agricultural pests and weeds,
dyes and ether chemicals, roofing felt, roofing slate,
window glass, paper,alcohol, and other items of indus-
trial products.
The government assignment for an additional out-
put of manufactured goods and foodstuffs above the
established annual plan was overfulfilled. In 1951
there was produced above plan a big quantity of cotton,
woollen and silk fabrics, clothing, hosiery, rubber
footwear, sewing machines, clocks and watches, cameras
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sausage, condensed milk, cheese, vegetahie oil, sugar,
confectionery, canned goods, macaroni products, tea,
12;1ape wines, champagne, beer, soap, cigarettes, macthcs,
and other goods for the population.
While fulfilling and overfulfilling the annual pro-
sranune as regards gross output and the output of the
majority of principal industrial products in kind certain
Ministries did not fulfil.the plan for certain items of out-
put; with separate enterprises' overfulfilling the pro-
gramme of gross output through a greater production
r,F secondary items, not fulfilling at the same time the
programme for the production of items envisaged in the
state plan.
In 1951 a further improvement of the quality and
extension of assortment of the industrial products con-
tinued. Not all bralrches ` of industry, however, fully
Iirlfilled the state plan assignments as regards production
and delivery of certain items in. the established assort-
ment and quality. T :us, for example. the Ministry of
the Iron and Steel It dustry did rot fully fulfil the plan
for certain items of rolled ferrous metal, the .Ministry
of the Heavy Machii_e-Building Industry did not fulfil
the production programme for steam boilers and steam
turbines, the Ministry of the Machine and Instrument-
Making,Industry-for certain types of chemical equip-
meqt,,, compressors and calculating machines, the
IMiriistry of the Agricultural Machir_ery' Industry for
Tractor-Drawn seed drills, grain clearers, sorters and
certain other agricultural machines, d- e Ministry of the
Building Materials Industry of tl-e USSR for certain
kinds of cement aid tl e Ministry of the Timber Industry
of-the USSR did not fulfil the plan for ftc haulage of
the main kinds ofmcrcli.ant timber.
2. Growth of Industrial Output
The output of the major manufactures in 1951
1951 Compared with
]950 in Percentage
Pig iron ...
114
,Steel ...
115
It olled metal
...
115
Iron piping
...
114
Copper ...
...
114
I eacf ...
...
...
125
Zinc ...
115
Coat ...
..
108
t)il
...
112
Natural gas
...
...
...
108
Petrol
120
Kerosene
...
...
...
103
Diesel fuel
...
...
...
145
Electric power
...
114
Steam turbines ...
...
...
I10
I arge hydro-turbine,
...
245
Turbo-generators
...
211
Hydro-generators
...
...
193
Large electrical machines
137
Electric motors ... ...
...
124
Electric bulbs ...
120
Large, heavy and special machinery... 111
Chemical equipment ...
138
Agricultural machinery
115
Tractor-drawn sowers ...
...
115
Tractor-drawn cultivators
...
1.17
Grain combines...
115
Main-line electric locomotives
1]]
Buses
134
Motor-cycles ...
102
Excavators ...
105
Calculating machines ...
201
Bail bearings
1311
Calcined soda
1tf9
Caustic soda
...
108
Dyes ...
...
115
Mineral fertilizers .
107
Chemicals for combatting agricultural
.r~,d weeds
...
185
synthetic rubber
120
changed as follows compared
1951
Compared with
1950 in Percentage
Cement ...
119
Bricks ...
...
...
120
Roofing felt
113
Roofing state .
127
Prefabricated houses
116
Haulage of dressed 1 amber ...
...
H7
Paper ...
...
...
...
...
1 1 2
Bicycles ...
...
...
178
Sewing machines
...
133
Watches
...
127
Cameras... ...
...
137
Radios ...
l lfi
Gramophones . , .
...
124
Pianos
121
Cotton fiber ...
...
133
Cotton fabrics ...
122
Linen fabrics
111
Woollen fabrics
...
11:3
Silk fabrics
...
...
134
Socks and stockings
...
126
Leather footwear
...
117
Rubber footwear
...
If)
Fish ...
122
Meat ... ...
...
112
Sausage ... ...
...
1.17
Butter ...
...
...
106
Dairy products ...
...
144
Condensed milk
...
...
144
Cheese ...
...
...
...
120
Vegetable oil
...
...
112
Confectionery
...
...
Sugar ...
Alcohol ...
ill
Wine ...
...
...
...
...
124
Champagne
...
...
1.21
Beer ...
...
I [(,I
Canned goods
...
...
Its
Matches
...
...
106
Cigarettes
...
...
...
113
Tea ...
...
1;,1
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Cross output of the entire industry of the USSR in
1951. increased 16 per cent compared with 1950.
Last year the national economy of the USSR, in
conformity with the state plan of supply, received con-
siderably more raw materials, supplies, fuel,. electric
power, and equipment than in 1950..
Further improvement in the utilisation of equip-
ment in industry continued in 1951. In the iron and
steel industry utilisation of useful volume of blast furnaces
increased last year more than five per cent as against
1950. Production of steel per square metre of furnace
hearth increased almost five per cent. Exploitation drill-
ing speed increased at the enterprises of the Ministry
of the Oil Industry. The proportion of light fractions
rose. At the enterprises of the Ministry of the Coal
Industry productivity of coal combines increased 19 per
cent last year. There was an improvement in the
utilisation of capacities for the production of synthetic
rubber and synthetic ammonia at the plants of the
Ministry of the Chemical Industry and in the utilisa-
tion of equipment in the cotton goods industry and
cement industry.
Expenditure of raw materials, supplies, fuel, and
electric power per unit of output in 1951 was lower than
in 1.950, and in many industries was also below the
planned rates. The plan for reduction of industrial
production costs set for 1951 was overfulfilled. The
economy effected through reduction of industrial pro-
duction costs amounted to more than 26,000 million
rubles in 1951, not counting savings at the expense
of reduction of wholesale prices for raw materials and
supplies. On the basis of successes in the development
of industry, rise of labour productivity and reduction of
production costs attained in 1951 effected, as of
January 1, 1952, a new reduction of wholesale prices of
metals, machinery and equipment, fuel, chemicals,
building materials, and paper, as well as a reduction
of rates for electric power and heat and freight carriage.
3. Introduction of New Techniques in the
National Economy
Further achievements in mastery of new types of
machinery, equipment and materials were attained in
1951.
Soviet machine building industry developed in
1951. about 500 highly important new types and models
of machinery and equipment ensuring a further techni-
cal progress of the national economy.
There were developed new types of powerful steam
turbines and high pressure boilers, hydro-turbines and
hydro-generators, aerial switches, high tension discon-
nectors and arresters for long distance transmission of
electric power.
Powerful suction dredges and dredgers, highly
efficient single-bucket walking and multi bucketed
excavators, powerful concrete mixers for automatized
concrete making plants and 25 ton lorries were produced
for mechanising labour-consuming jobs at the construc-
tion of big hydro-technical installations.
The machine-tool industry mastered. close to 150
new types of highly efficient metal-cutting machine
tools and forge and stamping machinery and a con-
siderable number of new kinds of hard-alloy tools.
New types of equipment.. were put out for the oil,
chemical, light, food, and other industries and
transport.
New types of machine and implements for soil culti-
vation, sowing, planting, harvesting and processing
of grain and industrial crops and vegetables were
manufactured for a further mechanisation of agricultural
field work . Besides, a number of new machines was
produced for the. mechanisation of fodder preparation
as well as for shelter belt planting.
The level of mechanisation rose considerably in all
branches of the national economy.
In the coal industry mechanisation "of processes of
hewing, breaking and the delivery of coal and. the under-
ground transport was completed as early as, in 1950.
In 1951 introduction of new types of combines for
working thin and steep-sloping seams was started thus
making it possible. to raise the level of mechanisation in
coal loading. More than 1,500 combines and coal
cutting machines and 1,350 conveyor lines were trans-
ferred to remote control operation.
The volume of mechanised work at the enterprises
of the Ministry of the Timber Industry of the USSR
increased in felling and bringing up of timber L7 times
compared with 1.950, loading of timber 2.2.. times and
haulage of timber 1.2 times
Introduction of new highly efficient technological
processes was continued in all branches of the national
economy in 1951 and work for the further automati-
sation of production was carried on.
At the mills of the Ministry of the Iron and Steel
Industry 87 per cent of the entire product ion. of steel
was melted in. open hearth furnaces outfitted with
automatic regulators of the heat regime. There was
an increase in production of special shapes of rolled
metal which make for a considerable reduction in the
expenditure of metal during further treatment.
New methods and per-fected technology of concen-
trat ion and comprehensive processing of ores, concent-
rates and slime which make for fuller, extraction of
non-ferrous and rare metals were introduced in non-
ferrous metals industry
Application of turbine drilling was expanded subs-
tantially in the oil industry. Oil production 'applying
the method of maintaining strata pressure which make
for a fuller extraction of oil was further developed. New
technological processes of oil refining employing Soviet-
made machinery were introduced, which made it pos-
sible to increase the yield of oil products and raise their
quality.
Advanced methods of metal working-high-speed
cutting, new electric and thermal methods of treating
metal-were further applied in machine-building.
Automatic and semi-automatic devices were introduced
to control the size of parts produced on a mass scale.
Work has been carried on for a comprehensive auto-
matisation of hydro-electric stations and automatisation
of the thermal procsses in boiler units of the power
stations. More than 90 per cent of the district hydro-
electric stations have automatised operation of
units.
Introduction of close to 700 ,000 inventions and
rationalisation proposals of workers and engineering and
technical personnel designed to perfect and radically
improve production processes were applied in 1951;
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4. Agriculture
In 19.r1 socialist agricultur, attained new successe;
in the development of farming and livestock raising as
well as in the organisational economic consolidation of
the collective farms.
T1, _e. total grain harvest, according to the figures of
the chief harvest assessment inspection of the Council
of Ministers of the USSR, notwithstanding unfavourable
weather conditions in districts of the Volga valley,
)Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and certain other dis-
tricts, amounted to 7,400 million ponds in 1951 . The
harvest of food grains-wheat and rye--was higher
than in 1950. Tne total Crop of unginned cotton was
above NiO and higher than in the preceding years.
The sugar beet harvest was above 1950 and exceeded
27 million tons.
The area sown to all crops in 1951 was 6.7 million
hectares above 1950. The area under cotton, sugar
beet, sunflower , and other industrial crops expanded.
Sowing of perennial and annual grasses. fodder root
crops and silo crops increased considerably.
The collective farms and state (aims successfully
fulfilled the plan for sowing winter crops for the 19f2
harvest. T .e area p'ougacd in autumn for sowing of
spring crops in 1952 was 5.4 million hectares above
that ploughed in the autumn (& 1950.
The technical foundation of agriculture grew still
stronger in 11951.
Last year agriculture received 137,000 tractors in
terms of 15 It. p. units, 53,000 grain combines, including
29,000 self-propelled, 59,000 lorries as well as two million
soil cultivating implements, sowing, harvesting and other
agricultural machines.
The increase in technical facilities of agriculture
made it possible still further to mechanise agricultural
work in the collective farms and state farms. The
agricultural work done by the machine and tractor
stations for tlhe collective farms in 19,51 was 19 per
cent above 11150. Last year the machire ana tractor
stations did more than two-thirds of all the field work
in the collective farms. Almost the entire ploughing
and three-quarters of the sowing in the collective
farms were .mechanised ; more than 60 per cent of the
entire grain area in the collective farms was harvested
by combines. In state farms the main agricultural
work is almost completely mechanised.
Simultaneously with the mechanisation of agricul-
ture much work was accomplished for its electrifica-
tion. The use of electric power in the treatment of
grain, preparation of fodder, water supply, milking of
cows and shearing of sheep in the collective farms,
increased considerably in 1951.
The growth of the commonly-ownea livestock in the
collective farms and state farms continued in 1951.
The commonly-owned collective farm animal
husbandry together with that of the state farms has
become predominant in the total livestock head. The
head of commonly-owned livestock in the collective
farms increased as fellows in 1951 : beef and dairy cattle
12 per cent. (cows 15 per cent) ; hogs 26 per cent ;
sheep and goats 8 per cent and horses 8 per cent. The
amount of poultry in the collective farms increased one
kind a half times.
Last year the head of beef and dairy cattle in the
,tate farms of the Ministry of State Farms of the USSR
increased 15 per cent. (cows 1.1 per cent) ; hogs 21 per
rent ; sheep and goats I I per cent and horses 14 per
cent. The amount of poultry in the state farms
increased 27 per cent.
The total head of livestock in all categories of eco-
nomies--in collective farms and state farms, of collec-
tive farmers and factory and factory and office workers
increased in 1951 almost by 14 million head, including
more than 1,600,000 head of beef and dairy cattle,
2,600,000 hogs, 3,500,000 sheep and goats and almost
1,000,000 head of horses. The amount of poultry
increased by more than 60 million during the year.
The collective farms, forestries, machine and tractor
and afforestations, as well as state farms in the steppe
and foreststeppe areas of the European part of the
USSR planted shelter belts on an area of 745,000
hectares in 1951.
5. Growth of Railway, Water and Road Traffic
hail freight carriage plan for 1951 was overfulfilled
and was 12 per cent higher than in 1950. The general
plan for average daily carloadings was fulfilled 103 per
cent.
The target set by the state plan for accelerating out
aid return time of cars was overfulfrlled in the past
year. Fuel expcrditure per ton-km. on the railways
was 3 per cent less than in 1950. However, the target
to improve exploitation of railways was rot fully accom-
plished..
The annual plan of freigl_t carriage by inland water
transport was fulfilled in 1951 by 100.6 percent and
freight carriage was 13 per cent higher than in I950.
The marine freight carriage plan in 1951 was fulfilled
102 per cent and freight carriage was S per cent higher
than in 1950.
Automobile height carriage was 20 per cent higher
thar, in 1950.
6. Increase of Capital Investments in National
Economy
In 1951 a broad construction programme was ac-
complished. The volume of state capital investments
in the past year was 112 per cent of 1950. The volume
of state capital investments in construction of electric
stations was 140 per cent of 1950, in iron and steel and
non-ferrous metals industry-120 per cent, in coal and
oil industry-112 per cent, in building materials in-
dustry-135 per cent, in machine and tractor stations
and state farms- 106 per cent, in transport--103 per
cent, in housing construction-120 per cent.
The 1951 assignments for building of large hydro-
technical installations on the Volga, Don and Dnieper
and also for building of the Main Turkmen Canal
were successfully fulfilled.
In 1951 the building organisations received a large
quantity-of highly productive machinery and equip-
ment. The existing fleet of excavators increased almost
40 per cent as against. 1950, scrapers---more than 30
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per cent and bulldozers-more than 80 per cent, and
the fleet of other building machinery and equipment
was also considerably augmented. All-round mecha-
nisation of building work is being ever more widely
introduced on construction projects. Supply of build-
ing materials improved.
In 1951 the building organisations reduced cost of
construction and curtailed time of construction as com-
pared with 1950. However, many organisations did not
fully secure the fulfilment of the targets set by the state
for the reduction of cost of construction.
State enterprises, institutions and local Soviets as
well as the population of cities and workers' settlements
with the help of state credits built dwelling houses of a
total floor space of 27,000,000 square metres. Besides,
about 400,000 houses were built in rural localities.
7. Expansion of Soviet Trade
Further expansion of Soviet trade continued in
1051. Owing to the new successes attained in 1050 in
the development of industry and agriculture, the rise of
labour productivity and lowering of production costs,
beginning with March 1, 1951 the government carried
through a new, the fourth successive reduction in state
prices of goods of general consumption, since the aboli-
tion of rationing. The new reduction of prices resulted
in a further strengthening of the Soviet ruble, in raising
its purchasing power and in further increasing sales of
goods to the population.
In the course of 1951, state and co-operative retail sales
to the population, measured in comparative prices, were
15 per cent higher than in 1950. Sale of individual
items increased as follows : meat-32 per cent, sausage
---29 per cent, fish products-14 per cent, butter-10
per cent, vegetable oil--40 per cent, milk and dairy
products-35 per cent, eggs-20 per cent, sugar-29
per cent, confectionery-13 per cent, tea--29 per cent,
fruit 33-per cent, cotton fabrics-18 per cent, silk
fabrics-26 per cent, garments-14 per cent, leather
footwear-11 per cent, furniture.-50 per cent, build-
ing materials :for the population-45 per cent, house-
hold and toilet soap-13 per cent, radio sets---26 per
cent, clocks and watches-15 per cent, sewing machines
-29 per cent, cameras-38 per cent, bicycles-86 per
cent. Sales of frigidaires, washing machines and
vacuum cleaners increased several times over.
The network of state and co-operative trade ex-
panded. In 1951 about 8,000 new shops opened.
In 1951 sale to the population of agricultural pro-
duce in the collective farm markets, especially of flour,
cereals, lard, :fowl, eggs, fruit and honey, increased
appreciably as against 1950.
4. Increase in Number of Factory and Office
Workers and in Labour Productivity
The number of factory and office workers in the
national economy of the USSR amounted to 40.8
million at the end of 1951 and was 1,600,000 above the
level at the end of 1950. The number of workers and
office employees in industry, agriculture and forestry,
construction and transport services increased during
the year by 1,250,000, in educational, scientific re-
search and medical institutions almost 250,000, in trade,
housing and public utilities more than 100,000.
As in previous years there was no unemployment in
the country in 1951.
Last year, 365,000 young persons graduated as
skilled workers from trade, railway, mining and factory
schools and were given jobs in industry, building cons-
truction and on the transport.
With the help of individual or brigade instruction or
training courses on the job 7,000,000 workers and other
employees acquired skills or improved their qualifica-
tions.
The prductivity of labour of industrial workers was
10 per cent higher in 1951 than in 1950-it was 14 per
cent higher in the machine-building industry, 9 per
cent in the iron and steel industry, 6 per cent in the
non-ferrous metals industry, 8 per cent in the coal in-
dustry, 9 per cent in the oil industry and 9 per cent in
the chemical industry. The productivity of labour in
construction was 9.5 per cent higher in 1951 than in
1950.
9. Cultural Development, Public Health and
City Improvement
In 1951 further achievements were attained in all
fields of socialist culture.
Last year, the number of people studying in the
USSR, including all forms of study, amounted to
57,000,000.
The number of seven-year and secondary schools
increased by almost 5,000 during the year. The number
of students in the 5th-10th grades of these schools in-
creased 2,500,000.
In 1951, 887 higher educational establishments
(including correspondence institutions, had a student
body of 1,356,000 or 108,000 more t ian in 1950.
Three thousand five hundred forty-three technical
and other specialised secondary schools (including
correspondence institutions) had 1,384,000 students,
86,000 more than in 1950.
In 1951, higher educational establishments graduat-
ed 201,000 and technical schools 262,000 young special.
ists.
The number of graduates of higher educational es-
tablishments and technical schools engaged as specialists
in the national economy increased in 1.951, 8 per cent
compared with 1950.
In 1951 more than 24,000 people were doing post-
graduate work in higher educational establishments
and scientific institutions.
For outstanding works in science, invention, litera-
ture and art Stalin prizes were merited in 1951 by
2,694 scientists, engineers, agronomists, writers and
artists, workers and foremost agriculturists.
In 1951 the country had more than 350,000 libraries
of all types maintained by the state and public organi-
sations, their number of books exceeding 700 million.
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l'he.nurnber of cinema installations in 1951 increas-
cd by 4,000 compared with the preceding year. The
attendance of theatres and cinemas in 1951 was 12
per cent above 1950.
In the summer of 1951 more than 5,000,000 children
and juveniles stayed in Pioneer camps, children's sana-
toria, excursion and tourist centres or were taken in an
organised way for the entire summer period to country
places bykindergartens, children's homes and nurseries.
The network of hospitals, maternity homes, dispen-
siaries and other health institutions as well as sanatoria
and rest homes was further expanded in 1951. The
number of beds in hospitals and maternity homes in-
creased by almost 50,000 compared with 1950. The
number of places in sanatoria and rest homes increased
by 18,001). In 1951 there was over 6 per cent more
physicians than in 1950.
The production of medicines, medical instruments
and equipment increased by 36 per cent compared with
1950, which made possible: a substantial improvement
in the supply and outfitting of medical institutions with
medicines, latest apparatus, laboratory equipment and
medical instruments.
In 1951, like in preceding year, considerable work
was done to build public utilities and improve towns ar_d
workers' settlements, to construct water works and
sewage, extend tram and trolley bus services, provide
gas and heat to more homes, plant greenery, pave
and asphalt city streets and squares, lay out parks,
gardens and boulevards.
10. Growth of National Income and Incomes
of Population
In 19511 the national income of the USSR, measured
in comparable prices, increased by 12 per cent com-
pared with 1950.
In the Soviet Union the entire national ncome be-
longsto the working people. Like in the preceding year
the working people of the USSR received about three-
quarters of the national income to meet their personal
material and cultural requirements, while the other
part of the national income remained at the disposal of
the state, collective farms and co-operative organisa-
tions for expanding socialist production and for other
needs of the state as a whole and society.
The growth of the national income made it possible
substantially to improve the material position of the
workers, peasants and intelligentsia and to ensure the
further expansion of' socialist production in town and
countryside.
The improvement of the material position of the
USSR population was expressed in the growth of the
monetary and real wages of the factory and office
workers and in the increase of the incomes of the
peasants both from commonly conducted collective
farming and from their household plots and personal
husbandry.
Besides, in 1951, as in preceding years the popula
tion received at the expense of the state allowances and
grants from social insurance funds for the factory and
office workers; pensions from the social maintenance
fund ; accommodations in sanatoria, rest homes and
children's institutions free of charge or at reduced rates ;
allowances to mothers of large families and lone
mothers ; free medical aid ; free education and pro-
fessional and trade instruction ; students' stipends and a
number of other benefits and privileges. Further, all
factory and office workers, i.e., about 41,000,000 people,
received paid vacations of not less than two weeks, and
more in case of workers in a number of professions.
In 1951, these benefits and privileges received by the
population at the expense of the state amounted to
125,000 million rubles.
As a result of the reduction of prices of consumer
goods, the growth in monetary wages of the factory and
office workers, increased incomes of the peasants in
money and in kind and growth in the benefits and pri-
vileges received by the population at the expense of the
state-the incomes of factory and office workers and
incomes of the peasants, measured in comparable prices,
were 10 per cent greater in 1951 than in 1950.
Central Statistical Board of the Council
of Ministers of the U. S. S. R.
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fact, is given not by the paper but as
stated in the story, f' Lt.-Uenera.l
Clarence R. Huebner, state defence
director, advised yesterday." And
further : "the city civil defence staff
was preparing yesterday for the first
city-wide air raid test. The defence
workers will assume that the enemy
has dropped an atom bomb on the
Lower Bronx arid another in Brook-
lyn or Queens. Rescues, clearing of
debris, fire-fighting, and so on, will
be simulated."
That is the way a war psychosis is
being deliberately produced in the
tJnited States for no good purpose.
One gets the impression that
the newspaper has written up a
"he nih game " played by crack-
brained but living Forrestalls. insane, American newspapers admit
Incidentally, another newspaper, that no fewer than 17,000,000 per-
New York Herald Tribune," con- sons are in need of psychiatric treat-
tinues printing instalments of " For- meat,
restall's Diary." Fear is taking root in the heart of
What absurd and monstrous items the man in the street in America,
one finds in these newspapers ! From fear of' today and of' tomorrow,
other items, however, that find their Stripped by war taxes and frightened
way on the pages of those news- by war propaganda he flo rnders
papers one learns of work curtail- about in the foul stream of news-
merrts and mounting taxes, increas- paper lies, seeking a way of t and
big unemployment and soaring salvation.
prices, and a drop in the sale of And the day will come when he
articles of prime necessity. will find the way out, as it has been
The war psychosis, the hysteria found by the progressive people in
whipped up by the US ruling circles, the United States who have begun
the unbridled anti-Soviet propaganda their heroic struggle for peace, for
and propaganda of war against the the salvation of their country and
Soviet Union, are driving people their people.
It is not possible to review in one article even a fraction of the papers we have looked
over. The Soviet newspapers differ from one another in their own way, but there is also a
certain similarity between them. They are similar in one respect--all of them tell of the
constructive labour Soviet men and women are engaged in and call. upon them to work
even more energetically for peace, for the speediest upbuilding of Communism.
Yes, the Soviet people are busy at their peaceful pursuits.
And what are the US rulers busy doing ?
The citations given furnish a clear answer----arming, preparing war and preaching war.
Days turn into weeks and weeks into months, and the months merge into years.
This year the people the world around have united as never before in the history
of` mankind to combat the warmongers. And this mighty union is invincible.
Foreign Guests
in the U.S.S.R.
By Anatoly Kudryavtsev
Assistant Chief of the Internatinal Department of the
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Women's delegation. form Holland in Moscow.
On photo : Delegates in St. George's Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace.
Chinese youth delegation in Moscow.
en photo : rcung delegates frem China greeting the Moscow Youth,
SOVIET trade union organisations continue to
expand and strengthen their international
contacts. In the year before last the land
of Socialism was visited by 54 trade union and
workers' delegations from different parts of the
world, while in 19:11 there were more than seventy
such delegations.
Soviet people wholeheartedly welcomed the
guests from abroad, affording them every opportunity
and all facilities to acquaint themselves with life in
the USSR. The delegates drew up tht;ir own tra,yel
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routes through the USSR. They
visited Moscow, many capitals of the
!Trion republics, r.- rinerad, Odessa,
~st.alinp?rad, thrr industrial centres of
'of k'', Sverdlovsk, Laporozhye,
r
itrtruo, Karasanda, 1)r,iepropet-
rov~,k, Krivoi. Rerg. 'Tula, arid seaside
health resorts, including Sochi,
Siukhumi, Yalta arid Ga.lrry. Tare
rnrtjority of the delegations visited the
city of Gori, where great Stalin
m.vraduatc:
as skilled workers. Usua ly upon
finishing school they are rated in
the fourth or fifth ategorv.
The Noun; workers sui erosfully
apply Elie theoretical and practical
knowlr elge they have received
duriup~ their two years at school
and iu;rke rapid prog -ss on
their jobs. All vi-cationa1
school trainees are ph ced on
jobs s! rictly irk accordan rc %."ith
their Ii ides. Engineers ;c ld liu?e-
men and skilled old workers,
readily give them assistance and
useful .~Ldvice. Tie young workers
are paiu1 oil the same rrsis as
adult workers, in accordat ce with
the a.niount arid quality of labour
perlornrcd.
J redo- his stiinor f /sussed Vocational School No. 2 ser coal yeas ago mid is noris a oclciut5
a. section chief at the automatic tsorning lathes sholr of Ilse Ball Bearing /hunt.
7orlar he i.s teasnaly pteelini school
graduates who will ruork in this sho(u
js/s(S s Iris di,ation. d lie first.from the ri,{ht is l)aicheslrr, `I eu.cor.
fre~,e clothing, fee rascals. free, textbooks aed note hooks. All
t spices of all. Labour Reserve Vocational Schools arc 1 1 cwisc
provide(.
The school r> ryes a two-year course . During the first year
the hit ore work cis train in the workshops of their own school,
and in the last six months receive work practice in the shops of t'.e
plant. The school's spacious and airy workshops are equipped
with the most. upto-date Machines. And the trainees in pram
lice learn the most advanced methods of labour used by Soviet
wssrkcrs- At the same time they are given theoretical instruc-
tur;i. in such subjects as technology, metallography and drrught-
in ,and also a full
junior-secondary school course.
h~ i! d~lant li.brarv.."Vikolai Khrenov (foreground left ), h ssassction inslrrictor
id J'ocational School No. 2, is seers here cosrr'ersiug with his boomer
t i/ i/s. Valenti;, Krechet and Nadezhda Usenkova. "Their ferrr~.er leacher
is interested in hotel, they are snaking out on their jobs.
7dse your!:; turner tyaciseslav 7iusoc, ocational
school ,actuate, i.s seers here at tvoci in the
125/s itic turning lathe ds:rlu of rho
Ball Bearotg Phut.
Vya.s i. reslav-.'I'rusov wit!, "seat
entlrusi;rsm took up his jol as a.
full-fled m;ed worker of the phi it.
He knew that his work would
always receive due merit. 'I'i-rim,
Pyotr Popov, who graduated school
the year beftlre has become one of
the best setters-up of complex, semi-
automatic ni clrirre tools aid has
been advanced to the sixth category..
Victor Chernobrovkin, setter-up of
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Q'1impiaS dtam t`t
Soviet 11nion
diverse climatic conditions, the new chemical rncl:od
has proved highly effective.
Practice has shown that chemical weeding of train
fields holds out a promise of raising the crop yiclc s by
3fi per cent to the hectare.
Millions of hectares will be switched to the t:se of
chemical weeding in the near future.
111:MISTRY has been added to the arscual of
Soviet agrotechnical methods used in combating
weeds. Tested in the Soviet fields in the post
Chemical Weeding of Grain Fields :
t'erruadi tasrlyerr, a graduate of the vocational school, is attenrlirrt'
er enang junior errgineerrng college. Here we see hive
in one of the laboratories.
autornatie, mac'nine tools, who finished school in 1147,
and Vera Borisova who finished school a year before
that and i5now working in the tool shops, have achieved
such 'performance that their photographs are displayed
ou tire plant Honour Board among the lorcinost
wnrr kers,
1'he yowl; workers of the Ball Bearing Plant. live
the full life of their plant's close-knit working family.
Most of them continue their education attending
re i
various courses givers at the plant ; many attend Ii
,junior er_ginecring college at the plant. '.There is at the
plant also an evening branch of' the Automotive E gi-
rrec i irg Institute where many young workers are re-
ceiving a higher education and the professor of engineer,
coml,rrrirg work and study.
'Hie burner school mates frequently meet in their
pi>rr is Ilouse of Culture. Here one can have a good
t.itnc, dance, read an interesting book in the library,
tints a. lecture, see a film or show, play chess, etc. The
young workers take an active part in the diflcrent
sp? rts sections of the House of Gultu ~ I ove for sports
is inculcated in the lads and girls } ' en they are yet in
tire: vocational school. At each Lab Qt r Reserves school
Owl(, is a branch of' the Labour Reserves Sports Society
winch holds a prominent place in thh Soviet sports world.
1)rrr?ing the eleven years of its existence, Vocational
School No. 2 has trained many thousands of skilled
workers for the socialist industry.
Services for Moscow's Tramway Workers:
An additional dwelling space of b,hrIt) wire
metres will be made available Iirr _Mo:xow's trait way
workers in new or rebuilt ap:n tment }a_eru,ses before the
end of this year.
The best health resorts ,use at the service of the
workers. This year alone, the regional cotnrnittr .e of'
the ntwticipal workers' union secured a.ccotnrnoda ions,
[sir 2,2Su workers in sanatoriums and tine a further : ,7I:x
Ill rest homes. 2,540 children of the stir eet car wo (tiers
spent the school holidays in srrnrmer ca.rnos, and I,U(1(i
children of pre-school age wcrc taken to country ph: cc s.
The city transport worker., of the capital burr ' at
their service a polyclinic with hospitalization facilities
ct1uippcd according to the latest word in medicine. and
dispcr,saries in all the depot . and shops. finis y .ar`s
social insurance budget of the regional comniittec r I' the
union approximates fiti million rubles.
Artificial Climate Laboratory:
Art artificial climate labour gory with automatic i real:
ing, cooling, and air conditioning installations w11 be
equipped in the Main Botanical Garden of the Acac enry
of Sciences of the USSR by the Timiryazcv Institute
of' Plant Pi;ysiology.
Specially equipped chambers will have facilities for
testing the action of the wind, rain and other sharp
meteorological changes on plant development. The
green-}rouses will have various climatic conditions cor-
responding to all the climatic zones - front wat rles';
deserts and humid subtropical regions to the regions of
the extreme North.
'l'ire problems connected with the establislunc it of
this laboratory, unprecedented in world practice 1,)i- its
scope, were discussed at a meeting of the Presidiurn of
the Academy of Sciences cf the USSR. In its de(isiorn
the Presidium emphasized the special significance c f tire
new laboratory in connection with the Stalin phi i for
remaking nature and the extensive work of the Soviet
scientists oil changing the nature of plants.
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240,000 College Students in Moscow
T HERE is not a section in the alpha-
betical index of the Guide to Moscow
that does not contain one or several
names of higher schools of the capital. Avia-
tion Institute, Automobile Engineering,
Automobile and Road Construction Engi-
neering, Architectural... Mechanical Engi-
neering, Medical, Metallurgical Mechaniza-
tion of Agriculture, Music Teachers' Insti-
tutes, Meat Packing Industrial Institute...
Institutes of Economic Statistics, Economy,
Electrical Engineering, International Re-
lations, etc.
Moscow is one of the biggest educational centres. It is hard to find a
branch of technology or of the hi is itiec that is not -resented the
__ p__.,_....,.. programmes of its colleges, Slightly less than a quarter of a million-z?o,ooo
students are attending the c89 higher schools of the Soviet capital. Moscow
alone has a greater college epic!n'_cnt than Eiitain, Italy. Belgium and
Sweden taken together.
Admission to the higher schools of
Moscow is open to applicants from all parts
of the Soviet Union. All the numerous
nationalities of the USSR are represented
among the students of the university and
institutes of the capital.
The Soviet higher school equips the
students with well grounded knowledge
in general and special subjects, knowledge
based on the materialistic, scientific world
concept, and fosters in the young
generation the lofty feelings of love for
the Motherland, educating energetic
The higher schools of Moscow have
a staff of 12,000 professors and lecturer's,
They include outstanding authorities and
celebrated Academicians. The higher
schools have excellently equipped labora-
tories the students are given every
possibility for practical training, and they
have at their disposal all the libraries
of the capital with their rich collec-
tions of books, museums, theatres,
days. The num rous laboratori-s and science
rooms of this school are equipped in
accordance with the late t word in
technology-with motor,. mr.c"irre tools,
instruments and research ann_ Titus of the
latest m_aei.s. T,e staff of the school ir-
cluaes about 30 Stalin Prize \Vinners. The
graduates of his institri e now employ(d
as specialists on internal combustion
engines, locomotive designees. mechanical
engineers, or metallurgical en~,incers, think
with gratitude of their student years at
the BHST, one of till be't hig')er schools
In L "e factories and
mills. Practically all the students receive
state stipends, and those who make out-
standing pgress in their studies are
warded Stalin Scholarships.
There is the Bauman Higher School
of Technology which will observe its
12t1dh anniversary in 1952. The Soviet
system has enabled this school to raise the
education of young engineers to a high
plane which was unthinkable in the old
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in the Soviet Union.
Then there is the Molotov Electrical
Engineering Institute of Moscow, known
in er the ab breviat.erl name of MEL Ti,
numerous buildings, extending in blocks in
the neighbourhood of the Yauza River,
make up a veritable town. Its eight faculties
are training several thousand future builders
of hydro-electric stations, transmission lines,
turbines, automatic machinery, specialists in
telemechanics and electronic technology.
In the laboratories which occupy
several buildings one may see a
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rr:a,t power plant, a heat and
power plant with the latest models
oh Fury h. pressure boilers,
trans- transmission systems, etc.,
in it word, everytiiirig iii which the
SpccialiOI, in coustructiorr and opera-
iiou ohinodcrn power svstcnis must
fry.'wised.
1,itualed in a picturesque locality
ern the outskirts of 'iIoscow, is the
'I'imitvazev Agricultural Academy.
Its forest tracts, ex pcrirnental fields
and gardens, orchards, green houses,
ii inseties, farms, apiaries, gazing
Kurd a.ncl ponds occupy au area of 670
lu'ctares. Flower beds are conspi-
a uous on the (mounds around the
Ii nautifizl btrildins;s where :3,500
Iil lure agroil Jrrrists, Sc Icctio 1, fists,
iigiocheinists, livestock specialists,
vit:icultur ists and horticttltur7sts live
uar.l tudy. " Timiryazcvka, " as
he lludents lovingly call their alma
ma,icr, ins i):) chairs aud200 lafiora-
iOr7eS.
'Fill, ( )!_jonikidze Geological Pros-
trecturg Institui:e, the AIendeleycv
I hcmical 'Icchnologv I1;ztitutc, the
litailwa.y I:rtgiuccring Insti-
I uta', the Lenin Pedagi1L a iii insti-
tute a.nd other higher schools of, the
apita.l also attract lariie numbers
ii rr.[)pli;h ilts..
The doyen of the higher schools
of the capital is the Lomonosov
State University of Moscow. This
oldest educational centre was
the alma mater of Radishchev,
Griboycdov, Lermontov, Belinsky,
Iierzen, Ogarev, '1'urgenev,
Chekhov,
Iliedikltin,
Granovsky,
Carebyshcv,
Pirogov,
Sechenov,
Timiiya e,v,
Stoletov,
Zhukovsky
and othci
luminaries
of Russian
science and letters who studied, lec-
tured and conducted research in
the laboratories and scientific so-
cieties of this university.
The University has a staff of 1,000
prolcssors and lecturers, and ten
thousand students who have dedicated
themselves to mathematics, philology,
history, jurisprudence, chemistry,
geology and physics. There are 12
faculties with more than I60 chairs,
more than 190 laboratories and 11
research iirstitutcs.
Ucsigrtcd by the celebrated
Kazakov, the old building of the
university with its cupola-shaped
main section which faces one of
Moscow's central square is an asset
to the architecture of the capital.
Xformted on a granite pedestal at
the campus is a mnuwnent to the,
launder of this university, the great
Russia!! scientist: M. Louionosov.
His arm resting on a globe, he is
engro....d in reading a scroll held in
his otter r hand......
But III(- Inajestic: blocks oh the new
buildirr."s of the university already
tower !,]()It over Moscow, on the
Lenin lips. '('heir constrt ctiorr is
rlearinw completion. On if c ioitia-
tivc of 11. V. Stalin, every provision
has b(( 11 ntade for successful studies
and wutific res.earc.h.
It planned to allocate the co-
lossal f ,~!ildirrgs, which have to equal
in Olt ; orld for their rnagni ride and
equipr?rertt, tohe natural science
lacatlt i( ,. Construction i, under-
way n,;trby on cornfortal>Ic apart-
ment -nrscs for 6,001) stud~ail.s and
proli,;.,-,rs. `ihcrc will be a theatre,
gymn.c iums, it shorts stad urn and
shops. lining halls and c1iik nurser-
ies. 'I fin university will haw its own
astron, inical ob,scrvatnry, netcoro-
logicai ratio n, powerful acrd-hydro-
dyuannu? tubes, a geological ouscum,
fundaurntLal Iil,rary, a botanical
gmrdrii with greenhouses, ae, uariusrrs
and unounous Iaboratories c quipped
according to the latest sword in
Lccl,1II,1 igy?
Arn11ng those who will s( on work
Goidi used os Page '_2-1)
1 "reasure-House of the Art of the Eastern Peoples
By 1. Barashko
I ill-(,;,t ill Moscow ! at bears,
0 Iint darn) of the Rsrssiau
plrysi(iar, Olnakli stands
a bnd,tiiId in Vvirielr are 'ollected
monuurcnts c:fthc art and 1 ilture oh
the I. ! .1., of I?r it landlord, servitude that. left. him with boundless
hatred for the oppress,+rrs of the working folk.
Outstanding mere of P ussian arts and letters played
an important role in Slung-chenko's life, among them the
noted painter K. Bryullwv and the poet V. %,hukovsky,
18
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When Shevchenko was twenty-tour
his freedom was bought for him by
his Russian [fiends and, a painter
of talent, he was enrolled a+ the
Academy of Arts in St. 1 eters-
burg.
'I'kr.e him covers twenty years of
Shevchenko's life, beginning with
1841., after his graduation, from the
Academy of Arts and return to the
Ukraine. His activity in the Ukraine
is shown against the background of
important events of the time, and
brings out the close, inviolable
tics that bound the universally--
recognized national poet of the
IJkraisn.e with the toiling masses. In
poetry reflecting the feelings of the
serf peasantry crushed by bondage
to the landlord and reduced to the
position of` slaves, Shcvchenko
preached merciless hatred for opres-
sors--- from the tsar to the landlords-
and called upon the people forcibly
to overthrow despotism. Passionate
and impetuous, hating tyranny
with all his heart and soul, ready
at any moment to take up arms
against the oppressors of the corn- l
inrnz people----such was Slievchenkro
in real life, and thu. do we see him
on the screen.
For his literary activity and his
participation in a secret political
society Slievchcnko aroused the
hatred. of the tsar satraps and the re-
actionary landowners of the Ukraine.
Tlrc: film prescnts the poet's chief
enemy, sting, arrogant ts,sr Nikolai
I, who passed a frighlfi.tl, a mmrls-
troitsly brutal serltc ncc upon lurn :
exile as a rank-and-file. soldier for an
n.nliinited term, st.rictl.y Ior!ndden
either to write or to paint.
(Continued on [cage 24
Inp ;
I still ./rom the flrn. 1 aras Shearhenko has
a talk with serf peasants.
f;~rrtri. .
lnrns ,sbr';rhenG, ;~al,d I, .1'. Ha's/os Inrd
protects to !ht Irrnrlorrwr
Bar rrbrrsh.
Ti iltuur
7 he tsa sf. ;ucerrunexf. unio"o it i, exiled 11 e
i,enple s poet to it bleak ,fart*ess en the east mast
')/ the Caspian, rerhere lie zrwasforeed to sen?e as a
snldicr and forbidden fo write or (Iran'. 'I hese
,rrerc the hmdesl 7%ears of Sheacherrko'.s life.
.Everything passible was done to break his militant
spirit, to degrade and humiliate him. But in the
fortress, too, he drew his strength from the people
t--, n. his .friendship with his Jelloss' soldiers,
l~les.; Russians, In !Iris -still wv see Tara,
. Yrerthess1 s (acted by S. Bondarc/sul) and soldier
,4kobeler (nod bT ,1 1. Kuznetson).
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At the Construction .sites
of People's Poland
.Al\'Y districts of Lode, a city with a,.
700,00(1 population, did not Lave
running water before the war. On der
Olt J5hotn (tom tug, to lollom)
..'VeCy (I nato? wm il) I', Iitoru,
fhi+ls rq,hnl he rewker's s,lllement in 'Ggo?ellce looks like today,
A workers' louse of rulturc woo recently opened in this building near the
" Odre " rement,factory in Opal,
outskirts the sewage drifted. along the gutters and
sidewalks, and it is there that tubercular and
rickety children place, f.
The death rate ii; Lodz was twice as Thigh as
in Poland's other cities. The dirtiest ant most
horrible place in Lodz was Baloty districr, which
became a synonym for poverty, crime and
prostitution. 'today new houses for 60- -70,000
people are being hnilt in this district. 'i'went:y-
five buildings with lour thousand coml )rtahlc,
airy and sunny rooms have already been built
for the weavers. By the end of the current
year another 30 such buildings will he b rilt for
the Lodz workers.
Much building wni k is going on in BAoty in
these days. One has to wander quite a bt along
this remarkable landscape in order to realize
what tremendous construction work is going on
here... . We can already feel today wh it that
day in Lodz will be like when the old textile
workers will gaze won new Baloty," writes
Trybuna Ludu."
Socialist cities an also appearing in other
districts of Poland ground the newly built
factories. A steel plant, Poland's pri le has
recently been put into operation in Czens-
toclow. -Tow unlike t .is plant is to the small dirty
little factory that belonged to Mgr. Gandtke ! 'flee
workers' settlement I(m) has changed. Nev' dwel-
ling houses are being erected : all the old houses
have running water, lir,ht and a sewage sys.ern.
A new Socialist city, of* 'I'ychy is rapidh rising;
in Silesia. '[he wall . of 15 blocks apa rtment
houses are rising ill one district and the
foundalions have Ircii laid for another !,1 build-
urgs. Pa.'/ of them he ready by the ~nd of
this year. Tall, exam'(,; table and sparic;us hou=,cs
for workers are. appr:u-ing in place of If e tiny
oiic-storey houses.
In capitalist Poland ball' of the citier were
built ofwood. Accordi;ig to statistical data t; cii.y
houses out of 10 ha'l neither a sewage nor
running water. Six ?tit of ten city houses were
lit by kerosene lamps.
Today People's Pohuid is building 23( new
settlements, 15) central districts of cities an being
repaired and 7 old ei st.ric''s ale being r -,con.s-
tructed. In all these settlements school: and
clubs, hospitals and kindergartens, creche; and
cinema theatres are ):king built simultaneously
with apartment houses. 1'lni.s means that hwcdreds
of thousands of plain people are today living better
and in greater comfort in Poland than befog e.
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t
/Hont{~
A Short Story By F. KNORRE
(Concluded)
The first part of this short story "The First Month" by
F. Knorre appeared in our issue No. 1, 1952.
The story depicts an event in the life of a common
worker.
ti Stankus, an unemployed worker met near a way side
station a young lad Laonas who was going to Ozerno for a
job. Stankus was very sceptical about the whole idea, but
when Laonas showed him the post card giving informa-
tion about jobs he jumped up and rushed with the lad to
get into a train going to Ozerno. Stanku's one worry
s was that they would arrive too late and what ever jobs were
there would be taken up by the first corners. All his past
experience of jobs lost, casual work, long periods of un-
employment, humiliations and insults warned him against
being sure of getting a job easily.
In the course of conversation Laonas tells Stankus of
what be had heard about the new times where there would
be no unemployment. Stankus did not believe that
there could be any place in the world without unemploy-
ment. Laonas told him about the law in Soviet Union
where the `The right to work' was guaranteed. He also
told him about their country Lithuania which had joined
the Soviet Union and as such had the same laws applicable
to them.
When they reached Ozerno, Stankus rushed out like
mad to reach the construction works. In the way he saw a
placard asking for hands in the construction works.
L
hi
th
t St
ku
i
w
aonas sa
s amazement
a
an
to
s was tear
ng
down the placard and when he asked for an explanation
Stankus told him that he did not want a crowd of workers
to follow on their tracks for the same jobs.
They both got jobs and started working. Stankus had
never specialized in any job and he could do a little
of everything, but nothing well.
Now read on :
This was simply because for years he had been shifted
from one conveyor to another against his will, working on
a machine in a rubber factory and then on a semi-
automatic lathe in a plant producing farm machinery,
and in the months between washing the windows of
skyscrapers, taking care of mules or picking strawberries.
The foreman, old man Zhukauskas, under whom Stankus
worked as assistant repair mechanic, realized the sort of
man he had under him, but kept him on the job, handing
in a satisfactory report on his work. This he did partially
through weakness of character and partially he was sorry
for this mature, thirty-five-year-old worker who tried and
hurried with all his might, endeavouring to use his sharp
wits to conceal his lack of skill and evidently fearing that it
would be discovered.
They had just taken apart a' defective engine. Each
time Stankus bent. down to lay the greasy, worn-out parts in
order on a. board, his head swam oddly.
He had caught cold in the freight car and had felt limp
and giddy several times. The queer feeling had grown
worse in the last two days, so that all he wanted to do was to
sit down and cover his eyes. More than anything else
Stankus feared that the foreman would notice it. Bad luck
like this had pursued him all his life. No sooner did he get
a decent job than something happened. He realized very
well that Zhukauskas had been very displeased with his work
the first few days and he had kept waiting for the old devil
to go and tell the boss and then fire him. And now, when
things seemed to be going much better; he had to start
running a temperature.
Clenching his teeth, he walked out to the gate, hoping
that the fresh air would make him feel better. He lit a
cigarette but after holding it in his hand he threw it away
in disgust. It was painfully hot in the sun, the wall against
which Stankus leaned was hot, and the grass with the fresh
chips scattered over it looked hot in the sun.
The old devil (he liked Zhukauskas, but Stankus always
called him " old devil " because he was, all the same the
foreman, the boss, and that meant sooner or later you could
expect something dirty from him) . . . the old devil would
notice that he was ill and would send him to the office, and
Stankus wouldn't make it to the end of the week and pay-
day ! Then, worse luck, he'd be in bed a few days and
. . . goodbye job ! Another man would take his place !
No, he'd hold out through tomorrow if he busted. And
tomorrow was Saturday. He'd hold out another day, and
on Sunday he'd be able to lie in bed the whole day. He'd
ask Laonas to pour pailfuls of cold water over his head.
He shook himself and returned to the shop, where he sat
down on the floor, his legs crossed.
Looks like something's the matter with you," remarked
the foreman.
"Lobster-eyed devil," Stankus muttered to himself. To
the foreman he said hurriedly in a loud voice : " Nothing at
all, foreman, nothing at all ! It's nothing, just the heat and
those chips, maybe ! "
" Chips, did you say ? " asked Zhukauskas in amazement.
Stankus himself realized he'd said something silly. He
laughed. " No," he said with a laugh. " What have chips
to do with it ? "
" Listen, you didn't have too much to drink, did you ? "
the foreman asked anxiously.
That seemed like a wonderful idea to Stankus.
" Please forgive me, foreman," he said. " I did. My
head's still aching from last night." He even tried to wink.
64 It'll go away in a minute. There's nothing to it."
He bent over the dismantled engine, stooping lower
than he had intended, picked up the wrench and silently
got down to work. But the foreman kept standing over
him, looking at him, the devil.
" And your face is red," he persisted. " You're not ill,
are you ? "
"Everything's all right, foreman, thank you, everything's
all right," Stankus pleaded, simmering with rage.
" Nothing's all right. Here now, go over to the dis-
pensary, do you hear ? Go and have a doctor look at you."
Stankus bent his head and went on working stubbornly.
He did not answer until the old man shook him by the
shoulder and forced him to rise.
Then he stood up, flung the wrench onto the ground,
and gazed with hatred into Zhukauskas' worried face.
" That's not honest on your part, foreman ! " he ex-
claimed. " Honest to God, it's not honest to act like that.
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What are you driving me out for ? What business is it of
yours what my face looks like ? Did I refuse to work ? I'm
working, and you leave me alone ! "
He was in a bad state ; his mouth was dry, and a heavy
hand seemed to be pressing against the insides of his eyes.
M-. turned aside and walked off, picking up his feet with
difficulty. Suddenly he bumped against something with his
shoulder so that he staggered, and of course after that
there was no sense arguing any longer.
" All right," he said roughly'. " I'll go to the doc, and
he'll tell you I can work. Who are you, foreman or doc ?
Don't stick your nose in what isn't your business."
As he was crossing the construction site where the car-
penters were squaring logs, he was struck with revulsion at
the thought that they were making still more chips like those
,tattered all around. Halfway across he turned around,
returned and shouted defiantly :
" Hey there, foreman ! Don't forget to mark down half a
day's work to me. I did work half a day ! Don't you
go playing any tricks on me !
He talked and argued about something in the dispensary,
although it was hard for him to sit up and he ceased to
nnnderstand what lie was arguing about or what. he wanted.
IIt- vaguely felt that things were very bad ; he was in for it,
his illness couldn't be concealed...
His temperature proved to be extremely high. He was
taken by the arm and led off somewhere. Only after several
days of delirium and black periods when his memory was a
blank, did Stankus come to himself, weak and completely
indifferent to everything
His cheeks pale and s.
unken, Stankus sat on the hospital
veranda with the other convalescents, absorbed in a game of
dominoes.
Through the leaves of the wild gravevine half covering
the window the little hospital courtyard was visible flooded
with bright sunshine. Senior nurse Lily, erect and graceful
in her starched white uniform, crossed the courtyard from
the dressing station. A long-eared puppy sleeping in the
shade rose and lazily followed her across the hot stones.
The whole scene was familiar, an everyday scene.
But now it was coming to an end, all of it-the clean
linen., the regular meals, the doctor listening attentively
through his stethescope as though some precious instrument
were hidden in Stankus' breast, the domino games and the
long hours of rest in an armchair on the veranda. All this
would soon be coming to an end. The thought of it sent
cold shivers down Stankus' back. After such a life of luxury
+pz;ain freight cars or sleeping in the park ? It did not bear
chinking of!
Nurse Lily again crossed. the courtyard and suddenly
turned to the veranda. He slapped down a domino and
crew tense, not turning around.
Oh, Stankus," she said. " You haven't forgotten we're
(i hchargi ig you today, have you ? "
She smiled as she said this, and the three who were
playing dominoes with him also smiled and looked at him
AS if it was his birthday, the fools
" No, of course I haven't," he exclaimed cheerfully.
Can't wait to get back home ! "
If they thought he should be glad then he'd show them
lcce was. damn them !
" Perhaps you'd like to come along with me now? Or
tb you prefer to wait till dinner ? "
" Why, it's all the same to me whether it's now or in an
!anon." - He shrugged his shoulders. " Certainly, if it is
more convenient for you now. . . I'll be glad to. We'll
just finish this game. , . "
When Stankus received his washed linen, jacket and
trousers, and put on clumsy, hard boots instead of the soft
house slippers he had worn in the hospital, he suddenly felt
weak, miserable and alone.
" I've given you a lot of trouble ! " he said to Nurse
Lily in parting.
" That's our work," the nurse replied kindly. " It wasn't
any trouble at all. Keep well, Stankus,"
Stankus felt the most gratitude toward her for the fact
that she did not immediately slam the door after him.
He reached the house where he lived. The old witch
stared at him in surprise but let him in. Laonas' cot was
covered with a new blanket. " Making a home for him-
self," Stankus thought ironically as he flung himself onto the
cot.
When Laonas returned from work he found his friend in
a black mood. As he entered the door his face broke into a
smile, shook Stankus' hand joyfully, and sat down on the
edge of the bed at his feet.
" Well, how are you feeling ? All :right ?
" Not bad. Well enough for the coming trip, at any
rate."
" Have you really decided to leave ? That's too bad
Laonas said.
" There's nothing for it... That's the way it is with rne,
and that's all. Horrible habit. Want a change of impres-
sions, don't you see ! Beautiful scenery, interesting people,
and so on and so forth ! "
" Yes, I see," agreed Laonas in a puzzled, despondent
voice. " But I'm used to'our being together... "
"; You. are ? . . You're a good fellow, and we ought to
say goodbye properly. Here, take this and run down to
the corner. My treat. Take it! "
Laonas stared at the money irresolutely, took it un-
willingly and went out.
The money that Stankus had given, him for vodka was
almost the last he had, and drinking vodka right after the
hospital was probably no good. That's what urged him on.
It didn't matter if there was no money and drinking was
bad for him. Let it be bad !
Laonas drank in the country fashion ; the full glass of
the stuff went down slowly, like water, without disgust and
without the slightest bravado-without grunting, pounding
on the table, or exclamations. In a burning stream the
vodka flowed through his body, reached his heart, and
Laonas gave a sigh. Then it reached his tongue, and he
started talking.
"' There won't be another comrade like you . . . who
understands everything... and who's seen everything." He
gave a deep sigh. " And who sympathizes....
"' Things are bad with me, my lad," said Stankus. " Old
age is approaching. What ? You think old age comes
with a bent back ? Nonsense ! Old age is when a man
begins to think and meditate, and suddenly he realizes that
he doesn't feel that real rage which makes him fight with all
and everyone for his piece of bread. Then it's the end for
him, even though he still has the strength, the way I have.
Do you understand ? "
Laonas nodded with such sympathy that the curls on his
forehead bobbed.
" Of course I do ! "
" You don't understand anything. But listen and
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answer. Who's working in my place now ... for that old
turnip Zhukauskas, iri the repair shop ? "
" Who ? " Laonas tried to remember. " Ah-a fellow
with a moustache, he's from Panevezhis. I don't know his
name, but he has a little moustache....
" All right, the hell with him and his moustache. Now,
what would a real man do in my place ? He'd wait for that
fellow with the moustache after work in the evening, and
have a talk with him. A sincere, frank talk with him.
He'd explain to him that the place was already taken, it
wasn't his. And that the fellow could go to hell. And if
lie got stubborn, he'd let him have it on the chin. And
then he'd go to the foreman and say : ' Mr. Foreman, your
repairman, the old polecat, isn't coming to work, so take me
back."
Laonas opened his mouth wide. " Really ? " he ex-
claimed.
" Absolutely ! I remember an instance in Pennsylvania,
or maybe Oklahoma, can't say for sure, but the guy was
called Boogy. Something like a boxer, he was. When he
was fired and they took someone else in his place, he waited
for his happy successor every evenirg and beat him up.
The other fellow was pretty puny, but he held out six days,
although he was all covered with bruises. Until finally
Boogy sprained his wrist for him. Then the foreman turned
him out in 24 seconds, and Boogy was right there on the
spot. Everything seemed to be fine. But the nextday the
nephew of the foreman's wife was working in the place of the
fellow ? with the sprained wrist. Boogy went home, his
huge fists clenched, and he kept repeating words that made
the truck drivers shudder, and a policeman whom he passed
turned his back and started admiring the flowers in a
window. Finally Boogy ran into the man whose wrist he
had sprained just as the latter was moving some household
goods and his wife and two kids out of their apartment into
a vacant lot. Then Boogy realized instantly why he'd
endured those beatings for six days, and something began
to turn over inside him. The man with the sprained
wrist saw him and said :
` Look here, don't you see that I'm walking with my
wife and my wrist's sprained ? '
" It's a little bit late but I see ! " Boogy answered, and
he said : " Honest to God, I'd smash in the mug of the one
who gave you that sprained wrist if I could, but you know
why I can't.'
" ` I know, only get away from me ! ' said the guy with
the wife.
" ` All I can say is that if I got work now,' said Boogy,
` I'd give all my pay to your family.'
" ` Maybe I believe you,' said the puny fellow, `but
now get away from me quick ! '
" And Boog.y said : `All right, I'm off,' and he gave the
man's wife a low blow and went home, right down the
middle of the street. And his eyes flashed white. He was
thinking of how to find the one who was really to blame and
kill him or at least cripple him !
" Anci'that's the end for a man. If you start thinking
whether the fellow who shoved you out of a job has a
children or an anemic, pregnant wife or a wrinkled old
grandmother then your'e done for ! You won't have that
rage. There was a time when my cars flapped, and I ran
along with my tail between my legs, ready to lick any
hand that didn't have a stick in it. And I imagined that I
would work as hard as I could and I would find a boss who
would be touched by my industry. Then everything would
be perfectly wonderful ! " Stankus threw himself back in
his chair. Laughter and a fit of coughing shook him to such
a degree that he could not strike a match for his cigarette.
" It can't be you never found a kind boss ! " the lad ex-
claimed apprehensively.
" A kind boss ? " Stankus repeated between coughs.
Finally he got his cigarette lit, raised it to his eyes, and
studied it attentively. " There are no kind bosses. No,
my boy, there aren't ! " Stankus shouted bitterly, dropping
his cigarette onto the table, then picking it up mechanically
and sticking it into his mouth unlit, but forgetting to puff
on it. " It's true that some bosses are kind men. But
there's no such thing as a kind boss. What is a boss? To
you, as long as you work for him-one of he tl.ousar_ds in
his factory or the dozens on his farm-he's everth.ing, Le's
God! But to other bosses., the bigger ones, he himself is only
a pawn. See ? He also needs all his rage and fear and hard-
heartedness so that others won't crush him, won't eat him
up, the ones that are more cruel and bad than he is."
Laonas shook his head gloomily, agreeing and doubting
at the same time.
Realizing that he wasn't smoking, Stankus started to_,
puff hard on his cigarette. Laonas kept sighing as he con-
centrated on smearing a bit of split vodka over the table
with his finger. Suddenly he smiled, his artless face lit up
with a kind of cunning joy. ,..,
"Oh ! " he exclaimed as Le raised his finger. " That
means it's fine. That means it's really . . . It's really fine
that we don't have any bosses any more. No bosses at all,
neither kind ones nor bad ones. .. Right ? "
Right... But still, there are chiefs just the same
" Chiefs ! But how can you do without a chief ? You've
got to have one. Hill, a chief ! But he is an engineer. Of course
he's got to be over me, since he understands and I don't ! "
" That's right, he's an engineer. And you're not an
engineer. And you'll never be an engineer. That's what
it's all about, booby."
" All right, maybe I'm a booby. But I'm going to study
and then maybe I won't be a booby any more."
" That's the thing-study. You said it. But how ? "
"Well, I'm studying a little already," And Laonas
smiled shyly.
Stankus waved his hand in front of his eyes to drive
away the smoke so he could get a better look at his comrade's
face..
" You ? But who needs your studying ? What are they
teaching you rabbits ? Read soul-saving pamphlets to you,
do they ? Or teach you to sing psalms in chorus ?"
" Why no, I want to learn to be a machine operator.
To tell the truth, I didn't dare think about it, but then I got
so worked up I went and asked. It turned out I could study.
It turns out that they need as many operators as possible.
Machine operators get much better pay. And if you. have a
head on your shoulders you can go on studying further."
" Is your head clear ? Not seeing double, are you ?
No, I'm serious. Maybe you're not used to drinking ? "
"Well, maybe I did have a drop, but my copybooks are
lying over there. I didn't dream them."
" Well, let's . see. " Star kus distrustfully picked up a
copybook and opened it. He held it out at arm's length,
screwed up his eyes and began to read suspiciously. " The
work cycle of the engine. Internal combustion engine,"
he read aloud, and then continued to read to himself, grin-
ning craftily as much as to say, We'll soon find out where
the trick is ! Just wait ! .
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Ile leafed through the copybook for a long time. He
looked at the very end. Then he carefully closed it and put
it. back.
" So. That's fine. If it weren't, Stankus wouldn't say
it was. You've been damned lucky and I'm glad for you."
Maybe you'll change your mind about going? What
do you want to keep travelling for?" Laonas exclaimed with
new energy.
" And what am I going to do here if I stay, if you're so
clever ? "
" What do you want new scenery for ? The hell with
scenery ! What do you want to leave a good job for just
because of some kind of scenery ? Honestly, I'm asking
you like a friend... "
" What are you talking about ? You yourself said some-
one else was working in my place, a fellow with a moustache."
" So what ? You weren't fired ! There's a job waiting
for you. No, nothing of the sort, I'm not drunk. No
matter how much you shake me I'm still not drunk and I
know I'm not. There's a law like that: if a man's sick he
can't be fired. He's even paid something for the time he's
,fut. I know what I'm saying. Stop shaking me. I
myself couldn't believe it at first ! "
" What are you trying to tell me ? That I can go over
there tomorrow just as though 1 hadn't been out a month
and say, ` Hello, foreman, I feel better. Let's have some
work? ' And he won't think they' ve let me out of a mad-
house ? "
Yes, that's what you have to say. Only a little more
politely. Where are you going ? "
Without paying any attention to him, Stankus rose.
" Come on out into the yard ! " he said pulling him by
the arm.
As always, Laonas obediently followed his comrade,
1.!;rinning, a little anxiously.
Stankus moved a big wash-tub over to the edge of the
well and poured in two pailfuls of water.
" Now then together ! " he ordered, preparing to plunge
his head into the tub.
" But I'll sober up right away," Laonas protested.
" It's a pity to waste all that vodka. Let's stay drunk an-
other half hour at least ! "
Stankus imperiously took him by the collar and they
thrice plunged their heads into the water, the first time
separately and the next two times together. Snorting and
puffing, they rose and faced each other, wiping off the water
on their necks and shaking off the water running down their
collars.
" Has it passed ? " asked Stankus, looking at his friend
closely.
" All gone, just as though it had never been ! " declared
Laonas regretfully.
They sat down on a log, leaned back against the edge
of the well, and lit up.
" Well, how is it row ? " asked Stankus. " Let's get the
thing clear. You have copybooks. That means it's a fact,
doesn't it ? Yes, it does. And do you remember what
else you said ? "
" Of course I do."
" That I wasn't fired and that I have a job ? That I'm
sitting here and it's waiting for me ?
" It's a fact ! "
Stankus again looked him closely in the face. Then
he propped up his chin in his hands and sat silent for a
long time. Finally he said slowly and thoughtfully. '
" I've travelled a long time, my lad, a hell of a long time
. . . And not always by the shortest route, it seems. But
it looks like I've finally come exactly where I want to. I
do believe this is the very spot I looked for all over the world.
I swear it is ! "
(Continued from Page 14)
in these laboratories-bend over the microscopes and re-
torts, watch the complex instruments or fill their notebooks
with elaborate formulas, we are certain to meet many of
the builders employed on the construction of this bright
palace of science.
x x x x x x x x
The higher schools of Moscow are so organized as
t afford to the greatest possible number of working people
the possibility for a college education.
't'his is facilitated by the large network of correspondence
institutes and correspondence courses offered by the higher
',drools. About 100,000 people are taking correspondence
co _rrses in Moscow.
There are several academies in Moscow with a two-year
course for leading engineering and technical workers
employed in national economy who already received
a college training, as, for example the Academy of the
Coal Mining :Industry, Academy of the Aviation Industry
arid Academy of the Oil Industry. These academies offer
possibilities for improving the ideological and theoretical
'revel, for studying the latest achievements of science and
ineerin g in the given branch of industry.
ti-n
g
l'he Timirya.zev Agricultural Academy has a special
laculty for collective farm chairmen. The course is based
on a special programme, which includes laboratory and
f rrn ractice under the guidance of eminent authorities.
a
secondary schools training school teachers, librarians,
medical workers, industrial specialists, etc. The 144 speciali-
zed secondary schools of the capital are attended by 96,000
students.
X X x x x x x X
About 30,000 college trained specialists and about
0,000 graduates of the specialized secondary schools
receive their diplomas in Moscow every year along with
appointments to different cities and villages of the country.
And tens of thousands of young men- and women come to
Moscow every autumn to begin their college education.
(Continued from page 19)
Shevcherrko's story is the story of the finest represen-
tatives of advanced public thought, men who lived,
worked and fought during one of the darkest periods
in Russian history.
His years as a soldier strongly affected Shevcherrko's
health. He went into exile at the age of thirtythree,
healthy and strong, and emerged prematurely aged
and. broken in health. Nothing, however, could crush
his powerful spirit, his tremendous, unyielding will, his
hatred of the people's enslavers. Of himself Shevchenko
wrote : " All that inexpressible suffering, all those years
of humiliation and profanation have passed as though
they had not touched me... I am. the same: as I was
ten years ago. Not a single feature of my inner self
p
Furthermore, Moscow has a wide network of specialized has changed. "
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Shevchenko returned to St. Petersburg from exile
filled with profound faith in the lofty spiritual qualities
of the toiler and an indomitable desire to struggle
actively for a better future for the common people.
The film ends with a short epilogue; high above
the broad river Dnieper that Shevchenko glorified a
tall, majestic monument has been erected over his
grave. The Soviet people cherish the memory of their
great countryman. His grave is covered with flowers
laid there by the tens and hundreds of men and women
who come to pay their respects to the true son of the
Ukrainian people, great poet and ardent revolutionary.
Shcvchenko's immortal poetry has become a part of
the treasure-store of world literature. In the Soviet
Union his poems and verses are published in huge
editions in 35 languages of the peoples of the USSR
and are read by millions. Children recite them in
schools and many of them have been set to music and
have, become favourite folk songs.
(continued , from page 5.)
consumption of the great variety of food products and
manufactures by the masses of the people in the USSR.
We have shown before how great is the increase in
the national income of the USSR, and, in consequence,
the part used for expanding Socialist production and for
meeting the needs of the government and other public
services. This makes it possible to undertake huge
capital construction works. It has been reported be-
fore that in the 1946--50 five-year period there have been
rehabilitated, built anew and put into operation over
6,000 big industrial establishments, more than
100,000?000 square metres of floor space for residential
purposes in cities and many other construction develop-
ments, and the scale of capital work is growing from year
to year. Attesting to this, in particular, are the gigantic
electric stations and irrigation systems now under cons-
truction in the USSR,
(Continued from page 18)
the crop of branched wheat. There are numerous facts
proving that grains of wild oats, the most pernicious
weed of oats, are formed in the panicle of the latter.
On being sown the seeds gave rise to wild oats.
This important discovery of Michurin science
throws new light on the problem of weed control. Not
only mechanical admixtures should be had in mind but
also biological admixtures arising from the formation
of separate weed seeds in the ears of cultivated plants.
This is primarily the result of poor agrotechnique and
of particularly unfavourable conditions for the growth
and development of cultivated plants. If the soil is
cultivated well, if there is a sufficient amount of fertiliz-
ers and the seeds are carefully selected then the varied
qualities of the cultivated plants are improved and their
productivity is increased. On the contrary, if the con-
dition.s of the plant's growth are poor, cells and tissues
are formed in the organism which give rise to seeds of
another species better adapted to the poor conditions
of growth than the cultivated plants.
New developments in the teachings about the biolo-
gical species, the discoveries of Michurin science, are of
great significance for the development of socialist agri-
culture.
Results of 19th Chess
Championship of USSR
By Grandmaster Alexander Kotov
THE 19th chess championship of the USSR which took place i t Moscow
and lasted over a month has conic to a close. It stood cut for the
unusually high calibre of its participants and for the ken battles
which lasted to the very last round of the tournament.
First place in the tournament was taken by Grandmaster P tu] Keres,
who scored 12 points out of a possible 17. Keres has proven I is skill in
this unusually keen tournament, giving a number of excellc it combi-
national games. Ile displayed his readiness to meet his opponet is in com-
plicated games, not fearing keen combinational battles. And that has
gained him the country's chess championship for the second year in ;uccession.
Second and third places, with 112 points, was shared by mass ers Yelim
Geller (Odessa University student) and Tigran Petrosyan, the youngest
participant, and holder of Moscow's chess title. Each of them has scored
a wonderful success.
Geller strived for a keen battle in every game, bringing abou veritable
combinational storms on the chess board, in which he always tr anaged to
gain the upper hand.
Petrosyan's style is more solid. llis games are planned better. His
youth promises big successes in the future. This is Petrosyan's third out-
standing achievement in 1951.
Fourth place was taken by Grandmaster Vasily Smyslov. This talent-
ed and world famous chess player committed a tactical error t,wards the
close of the competition. In striving for victories, he resorted to risky
play, as a result of which he dropped two consecutive games. However,
notwithstanding that setback, Smyslov achieved considerable results and
demonstrated outstanding creative achievements.
Especial note should be made here of the unsuccessful pc?formances
of the world champion, Grandmaster Mikhail Botvinnik, and (1: andmaster
David Bronstein. Botvinnik placed ]]ft It (10 points i, and Bronst in shared
si-,-tight places with masters Averbakh and Taimanov (92 points). Botvinnik
and Bronstein have rarely participated in USSR- tournaments ,luring the
postwar years, and this has told on their play.
Such long breaks in practical play and contact: with the talc] ited Soviet
youth could not but have a negative effect on their creative performance.
The underlying power of the Soviet chess players, as of the So% iet people
as a whole, follows from their constant and strict self-criticism and Iheir
ability to overcome shortcomings in (heir creative efforts.
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 "In
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SOVIET LAND
Vol. V No. 2
An Illustrated Fortnightly Journal
Published by TASS in India
January, 25 1952.
Under the Banner of Lenin,
Under the Leadership of Stalin
By S. Titarenko
T HE greater the distance separating us from the date
of the death of V. I. Lenin; the great leader and
teacher of the working people, the more evident
is the grandeur of, Lenin's immortal cause, the titanic
transformative power of the ideas of Leninism. The
name of V. I. Lenin is inseparably associated with the
new era in the liberation struggle :of the peoples, the
radical turn in world history from the old, capital-
ist world to the new, socialist world.
V. I. Lenin was the founder and leader of the heroic
Party of the Communists, the builders of the new, Com-
munist society. V. I. Lenin was the organizer of the
victorious Socialist Revolution in Russia, the founder
and leader of the world's first Socialist State.
V. I. Lenin rendered an immense service by elabo-
rating the most important questions of strategy and
tactics of the liberation struggle of the international pro-
letariat. There is not a more or less significant problem
of the international revolutionary movement on which
Lenin did not leave most valuable directives which serve
as a guiding star for the Communist and workers' parties.
of all countries.
Lenin's genius illumined to all working mankind
the path of struggle for the victory of the ideals of Com-
munism.
The theory of Leninism has been developed and
advanced by the great continuator of Lenin's cause,
J.V. Stalin. The practical realisation of Lenin's behests
is associated with Stalin's name.
In 1924 in the name of the Bolshevik Party
J.V. Stalin made the sacred vow over the bier of the un-
forgettable leader and teacher : to, hold high and guard
the purity of the great title of member of the Commu-
nist Party ;.to guard the unity of the' Party as the apple
of one's-eye to guard and strengthen the dictatorship
of the working class. to strengthen with all might
the alliance. of the workers and the peasants to promote
the fraternal cooperation of the peoples of the Land of
.Soviets to consolidate and extend the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics ; to strengthen the armed forces of
the Land of Socialism which stand on guard of the
peaceful constructive labour of the Soviet people ; to
strengthen and extend the union of the working people
of the whole world.
The heroic struggle of the Communist Party and of
all the Soviet people for the fulfilment of this vow has
been the keynote of all the years that have elapsed since
the death of V. I. Lenin. J. V. Stalin raised-high the
banner of Lenin and inspired the Party and ?all the
working people of the USSR to the successful construe-
Lion of Socialism. Inspired by the great ideals of Lenin
and Stalin, the Soviet people have successfully coped
with all the difficulties in the construction of Socialism:
Within a brief historical period Socialism broi ht
about unprecedented progress-of:the productive forces,
science and culture in the Soviet Union. It has stirred
up the initiative of millions of working people . and
awakened them to the conscious creative effort of build-
ing new socialist life. Having built the Socialist
Society, the Soviet people are now confidently advan-
cing toward the complete victory of Communism;
The Great October' Socialist Revolution, the cons=
truction of Socialism in the USSR and the historic
victory of the Soviet Union in the war against the.fascist
aggressors cleared the way for the conquest of a free and
happy life by the working people of Poland, Czechoslo-
vakia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and Albania, who
have firmly taken to the course of socialist construction.
The Chinese people have won a great victory under
the leadership of their glorious Communist Party they
have discarded the yoke of imperialism and are effecting
sweeping democratic reforms.
The German Democratic Republic has firmly :taken
its place in the camp,'of democracy and peace. Under
the banner of Leninism the liberation struggle of"the
oppressed peoples against imperialist tyranny is,_ gain-
ing mom en_ tum in the colonies rid de'pehdent count-r-ies.
(Continued on page 2)
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International Stalin
T HE International Stalin Peace Prizes " For the Promotion cf Peace
Among Nations" (instituted on J. V. Stalin's seventieth birthday by a
decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S. i.R. of
December 20, 1949) are awarded annually to citizens of all countries,
irrespective of their political, religious or racial differences, for outstand-
ing services in the struggle to preserve and strengthen peace. The prizes
are adjudged by the International Committee, whose members include
leading representatives of world democratic opinion.
On December 18-20 the International Committee met in Moscow,
under the chairmanship of Dmitry Skobeltsyn Member, of the U.S.S.R.
Academy of Sciences, to examine the recommendations submitted for
awards. The Committee members present were : Louis Aragon, writer
(France), Dr. John Bernal (Great Britain), Pablo Neruda, poet (Chile),
Dr. Jan Dembowski (Poland), Academician Mihail Sadoveanu (Rumania),
Alexander Fadeyev and Ilya Ehrenburg, writers (U.S.S.R.).
The International Stalin Peace Prizes for 1951 went to the following
representatives of the democratic forces of various countries :
Kuo Mo-jo-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, writer,
dramatist and historian, He is the Deputy Premier of the State Adminis-
trative Council of the Chinese People's Republic and Chairman of the
All-China Association of Cultural, Literary and Art Workers. A tireless
fighter for peace, progress and the independence of peoples, Ku.) Mo-jo
heads the peace movement in China.
Pietro Nenni-General Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party and
Deputy of Parliament. Compelled to flee the country when Mussolini came
to power, Nenni waged an indomitable struggle against the fascist regime
during the seventeen years he was in exile. Arrested in France in 1943,
he was deported to a penal prison in Italy from which he was released only
after the downfall of the fascist regime. Nenni's daughter, Vittoria, perished
in the Auschwitz death camp. During 1943-47, as Deputy Premier
and Foreign Minister, Nenni strove to pursue a foreign policy that would
meet the country's fundamental interests-a policy of peace with all countries,
both in the West and East. He played an active part in organic;ing the
(Continued from Page 11)
Leninism illumines to the peoples the road in their great and lofty >truggle
for peace in the whole world, of the freedom and independence of all
peoples, big and small.
The 28th anniversary of V. I. Lenin's death finds the Sovie people
with new outstanding victories to their credit in the construction of
Communism. Already at the beginning of last: year, the working people
learned with joy that the first postwar Five-Year Plan for the restoration
and development of the national economy of the USSR was fulfilled and
its most important provisions were surpassed.The year 1951 witnessed still
greater progress of socialist economy and culture. The national economic
plan of the USSR for 1951 has been fulfilled and in many respects
surpassed. Further successes have been made in strengthening the might
of the Socialist State, in raising the living and cultural standard;; of the
Soviet people.
Inspired by the magnificent Stalin programme of Communist consti uction,
the Soviet people are coping with the most difficult national economic
problems. They are successfully building the world's greatest hydro
electric stations, canals and irrigation systems; remaking nature in vast
territories and preparing the ground for a powerful advancement of the
productive forces in the Land of Socialism which will make it possible
for the Soviet society to inscribe on its barriers: " From each accord-
ing to his abilities, to each according to his needs." As distinct from
the capitalist countries where production is a source of profiti for a
handful of exploiters-billionaires, the development of national economy in
2
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Peace Prize Awards
Italian peace movement and was elected Chairman of its National Com-
rnittee. Pietro Nenni is Vice-Chairman of the Bureau of the World Peace
Council.
I1cuo Oyama--Eniincrit Japanese scientist and Deputy of Parliament.
During the years in emigration (from 1932), Professor Oyama in his writ-
ings actively came out against the Japanese war lords. On his return to
his native land at the end of the war lie appealed to the progressive forces of
the Jaapanese people to safeguard their country against being drawn into a
new world slaughter.
Ini. April 1949, the first National Peace Congress was held in Japan, on
the initiative of Oyama. This Congress laid the foundation stone of the
organized peace movement in Japan.
Monica Felton--Economist. Between 1937--116 was a Labour mem-
ber ol`t:he London County Council, Chairman of the L.C.C. Supplies Com-
mittee and a member of the Housing and Town Planning Committees. In
1.94(1 Mrs. Felton published the book " British War Production and the
Consumer." In May 19 51. she visited Korea as a member of the Fact-
Finding Mission of the Women's International Democratic Federation.
On lice return to England Mrs. Felton addressed meetings at which she told
the truth about Korea. In ,July 19 51 her book " What I Saw in Korea,"
appeared.
Anna Seghers --Well-known German writer and active fighter against
fasci.srn and war. Many notable novels, where the main theme is the
struggle against Hitlerism, belong to the pen of this eminent author includ-
ing "' The Road Through February," " The Rescue," " The Seventh
Cross," The Dead Stay Young." Anna Seghers is in the van of the struggle
fin- a united, independent, democratic and peaceable Germany.
?Jorge Amado--Brazilian writer, poet and public figure. In 1942
Anrado was elected a deputy to the National Congress of Brazil. Many
of the writer's works portraying the life of the Brazilian people have won
him fame far beyond the boundaries of his country. His best known books
are : " Lands Without End,- ';' Land of Golden Fruit," "Red
Blos sours."
the Soviet Union is directed entirely in the interest of the working people.
The national income grows year after year furnishing the basis for rise
in the incomes of the workers, peasants and intellectuals.
People, the working :masses, are considered the most precious assei in
the Land of Soviets, and the welfare and happiness of the people is a
matter of paramount concern to the Soviet state.
Noteworthy success in peaceful construction has been achieved by the
working people on the People's Democracies. Benefitting from the
historical experience of the USSR,the free peoples of these countries are
successfully building Socialism. They are developing new branches
of production, building new industrial centres, railways and power
stations. The scourge of unemployment has been eradicated, the ranks
of the working class are growing and the living and cultural standards of
the working people are being advanced in town and country.
While the countries of the camp of Socialism and democracy are
steering along the course of construction and uninterrupted progress, the
reactionary circles in the capitalist world are whipping up the war
hysteria, converting the economy of their countries to war production
and burdening the working people with an increasingly heavier
taxation.
The imperialists are planning new military gambles, they are trying
to unleash a third world, war. But no matter how the warmongers may
rave in. their frenzy, nc matter what pacts and blocs they may knock
together against the peace and security of the peoples, the forces of peace,
(G,)ntinued on page 11)
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soviet Cinema Delegation to Film
Festival in India
Interview with Nikolai Semyonov
!)efiuty Minister of Cinematography of the USSR, Head +-i
the Soviet delegation
v? HE Soviet cinema workers arc. with great interest
lireparing to take part in the I iternational Film
Festival to be held in India.
Asked about. the tasks of the Soviet cinema industry,
Nikolai Semyonov told our correspondent:
' 1'he story of 'Soviet cinema art, from its first big
pictures, S. Eisenstcin`s "The Armoured Cruiser Potem-
kin " and V. Pudovkin's " Mother," to the recent
outstanding films, 341. Chiaureli's" The Fall of Berlin,"
Y. Raizman's " Cavalier of the Gold Star " and I.
I,ukov's " Doiiets iners,'' is the story of struggle for
productions of high ideological content, portraying the
Soviet people's ardour for building and creating, and
their noble striving for peace and friendship between
nations.
Soviet film makers create truthful, life-affirming,
airtistic productions about Soviet men and women as
they are building a new life, and their heroism in the
Great Patriotic War when the entire Soviet people
rose up in defence of their Homeland and all mankind
ilgainsi fascism.
", Soviet film art has won universal recognition and
love of the broad masses because it is profoundly
Popular. It exists and develops in the interests of the
people. The Soviet cinema industry strives thy each of
its films to portray live, veracious images of Soviet men
and women, and to be permeated with ideas that
animate the Soviet people, the people-creator, the
people-fighter for peace. Each Soviet feature film,
portraying man's best traits--high morality, nobleness
'it character, will power, boundless devotion. to his
people, amiability--inspires the spectator, by the
example of its heroes, calls him to emulate the best and
most beautiful in life, and stirs the creative energy of
the millions. It is this which primarily distinguishes
Soviet, cinema art from bourgeois film-making which,
with a few exceptions, distorts life, distorts human
nature, stuffing its pictures with sensational, intimate
and vulgar trivialities ; with propaganda of gangsterism
and misanthropy ; and with premeditated falsification
of historical and biographical facts.
Soviet cinema art is growing and developing as a
c ultinational art. There are national film studios in
practically all the Union Republics of the USSR: in
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Azer-
baija.n, Armenia, Ukraine., Byelorussia, and the
Baltic Soviet republics. And each Union republic has
developed native producers, scenario writers, actors and
:ximeramen. Each national studio puts out its films in
the. language of its republic, which are later dubbed
into the languages of all the other republics. Many
of the national studios have put out cinema productions
ankiug among the best and most popular Soviet films.
Besides feature pictnn's, in the USSR at- widely
produced documentaries and topical newsreel,. There
is a Central Document a v? Film Studio in Moscow
which puts out full-length films as well as news serials :
" News of the Day," " Soviet Sports," and a special
news serial for children "Soviet Pioneeria." Tien there
are documentary film studios also in the cs.pitals of
all the Union republics. In addition to this, there
are film new,, shooting stations in many cit es. The
camera men send their shots to the Central Documen-
tary Film Studio in Moscow and this mater al is used
in the" News of the Day "serial. The national studios
put out news reels in the language of the given
republic.
" Widespread, too, in the Soviet Union are
popular scientific films. There are in the USSR four
popular scientific film studios : in Moscow, Leningrad,
Kiev and Sverdlovsk. These studios put out films
propagating the major whievements of the Land of
Socialism in science and technology, bring to the
broadest masses of the wrn?king people graphic news of
the latest technical developments, and faci itate the
application in industry, on the Firm, etc., of various
improvements proposed by innovators and rarionalizers
of' production. The Moscow popular-scientific film
studio, besides full-lengtli pictures, puts ou; monthly
serials : " Science and Technology," and " Farm
News."
There is in the Soviet. Union also an animated
cartoon film studio. Its pictures, in colour, are
deservedly popular nw only with the youthful
spectator, but with adults as well."
" It should be noted," N. Semyonov pointed out,
"that the Soviet motion picture industry is since 1951)
putting out feature films. only in colour. TLe produc-
tion of colour films in the USSR has become possible
thanks to the fact that we have built up large and
well-equipped facilities Much attention s given to
the production of films portraying the economic.
cultural and everyday life of the Union republ cs,."
To our correspondent's question which Soviet film
will he shown at the International Film Festival in
India, N. Semyonov replied :
" The Soviet delegation will show in India the
colour feature films, "The Fall of Berlin" produced by
Mikhail Chiaureli, " Cavalier of the Gold Star " by
Yuli Raizman and " Donets Miners," I y Leonid
Laikov. In " The Fall ,-f Berlin," a pictur, in two
parts, the prominent Soviet film producer M. Cbiaureli
strikingly shows the world-historical significance of
the Soviet Union's victory over Germany, wider the
brilliant leadership of Generalissimo j. V. 'italic, and,
(Continued on page 7)
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"By the Will of the Pike" i taged by the State Central Puppet Theatre.
The Voioode and his army (behind the scene)
A- 7D,
UPPCES JF-)%;;h 1* n d t htr
Footlights
IN! and the Dollar " was the title of the first play
J produced by the oldest of the Soviet puppet thea-
tres, which is headed by Se:rgei Obraztsov. Jim
was a little Negro boy who was homeless and hungry in
capitalist America. The children who saw the play
laughed at the capers of.Jim's faithful friend, his dog,
and wept and grew indignant at the sad fate of this
coloured boy doomed to starvation and humiliation.
That. was in 1932. In the twenty years since its
foundation the Central Puppet Theatre has traversed a
big path of development. It has staged 39 different
plays for children and adults, and today has a staff of
more than 40 actors and 95 musicians. Twice daily the
lobbies and auditorium of this theatre, housed in a
large building on one of Moscow's central squares, are
filled with spectators ; the matinees are attended by tots
with their parents or schoolchildren with their teachers,
and the evening performances by adults.
The gay art of the Soviet puppet theatres provides
the spectators with wholesome entertainment and it the
same time teaches them to love truth and justice, to
hate falsehood and violence, to respect people who
work, and to scorn the lazy arid the parasites.
Some of the puppet theatre's production: are
especially written and produced for the very youngest
of spectators, for those who have come to the tl.eatre
for the first time in their lives and who still believe that
the puppets can really walk and talk. To these
youngsters the puppet theatre is a place where their
nursery toys come alive. Isn't it fascinating to watch
bear cubs wash themselves, make their beds, eat noodles
and rock in swings ?
Another puppet theatre production is called ' ` The
Story Chest." As the curtain rises the young spectators
see a real chest on the stage-a large, handsome, one
with carved sides. Near the chest stands an old man
with a flowing beard and twinkling, smiling eye;. He
is the storyteller. With a huge key he opens the thes1:.
Music is heard, arid with the opened cover of the chest
as a background, there appears a winter scene iii the
forest. Out of the chest step the industrious hare. who
has built himself a cozy little cabin, and the lazy fox.,
who has simply fashioned a home out of snow. And
then the old man tells the children the story of " The
Fox and the Hare." When spring comes and th( sun
begins to shine bright over the forest, the fox's snow
house melts away before the children's eyes, and the
fox is left without shelter. The sly fox lures the hare
out of his cabin and takes possession of it. Inside the
cabin it is warm and dry. The deceived hare
is indignant. And so are the little boys and girls in
"Actors of the Woods," staged by the State Central Puppet Theatre.
Final Scene.
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"Ciinderella,' staged by the State Central PappeL Theatre.
Cinderella with the crystal shoe.
the audience. Now they will not
rest. content until they see justice
triumph. When the cock, the only
one who is not. afraid of the lox,
appears and drive the fix out
of the hare's cabin, they clap their
hands and shout in glee.
One after another the old man
tells three simple folic stories, three
+haiming fairy tales with which
Russian children begin their acquain-
tance with the treasure-store of the
national folk art.
Children who are a bit older-
those who already go to school-
will find in the plays of the Central
Puppet Theatre their favourite
characters from literature : " Puss
in Boots " and " Cinderella," from
the book of fairy tales by the
French author Charles 'crrault
the light-hearted labour;?r Balda
from the immortal tale by the great
Russian poet Alexander Pushkin ;
the brave boy Mowg i, from
Rudyard Kipling's story, who was
reared by wolves in the heart of
the Indian jungle ; Ilya 1V=uromets,
Dobrin yea Nikitich and Alyosha
Popov](.-h, those titans wh( are the
heroes of Russian folk epics ; and
the vivacious, fearless Alla ldin and
his magic lamp, whose story was
told by Scheherazade in the
Thousand and One Nights."
" Allac in's Magic Laml " 09:39)
was the first puppet phy staged
by Sei ei Obraztsov isotfoi children
but fir adults. Arid adult audiences
gave nt a hearty reception. They
saw it not simply as a 1 lay with
puppets directed by someone's hand
but are a production of or tstanding
ability, as real art on th ? part of
actor , lirectors, stage desit hers and
musicians.
Sint r~ them the Centr..l Puppet
Theatre has 'ceased being only a
theatre for , children. It has put on
a number of plays for grown.-ups,
among them Gogol's fant..sy " The
Night Before Christmas, ' Carlo
Gozzi's old Italian try gicomedy
King Reindeer," and Polya-
kov's lyrical comedy on a con-
temporary theme, sport-., called
" 2: It in Our Favour," in which
puppets play football, skate,
dive into the water from diving
boards, sail yachts, and besides,
fall in love and cngaD in the
SCrencn'S.
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"The Night before Christmas," staged by the State Central Puppet Theatre. Festivities in Dikanka
"Alladin's Magic Lamp
staged by the Stale
Central Puppet Theatre,
Alladin sees Princess
Iludour
Puppets can be ludicrous ancA
gentle, heroic and stirrin---but
they can also be grim and mali-
cious. In the play " The Flutter
of Your Eyelids," puppets show
up the abominable, ev 1-filled
world of heartless capitalist busi-
nessmen and venal movie stars.
This satirical play by E. Spc ransky
exposes the trashy, reac ionary
output of the Hollywood ,tudios.
In satire, puppets are ruthles;.
Thus the puppet theatre helps
Soviet people to give their c tildren
a correct, truly humanistic up-
bringing, to rear them in a spirit
of true and pure human rela-
tionships-
Soviet Cinema Delegation to
Film Festival in India
(Gontinaed from page 4)
the valour and courage of the
heroic men of the Soviet Army.
In " Cavalier of the Gold Star "
is mirrored the peaceful const ?uctive
labour of the Soviet collective-
farm peasantry, portraying charac-
ters drawn from the Soviet collective-
farm countryside, their noble
aspirations, their high moral make-
up, their striving for world peace.
" The 1)onets Miners," cont-asting
with the unbearably hard working
0 Jn Our Favour, staged by the State Central Puppet Theatre. Scene at the stadium at the conditions of the coal digg ;rs in
pre-Revolutionary Russia, shows
the splendid mechanization of the
mines in present-day Soviet Donbas,
the cultured life of the mine-s and
the honour and esteem with
which the Soviet Government and
the Soviet people surrounc' the
man of labour.
" Besides these feature filnts, at
the festival will be shown several
colour documentaries : " Soviet
Uzbekistan," " Soviet Tajikistan,"
"Soviet Kazakltstan" and others.
The Soviet films will acquaint
the Indian people with the life of
the Soviet people who are er gaged
in peacef itl constructive labour, are
building huge canals and electric
stations, are remaking the geol,raphy
and climate of their country, a id are
working for peace and friendship
between nations. The Soviet L nion's
participation in the film I -stival
in India will make for the farther
strengthening of friendship and
cultural ties between our two great
countries '
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The Kazantsev
Family
THE Kazantsev liimily is an ordinary family
of Urals forgcmen.
Alexander Sofronovich Kazantsev started
his life in the same way as thousands of his
fellow-country men ; he began workini; at an
early age and slaved for a Urals factory
owner.
The October Revolution brought great
changes in the live of the Urals worker.
In Soviet times Alexander Kaz sntsev's
labour and high skill earned him famr. And
when the plant in the young city of I?hlektro-
stal required experienced and skilled fore-
men, Kazantsev, together with other Urals
workers, was invited to come here.
The city's new streets, handsome ap fxtment
houses, bright iacitory buildings, spring up
before Kazantsev's eyes. His was a large family.
All his eight childen received a secondary and
higher education. Tamara--is a facto-y fore-
man, Gennadi- an electrician, Angelina-a
surgical nurse, Ludmila and Irma are s udents,
Faina-is a seventh grade pupil and Alexander,
the eldest son, is a designing erginec at the
Novo-Kramatorsk plant.
Alexander Sofron.ovich is not working any
lorger and receives an old-age pensi(in. He
and his wife Agnia. Nikitichna, who has been
awarded the " Glory of Motherhood " order,
live with their children.
The Kazantsevs are a big happy Soviet
family.
Photo on top :
Alexander Alexandrovich liazantsev, senior designing engineer
(in foreground) in the open-hearth .furnace shop of toe .Novo-
Kramatorsk Plant watching steel being pourer..
Photo on bottom :
The state provided Alexander Sofronovich Kazantsev and his
family with a cottage. We happened to be visiting tb s . family
when the postman brought Kazantsev'.s pension.
On photo: Alexander Sotionovich Kazantsev, his wi,e Agnia
.Nikitichna, their daughter Angelina and grandson Valeri.
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UZBEK ART
SOVIET Uzbekistau's numerour; ancient rnornu-
ments tell of an art, that is beautiful and
varied, of a highly gifted people. The world
knows of the blue mosaics of the Samarkand archi-
tectural mouurn: alts, the Tashkent embroidered
tapestries that IoW vwith all the colours of the rain-
bow, the chased gold and silve weapons of Koka nd,
the Khiva kumgans-pitchers, the Rishtan ceramics,
the Khoresm carvings, the Bukhara carpets, silks
and velvets. It has also i:tea.rd of the wond( r--ful
Uzbek songs, dances and music.
Until the historic year of 17 -the year of the
1"fi :
Tamara Khanunt, I'eo;ilr,'.s ~Irti.et
of the U bek SSR and o Stalin
Psi e tVintter, rendering an
Lulian fblk s,a .
Right :
haler,,,
,' liwni.lo:rt foU: il,, er, awl
doira a millartut Ciftr ho,znzoa
rc'on prizes of the [bird World
f outi, and Student, Fesli.val
in 7T!rrlia.
liottoin :
1 I3udtara folk dame J~afornt_d
1) v the dance group of
ILzhek State Sate and
Dance Ensemble.
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1 he Uzbek dance "Suzanne." performed by ATukar'rannt Turgunbayera, soloist
of Me Alisher JVrmoi Theatre of opera and Ballet.
(.rrat October Socialist Revolution; however,
Uzbekistan's cultural development was artificially re-
taided. Uzbek art was within the reach only of the
wealthy and the titled. It was limited chiefly to de-
corative, ornamental art used in religious ceremonies,
and
was zealously protected against the invasion of
new art methods and especially against the free-
dom-loving ideas, thoughts and hopes of the Uzbek
people.
Soviet Uzbekistan is a flourishing land ! In the
l years of the Soviet system it has changed from a
back%ti_trd Russian horderla rd rert of Soviet designing
?'i gineers, scientific workers, Farm
specialists and machine-and-tract-
tor station. personnel, in the past
few years have been developed
new models of diesel tractors,
garden tractors, hydraulic mecha-
nisrns for row-crop tractors to
oncrate direct-acting implements,
a'ornplex agricultnral maclaiucs
,;rain harvester combines, and
nnrchfnes for harvesting technical
crops-hayrnowers, acid a vast
array of other machines and im-
pletile rsts. At present, the de-
bureaus are developing
some :300 new models of machines
f'or the all-round mechanization
o1' farm work.
All t]re machines arc being
designed on the basis of the prac-
tical demands of agronomy ela-
borated by the agricultural scien-
tific research institute, and em-
hotly the rich experience of scien-
tists and leading farm-machinery
Operators and other mechanizers.
For the all-sided appraisal of
the new machines and determi-
nation of their suitability for the
different zones and conditions of
work, as well as for controlling the
quality of their production, a
ramified network of state zonal
Agri u.ltui?e's 'rech1nieal
The moor cultivator is designed for work on knobby meadoce curd marshland, and also,for rippin;,
the turf of meadows and pastures as well as for breaking up particularly hard upturned virgin , oil.
It has a swath of 1.9 metres and readies a depth of 25 centimetres. It comes with changeable sets
of marshland tillers, straight tillers and field tillers and is powerrel directly by the tractor. Its t opacity
is 0.45 hectares per hour.
Pneumatic Self-propelled Three Mow Cotton Picker
This machine is designed for non-irrigated fields to pick llrr cotton from opened-zip boys. In
contrast to the "SKIIAI-48" cottonpiclcing machine made to pic6 the cotton fraan high-growim, bolls?
this machine picks cotton from low-set bolls.
It has swath of 1.8 to 2.1 metres and a between row distan,e of 60 to 70 centimetres. In one
hoar it clears 0.63 of a hectare. Compared with hand-picking, t1.' productivity of labour with he u.re
of this machine ;increases 2.4. times.
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Equipment Grows in the USSR
The "Belarus" tractor, put out by the Minsk Tractor Plant, is a row-crop, universal wheel
tractor designed to work with direct acting, semi-direct acting and trailer machines for the cultivation
of high stem and low-stem crops growing in rows. It can also be used as a general-purpose tractor
fir sandy soil which excessit)ely wears out the traction parts of caterpillar tractors
The tractor has a "D-35" diesel motor and, five speeds ranging from 4.6 to 12.2 kilometres an
hour. It comes either with rubber tyres or steel wheels. The width between the wheels is regulated.
1 -his allows to establish the most favourable, protective zone for the cultivation of each row.
For better traction the adhesion weight may be regulated by filling the tyres of the driving wheels
with water and by attaching additional metal loads to the wheel disc. The tractor is equipped with
a drive pulley and a transmission shaft.
This machine is designed to cut the stalks of hemp, kenaf, jute and similar crops from 0.7 to 3.0
metres high, clean the stalks of weeds and entanglements, bunch them and drop them on the ground.
it has a swath of 2.1 metres. Powered directly from the tractor it clears 0.6 hectares per
hour. Compared with hand picking it requires 3.5 to 5.0 times less manpower.
machine testing stations his been
set ulr. These stations have
a prrl qty big job : in 19510 they
tested over 1,000 specimens of
different machines, and in 1951
they are testing upwai cis of
1,200 machines.
Scientists and designing; engi-
neers are working on the prob-
lem of the wide mechanizat on and
clcc(riIication of hiI'm w )rk in
the air'as of'the great const ruction
projects of Communism. I I these
areas, new methods of crop cul-
tivation will be used, conf n-ming
to the latest developments. in so-
cialist agriculture.
Such new irrigation imple-
ments as the universal ditcher, the
universal combination diteIer and
soil loosener, and the direc -acting
ditchcir and leveller, ensure the
cutting and filling up of the tcrn-
porarv irrigation network in con-
formity with the requirements of
the new Soviet irrigation system.
Besides these implemet ts, ap-
pliances are being designed for
grain seed drills to level up the
surff ere of the field and make
contour checks to hold tl water
until it soaks away, or cut irriga-
tion Iurrows simultaneousy with
planting.
The performance of the first
electric, tractors and self=propel-
led electric combines shows that
electricity can be widely Ised in
field husbandry. Electricty will
also be used extensively to sperate
sprinkler systems, the mo: t mod-
ern irrigation method whi ;h does
not require a lot of earth work.
The accompanying phot.>s show
some of the new machines.
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~~KCcftZO
AE&V V 49 n
By V. Sinyavsky
S/carts Commentator-, Moscow Radio Committee
CANNOT name any Soviet eleven as my most
Jii.vourite. But giving a blow by blow description
01 soccer meets on the microphone 1 took a liking
to rnai:y good footballers.
Onc:c, travcllitrg through picturesque spots in the
Trans-Caucasian mountains I stopped my car near a
t lngerine plantation A stocky man with shaved
head walked among the trees and was examining
sornetlung. His figure looked very familiar to me,
whcic have 1 seen him
This must be Arctadzc I exclaimed involun-
tardy...
Indeed, having heard my voice, he smiled and
ca.rn.e forward to shake my hand. It was Antadze,
one of the best players of the Tbilisi "Dynamo" eleven
and also an agronomist of the tangerine plantation...
To speak about the footballers of the Tbilisi
Dynamo " Sports Society, one must speak not only
about soccer play but also about the happy life of
he Georgian people, and about their constructive
Work.
There are students in the team who are united
Honoured Master of Sport
M. Takushin
together not simply by their play of the football field
or by their travels to other cities of the Soviet !Jnion
for playing soccer but also I,y their studies. True,
the future professions of tin ?,c footballers are quite
different. Thus, small sin ky right wing fo -ward
jojua, who excellently feeds the game of his i isider
Gogoberidze is a Conserva ivory student but J ,oga,
as the sports fans lovingly call him, is a student c f the
Tbilisi University. However, Goga greatly enjo-s his
friend's singing while the oilier checks on his com-
rade's knowledge of Roman laws or Eastern his-
tory...
The Tbilisi " Dynamo " eleven has a number of
young players, including `?I-year old Dzapshla a
good half back and student ,f the Tbilisi Univc rsity,
23-year old goalie Nf tr gai ia. The latter al ?eady
graduated the pedagogical technical school and is
now continuing to study in lie Institute of Ph'sical
Training. He entered the pedagogical department
(Continued on n,~=s 23)
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REPLY TO A READER
PERSONAL PAND SAVINGS
OF SOVIET CITIZENS
M ANY people who wish to acquaint themselves
with life in the Soviet Union are interested
whether citizens in the USSR have the right to
own personal property and savings. It should be noted
that the enemies of the Soviet Union frequently allege
that citizens in the USSR cannot own any property
whatever. This statement is entirely wrong and false.
For the proper understanding of this question it is
necessary to draw a distinction between the ownership
of the. instruments and means of production and the
ownership of articles that go to meet the personal re-
quirements of people.
Indeed, in the USSR the main instruments and
means of production, i.e., everything that is used in
modern society for the production of material values
is the property of the entire people. The land, its
mineral wealth, waters, forests, mills, factories, mines,
power stations, big agricultural enterprises, rail and
other forms of transport cannot be owned in the USSR
by private persons and thus serve as a means for extract-
ing profits. The Soviet law permits only the small
private economy of the individual peasants and handi-
craftsmen based on their own labour and precluding
the exploitation of the labour of others.
Soviet people regard it natural and just that the
instruments of labour and stocks of materials used by
them in common for the production of material values
should be common property. The Soviet people value
highly the Socialist system they have builtup which
guarantees each person the right to work and a cons-
tantly growing income from work. The absence of
private ownership of the instruments and means of pro-
duction has enabled the peoples of the USSR to con-
duct their economy according to an integrated state
plan and to use the material resources, scientific dis-
coveries and improvements for a constant expansion of
the production of material values and increasing the
country's national income.
Since in the USSR social production is owned by
the people the national income is distributed in the
interests of the working people. It is but natural that
under such conditions a rise in the national income re-
sults in an increase in the income of the working people.
And this is actually the case.
The personal property right of citizens in their in-
comes and savings from work, in their property and all
articles that improve life and make it more comfortable
and pleasant is fully recognized in the Soviet Union.
Everything that Soviet citizens acquire on the income
from their work-household articles, automobiles, radios,
television sets, musical instruments, books, not to men-
tion stocks of food, clothing, footwear, etc.-comprise
their personal property. Moreover, citizens have
the right to build their own homes both in towns
and rural localities. In addition to cash Soviet citizens
can have their deposits in savings and other banks and
own state bonds.
The personal property of citizens is protected by law.
Article 10 of the Soviet Constitution reads : " The
personal property of citizens in their incomes and savings
from work, in their dwelling houses and subsidiary
home enterprises, in articles of domestic economy and
use and articles of personal use and convenience, as well
as the right to inherit personal property, is protected
by law."
The Government of the USSR displays daily concern
and takes measures for steadily improving the living
conditions of the population. This aim is being attain-
ed by constantly increasing the incomes of the popula-
tion and systematically reducing retail prices.
Growing incomes enable the population of the
USSR to assign an ever-bigger share of its expenditures
for buying clothes, furniture and other durable goods,
for building homes and increasing their savings. Citi-
zens who build their own homes are given help by the
state in the form of long-term loans. Exceedingly low
rents area factor contributing to the expansion of the
purchasing power of the population. Rents comprise
not more than 3-4 per cent of the earnings. of factory
and office workers.
Since the war ended retail prices on staple goods
have been reduced four times in the Soviet Union.
These reductions enabled the population to buy from
year to year at cheaper prices foodstuffs, clothing, foot-
wear, furniture, radio sets, clocks and watches, auto-
mobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, sewing machines, kitchen
utensils and dishes, building materials, etc.
As a result of the increase in income and the reduc-
tion of prices the demand of the population for goods
rises sharply. Soviet stores;, from the bakery to stores
selling automobiles or pre-fabricated homes, are al-
ways thronged with customers. Soviet industry in-
creases the production of diverse goods for the popula-
tion at a fast pace every year.
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One could cite many facts illustrating the tremen-
dous improvement in the well-being of different sections
of the population in the USSR. In pre-revolutionary
times, for example, Russian miners received low wages
,and lived in horrihle poverty. All the more interest-
i.ng are the changes in the life of miners in the USSR.
Ifs or example, miners of the Moscow coalfields have built
more than 3,000 homes of their own in recent years.
These are mostly 3-4 room cottages surrounded by
orchards. In the first ten months of last year miners
bought in the city of Stalinogorsk, one of the centres of
these coalfields, 2,640 radios, 1,330 bicycles, 160 cameras,
2,100 watches, many musical instruments, motorcycles,
etc. Many miners have their own automobiles.
11?xceedingly great changes have taken place in the
life of the Soviet peasants. The peasants in Tajikistan
. former borderland of the tsarist empire and now
a full-fledged Soviet Socialist Republic-lacked the
most elementary household articles in the past and
most of them lived in adobe huts. Now well-improved
collective farm communities have arisen throughout
Tajikistan. The homes of the collective farmers have
city furniture, radio and electrical household appliances.
More and more collective farmers buy motorcy Iles and
automobiles.
The steady rise in the Ewwell-being of Soviet citizens is
manifested also in bigger money savings. Terra of mil-
lions of Soviet citizens are savings bank depositors. In
1949 alone, the number of depositors increased by more
than 2.2 million. Saving:, bank deposits of tl e popu-
lation increased from 7,300 million rubles at the end of
1940 to 18,500 million rubles at the beginning of 1951.
Also about 70 million Sa rviet citizens own state loan
bonds. In 1951 alone the Soviet state is paying out to
the population 5,000 million. rubles as income on the
loans they hold.
Thus, in the Soviet Union not only do citizens enjoy
the right to personal property and savings, but they are
assured a constantly risirn g purchasing power and a
well-to-do and cultured life
One of the streets' in the
new settlement built for
the workers employed on
the construction of the
Volga-Don canal. In the
.foreground is the building
"l` workers' club.
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TIBILISI "DYNAMO" ELEVEN
(Continued from page 18)
having a definite trend for teaching. Among the
young players of the eleven one may find also 20-year
old Cahkuaseli, who only recently finished school, and
many others.
The Tbilisi " Dynamo " eleven unites people of
difli:?rcnt walks of life. The team was knocked to-
gether in the thirties. By 1930 it had already become
famous not only among Georgian football admirers
but also in many cities of the Soviet Union. The
same year the eleven captured the top soccer honours
in. the second division ("B") of the Soviet champion-
ship and was promoted to the first division (" A").
Since then the Georgian team has become a hard nut
for any team to crack.
the team successfully forges ahead and winds up
the 1939-40 USSR championships as a runner up.
During these years many outstanding footballers
came forward in the team including Boris Paichadze
(who does not play any more now), Gaioz Jejelava
who,, in spite of his 158 centimetre height,could reach
the upper plank of the goal poles. Jejelava is now a
graduate of the Institute of Physical Training and works
as senior coach of one of the Moscow elevens.
The football fans are always impatiently await
ing the performances of the Tbilisi eleven in the
matches for the USSR football cup. It should be said
that the Georgian footballers always play with
great temperament and. keenness. During the cup
plays they always qualify for quarter-finals and even
finals. This is very significant if one takes into ac-
count the great number of teams taking a hand in the
games for the coveted trophy. Thus teams compet-
ing ibr the USSR football cup in the 1951 season numb-
Bred over 16,000 ! And to reach almost the t nal
games among so many teams, is no easy matter !
The Tbilisi " Dynamo ' successfully played a
number of international games. Thus in 1945- it
played in Iran and in 1945 in Rumania. During tl ieir
last tour the Georgian pla.ycr~ scored a great sue ess
by scoring ten times in one game. In 1951 the Tbilisi
footballers played four games in the Polish Repul lie.
They won three and tied one
Last season this eleven captured second placfr in
the USSR football championship and its players
were awarded silver medals. ['his is a great achie ve-
ment of their coach, Honoured Master of Sport
Mikhail Yakushin. Yakushin himself was for a 1rng
time one of' the best players in the Moscow
".Dynamo " eleven. Later, after graduation of the
higher school of coaches of the Moscow Institute of'
Physical Training he began to work as a. football
trainer. He was the Moscow " Dynamo " eleven's
coach at the time when this team toured Great Britain
in 1945 without losing a single game. Under his
guidance the same team twice defeated the best
Swedish footballers with an impressive score of 5 : 1,
A responsive coach who puts his heart into his
work, Mikhail Yakushin introduced many novelties
into the games of the Tbilisi footballers. The Tbilisi
Dynamo " is now the youngest team in the first
division for the average age of the players. Yakushin
boldly advanced young players, and by the way, he
has a good source from which to draw future foot-
ballers. Tbilisi has a Juvenile secondary sports
school in which the boys, in addition to their
general education, are taught football playing, g'?m-
niastics, track and field athletics and other sports.
Winding up my little story about Tbilisi footballers
I have no doubt that they will win many good friends
in India.
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 rugs of the oppresscu people, ivcntasov paiuicu was pay.. =, -.e?----
in his long, poem " Who Lives Well in lords and the new, capitalist vultures. Thus,
Russia " and other works pictures of poverty, in his " Contemporaries " (187b) Nekrasov
Release;20=0,107uic [Aria a -AOA RQ r QQ Q Q x si gyltussian capitalism
r- i[IL 130th atinivcr..aiy of the birth of
Nikolai Nekrasov, the great Russian
poet and revolutionary democrat,
was recently observed in. the USSR. (1821
1878).
For 30 odd years 1\. Nekrasov was one
of the leading representatives of the Russian
literary movement. He was uo,ot only the
outstanding poet of the democratic camp in
Russian literature, but also a remarkable
organiser of Russian democratic literature,
the publisher and editor of progressive Rus-
sian literary magazines of the 19th century
-the " Soveremennik " (Contemporary) and
impression, But to Nekrasov, to the poet
of the. revolutionary democratic camp, the
people were not only a suffering, oppressed
"lass. The poet has a deep faith in the forces
of the people, in their rich creative capaci-
ties, in the transforming power of the free
labour of the people. 'I 'he ardent optimism
of the poet, his faith in the bright future that
" the people will win for themselves " are
forcefully expressed in his famous poem
" The Railway." While painting frightful
pictures of the miserable life and labour of
the road builders, the poet says with convic-
tion that the Russian people
" Will endure everything and
Lay a wide clear road for themselves."
Nekrasov's poetry taught that the creative
force of lice, the real creator of all human
culture is the man of labour, and that only in
porting them.
The poet's vision of " the 1 eople, freed
from its fetters " has come true in the free,
great Land of Soviets.
Nekrasov is near and dear to the Soviet
people :, they cherish the mem try of the
democratic poet who reproduced in his works
the characteristic features of' the Russian
people's life of his time, who fought with all
his ardour for a free and happy life for the
masses.
The democratic spirit of Nekrasov's
poetry, his deep faith in the people, in the
transforming power of free, peaceful, creative
labour-, intakes the great Russian poet near
and dear to all progressive mankind engaged
in the struggle for peace and dentocracy, for
its bright future.
Vladimir Korolenko-Russian Writer
(Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of His Death)
r- `11
P literary and ideological formative
period in the life of Vladimir Koro-
lenko, onistandiug Russian writer,
was the 70's and 80's of the last century.
I his literary and public activity was devoted
to defending the people and affirming the
popular striving for truth and justice.
Korolenko's very first story, " Makar's
Dream," paved the way for his entry into
" big " literature and in many ways deter-
mined the path of development that his
writing would take. Delineating the charac-
ter of Makar, the author shows with great
artistic power how a simple, downtrodden
man becomes conscious of his human worth,
how protest arises and grows in him. Ilere
Korolenko wanted to show that neither ex-
ploitation, ignorance nor humiliation is able
to crush the powerful forces that lie concealed
in the oppressed masses, that the time would
come when. the people themselves would pro-
nounce the truthful words that are so terri-
fying to the exploiters: " We cannot endure
it ."
In 1892 Korolenko wrote his story "The.
River is Playing." The leading character is
the peasant ferry-toast '1'yulin, whom Koro-
lenko paints in his true colours and through
whom he shows that critical moments arouse
in the common man the ability to perform
deeds of fearless valour. Maxim Gorky gave
high praise to " The River is Playing," say-
ing : ` With the tender yet strong hand of
the great artist V. G. Korolenko has given
us an honest and truthful portrait of a misahik,
a real, full-length portrait... "
Besides Tyulin, the most developed folk
character depicted by Korolenko is Matvei
Lozinsky, :hero of the story " Without a
Tongue." Here Korolcoko presents a man
with great spiritual possibilities, w ho possesses
the qualities that are typical for the
Russian national character : Love of
freedom, spiritual. purity, kindness, boldness,
independence, integrity, and g'cat moral
strength.
Korolenko was not only a wri er. He was
all active public leader and pamphleteer, who
defendafl the interests of the pecple against
the despotism and violence of die authorities.
Korolenko's works are published in the
USSR in editions running into the millions.
Between 1917 and 1946, for example, 333
cdititnis of Korolcnko's works were issued
in the USSR, in more than 30 languages of
the peoples of the Soviet Union, the editions
amounting to 7,270,000 copies altogether. In
the last few years several other large editions
of Korolenko's works have been published.
Kot clenko's name has been given to a
number of secondary and higher schools,
and Korolenko scholarships were established
in several higher schools. In Poltava,
where.Korolenko lived and worke. 1, the Koro-
lenko museum, which was bu -ned down
during the war, was restored.
All this is confirmation of Max ins Gorky *s
words that "in the great tvork of wilding the
trcwv Russia the splendid writings of V. G.
Korolenko, a man with a big at d a strong
heart, will find worthy approval.'
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 Appro4d For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415RO13000010003-2
The Immortal Nikolai Ostrovsky
D ECEMBER 22, 1951, marked 15 years
since the death of Nikolai Ostrovsky,
outstanding Soviet writer whose glo-
rious name and whose books arc world
famous.
Ostrovsky had in battle against tremen-
dous odds in the course of his life. An in-I
curable illness following upon a severe wound
during the Civil War kept the future writer
to his bed. He did not surrender, however,
1. Under the Banner of Lenin,
Under the Leadership of Stalin
2. International Stalin Peace
Prize Awards
3. Soviet Cinema Delegation to
but continued to work stubbornly and self-
lessly to help establish the new life in the
country. Although he was physically in-
capacitated, he preserved a clear mind and
an iron will, and turned to writing, using
his pen to make his life and activity worth-
while.
" How the Steel Was Tempered " is
Ostrovsky's most famous book. An auto-
biographical novel, it is in two parts. The
third part was never written, although the
writer had it planned out. Just a few days
before his death Ostrovskv finished the first
part of the novel " Born of the Storm," with
the next two parts in outline. This is a book
which he wanted `not simply to write but to
put in the fire of my heart," He also wrote
a scenario based on "How the Steel Was
Tempered," and dreamed of writing a book
for children to be called " Pavka's Child-
hood " and a book about the Soviet Army
leader Semyon Budyonny.
Death tore the ,pen from Ostrovsky's
hands at the very height of his writing career.
He was only 32 years old. But Ostrovsky's
wonderful books remain, his passionate and
truthful words.
" For man the most wonderful thing is
to have everything one creates serve people,
even after one ceases to exist,'.' Ostrovsky
said. This is just what has happened to
Ostrovsky himself. The first part of " How
the Steel Was Tempered " appeared in. 1932,
and the second part two years later. There
are now approximately six million copies
of " How the Steel Was Tempered " and
the posthumous " Borm of the Storm "
in the country. His works have been trans-
lated into 43 languages of the peoples of
the USSR and 20 foreign languages. One
should not, however, estimate the signifi-
cance of Ostrovsky's literary heritage only in
figures. Pavel Korchagin, the hero of
" How the Steel Was Tempered," has be-
come a model for the younger generation in
the Soviet Union. He is their model, whom
they study and from whom they learn.
Ostrovsk'y books encourage the youth to
feats of labour and battle valour.
Nikolai Ostrovsky's name has been given
to streets and schools, libraries and parks,
Young Pioneer Houses and theatres in the
USSR. There are " Nikolai Ostrovsky "
steamships, "N. Ostrovsky" locomotives, and
" N. Ostrovsky" aeroplanes. All this is part
of the writer's immortality.
These words of Ostrovsky's ring out
with especial force today :
" The banner of peace has been raised
over our Soviet Land. It is a beautiful ban-
ner, it is the hope of all mankind. To look
at our country is to see an industrious ant-
hill. All our plans and all our thoughts are
directed toward peaceful construction, to-
ward the creation of collective wealth, toward
raising the cultural level, toward concern
for our wonderful children. Our banner is
peace 1 "
Nikolai Ostrovsky was and remains one
with his people and his peaceful country.
In this lies his immortality. His was a life
selflessly given to the great cause of Com-
munism. Men like Nikolai Ostrovsky do
not die. Today, too, they are marching in
the ranks of the peace fighters!
CONTENTS
Page
S. Titarenko 1 14. The Immortal Nikolai
Film Festival in India dV. Semyonov
4. Puppets Behind the Foot-
lights D. Shpet
5. The Kazantsev Family
6. Soviet Uzbek Art A. Begicheva
7. In the Lenin Museurp
8. Agriculture's Technical
Equipment Grows in USSR
9. Tbilisi " Dynamo " Eleven V. Sinyavsky
10. Personal Property and
Savings of Soviet Citizens N. Margolin
11. The Giant's Gauntlet P. Bazhoo
12. The Great Russian Poet and
Revolutionary Democrat
13. Vladimir Korolenko-Russian
writer
19
21
24
PRICE As. 2
Edited, printed and published by F. Matveev for TASS in India, Travancore House, Curzon Road, New Delhi,
at the Roxy Printing Press, New Delhi. Only cover printed at the Punjabi I'ross, Sadar Bazar Delhi.
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Ostrovsky
Cover : A sculpture of V. I. Lenin on
Lenin Museum.
3rd cover
view at the
Supplements : 1. Statement by J. A. Malik at the
Security Council Meeting of (anuary
17, 1952 with Regard to the Kashmir
Question.
2A. Speech Delivered by M. V. Nesterov,
President of Chamber of Commerce
of the USSR, in the Indian Merchants'
Chamber at Bombay on January 8,
1952.
2B. Statement made by M.V. Nestcrov,
President of Chamber of Commerce
of the USSR, to the Press Conference
held by him on 10th ,January, 1952 in
the Soviet Pavilion at the Interna-
tional Industries Fair, Bombay.
 Approved; or Fie
1:kgdt. No. D--1555
"V1.. Lenin in Ex ie'in Siberia"
ra'rru the painting by A, Yeroxnin
V.I, Lenin -,peaking at the (Seventh
!1i)rii) Corsi, :-enee of the RSDLP (B)
a thin pairat'e:lp by N. 1 v,-akumov
 Approved For ReleallA(YSWDP
is I DT DETACH
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U'ap of the 1'. I. Lenin Volga-Dan Canal
CONTENTS
ii G -(-at Programme cf Peaceful Economic
_and Cultural Construction in the USSR
Privileges Enjoyed by Soviet Miners
I. Rossochinsicy
[',age
1
3, Industrial Settlement of the Petrov Plant
in Stalingrad X Chumakov 4
:. At School E. Krechetova 5
- St:holarships and other Benefits for Soviet
Students M. Krugliansky 6
1,1. c: r a Tea Growing State Farm Al. Agajanov 8
Flow Locusts Were Exterminated in the
Soviet Union N. Shcherbznovsky 111
8. (- h.inese Guests in Kuban
19'1'1te V 1. Lenin Volga-lion Canal 12
It. E. 'l'siolkovsky---Outstanding Russian
Scientist
1'agc
11. Invaluable Monument w World Culturar 1U6
12, Aid to the Starving in A dlira Provinca? l7
13. Economic Co-operatioI between the
Soviet Union and the People's
M. Peramo:; 17
14, Seven Years After Japan Surrencier 20
15, Telegram from M.to 1"se img to J.V. Stalin 21
16. Telegram from J.V. Stab r to Mao Tse-tung 21
17. Iourisrn in the USSR G. I yicheva 23
18. Soviet Sportsmen at the ath 01ymmnpic Game 24
Cover : The Statue )I J. V. Stalin a the
Entrance Gate .,t the V. I. Lenin Volga-
])on Canal
Back cover : View of a Waterfall in Cam.casia
PRICE As. 2
Edited, printed and published by F. Matveev for TASS in India, Travancore House, Curzo:c Road, New Delhi,
at the Roxy Printing Press, New Delhi. Only cover printed at the Punjabi Press, Sadur Bazar, D.-.Ihi.
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415RO13000010003-2
SOVIET LAND
An Illustrated Fortnightly Journal
Published by TASS in India
S?ptember 10 1952.
Great Programme of Peaceful Economic
and Cultural Construction in the USSR
ON, August 20, the Soviet Press carried a
communique announcing that a plenum of
the Central Committee of'the Communist Party
of, the Soviet Union was held a few days ago which
resolved to convene the regular 19th Congress of the
Cl'S1; on October 5, and adopted the agenda of the
Congress. After the report of the Party's Central
Committee and Central Auditing Commission, the
(.oneness will take up the directives of the 19th Congress
of the Party con.cernir.g the fifth Fivc-Year flan of
the development of the USSR For I951-1955.
The draft directives of the 19th Congress of the
Party concerning the fifth Five-Year Plan of development
of the USSR in 1%,5 1-1955), published simultaneously
with the above communique is a sweeping programme
of peaceful economic and cultural construction, ensuring
the further advancement of all branches of the national
economy, expansion of the pr_rhhc health services,
irnprovcment of the material well-being and rise of the
cultnnnI level of the Soviet people.
Industrial output is to step up about 70 pcr cent in
these five years.. Capital development work--
construction of giant hydro-electric stations, industrial
enterprises, irrigation systems, dwelling houses--is to
increase 10 per cent, compared with the first post-war
F'ive-Year Plan. These figures alone most strikingly
show the sweeping extent: of economic and cultural
construction under the second post-war Five-Year
Plan.
Electrification is under the second post-war Five-
Year Plan being pushed further ahead at an increasing
pace. 'the total number of electric stations will,
approximately, double and that of hydra-electric stations,
treble. huge power plants will he put into or' ration,
including the Kuibyshev 1-1\ ()ro-I lc ctric Station Na ith a
capacity of 2,100,094) kilowatts ; and also the Kama,
Gorky, Mingechaur, Ust-Kamp nogorsk and other h edro-
electric stations with a tot:ri capacity of 1,91.;,000
kilowatts. The Kill bysin e-Moscow high-te nsion
transmission line will go into service. I3e-:ades this,
work will be pushed forward err the construction c f the
Stalingrad and Kakhovka ll dro-Electric Station;, as
well as of a number of other hydro-electric plants ; the
Slicboksary on the Volga, the Votkiusk on the Krrna,
the Bukhtarma on the Irtys',, to name but a few.
Work will begin on the utiliz=e t inn of the power resources
of Angara river for develapinr? on the basis of cheap
electric power and local raw material resources, the
aluminium, chemical, ore mining, and other Inanehes
of industry.
The fifth Five-Year Plan is t,, provide for an cxtei sive
growth of the engineering indu:.rrries as tic' basis for rtew
sweeping technical progress ;u all branches of the.
national economy of the USSld. Engineering and metal
machining will, approxi~natel1, double output in t.tese
five years, and thus f_dly Inert the needs of :dl Soviet
industry, the transport scrr.ie ss, capital construe ion
and socialist agriculture iii cgr~ii;rnc lit, rriachi ics,
t:>ols and instruments.
Soviet agriculture in the sccr,nd 1)0:;r-war five year
period is with increased tech cal aid out a
wider scientific basis con.iit tilt [g, to pcus:,e its m. jor
task : raising the yields of'all a~~, i,adtrzrai crony, furt'tcr
growth of the herd of commonly owrn.d lives:ock with
the simultaneous rise of its Ir ,dJc,ivi!A', i crr;,~e of
gross and market out:,ut of fir:' an ,l :ninral husbandry
by the further consolida,i on an development of lie
(Gbnttoned nn. f`)a,ge 9)
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/,j/e( of Sor'iet People
40
_~. Privile a>w'e Eu etI by Soviet
Miners
Rossochinsky, Chairman, Coal Miner's Union of the USSR
'y"'t`/I RY year ott August :,, 1,
_..! the Soviet Union celebrates
Miner's flay. Now a
traditional festival of the Soviet
c olliiers, it was instituted by the
(government of the USSR in
1947, in recognition of their great
services to the country. At, the
same time, the Government
established a number of benefits
and privileges for them .
The miner's trade is highly
esteemed in the Soviet Union.
Miners here are surrounded with
great care and attention. For one
thing, they are the highest paid
workers. Wages in the Soviet pits
are paid by the progressive piece-
rate system under which for
every per cent produced above
target a miner is remunerated at
progressively rising ra.tcs. 'Flue
higher his above-target output, the
higher, naturally, are his earnings.
'thus miners' actual earnings
substantially exceed their basic
wages. X tiny Stakhanovite colliers
make as much as 7,000 to 8,000
rubles a month.
Nor is the Soviet miners' well-
being determined only by their
high cash earnings and the constantly
increasing real value of their wages
thanks to the systematic reduction
of retail prices of consumers'
goods.
Like all working people in the
Soviet Union they get. many benefits
and services free, at state expense,
which considerably augment their
money wages. Besides this miners,
metallurgical workers, oil men, and
workers in several other industries
enj ry a number of special privileges.
Thus, for example, miners once
every year receive long-service
bonus. The size of such a bonus
ranges from 10 to 30 per cent of the
miner's basic wage for the given
year, depending on his length of
service. In the past five years alone,
the Soviet miners received from
N,lislrin houses is approxitrtately
fen lilies "flea tee than heh>rc the
Soviet ,,cars exceed I(1,11t1U,1)1)11
copies. Iricidetitally, many hzbcks
read Lenin and Stalin in the
original. 'F'lit interest that Soviet
well mid women slrow in tli e
clas:;ics ol, Nlarxisrir-Leninism and
other political literature is highly
indicative , eve] v Soviet citizen
cudeavours to obtain as thorough
an undcrstandittg as possible of
the tasks that Race 1r1rn ill the
common ellort of building
Communism.
Fiction and poetry, both
classical and contemporary, hold
an important place in the' output
of, the: tiotr-Rilssiatt publishing
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415R013000010003-2
in :15 languages, those of the
wonderful Azerbaijan poet Nizami
in 17, and ' of the great Uzbek
poet Alisher Navoi in 17.
Foreign classical literature is
liikewise extensively published.
Not long ago the newspapers of
North Ossetia announced the
appearance in the Ossetian
language of a new transhftio,' of
Shakespeare's "Othello." 't'his is
not surprising. Serirkespcale I as
been translated into more than 20
Soviet Ianl"uages, I111go into It
and Dickens into .5. The works
of progressive modern f'o r( ign
:a n hors are also widely issued
in the USSR.
science literature is published in
the USSR in Russian and in
the other languages. Almost all
the Soviet `Republics now have
their own Academies of Science,
arid there is no Soviet. ReplIblic
without a network of scientihc
re earch institutions. '['his year
joist the publishing ltottse oh
the Ukrainian Academy of
Scieoces plans to issue 231)
rnonograplts, collection of papers.,
and popular science pnl>lications.
Books n(cl pamphlets l describing(
in popular form the latest
achievements of science a td the
work ot great scientists of the
past air put out in the Soviel
Union it huge editions.
The citizen of the USSR fill(],,
in hooks a friend, advis,r and
helper in life. The "socialist
svstern has brought hooks within
the ictw1a of all sections of the
popnlat ion.
Books by Soviet writers are ill
neat demand. 'l'lic best books,
no matter in what language they
are written, are translated and
published in dozens of outer
languages of the peoples of the
USSR. In these books the reader
finds descriptions of the present-clay
life of the Soviet people and
their heroic constructive ellort
arrd answers to vital problems of
Socialist ethics.
The Uzbek books published in
Ilie largest editions last year
were Aibek's Winc1 of the
Golden Valley," Yard l'ursun's
The Teacher", A. A-Iukhtar's
" Where the Rivers feet,''
and the poems "'to Comrade
Stalin " by Ga[irr Gnlyarn and
" Road to Happiness" by E.
RakWin. All of these works,
which depict the creative labour
of Soviet men and women, have
been translated into the Russian
language. Every successliil book
is very quickly translated into
the Russian arid then into the
other languages of the USSR,
in this way coming within the.
reach of all the Soviet people.
Books dealing with the fight for
peace and the ru~,ventent ol, the
peace champions ale issued in
all the languages of the peoples
of the USSR. .ast yrar, 1'or
instance, Byelorussian authors, and
po els published more (ban '2.W
Works that were inspired by this
,Treat theITim.
N1Itch scientific and popular
"Through India"
~H1~OUCI1' In(lia " is the
name of it newv
docrrmcntarv colour film
now featured it, the USSR. It
was filmed at the time of the
International Film Festival Ill
India by the talented c rmerarnen
A. Sologubov, G. llonglovskaya,
1. Sokolnikov and the producer,
J_ Varlamov, who were members of
the Soviet delegation to this festival.
7'he film has won the admiration
of the Soviet audiences. It pictures
the rich nature of India, her
wonderful landscapes, lifc ill the
biggest. Indian cities and small
villages, harvesting in the fields,
historic places associated with the
memory of'the Sepoy 1\lutiny against
the Brl I ish colonial rule, i eligious
rituals. festivities at Delhi,
perlhlriti.tnces by distil guislied
actors, noteworthy arch tectural
rrrernor ills which r e p r e s e n t
masterlricces of world art.
w itncssc s of the ancient culture
of ill,- talented and in( tstri+nt;
Indian people.
'I'hc commentaries to l1le him
seers I, if Ihe) were broadening
the pi, (mire : they enlighten upon
architc( tural styles, th( time
when one or another historic:
rnemoria.l was built and its
signific.fnce. Folk I c g c to Cl s
and n~cienl tales cited by the
annonn(:cr initiate the a Idicnces
(0,1,1 xce1 m, /s ce toj
It the "Herrni.ta? e'' rinerur theatre, r4lnscow, b'(orr, the Geo'mfi.ni of the r4,,
11
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"CHILDREN'S
TOWNS"
IN MOSCOW PARKS
By Maya Rozhdestvenskaya
Young "builders" in the children's section of
the Gorky Cenlral Park of Culture and Rest.
HE green tracts of parks
T and gardens in the Soviet
capital are like wonderful
oasis. Thousands of people come
there for a rest and interesting
pastime.
The first visitors who come to
these parks in the morning are
the children. True, with the
coming of summer most of the
young Muscovites have left town
some went to country places
with their kindergartens and
others-to summer camps. Other
children are awaiting their turn to go to camp. And in the meantime they
have facilities for a good rest and recreation in the " children's towns "
of the parks of culture and rest.
Welcome ! " bids the inviting sign over the light archway leading to
the children's town in the Sokolniki Park: There are sculptures in the shady
alleys and colourful flowers on the lawns.
Let us look into the " attraction grounds " which constantly resound with
merry laughter. Swings fly smoothly into the air. A merry-go-round is
turning. There is a brave little lad perched proudly upon a wooden horse.
From time to time he looks to the right where youthful artists are working
with brush and ease] in front of a white pavilion. The little equestrian
is convinced that they are painting his picture...
On the walls in the pavilion, called
Hall of Interesting Occupations,"
one may see productions of the amateur
artists : paintings, water colour, pencil
drawings. Attention is attracted by a portrait
of J. V. Stalin embroidered in silk. On
display in the showcases are skillfully carved
wooden caskets and beautifully ornamented
picture frames, statuettes made of plasticine,
soft toys and ohjects fashioned of cardboard.
All these were made by members of the
amateur circles in the park, under the
guidance of expert instructors. Right now
they are working on new productions.
Vladimir Mozharov a ninth-form student with
abilities for wood carving is completing a
beautiful frame ; 12-year old Valya. Bunevich
is doing an attractive piece of embroidery,
in ancient Russian style....
Volleyballs are flying over the sports.
grounds. Athletic minded youngsters are
engaged in gymnastic and acrobatic exercises
in a special hall.'There are sepcial premises
for air and sun baths. An amateur art
contest is in progress on the vast grounds
called " mass field". The youngsters dance
and sing. The game room is filled with
noisy merriment. Table soccer is one of
the most favourite games. Moving the
figures of the " team members " over special
boards, they become absorbed in the compe-
titions.
There is a special playground in children's
town for the very little ones, with a rich
choice of toys.
There is a one-day rest home in the
park which accommodates 550 people. The
school children accommodated in this rest
home also avail themselves of the attractions
in the park.
The Soviet parks are not only places
for amusement, but real centres for dissemi-
nating socialist culture. The personnel of the
children's towns cultivate in their visitors love
.of labour and sports, develop their initiative
and assist them in selecting their future professions. What a variety of
interesting lectures and talks are arranged by the lecture service for children
maintained in the parks ! Every lecture is illustrated with exhibitions, films,
slides and experiments. Scientists, innovators in production, writers and
actors come to the children. The library of the park arranges literary
reviews and loud reading of books which attract scores of listeners.
And now follow me into the technical hobby circles where youngsters
are' building miniature models of dams and tall buildings, assembling radio
sets, and instruments for experiment ; in physics, testing models of ships and
planes, and learning photography. Members of the young tourists' and
automobile clubs are making interesting trips. At the beginning of July,
about 60 youths set out on the Moscow-
Stalingrad-Moscow motoring race, covering
about 3,000 km. by car and motorcycle.
...There is a small building amid trees
surrounded by a fence. A little girl, her
eyes shining with curiosity, stops in front
of the wicket gate.
"Look here," she says to her friend,"
here is the young naturalists' centre. Whatever
have they not got here!"
The two little girls have never been to
the Sokolniki Park before, and everything
excites their wonder. They had already
managed to join a circle on the first day.... .
There really is much of interest on the
territory of the young naturalists' centre.
Medicinal herbs and technical plants grow on
the neatly cultivated beds. There are Michurin
apple trees in the orchard, and stretching
along the fence is an experimental. shelter
belt made up of a variety of trees. The centre
has its animal section. Among its population
you will see a turtle, doves, moles, an
aquarium with live fry, and even raccoons
(a present from the Moscow zoo) which
seem quite at home in a tiny little house
inthe yard. Last year there was Mashka, a
mischievous bear cub, to delight the children
who came to the park. Mashka had grown
since then and was returned to the zoo. He
looks quite ferocious now. But whenever
any of his former " attendants " call
" Mashka", the bear immediately lifts his
shaggy head and running up to the
wire net looksaffectionately at his old friends.
Like all the children, the "Sokolniki"
naturalists frequently go to the Moscow zoo
which has animals representing the fauna of
the whole world. Especially many visitors
crowd.. in front of the home of the family of
Indian elephants : Shango, Molly and three-
year-old Moskvich who was born in the
zoo. The elephants are fond of bathing in the
big pool, and' they delight in munching the
sugar they receive for dessert. In general,
they feel quite fine. , . , . The little
Children's section of the Gorky Park of Culture
and Rest. A lesrom iaa painting.
wolves, foxes, bear cubs and other
young animals kept behind special
enclosures also attract many visitors.
The workers of the zoo sometimes
take them out of the park to
illustrate their lectures : in the
schools.
In addition to the children's
towns in the general parks, there are
special children's parks in 16
districts of the capital. These parks
arrange varied- and interesting
(Continued on page 15)
Playing volleyball at the Park of Culture and Rest at Sekolnik., Moscow.
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J ULY and August is the" height
of the health resort season in
the USSR. Millions of working
people. spend their annual paid
vacations at sanatoria,or rest homes.
Upwards of 4,000,000 working
people will this year spend their
vacations at the health building
establishments belonging to the
unions ; the various ministries or
other :organisations.
The Soviet working, people going
to health resorts have a great choice
to pick from. There are in the
USSR some 130 resort areas,
situated in the most picturesque
places throughout the country.
Among the resorts enjoying
particular favour with the working
people are those on the southern
coast of the Crimea.
Sunny Crimea is rich and
-picturesque. Its southern shore
constitutes a narrow strip of coast
105 kilometres long and from two
to ten kilometres wide. It is walled
off from the north by a tall mountain
range which keeps out from here
the cold winds.
Here, on the sea coast, at Melas,
Kastropol, Simei?z, Alupka, Miskhor,
Yalta, Gurzuf, Alushta and other
resorts, amidst pine woods covering
the mountain slopes and boundless
vineyards ; the palaces of the tsars
and grand dukes and the villas and
mansions of the rich have been
turned into sanatoria and health
building establishments for workers
and peasants, and many new
magnificent ones have been built.
Most of the sanatoria, . and there
are about a hundred here, are
general-therapeutic ones. Every
year, tens of thousands of working
people build up their health in
them. The sanatoria have all
the necessary treatment and
diagnostic equipment : X-ray
physiotherapeutic, curative physical
culture and massage, dental,
electrotherapy, electro-cardio
graphy, hydropathic and other
facilities. Vacationers are under
constant observation of com-
petent doctors and other medical
personnel.
Great attention at the sanatoria
is devoted to cultural services for their
guests, who have here at their
disposal libraries, games, sports
grounds.
The number of sanatoria on the
southern coast of the Crimea is
rowing with every year,
THE HEALTH RESORTS
The "Krym" Sanatorium in
Simeiz, Crimea. .
Vacationers at the "Marat"
Sanatorium in Miskhor,
Crimea, taking a sun bath.
One of the rooms at the
"Kharaks" Sanatorium in
Miskhor, Crimea.
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OF SOUTHERN CRIMEA
Guests at t,e `'Li..~r,.kisl,~u"
Sanatorium in 2'alta, Crimea.
A glimpse of the dining nom at
the "Gurzuf" Sanatorium in the
Crimea.
Guests at the "Kurpaty" Sanatorim. in
the Crimea : A, Lavrukhina (left), a
dairymaid at the "Konstontantinoiio"
State Farrn, Moscow Region and Maria
Rozhenko, a working woman at the.
"Chebanovka" State L''arm in Molda,,ia,
on the bench.
"THROUGH INDIA"
into Indian folklores. The music
based on Indian national melodies
is a fitting accompaniment to the
film.
'raking into account the great
interest displayed by the Soviet People
in India, the studio has duplicated
this film in 16 national languages
of the peoples of the USSR.
Announcements were published in
the Press a few days before its
appearance on the screen. The
public was also informed w l this
through posters and bills with
scenes of India issued by Soviet
publishing houses in some 250,000
copies.
" Through India " is now being
shown in all parts of the USSR,
in the biggest cinema houses of
Moscow, and in village clubs,
It is featured simultaneoulsy and with
invariable success on about 600
screens. Some 200,000 people saw
the film in twenty Nloscow cinema
theatres during the first week.
" Through India", a film which
bears the imprint of simplicity
aA sincerity, of great respect
and ail: ction for the people of
India, has stirred up much
interest among the Soviet public.
"Chil.dren's Towns" in
Moscow Parks
activities; Flower Day", " Fairy
Talc Day", "Favourite Game Day",
etc., are very popular. Lecture
halls and amateur art circles function
in all the parks ; physical culture
competitions and games are organized
for the youngsters.
Everything here is for the children
of the working people. Everyone,
from the three-year old child who
is building a house of blocks, to the
senior student in secondary school
who is looking forward to entering
college within a year or twc'. finds
something of interest here.
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s'rcne loon Act ('co )% Cowtar!'s opera "Pmcst".
Ili cenln : l:u,inrre G. (ic-ski i in Me role of R9ephotopheles; exinOle ?eht : P. Pirotez', a pensioner
WO KERS' CLU
h Ol_UNOI)' S I':IIIsl "' is the
latest opera to he stagcxl by
(It(. Inert and women who
b(doll,ty to 1lie amateur talent studio
of opera anti ballet at the Kirov
Palace of Cultnre t Leningrad.
L;ndcr the h ircctic.m (&(L I)ouivakh,
an Honoured ,Art ','orker, the
rncrnbcrsol" this stndic have, in the
pa5,i five years, put oil tile ol)"MS
"Rusalka' i"'1"hc Alertnaid `) in
1).t^.1ornvzltskv, Mum, k'1,5 he
Fair at Sor'oc:hintsv and Veldi's
'?Li 'll'r.tviata." "Rnsalka." and
"I'hc. fair at Sorcchiutr,v" lwct:. givetn
first pi izes at ill(' L!SSR '('Sle -v of
amateur ialcnt last Near. I.n
producing " Falls( - the studio
un let tools a still tuore. (Iiilictilt
task and coped NY itii t succe"4'U lv
11) recent n;o,itlts the studio
had alt influx of new tncrrthers anad
I.Itc studio group now compris s
sotuc `tot) ntcu alt([ women. One
of them is the pen'ioucr P. Pirogov,
1 ho joined the group only a lew
vicars ago. In " Faust '' ltc sang
V:dczttin and vw'ae ;t trctncudous
yue' ea . \nolhcr sine' A.
H
STAG
Philippov, a mechanic, can perform
the roles of, Valentine and Wagner.
In the studio's new production
laurels also go to the two women
whet sing Margaret.. They are V.
Filatova, senior librarian at the
Saltykov-Shchcdrin State Public
Library, and V. 'l'ikhomirova, a
cast accountant in the Leningrad
bread distributiotn network.
l?specially worthy of note at the
prcmicre yeas the periorilia uce by
C,. Beskin, an engineer, who gave
a vivid, interesting interpretation
of \leplsistophcles. In the studio's
conning production of the opera
Ivan Susanin " llcskin has been
assigucd the leading role.
:Among the studio members there
:u-c malty young people, nicn and
women lvho follow a great variety
of prolcssions and trades. They
include the mechanic A. Borodavkin,
till' woman tool-ina.ker M. 1laizal,
thc lathe-operator G. Sinitsky and
the students A. \ianukliov and
Rashid Sabitov. yLanukhov gave an
cxccllcnt perlbrmance a, Faun(.,
and Sabitov, it luttire mining
S "FAUST"
engincci , danced Bacchus it the
\Valpul tis Night " se "nc to great
applause. the role of the B t.ccatante
was executed with airiness and
grace by l':. Chulkova. a conk at
the SevkaI'el Plant rIinins.;a-oon.
Like all, the prodnctionssiaged
by the Kirov Palace studio
Faust - was accompanied by
tale orchrst.ra of the Lend grad
tilaly Opera house. `the producer
was Honoured Artist of' the
Republic A. Vince ; N. Libe'man
directed '11c chorcoga.rphic g'ottp,
the balil t master was Honoured
\rt \Vorkcv F. i,opukhov, the stage
director 5'.ts S. I apirov. the Nader
of' the ch,'n Y. Slavnitsky, aryl the
concertma-ter Y. Finkelstein.
At the present time the studio is
working together with compo,.er 1.
1)zerzltinskv oil the staging of a
new vcrs'un of' his opera " And
Quiet Fl(.kV'S the Don." The
prcmicre 'f this opera is set ['Cr the
beginning of November, whet thu
country t'' ill be marking the 35th.
anuiversars oh the (;letit Oc obcr
Socialist V,'011111011-
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The Coexistence Problem
"New York Times" Article Discussed
N I' IS June 111th issue the " New York Times"
published an article by its Washington corres-
pordent Mr. Waggoner on the peaceful coexistence
of the. U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. Judging by all the
signs, the views he expresses arc not only, and not
so much, his own, as these of certain official Washington
circles. At any rate, Mr. Waggoner keeps referring
to Washington " experts"; who are examining recent
Soviet actions and statements. All the more reason,
therefore, to examine Mr. Waggoner's article.
Its obvious intention is to have the reader believe
that the Soviet Union has abandoned its original
stand on the question of the peaceful coexistence of
the capitalist and socialist systems, and for that reason
the " experts fail " to discern signs of peace or
co-operation from Moscow."
Only those who deliberately set out to distort and
mispresent the facts can accuse the Soviet Union
of having changed its policy on the question of the
peaceful coexistence of the two systems on the basis
of international co-operation.
Soviet reccgnition of the necessity and feasibility of
the two systems living side by side in peace is not
something transient or temporary but a constant factor
of Soviet foreign policy. It forms an integral part
of the fundamental principles of the teachings of Lenin
and Stalin. It is the cornerstone, the very essence, of
the policy which the Soviet Union has been pursuing
since its very inception.
World history has passed through several stages in
that period, but at each of them the foreign policy of
the U.S.S.R. was invariably directed at ensuring peace
and peaceful co-operation between all countries,
irrespective of their social and political systems.
x x x
Foreign policy is inseparable from domestic policy ;
it is, in fact, a continuation and extension of the latter.
This rule applies to the U.S.S.R. as it e5es to any
other country. Even its bitterest enemies do not deny
that the U.S.S.R. has invariably set the world an
example of fraternity and friendship among the nations
inhabiting its territory. The same principle of
friendship and co-operation among nations is also the
cornerstone of its foreign policy.
In 11322, in an interview with a correspondent of
the London "Observer ',' and the " Manchester
Guardian", V. I. Lenin especially stressed this basic and
distinguishing feature of Soviet foreign policy. He
told the correspondent : Our experience has firmly
convinced us that only the. greatest concern for the
interests of the various nations can remove the causes
of conflicts, remove mutual distrust, remove the fear
of intrigue, and create the confidence, especially among
the workers and peasants speaking different languages,
without which peaceful relations between the nations
and any successful development of all that is precious
in modern civilization, are absolutely impossible."
Soviet people have always regarded it their sacred
duty to apply this principle expounded by Lenin. That
explains the continuity between the historic Decree
on Peace, made public on November 8, 1917, by the-
newly-formed Soviet government, and the proposal
for a Five-Power Peace Pact which the government
of the U.S.S.R. has been consistently advocating in
these past years.
The Decree on Peace called for an end to the war
and for the conclusion of a just, democratic peace.
It was addressed to all belligerents, to all the peoples.
The major belligerent powers at that time were the
United States; Great Britain, France, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Italy, that is, the chief capitalist
countries. The very first action of the new Soviet
government was thus based on the principle of peaceful
coexistence of two divergent social and economic
systems.
In 1919 V. I. Lenin submitted to the Seventh All
Russian Congress of Soviets,, the supreme legislative
body of the country, a resolution which stated : " The
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic desires
to live in peace with all nations and to devote all its
energies to internal development, in order to organize
industry, transport and public administration on the
basis of the Soviet system, which it has hitherto been
prevented from doing by the interference of the
Entente and the hunger blockade." Here again V. I.
Lenin stressed the desire of the U.S.S.R. to live in
peace with all capitalist countries, for at that time there
were no other countries.
Two years later, in December, 1921, in his report
to the Ninth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin
squarely put the question : is there any possibility of
the peaceful coexistence of Soviet Russia and the
capitalist countries ? His reply, a firm and unhesitating
yes," has determined the policy of the Soviet
government ever since.
In his talk with Harold Stassen in 1947, J. V. Stalin
said : " The idea of co-operation between the two
systems was first expressed by Lenin. Lenin is our
teacher, and we, Soviet people, are Lenin's pupils.
We have never departed and never shall depart from
Lenin's teachings." These words have been borne out
by the entire record of the Soviet Union.
The socialist system of society has enabled the Soviet
Union to achieve in a short space of time economic
and cultural progress and an improvement in the welfare
of its peoples, unparalleled in history. And it is
characteristic that the stronger the Soviet Union
grew, the greater its progress in the work of construction,
and the greater its prestige in international affairs,
the more persistent and resolute were its efforts to
promote peaceful co-operation between the two
divergent systems, capitalism and socialism.
This is but natural and logical : every new step in
the building of socialism opens up ever~wider prospects
for further creative endeavour and, consequently,
adds to the Soviet Union's interest in. consolidating
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peace and international security and in developing
international economic intercourse.
The record of the past three decades furnishes
ample proof of this and also provides a clue to an
understanding of the future. With the further
development of socialist society in the Soviet Union
the possibilities of peaceful coexistence and effective
co-operation of the two systems, far from diminishing,
are bound to increase and expand. This J. V. Stalin
stressed in his reply to a " Sunday Times " Moscow
correspondent in September, 1946. The correspondent
asked whether, with the continued advance of the
Soviet Union towards Communism, the possibilities of
peaceful co-operation between the Soviet Union and
the outside world would not decrease. J. V. Stalin
replied : "I do not doubt that the possibilities of peaceful
co-operation, far from decreasing, may even grow."
Any unbiased person making a study of the
statements by V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin over the
course of the last thirty-five years, statements made at
different periods and under totally different conditions,
will arrive at the inescapable conclusion that the
Soviet Union regards the peaceful coexistence of
the two divergent systems as the inviolable
foundation of its foreign policy.
Truth is tested by practice- A survey of the leading
trends in international affairs since the inception of
Soviet government will show how this policy has worked
out.
The last thirty and more years have seen many an
attempt by aggressive circles in the West to embroil
the capitalist world and the land of socialism in war.
Yet, the second world war started as a conflict between
two groups of capitalist powers. Later, after Hitler
Germany's treacherous attack on the Soviet Union,
there came into being the powerful anti-Hitler
coalition of the Soviet Union --a socialist state-and
the United States, Britain and France-capitalist states.
Opposed to it was the coalition made up of Germany,
Japan and Italy, all of them capitalist states.
Thus the antagonisms between the various capitalist
states proved to be more acute and profound than
the antagonisms between the two systems.
Even though the prewar period was one of constant
anti-Soviet intrigue by the Western powers, still the
possibility of capitalism and socialism existing side
by side in peace was fully confirmed.
The outcome of the second world war greatly
increased these possibilities. I n 1941, in reply to a
question by Elliott Roosevelt whether it was possible
for the U.S.A. to live peacefully side by side with the
Soviet Union, J. V. Stalin said : "This is not only
possible. It is wise and entirely within the bounds of
realization. In the most strenuous times, during the
war, the differences in government did not prevent
our two nations from .joining together and vanquishing
our foes. Even more so is it possible to continue
this relationship in time ol',peace."
X x x
What, then, has led the Washington " experts " and
Mr. Waggoner, who pleads their case on the pages
of the " New York Times", to assume that the Soviet
Union has abandoned its earlier stand on the question
of peaceful coexistence of the two systems ? Be it noted,
in the first place, that all this talk of the Washington
` experts " about a supposed " evolution " of Soviet
policy only exposes their own turnabout.
For years many official American spokesmen claimed
that the Soviet Union denied the very principle of
peaceful coexistence. The Washington " experts " are
telling a different story now, and are, in. effect, admitting
that their earlier position was, to put it mildly, at
variance with the facts. For it is absurd to maintain
that a totally negative stand can develop into one more
totally negative, though that is what their argument
amounts to. If there can be any talk of evolution, then
only in respect to the methods of these Washington
` ` experts " : they have publicly renounced their earlier
assertions and, in an attempt to make political capital,
are now affirming the very opposite. But this will
not get them any too far, for now as before they are
twisting and garbling the facts.
Mr. Waggoner affirms that whereas in the past the
Soviet Union attached no " strings " to its statements
about the possibility of the peaceful coexistence of the
two systems, now it is advancing definite conditions,
namely, willingness of both sides to co-operate, readiness
to discharge the obligations they have assumed, and so
on and so forth.
The "New York Times " and its Washington
correspondent have put themselves in a ludicrous
position, for it stands to reason that peaceful coexistence
and effective co-operation of the two systems are
possible only if the representatives of both parties desire
such co-operation and, conversely, are impossible if one
of the parties obstinately refuses to co-operate. That is
precisely why J. V. Stalin said, in his interview with
Stassen in 1947 " Of course, it is understood that
given the desire to co-operate, co-operation is fully
possible between different economic systems. But if
there is no desire to co-operate, even with the same
economic system, states and people can fight each
other."
.J. V. Stalin expressed the same thought in April of
this year in his replies to a group of American newspaper
editors who asked him : "On what basis is the
coexistence of capitalism and Communism possible ? "
The reply was : "The peaceful coexistence of capitalism
and Communism is quite possible provided there is
a mutual desire to co-operate, readiness to carry out
undertaken commitments, and observance of the
principle of equality and noninterference in the internal
affairs of other states."
Naturally, peaceful coexistence and effective
co-operation between states, including states with
different economic systems, are inconceivable if one of
the parties fails to carry out its obligations and
embarks on a policy of interfering in the internal
affairs of the other, or if it commits itself to a policy
of discrimination against the other party.
Behind all this talk of the Washington "experts "
about new Soviet stipulations which, they claim, hinder
the peaceful coexistence of the two systems is reluctance
to support and develop peaceful international co-
operation on the only acceptable basis of mutual
respect of interests, equality, faithful discharge of
obligations and noninterference in the internal affairs
of` other countries. The " evolution " discovered by
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the Washington " experts applies to their own position,
not to that of the Soviet Union.
Mr. Waggoner tells us that these "experts" fail "to
discern signs of peace or co-operation from Moscow."
There is no need for special investigations to discern
such "signs". Soviet foreign policy is not a book sealed
with seven seals, it is known to hundreds of millions
of people as are its aims. These aims are :
Conclusion of a Peace Pact between the United
States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and China.
Unconditional prohibition of atomic and germ weapons
as weapons designed for the mass extermination of
human life, and establishment of stringent international
control to enforce the ban. Reduction of the
armaments and armed forces, first of the five Great
Powers and subsequently. of all nations. The reunion
of Germany and her conversion into a peaceable,
democratic state. The conclusion of a just peace treaty
with Germany, to be followed by the withdrawal of all
occupation forces. Termination of the war in Korea
and the speedy peaceful settlement of the Korean
problem. A just peace treaty for Japan and withdrawal
of all occupation troops.
Who will deny that implementation of these
measures, on which the Soviet Union insists, would go a
long way towards consolidating peace and international
security? And if this peace programme is not being
carried out, the reason should be sought in the postwar
evolution of the policies of the Western powers, the
United States primarily.
From ".News" No. 14, 1952
The Painter A. E. Arkhipov
(Marking the 90th Anniversary of his Birth)
O N August 27th of this year the
Soviet public will mark the
90th anniversary of the birth
of A. E. Arkhipov, master of Russian
genre painting, a People's Artist
of the Republic, and the teacher
of a number of outstanding Soviet
artists.
Arkhipov is a name well-known
in the Soviet Union. His paintings
hang in many museums and are
favourites with the Soviet people.
Arkhipov was born into a peasant
family in the village of Yegorovo,
Ryazan Gubernia. His grandfather
and father were serfs. Life in the
Arkhipov family was not easy. A
constant struggle had to be waged
against hunger, poverty and
want.
At an early age the future artist
became a pupil of icon painters.
One of them, Zaikov, was much
impressed by Arkhipov's gift for
drawing and at his recommendation
the boy was entered at the Moscow
School of Painting, Sculpture and
Architecture. There he studied
under the ' outstanding Russian
realist painters Perov, Makovsky,
Pryanishnikov and Polenov,
graduating in 1883.
By 1886 Arkhipov had won
general recognition with his painting
" The Girl Friends", fqr which
he was awarded a Grand Silver
Medal and an honorary title.
Knowing the life of the Russian
pre-revolutionary peasantry,
Arkhipov depicted their hard lot.
Arkhipov's scenes of everyday
peasant life rang out as a protest
against the cheerless life of the
toiling peasant. In the next few
years Arkhipov painted a number
of pictures that became widely
famous, among them " Along the
Oka River", "On the Volga,"
The Send-Off", " The Road to
Exile " " Women at Work in an
Iron Foundry", "After the Pogrom",
and " Poor Peasant beside a Grave."
In 1895 he was given the title of
Academician of Painting.
In 1901. Arkhipov painted one
of his greatest pictures " The
Washerwomen," depicting the
hard life of the Russian working
class. One has but to glance at the
bent figures of the washerwomen,
worn out by exhausting labour in a
damp, dark cellar, to understand
the message of social protest carried
by the picture. In the years that
followed Arkhipov painted a series
of wonderful landscapes of the
Russian North. In 1916 he was
elected a member of the Academy
of Arts.
During the Great October
Socialist Revolution Arkhipov
joined the Association of Artists of
Revolutionary Russia and painted
a series of vivid, joyous portraits of
Russian peasant women. In
1927 the Soviet Government
bestowed upon him the title of
People's Artist of the Republic in
recognition of his great services in
helping to develop Soviet art.
Arkhipov died in]1930 at the age
of 69. His realistic genre paintings
have become a part of the golden
treasury of Soviet fine arts.
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The Pia at 1h0
?xeerylt 6romp
)2eehanin9
~ ook Two o, the %n,et 4, /V(z/ch zzLt ,u&ennov
" 7Le UhLte , rcAC , .
THE second German fascist offensive, begun
November 16th with the objective of surrounding
and capturing Moscow, had been halted on all
sectors of the 600-kilometer Western Front.
This time, too, Hitler's plan had fallen through....
With great difficulty the Hitlerite northern shock
grouping seized Rogachev, Klin and Solnechnogorsk
in the last days of November ; its tank units managed
to break through only to Yakhroma.
Linable to take Tula, the Hitlerite southern shock
grouping bypassed it on the east and seized Stalinogorsk
and Venev in an attempt to reach the Oka, but it was
halted seven kilometres south of Kahira.
After marking time for many days the Hitlerite
central auxiliary grouping forced the Nara River in
several places, but was immediately thrown back by
our troops.
The encirclement and capture of Moscow did not
take place.
The German fascist troops suffered heavy losses
(hiring the offensive, when they were drawn into
exhausting battles. Hundreds of burnt and smashed
tanks, guns and lorries lay strewn on the fields of the
Moscow area. More than 50,000 Hitlerites had left
their bones there. On many sectors the Hitlerites
were already going over to the defensive. Hitler's
headquarters no longer issued boasting communiques
about the offensive on Moscow. Instead, it complained
of the hosts and snowfalls. It affirmed that the
Russian winter did not permit. big offensive operations.
It Was not, of course, a matter of the Russian
winter... .
Despite the enemy's two-told and three-fold
numerical superiority, the troops of the Western Front
had displayed miraculous grit in defending the Soviet
capital. They had courageously fought for every inch
of native soil. They had bravely launched endless
counter-attacks. They had converted the whole of
Moscow Region into one huge graveyard of Hitlerite
troops and material. Now, hardened and tempered
in bitter battle, the troops of the Western Front were,
with the forces at their disposal, dealing the enemy
telling counter-blows everywhere, and especially on
the flanks.
Even so, Hitler could hardly suspect what awaited
his troops near Moscow in the near future.
In their endeavour to surround Moscow the
German fascist shock groupings had advanced far
beyond the remaining line of the front. Confident
that the Red Army's forces were almost depleted, that
it had no strategic reserves whatsover, the groupings
gave poor protection to their flanks, leaving them open
to blows from our troops.
Beginning with November 20th, the fourth day of
the German offensive, our fresh reserves began to arrive
at the Moscow front from deep in the rear, according
to Stalin's plan and order. They were brought up
in full secrecy. In the dark of night numberless trains
carrying infantry, tanks and artillery halted and
unloaded at small stations east of Moscow. From
here the reserves moved up to the appointed places
under cover of night. While the troops of the Western
Front were fearlessly defending the near approaches
to Moscow, three fresh armies of Soviet troops supplied
with first-class equipment by our heroic rear, were
being concentrated in the district of Dmitrov and
Zagorsk, on the flank of the enemy's northern grouping,
and in the district of Kashira and south of Ryazan,
on the flank of the southern grouping. Fresh troops
also appeared west of the capital. No matter how
threatening the situation was at times on the near
approaches to Moscow, no matter how hard a time
Moscow's gallant defenders were having, Stalin held
back these reserves, did not send them into action.
The day of reckoning with the enemy was drawing
near.
During these days Stalin pondered much on the
conning counter-offensive of our troops. This well-
prepared and organized counter-offensive, Stalin felt,
should be a most unique type of offensive, as a result
of which our troops would not only smash the enemy
near Moscow but would also deal him powerful blows
in the north and south. Fulfilment of this counter-
offensive plan might thus become the decisive military
event of the first year of the Great Patriotic War. In
the Battle of Moscow the Soviet Army was to raise the
banner of victory, in order later to carry it to Berlin....
While thinking about the counter-offensive and
closely watching for the moment to begin it, Stalin
acquainted himself first-hand with the military situation
on different sectors of the Moscow front. These days
he especially wished to be as close as possible to the
Army in the Field.
x x x
....On his way to the forward defence lines, while
passing through a big village on Volokolamsk Highway,
Stalin noticed a small white flag with a vivid red cross
in the middle floating above the entrance to a stone
building. This was an army field hospital. Stalin
ordered the driver to stop the car, and in a few minutes
he was in a ward where lay men wounded in the recent
fighting.
There were four of them. They lay in white
hospital cots set in a row, heads towar Is a windowless
wall, with a space for passage between each. The
opposite wall had two windows facing south. Without
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lifting their heads the wounded could see the red setting
sun low over the houses on the other side of the
highway.
The sudden appearance of the Supreme
Commander-in-Chief accompanied by generals, the
head of the hospital and the doctor on duty excited the
wounded unbelievably. All four simultaneously made
jerky motions beneath the woollen blankets, unconsciously
moved by the desire to spring to their feet and greet
Stalin in military fashion, but only one of them, a man
with a bandaged chest and neck, somehow managed
to sit, up. A bitter sense of their helplessness once
again swept over the other three.. Physical pain, no
matter how.. great they could bear without a murmur,
but they could not conceal the anguish they felt now at
not having the strength to welcome Stalin at attention.
One gave an agonized groan.. Another moved his
head on the pillow in distress. The third ground
his teeth in bitter disappointment.,
Stalin noticed that the wounded were upset.
" Good-day, Comrades, good-day" he therefore
said heartily. as he. halted by the cot nearest to the
door, in which sat,a wounded man with an amazed and
blissful expression on his high cheekboned young face.
"But I have a big request to make of you, Comrades,-
you must all lie quietly;" he:said after they had replied
to his greeting. "Yes, indeed, you have to lie quietly.
As for us, we can, and, should, stand here in front of
you."
Embarrassment flickered in the quick grey eyes of
the wounded man sitting up in the cot...
"Allow, me .to sit-up, Comrade Stalin," he said,
closing his thin fingers around the edge of the bed.
" Honest to goodness, Tin sick of lying down. It's
the fourth day now .. ? .
" Very well, sit up,". Stalin said. " I see your
hair has, just been clipped. Are you an officer ?"
" Yes, sir. A Guards_ lieutenant ...."
" What's your name ? "
" Murashov."
Stalin glanced at the doctor on duty, who hastened
to report that Murashov had several flesh wounds from
shell splinters ; two fragments had been removed the
day before, and four left for the next operation.
" Let them stay there ! Murashov said in. sudden
animation, and Stalin saw at once that before him sat
a' man who" was not downhearted and was probably a.
vivacious young fellow in ordinary life. " They'll
make me stronger, that's all! Then only an` armour
piercing bullet can get me.. ,
Have you been at the front long, Comrade
Murashov ? " U
" Since the first day of th'e war, Comrade Stalin.','
" First time you're in hospital ?
" Yes."
" Tell me, Comrade Murashov," said Stalin,
placing his hand on the bed post, " which period of the
war has been the most difficult for you ? "
" The first month, Comrade Stalin."
" I see. And now ? "
Murashov sighed, but replied with a smile, " it's
not-.easy now either, of course, to be quite frank. The
Germans still have a big advantage in equipment. And
their. being so_near- Moscow. makes it hard going. But
stilly it's much easier fighting now than it was even a
month ago."
" Why is that ? " asked Stalin.
" In the first place, Comrade Stalin, we've
changed," Murashov replied. "Our men have seen
those fascists face to face. We've found out ' what
they're like, and come to see clearly, very clearly,
what the threat to our country is .... And we've
all grown vicious and merciless in battle. That
seems to give us more strength And we've all realized
that., like you said, the devil isn't as terrible as he's
painted. Now all of us know that the talk about the
German army being invincible is stupid, is plain
nonsense. Look at the way they're running from us !
That's what has made it easier."
"And in the second place ? " asked Stalin..
" In the second place, the Germans have changed
too," Murashov went on. "In a word, they see that
plundering is a dangerous game. I've talked with
German prisoners, Co nrade Stalin. A month ago
they still believed they would take Moscow soon, but
new they've stopped thinking about it."
" Not even thinking of it, you say ?
Yes."
Listening to Murashov, Stalin cast several glances
at the other wounded men, as though he were trying
to learn their attitude to what the lieutenant was
saying.
" They will confirm it," Murashov said, turning to
his fellow patients. " Am I right, lads ? "
The man lying next to him was very pale ; his right
arm was amputated. He grew agitated when Stalin
approached him, but still not a drop of colour appeared
in his broad, good-natured face. Only his one
remaining hand twitched several times as it lay on his
chest beneath the blanket.
"That's right," he said in a low voice "The
Germans are a lot weaker."
On the next cot a man with a bandaged head 'lay
motionless. Only his stubborn mouth, turned-up nose
and big dark velvety eyes were visible. He had long
been waiting for the moment when Stalin would
approach his cot, and was fairly trembling with
impatience and anticipation of the happy moment.
"The Germans are wheezing, and now's' the time
to give it to them" he declared.
With a slight gesture of his right hand Stalin stopped
the doctor, who had opened his mouth to describe the
condition of 'the two men. It was clear,` without
his words that their condition was grave, that' they
were out of the running for a long time, if not forever:'
Stifling a sigh; Stalin cautiously, so as not to irritate
the men's greatest wounds, their mental wounds; of
which the doctor had forgotten, began to ask -them
where they were from, where they had worked before
the war, how their families were getting along, whether
they had children, whether they got letters from home;
had their names been submitted for decoration....
Matvei Yurgin lay on the fourth cot, beside the wall.
He lay `high on several pillows, covered to the' chin
with a blanket, and as Stalin approached he stared 'at
him with an expression of such amazement that it
seemed he would not' be able to keep from crying out.
It was as though he were seeing Stalin in the' ward for
the first time. Stalin realized that during the few.
minutes he had been talking with the other men
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Yurgin was unconscious and that he had just recovered
consciousness.
"It is ... really you ? " asked Yurgin, wheezing
heavily. " Really... you ? "
Yes, it is I," replied Stalin.
Glancing at Yurgin's leaden-hued face, with its
black growth of beard on the gaunt cheeks and feverishly
glittering eyes, Stalin realized that the patient was at
death's door. A momentary shadow crossed Stalin's
face as he sank heavily onto the stool beside the bed.
He adjusted the pillow beneath Yurgin's head and
asked, " Feel bad ? "
Yurgin replied with a look that said he could not
lie, that he was having a hard struggle against death,
and did not yet know who would emerge the victor.
" Take courage," Stalin said.
Yurgin lowered his eyelids, following the advice.
Then raised 'them immediately with a glance that
begged Stalin to lean closer. Stalin did :
" Soon ? " Yurgin asked in a whisper.
Stalin understood. He bent still lower over Yurgin
and replied, also in a whisper, " Very soon . . . ' 11
Wishing all the wounded men rapid recovery,
Stalin left the ward and walked into the doctor's office.
He stood by the window for a moment, gazing silently
at the forest shining silvery in the pale wintery sun.
Then, without turning, he asked the doctor behind him
in a low voice, " Will he live ?"
" We have no hope," the doctor replied
apologetically.
Stalin turned. " You must have hope," he said.
Then he remarked softly, his voice filled with emotion,
` An immortal people ! "
...Before evening Stalin reached the forward defence
line, a high, wooded rise beside the Volokolamsk
Highway.
It had been quiet here for more than two days now.
Light snowflakes, like dandelion fluff, were falling, and
although it was windless they floated in the air for a
long time before coming to rest on the ground.
Stalin and the small group of generals accompanying
him walked over to the western fringe of the woods
where, looking through the spaces between the snow-
covered alder bushes, one could see a large territory
with the naked eye.
That's the village of Lenino, isn't it ? " Stalin
asked. His outstretched hand in a woollen mitten
accidentally touched a alder branch and sent down a
shower of powdery snow. " Lenino...... he repeated
thoughtfully after he had received confirmation that
he was right. Turning suddenly to the generals he
asked, "By the way, what was the village called
before?"
Without stopping to think, two of the generals
nearby looked ' simultaneously at their maps, but the
village in front of them naturally had only one name
shown on the map, the name given it many years ago.
Although the faces of the generals were quite different,
they now both wore the absolutely same expression
of chagrin at this gap in their knowledge. Also
simultaneously, the generals glanced at Borodin, hoping
that he would help them out, but the division
commander, expecting their questioning look, tugged
the village either. Feeling that the others might he
forgiven but that he certainly could not since he and
his regiment had been holding down positions near
Lenino for several days now, Ozerov instantly turned
red, and in search of help looked at the soldiers standing
nearby.
" So no one knows ? " Stalin asked.
At that moment Guards Sergeant Andrei
Lopukhov, who was standing in the group of men,
pulled himself erect as though propelled inwardly,
lifting his submachine gun still higher on his chest.
Stalin instantly noticed Andrei's movement and
turned a calm, inquiring glance on him. In the
dark, shining eyes of the tall young man wearing a
camouflage cape, in the handsome weatherbeaten
Russian face glowing wih happiness he saw a bold
readiness to speak.
" Do you know " Stalin asked Lopukhov.
"Yes, Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief ! "
Andrei replied, taking a step forward.
" What was the name of this village before ? "
Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief, this
village used to be called Lupikha," Andrei replied
loudly and distinctly, at this moment glad only that
he had replied without stumbling.
Stalin also took a step toward Andrei.
" Are you from Lenino, Comrade Lopukhov ?
" No, Comrade Stalin."
" Then how do you happen to know the old name ? "
" I met a soldier from here, Comrade Stalin. We
got to talking, and I asked what the name used to be."
" And why did you ask ? "
"Just in case, Comrade Stalin ! "
Stalin gave a barely perceptible smile.
" It turns out it wasn't for nothing," he said slowly
and thoughtfully. " Yes, our men must always know
everything. Just in case. So that used to be Lupikha ?','r)
he went on, turning to the rest. " A suitable
name .... With a nod to the west he raised his voice
a trifle. "Here is where we must thrash the German
invaders, thrash them mercilessly for daring to raise
their filthy hands against the land of Lenin ! "
Stalin was about to pick up the binoculars hanging
on his chest when he again turned to the soldiers.
" There's no denying they've already taken a good
beating here," he said, glancing at Andrei, for whore
he had taken a big liking for his youth and fine military
bearing. " But it seems to me they have to be given a
bigger, still more merciless beating. I should like to
know what you think of this, Comrades Guardsmen ? "
Andrei snapped to attention.
" Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief," he said
clearly and boldly, " all the Guardsmen think that it's
time to kick the beast out ! All we're waiting for is the
order ! "
" That's the way to think, Comrades Guardsmen;
just the way ! " said Stalin seriously. " Yes, it's time
to drive those brutal invaders out of our country !
Like the first, the second German fascist offensive
against Moscow has failed. The plan to encircle and
take Moscow has burst like a soap bubble. That's
lightly at his moustaches and glanced in turn at Ozerov. 1 The name comes from the Russian verb lupit, which means
However, Ozerov did not know the former name of to thrash, to give a beating to.
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clrear both to us and to the German in,aders. It was
just for this reason that Hitler left the Eastern Front.
He decided to choose quieter places to take an airing.
Ran away because he was afraid. But he won't be able
to, escape responsibility. He'll have to answer for
everything !
' As he picked up his binoculars again Stalin suddenly
said, " There's going to be a storm."
All quickly looked around and were no little
surprised to see what had happened to the weather the
past few minutes while they were listening to Stalin.
The, sky had darkened, a haze had enveloped the
woods, the snow flakes were whirling faster than ever,
and a raw wind came from the fields. With an
involuntary shiver they all sensed that in a little while,
very soon, a mighty .and irresistible Russian snowstorm
would come sweeping across the lands about Moscow,
filling the sky with its whistle and roar....
The Story of an Experiment
(Continued from page 9)
that even the experienced agronomists were perplexed.
The ovaries grew to an enormous size."
Subsequently I received a few more communications
from the . Ukraine, the Gorky region and even from
abroad-from the People's Democracies. True, in
most cases they came from scientists. The specialists
are repeating my experiments with plant organisms
on a broad scale.
The assistance of my correspondents and the active
participation of youth in these experiments give me the
greatest pleasure. I have not the least doubt that the
results of the experiments that will be obtained this
year will make it possible broadly to recommend the
treatment of seeds of certain cultures with sodium
bicarbonate as a new and very effective agricultural
means of raising yields,
I am sure that there is many a "dark nook " and
unsolved riddle in the world of plant cells the solution
of which will help boost yields.
T T 1 .
Results of the 1
th Ol
i
5
ymp
c Gam
Interview with N. N. Romanov, Head of the Soviet
THE 15th Olympic games, which took place between
July 19th and August 3rd, said N. N. Romanov,
were the, biggest. events. of this kind ever held.
About 7,000 men and women athletes representing 70
countries took. part in the competitions. Foreign
Press comments were unanimous in noting the fact that
the participation of the athletes of the Soviet Union in
the Olympics heightened the interest towards these
games and lent them great international significance.
N. N. Romanov referred to the major successes scored
in the Olympics by the Soviet athletes who established
2 world, 3 European and 11 USSR records, winning
106` Olympic. medals, including 38 gold, 53 silver and
15 bronze medals. In the Olympic competitions
which lasted 16 days the Soviet athletes scored 494
points, i.e., the highest number of points. According
to concretized data, the athletes of the USA also scored
494 points. The number of points scored by the
athletes of the Hungarian People's Republic gained
Sports Delegation
them a worthy place in the Olympic table after the
athletes of the USSR and the USA. Successful results
were won by the athletes of Sweden, Italy and Finland.
In conclusion, N. N. Romanov referred to the abusive
and unfair practices of judges who deliberately
belittled the results scored by a number of athletes of
the Soviet Union and other countries. As an example,
N. N. Romanov mentioned the outrageous conduct
of the. referee in the case of the Soviet boxer Shotsikas.
At the same time the jury adjudged undeserved victories
to some of the American athletes, especially in the.
last days of the competitions. There is no doubt,
concluded N. N. Romanov, that with a fair jury in all
the sports, the athletes of the Soviet Union and of some
other countries would have been awarded a far greater
number of prizes. " In general," declared N. N.
Romanov, " the Olympic games helped in promoting
co-operation between athletes of different countries
and brought out their urge for peace and, friendship."
Sports as a Factor of Friendship
T HE Olympic games in Finland are not only a big were being held, a sacred truce " was proclaimed event in the world of sport. In Turku, the between the different cities, and any violation of it was
port through which many of the contestants and sternly punished.
uests arrived, a poster in many languages proclaimed : When the tradition was revived at the end of the
Welcome to the Olympic Games for Peace!" And last century at the suggestion of the French educator
dedicated as they are to friendship among the peoples, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, friendship between the
and especially among the youth of all countries, athletes of different countries and better relations
the games have a wider significance than only sports. among nations were the keynote of the first Olympic
Already in ancient Greece, from which the Olympic games of modern times, held in 1896 at Athens. The
tradition has come down to us, the games were Olympic badge with its five interlocked rings is. a
synonymous with peace ; every four years, while they
symbol of the'brotherhogd of the five continents,
23
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Ali(] on the p^esent occasions too, we know that
most of the contestants gathered in Helsinki have come
there not only to display their prowess but to help
cement the ties of friendship among the nations; for the
people everywhere are eager to strengthen the peace in
every way they can.
We in the Soviet Union have always stood for
friendly intercourse between sportsmen of' different
countries, 't'eams from abroad are frequent visitors
to our country and are always accorded a warm
welcome. Our own athletes, too, have visited other
countries to take part in various contests. Designed
as they are to build up mans' physical health, sports
by their very nature tend to imbue him with a spirit
of vigour and optimism. They furnish an excellent
meeting ground for people from all over the
world.
Soviet sportsmen accepted with pleasure the
International Olympic Committee's invitation to take
part in the Helsinki games, and their participation
(for the first time) helps to make the Olympic games
more truly international, to promote peace and
friendship among the sportsmen and youth of all the
world.
With the world in its present troubled state, the
keen interest in the Olympic games, with their tradition
Village Sportsmen
g
Ry A. Finogenov
't PORT is very popular among the village youth in
the USSR. At present there are some three
million people in the ranks of village sportsmen.
Voluntary rural sports societies have been organized in
nearly all of the Union republics. In RSFSR functions
the Kolkhoznik Society, in the Ukraine the
holgospnik, in Uzbekistan the Pakhtakor Society and
so on.
of peace and friendship, i, but. natural ; it ref ects the
anxiety of the peoples to ;ee the international tension
relaxed, In a letter to the International Olympic
Committee, students of the University of' Illinois send
greetings to the sportsmen of all nations who are taking
part in the Helsinki gain.es, and declare that their
peaceful sports contests are an example to the world.
And we need not doubt that sentiments like these are
shared by millions every is here.
The more regrettable therefore the fact that the
arrangements made for rlhe games should h~.ve been
marred by some untorr,,tnate shortcoming:. 'The
sportsmen of the Germarn Democratic Repu )lic and
the People's Democratic Republic of Korea were not
invited to Helsinki, and it was only at the last noment,
on the insistence of sportsmen and sports lovers all
over the world, that an invitation was ext.-nded to
the sportsmen of the Chino se People's Republic.
People everywhere hope that, these shortcomings
notwithstanding, this summer's Olympic gapes will
prove a contribution to (lie cause of peace. And one
wants to believe that the friendship knit among the
sportsmen and youth of different countries during these
games will not die, and that the contestants will take
back with them to all Buds of' the earth a message of
peace and friendship amori[g the nations.
:`'crow " ,News " No. 5, 1952.
Robert
,Skuya
(Lama)
flaying
with
Korb au
Khauoa
(Turk-
menlo) .
The kolkhoz physical culture organizations form
the basis of the village sports societies. Membership
to these organizations is open to everyone from 14 years
of' age and over.
All athletic activity in the kolkhoz is headed by a
council elected at a general meeting of the sportsmen.
Any member of' the sports society may be elected to
this council. It is the council's duty to arrange the
schedule for athletic meets, create sections in various
fields of sport, prepare athletes for competitions, etc.
All physical culture facilities and equipment are
placed at the disposal of the members free of charge.
Village sportsmen participate in contests and athletic
meets.
Sections are organized for village athletes desiring to
participate in one or another field of sport. In these
,ections are formed groups of teams in the most varied
sports-track and field events, boxing, swimming,
football, basketball, volleyball, wrestling, fencing, etc.
Crigori Zhurav/eo, USSR
Chess Chanrpir a among
collective (,men.
The members are taught rncl'trained by physic-.l culture
teachers or well trained athletes who are appointed
by the council.
The Soviet State displays great solicitude for the
physical training of the collective farmers. The Soviets
of Working People's Deputies allocate big sun is for the
construction of stadiums, and sports grounc s in the
kolkhoz villages. Questions dealing m ith the
development of' physical culture and s )ort are
discussed regularly at sessions of regional and district
Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
A statuette of a football player decorates the office
desk of the Chairman of' the Polyarnaya Zve~ da (Polar
Star) kolkhoz, Uzbek SSR.. This is an honorary prize,
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won by the kolkhoz team-the republic's champion in
football.
What was it that ensured such a splendid victory to the
sportsmen of the Polyarnaya Zvezda Kolkhoz ? Here,
in this collective farm, as in all others, sport became an
essential element in the life of the youth. The collective
Farmers built for themselves a stadium. Tens of young
collective farmers engage systematically in track and
field events, volleyball, boxing, horsemanship.
Competitions among village athletes in various
sports are held annually in the USSR on a country-
wide scale.
In track and field meets last year 232 men and 129
women, representing the top kolkhoz athletes, took a
hand. They came from the Russian Federation, the
Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia,
Moldavia, Estonia and other republics.
The village sportsmen showed good results. For
instance, I. Chernov, member of the Kolkhoznik
Sports Society, covered 100 metres in 10.9 sec. ; A.
Ignatyev raced 400 in. in 50.6 sec. ; R. Bikchurin
covered the 800-m. :race in 1 min., 58.1 sec. The
sportswoman N. Derganova, captured first place in
the .100-m. sprint-12.9 sec., and cleared 5.03-m.
in the broad jump.
Four Georgian collective farmers engaging in the
At. a collective farm in Daghestan. A competition of aeroplane
modellers, members of the "Kolkhoznik" Sports Society
AQotorcyclisls, members of the Stalin Collective Farm, Lninabad
District, 7 aide SSR
mountain climbing sport merited the high title of
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR. Ten
collective farm football teams of the Uzbek rural sport
society Pakhtakor participated last year in the republic's
football championship games.
A weight-lifting competition was held in Kiev
among athletes of the Kolgospnik Society in June of this
year. The lightweight A. Khvesik, a collective i armer
from Lyubeshov village, Volynsk Region, lifted 100
kilograms in the two-hand clean and press, 102.5
kilograms in the snatch and 127.5 kilograms in the
clean and jerk.
Recently a USSR chess tournament was held in
Moscow among collective farmers. Eighteen of the
best village players, representing kolkhoz sports
organizations of 15 Union republics, made a bid for
top honours. The contestants employed new interesting
ideas in the openings and displayed fine technic ue in
realization of positional advantage.
Grigory Zhuravlev of the Kolkhoznik Sports Society
won first place in the USSR chess tournament among
collective farm players. Zhuravlev came well prepared
and performed in great style scoring 14.5 out of a
possible 17 points.
The extensive development of physical culture and
sport in the villages of the Soviet Union serves as a
striking proof of the cultural growth in the country:,ide.
Football team of the Tivniryazev Collective Farm, Gorky Region_
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Statement made by M. V. NESTEROV, President of Chamber of
Commerce of the USSR, to the. Press Conference held by him
on 10th. January, 1952 in- the Soviet Pavilion at the
International Industries Fair, Bombay .
A i the outset I must thank all of you for your kind
attendance at this Press conference.
I would like you to get acquainted in brief with those
changes which have occurred in the economic life of the
Soviet State since 1917. I would also like to dwell upon
the development of the trade relations between the
USSR and other countries, particularly between the
USSR and India.
Thirty-four years have already passed since the work-
ers and peasants of Russia took power in their own hands.
Thirty-four years have passed since the exploitation of
man by man was entirely eliminated on one-sixth of the
globe. It is already over thirty years that the Soviet
peoples have been living as one enormous family, a family
of toilers. During this time, great changes took place
in the Soviet Union. The Soviet people have achieved
such successes that humanity is able to achieve only
in the new advanced system of social and state
order.
I wish to tell you about these achievements not only
because they define the face of my country but also be-
cause they determine relations of the Soviet Union with
other countries. In particular, they -determine our
foreign trade policy.
Well, the principal change which has taken -place in
the economy of my country in the course of the past 34
years, i.e., from the date of the Great October Socialist
Revolution, is that from a backward agrarian country,
Soviet Russia has turned into an advanced, industrially
developed mighty power.
Now, the Soviet Union not only possesses an advanc-
ed industry but also renders technical and economic
aid to other countries.
Tsarist Russia possessed immense natural wealth,
but it remained untapped. Russia, I am repeating this,
was a poor and technically backward country. Her
industrial production was confined to only a few ma-
chines. Nearly all machinery she imported from abroad.
In those years, Russia was predominantly a country=of
light industry. As - regards heavy industries, which
give a country economic independence, it was poorly
developed; There was no production of tractors, au-
iomobiles, many types of machine tools, aircraft, agri-
cliltural machinery, road-building machinery, electrical
egj,ipment, chemicals and many many other vital
prod:?cts. But even these enterprises which Russia
had then did not belong to her fully. Many of them
were the property of foreign capital. The Russia of those
times -depended very much on the capitalist
of the West. Such was the Russia then l
It goes without saying that her transformation into
an advanced industrial country took much effort and
many resources.
By 1927- the Soviet people completely restored in-
dustrial and agricultural production to the pre-war
level and started moving forward in big strides. The
most important role in the economic development of
my country was played, and continues to be played,
by the Stalin Five-Year Plans,, on the basis of which
the planned growth of Soviet economy is effected.
The First Five-Year Plan. which came into effect in
1928 was completed ahead of time, in four years and
three months. The Second Five-Year Plan (1933-37)
was completed within the sam time. In 1938, the Soviet
people started working on the Third Five-Year Plan,
but it was not completed owing to the attack of fascist
Germany on the USSR. Nevertheless, in the thriteen
years preceding the Second World War, the USSR,
made the greatest leap from backwardness to progress
and without any outside help, became a country with a
powerful, first-class industry. " It has never happened
yet in the world," the leader of the :peoples of the USSR,
J. V. Stalin,'pointed out, "that a huge backward agra-
rian land should be turned into an industrial country
without plundering colonies, without robbing foreign
countries or without big loans and long-term credits
from outside..: We have been able to organise the in-
dustrialisation of our own forces." (J. Stalin).
The basic task of the Five-Year Plan was to create
heavy industry and especially, machine-building industry.
This task was - successfully carried out. The Soviet
Union has built up its own iron and steel -industry, the
tractor, automobile, machine-tool, chemical, aircraft
and agricultural machine industries. This enabled the
Soviet people to equip with the new technique all the
branches of the industry and to effect the reconstruction
of the economy of the USSR. Apart from the recons-
truction of the old industrial enterprises, many new in-
dustrial centres have been set up in different parts of the
country.
Here are some figures showing the achievements of
the Soviet Union during the period from 1917 to 1948.
In 1913 the national income of tsarist Russia amount-
ed to 21,000 million rubles ; the national income of the
U. S. S. R. increased.to 128,000 million rubles in 1940.
In 1940 large-scale industry of the Soviet Union supplied
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approximately 12 times more industrial output than the
industry of tsarist Russia did in 1913. Production in the
machine-building, and metal-working industries increas-
ed 41 times over. In the same year, Soviet industry
produced 15 million tons of pig-iron., or four times the
1913 output ; 18,300,000 tons of steel-4.5 times the
1913 amount ; 166 million tons of coal (5.5 times.more)
31 million tons of oil (3.5 times more); 38,300,000 tons
of marketable grain (17 million tons more than in 1913),
27,000,000 tons of cotton or 3.5 times more than in
I913,etc.
Immense successes were achieved by Soviet agri-
culture which is now the most advanced agriculture in
the world. Before 1913, the agriculture of Russia was
extremely backward. Land was tilled in a most pri-
mitive way. After the Revolution, land passed over
to the peasants who united in collective farms and start-
ed using modern agricultural machinery, taking full
advantage of the progress of agricultural science.
In 1940, 523,000 tractors, 182,000 harvester com-
bines, 228,000 trucks, hundreds of thousands of various
agricultural machines were used in the fields of
the Soviet Union. This considerably increased the
production of agricultural products and improved the
standard of living of the peasants. The Secor.d World
War, however, tore the Soviet peoples from tl eir crea-
tive labour--the Soviet Union having to bear the main
brunt of the war.
I shall cite only a few general figures to show you
what were the losses suffered as a result of the fascist
invasion. Indeed, these losses are hard to estimate.
The direct damage alone inflicted by the Hitlerites on
the USSR amounted to 679,000 million rubles (or 170,000
million dollars or 807,000 million rupees). The fascist
invaders destroyed. fully or in part, 1,710 Soviet cities
and more than 70,000 villages. They destroyed thous-
ands of industrial enterprises, ruined and sacked 98,000
collective farms and so or.
Any other state on sustaining such damage would
have been thrown back for decades. This, however,
did rot happen and could not happen in the case of the
Soviet State which relies on planned economy and enjoys
g
ee
one
y tractor-drawn
the boundless support of the entire people. seed drills and more than 60 per cent of the grain area
After the war the Soviet people guided by the wise has been harvested with combines. The very good
Stalin have rapidly rehabilitated the economy of the technical equipment and the utilization of the highly
country, showing to the world once more that the peoples developed agrarian science resulted in the big growth of
liberated from the yoke of exploitation, masters of their production of agricultural products.
own state, are capable of performing miracles. During the last few years the total grain crop an-
The post-war Five-Year Plan (1946-50), the main nually exceeded 7,000 million poods (112 million tons).
task of which was to rehabilitate the war-devastated The Soviet Union now produces more cotton than India,
economy to the pre-war level and to surpass this level. Pakista-r and Egypt, taken together. The increase in
has successfully been carried out. production of manufactured goods. and agricultural
The output of all the irdustries not only reached the products secures the systematic rise ohe material and
pre-war level but surpassed it by far. As a result of this cultural standards of the Soviet people. The advance in
plan steel production in the USSR increased by 2.2 times the living standard of the people is the law of Socialism.
as compared with the pre-war level. In 1951 alone the In 1950 the national income increased by 64 per cent
increase in steel production was about four million tons or compared with 1940; the working people received 74
approximately as much as all tsarist Russia produced. per cent of the national income for meeting their per-
Now the Soviet Union produces approximately as much sonal material and cultural requirements, while the
steel as Britain, F'rarrcc, Belgium and Sweden com- other 26 per cent remained at the disposal of the State
hived. Coal output increased to 8 times as much as collective farms and cooperative organisations for ex-
in 1913. According to the plan. for 1950, the output of panding production and for other needs of the state and
coal was more than 250 million tons. The annual in- society as a whole.
crease in coal production amounts to 24 million tons on in 1950, the total incomes of workers, office emph,yees
the average. Oil production is increasirg by 4.5 mil- and collective farms increased by 62 per cent cOMpared
lion tons annually. with 1940. The USSR was the first country in Europe
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A specially rapid increase has taken place in power
generation. In the post-war Five-Year Plan pefiod the
production of electric power increased twice over and
surpassed the pre-war level by 87 per cent. In 1951 the
Soviet Union produced more than 104,000 million kilo-
watt hours of electric power-55 times more than pre-
Revolutionary Russia and more than is being generated
by the electric stations of Britain and France combined.
At present there are being built in the Soviet Union
gigantic hydro-electric stations-the biggest in the world.
They will generate more than 22,000 million KWH
annually, which is equal to the total produced by all the
power stations of Denmark, Finland, Holland, Belgium
and Spain taken together. This additional electric
power will enable us to cut production costs and to sup-
ply far greater amounts of products at lower costs.
In 1950' the USSR produced 2.3 times as many
machines as in 1940 and more than 100 times the
production of tsarist Russia.
During 6 post-war years Soviet engineering work
have mastered the manufacture of more than 1,700
new models of machines. There is no machine in the
world that Soviet industry cannot manufacture. More-
over, we now produce such machines as are produced
nowhere else in the world. For instance, Soviet industry
is manufacturing a steam turbine of 150,000 kw.
capacity.
The increase in production in the machine-building
industry after the war has led to a further improvement
in the technical equipment of our agriculture which has
substantially grown in the last few years. Thus, the
increase in production of tractors in 1950 by 3.8 times
and in the production of combines by 3.6 times against
1940, as well as the increase in production of other
agricultural machinery, made it possible for Soviet
agriculture to receive 536,000 tractors (in terms of 15
H. P. units), 93,000 grain harvesting; combines (includ-
ing 39,000 self-propelled machines) about 850,000
tractor drawn implements and big quantities of other
agricultural machinery. In 1951 almost the entire
ploughing in collective farms was mechanised, three-
quarters of the sowin
has b
n d
b
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to abolish rationing of all foodstuffs and manufactured The Soviet Union is now busy with creative peaceful
goods in December 1947. Since then state retail prices labour. It has not launched an armament drive and is
of all goods have been reduced tour times. This resulted therefore, quite capable of supplying other countries,
in an increase in the real wages of the toiling masses and and particularly India, with various manufactured goods
in the purchasing power of the ruble. and foodstuff..
Huge funds are spent in the USSR for cultural and We can=provide your country with machine-tools,
social services to the people. For instance Soviet people generators, electric equipment, transport equipment,
receive free of charge or at reduced rates, accommo- mining equipment, textile machinery, agricultural ma-
dations in sanatoriums, rest homes, and children's chinery, as well as cement, timber, fertilizers, food-
institutions. Vast amounts are being spent for allow- grains, consumer goods, etc. On the other hand, we
ances to mothers of large families and lone mothers, for are interested in a number of your goods, such as jute,
free medical service, for pensions to disabled and old tobacco, shellac, textiles, copra, spices and other things.
persons, for stipends to students, and so on. All factory A more detailed list of commodities that we can
and office workers receive an annual paid vacation at supply to your country can be obtained from the Soviet
the expense of the State of not less than two weeks. In Trade Agency in Calcutta (4, Camac Street, Tel.
1.950 alone the State spent mote than 120,000 million No. 3281).
rubles (about 138,000 million rupees) for social and In conclusion, I would like to say that we stand for
cultural services to, the population, or three times more the establishment of close business relations with all
than in 1940. countries. These relations should be based on the grin-
Such are in brief the changes which have taken place ciples of equality of nations and considerations of mutual
in the Soviet Union. Such is the state of affairs in my profit. We feel that the development and strengthening
country. Naturally the extent of economic develop- of business relations with all countries, regardless of the
ment of the Soviet Union determines its business rela- differences of their social and economic stystems, is one
tions with other countries, the character and composition of the most important conditions for the maintenance
of its foreign trade, and strengthening of peace and security. To this end
Now ttre USSR exports not only raw materials and we are taking an active part in the convening of an
foodstuffs as in the case of old Russia. We now export International Economic Conference, the idea of which
various manufactured goods including different ma- was initiated by public-minded individuals of various
chines and equipment. At the same time we need a countries.
number of manufactures and raw materials. This It is expected that 400 to 450 persons-economists,
provides favourable conditions for development of trade manufacturers, merchants, farmers, ergineers, trade
between the Soviet Union and other countries of the union leaders, etc., will attend the conference. Its
world. purpose will be to promote international economic co-
I have been in Bombay for more than a,month and operation, to find ways and means of raising the general
during this time I have met many businessmen. Almost living standards through peaceful co-operation between
all of them put me the same question-whether the different economic and social systems. The conference
Soviet Union is able to supply India with capital goods will presumably endeavour to recommend practical
and foodgrains and in what Indian goods the USSR is measures along these lines and will provide a personal
interested. Asking me this question, many of the busi- opportunity for the delegates to establish business
nessmen complained of the difficulties in obtaining capi- contacts and to exchange views on economic
tal goods from the United States and Britain which are problems.
intensifying an armament drive and are drastically cur- Such a conference can undoubtedly prove an im-
tailing civilian production.. portant step in promoting economic ties between differ-
It seems to me that the question of the possibility of ent countries. It may certainly be said in advance that
supplying India with Soviet manufactured goods and Soviet Economic Organisations will lend their utmost
foodstuffs and of importing Indian goods into the USSR assistance to further this object. The potentialities for
is also of interest to you. In other words, this question closer economic co-operation between the Soviet Union
means whether it is possible to expand trade between and the capitalist countries, between the lands of demo-
our two countries, whether it is possible to establish cracy and socialism generally and the capitalist world,
closer business cooperation between them. are very great indeed. Obstacles are being artificially
To this question I can answer that, as far as the Soviet put in the way of such co-operation. They must be re-
Union is concerned, the expansion of trade between our moved if the severe economic position in which many of
two countries and the establishment of closer business the capitalist countries find themselves is to be improved
contacts is quite possible. and peace among the nations made secure.
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415RO13000010003-2
Speech Delivered by M. V. NESTEROV, President
of Chamber of Commerce of the USSR, in the
Indian Merchants' Chamber at Bombay
on January 8, 1952
Statement made by M. V. NESTEROV, President of
Chamber of Commerce of the USSR, to the Press
Conference held by him on 10th' January, 1952
in the Soviet Pavilion at the International
Industries Fair, Bombay
SUPPLEMENT TO SOVIET LAND
NO. 2, JANUARY 25, 1952
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415RO13000010003-2
Speech Delivered by M. V. NESTEROV, President of Chamber
of Commerce of the USSR, in the Indian Merchants"
Chamber at Bombay on January 8, 1952
WOULD like to acquaint this esteemed audience in
I brief with the great changes in the economic life
of the Soviet State since 1917, when the Great
October Socialist Revolution took place in Russia,
i.e., during the 34 years of the existence of the USSR.
Three decades are but a brief moment in history, but
these past three decades have no equal in the annals of
mankind for the social and political developments they
have brought. During this period the peoples of the
USSR have transformed their country from a backward
agrarian land into a powerful industrial country which
not only steadily develops without any outside help,
but is.able to render tangible technical and economic
assistance to other countries as well.
Tsarist Russia possessed immense natural wealth,
but it remained untapped. Russia was a poor, tech-
nically backward country. It produced few machines
and most of them were then imported from abroad.
In those years it was mainly light industry that was
developed. As for the heavy industry which gives a
country economic independence, it was poorly deve-
loped. Many factories, mills and mines of old Russia
were owned by foreign capitalists. The country's
economy was greatly dependent on the capitalist states
of the West.
The first years of the young Soviet State were spent
in armed struggle against enemies of the new Socialist
system ; next, a number of'years was required to rehabi-
litate the economy destroyed by the war and foreign
intervention, to regain the pre-war level in industry and
agriculture. This was accomplished by 1927.
Since 1928 economic development in the Soviet
Union has been proceeding on the basis of the famed
Stalin Five-Year Plans. The First Five-Year Plan
(1928-1932) was completed ahead of time. The
same accomplishment was registered in the case of the
Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937). In 1938 the
Soviet people started work on the Third Five-Year
Plan but it was not completed, owing to the attack
of fascist Germany on the USSR. Nevertheless, in the
13 years preceding the Second World War, the USSR
made the greatest leap from backwardness to progress,
and without any outside aid became a country with a
powerful first-class industry. " It has never happened
yet in the world," the leader of the peoples of the USSR
J. V. Stalin pointed out, " that a huge backward agra-
rian land should be turned into an industrial country
without plundering colonies, without robbing foreign
countries or without big loans and long-term credits
3
from the outside... We have been able to organize the
industrialization of our country with our own forces."
(J. Stalin.)
The main link of the First Five-Year Plan was the
establishment of heavy industry with its core, machine-
building. Only heavy industry is capable of recons-
tructing and putting transport, agriculture and industry
as a whole on their feet.
The Soviet country coped splendidly with these im-
mense tasks and attained results that are of the greatest
international significance. The USSR built up its own
iron and steel industry, the foundation of industrialisa-
tion, the tractor, automobile, machine-tool, chemical
air-craft and agricultural machinery industries. This
has enabled the Soviet_ people to equip with new techni-
que all branches of production and to effect the Social-
ist reconstruction of the entire economy of the USSR.
During the subsequent Five-Year Plans the Soviet
Union attained more, still greater achievements in all
spheres of economic life. In the pre-war year 1940 the
output of large-scale industry in the USSR was 12 times
above 1913 ! Already by the end of the Second Five-
Year Plan the USSR advanced to first place in Europe
for gross industrial output and to first place in the
world, for the level of technique of production.
Socialist industry has developed not only in old
centres, but also in areas where there was no industry
at all in the past. During the Stalin-Five-Year Plans
industrial enterprises have been distributed throughout
the country more evenly, they have been brought closer
to the raw material sources and to the consuming areas.
Especially large has been the growth of industry in the
republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, in the
Eastern districts of the USSR. New powerful indus-
trial centres have arisen deep in the interior of the
country.
While before the Revolution Russia had only one
coal and metal centre in the South, on the initiative of
J. V. Stalin another coal and metal centre was set up in
the East (the combination of Urals iron ore and
Kuznetsk coal) during the pre-war Five-Year Plans.
In that period the most up-to-date mammoth iron and
steel mills were built. Among them are the Stalin Iron
and Steel Mills in Magnitogorsk, the Stalin Mills in
Kuznetsk, the Krivoi Rog, Novaya Tula and other mills.
The Magnitogorsk mills alone produce several times
more metal than all the works of the pre-revolutionary
Urals.
Without Soviet-made machinery the USSR could
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not have its own large-scale industry and mechanized
agriculture, could not provide the means of production
to all branches of the national economy. Huge machine-
building works outfitted with the latest equipment have
been set up in the USSR during the Stalin Five-Year
Plans. The Soviet machine-building industry is able
to manufacture the most intricate equipment, machine-
tools and instruments, all types of the means of produc-
tion. It serves as a solid foundation for the technical
and economic independence of the USSR. By the
beginning of the Second World War the Soviet machine-
building industry grew more than 50 times over comp-
ared with 1913 and held first place in Europe for its
volume of output.
The Soviet Union is the country with the most ad-
vanced agriculture in the world. Prior to the Great
October Revolution agriculture in Russia was extremely
backward. The bulk of the land was owned by land-
lords, monasteries and kulaks. The peasants, in their
majority had tiny strips of lands and operated their
puny farms single-handed.
In Soviet times agriculture has been fundamentally
transformed in the USSR. The October Revolution
did away with the ownership of the land by landlords.
The land was declared to be the property of the entire
people and was turned over to the peasants for free
perpetual use. Having become convinced of the ad-
vantages of collective farming over individual farming,
the Soviet peasants, with the support ofthe state began
Co unite voluntarily into producers' co-operatives, into
collective farms. Collectivization of agriculture has
been effected in the USSR under the guidance of the
Communist Party and the Soviet Government. Agri-
culture in the USSR has been turned into Socialist, col-
lective agriculture, the biggest and the most mechanized
in the world, capable of applying all the achievements
of agronomy, of advanced Michurin agrobiological
science.
During the Second World War the powerful Social-
ist industry of the USSR, as distinct from the industry
of old Russia, proved capable of fully ensuring the needs
of the front and rear and it enabled the Soviet Army to
score a brilliant victory over fascist Germany and
imperialist Japan and to liberate the peoples from
fascist enslavement.
When the war ended the Soviet people were faced
with immense tasks : they had. to repair in a short space
of time the vast destruction caused by the Hitlerite in-
cursion, to rehabilitate the national economy, and to
surpass the pre-war level of economic development.
'1'h.e Stalin post-war Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) was
subordinated to these tasks.
The peoples of the Soviet Union bore the main brunt
of the Second World War and discharged with credit
their historic mission--they saved world civilization from
the fascist menace. To accomplish this the Soviet
people had to bear tremendous sacrifices in human
lives and material resources. The damage caused to
the USSR by the-enemy is even hard to estimate. For
example, the fascist invaders destroyed.,in full or in part,
I,',, 10 Soviet cities and more than 70,000 villages, they
destroyed thousands of industrial enterprises, ruined
and sacked ' 98,000 collective farms, and so on.
The direct damage alone inflicted by the Hitlerites
on the USSR amounted to 679,000 million rubles
(or 170,000 million dollars at the present rate of
exchange).
Any other state, on sustaining such damage, would
have been thrown back for decades. This, however,
did not.happen and could not happen in the case of the
Soviet State which relies on planned Socialist economy
and enjoys the boundless support of the entire people.
Soviet men and women have once again demonstrated
to the entire world that a'people liberated from oppres-
sion and exploitation who have become masters of their
state are capable of performing miracles. The post-
war Five-Year Plan was successfully fulfilled and its
most important targets were even greatly exceeded !
The Five-Year Plan envisaged that the output of Soviet
industry in 1950, the last year of the Five-Year Plan,
is to be 48 per cent above the pre-war year 1940. Ac-
tually in 1950 industrial output increased 73 per cent
compared with 1940. Soviet industry completed the
Five-Year Plan ahead of time, in four years and three
months !
Last year has brought fresh achievements. The
output of Soviet industry increased twice above the pre-
war level.
A vast programme of capital construction has been
effected in the USSR after the war and it greatly exceeds
the pre-war scope. During the First Five-Year Plan more
than 350 enterprises were commissioned annually, in
the Second Five-Year Plan 900, while in the post-war
Five-Year Plan more than 1,200 enterprises were put
into operation every year. Altogether during 1946-
1950 over 6,000 industrial enterprises were built, res-
tored and commissioned, this figure being exclusive of
small state, co-operative and collective farm establish-
ments. The basic production plant of Soviet industry
in 1950 was 58 per cent above 1940.
All branches of Soviet industry, in the first place the
entire heavy industry, the backbone of the country's whole
economy have mace big progress in the post-war years.
During the post-war Five-Year Plan period the pro-
duction of steel in the USSR increased 2.2 times. In
1951, for example, the increase in the output of steel
alone amounted to about four million tons, or approxi-
mately as much as all tsarist Russia produced. The !
Soviet Union now produces approximately as much
steel as Britain, France, Belgium and Sweden combined.
The USSR holds second place in the world for coal
production. The annual increase in coal production
amounts to 24 million tons on the average. The main
processes of coal production are fully mechanized in the
USSR. For the level of mechanization the Soviet
coal industry has no equal in the world.
In 1950 the oil industry of the USSR exceeded the
pre-war level by 22 per cent. The annual increase in
oil production amounts to 4.5 million tons.
The USSR is a country where electrification is pro-
ceeding on a big scale. In the post-war Five-Year
Plan period the production of electric power increased
twice over and surpassed the pre-war level by 87 per
cent. In 1.951 the Soviet Union will produce 104,000
million kilowatt hours of electric power---55 times more
than pre-revolutionary. Russia and more than is being
generated by the electric stations of Britain and France
combined.
Great are the achievements of the Soviet machine-
building, industry. In 1950 the USSR produced 2.3
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 ILLEGIB
Approved For Release 2002/01
s as many machines as in 1940 and more than 10
in
t
00415RO13000010003-2
Ian period the production of cotton goods increaEG16
.4 times, woollen fabrics almost three times, foot
e
r
times above tsarist Russia. In 1951 the output of ma
chines is again expanding by more than one-fifth com
ared with the preceding year. In the six post-wa
p
years Soviet engineering works have mastered the manu
-3 -1-
e f^
h
f
mac
ne
o
all branches of the economy. There is no machine r
For example, in 1951 the Soviet ^industry is ^manu
turbine of such capacity is being produced for the first time i
ich
h
e world, ?..
t
/ ---- - - -
and engineering. The successes of the machine-buildin
industry have made possible the wide mechanization an
able expansion in the technical equipment or the n
T
l
l
.
eve
tional economy compared with the pre-war
ose of technical progress in the USSR is
ur
f
hi
p
p
e
c
lighten human labour, to promote the mechanizatio
a^
it
ti
d
y
v
uc
ise labour pro
of laborious processes, to ra to bring up to the highest level the production
aterial values for the people.
m
The supply of the latest machinery to agricultu
increases from year to year and as a result the technic
facilities of agriculture have grown substantially.
1950 the production of tractors in the USSR increas
38 times over compared with 1940, combines 3.6 tim
. and so on. During the post-war Five-Year Plan peri
000 grain harvesting combines, lincli
93
HP units)
,
,
ing 39,000 self-propelled machines), about ein,g muru#actured
for the first time fly the world in the
IJSSR. h> 195I alone the country's
machine-building industry is putting
out more than 400 new models of ma-
chinery and equipment.
Soviet industry is developing on the
basis of the application of the latest
colle?tice Farm, in if, L' bek Soviet,
R=haahlic.
achievements of science and engineer-
(electrification, the ise of automatic
machinery, remote co itrol, cbenticcil
pr,,ceoses, eta.
The conntrv's indus!rialization, es-
Pe' i:ally the development of heave
iudlnstry, have provided the requisites
for the technical recons ruction of agri-
cul>rn?c along large-se tle, collectivc,
160111y rnecl>anized Soc a list lines. At
p11=c'nt state-owned machine dull
tra< for stations, oil'whici there are nun,:'
than [',4!)0 in the USSR, perform Nvitli
tractors, combine-., and c ther machine','
runte than two-thirds of all field work
in the collective farms.
Power development has been pry
muted to the utmost since the first.
(t ,'oninued on 1'age 23)
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Prive-s ,te Monte Building i the USSR
By A. Silayev,
17irector, Municipal and Housing Construction Bank of the USSR
IIOUS1 S for the working people
are built in th USSR on a vast
scale. Thus, during the five years
of 1946---1950 alone, upwards of 100
million square metres of housing were
restored or built anew in towns and
industrial settlements, and 2,700.000
houses in the rural communities of the
Soviet Union.
While the overwhelming mass of the
houses in. towns and industrial settle-
ments is built by the State, there is also
widespread private housebuilding.
For the construction of their
private homes they are given
free and for permanent use plots
of land ranging from 300 to 500 square
metres in cities and from 700 to 1.,200
square metres in industrial settlements.
The private homebulders get
technical consultation entirely free.
And, lastly, their places of work, in
accordance with a special government
decree, lend them assistance in trans-
porting building materials to the cons-
truction site as well as any other aid
that may be needed.
As we see, the state, rendering wide
assistance to the private hornebuilders,
pursues no commercial ends whatever,
but is guided solely by the endeavour to
further improve the living ctauicfards
of the working people.
'.fhe postwar Live--year plait for
1946--50 envisaged the construction of'
private homes aggregating .12,000,000
square metres of living floor space.
And this target, high as it is, has been
exceeded by 200,000 square metres.
Besides this, 100,000 new private
houses, the construction of which began
in 1950, has been completed this year.
To this figure should be added an-
other 32,00 one-family houses built
by industrial establishments ,And sold to
their employees on easy instalments.
Loans to private homebuilders it,
towns and in industrial settlements are
granted by the Municipal and Housing
Construction Bank of the USSR. These
loans are issued in the sum of up to
10,000 rubles repayable by factory and
office workers in the course of seven
years and by invalids of the Great
Patriotic War and families of ser\'ice-
men killed in the war, in the course of
ten years. The interest rate ranges
from one to two per cent per annum.
Many factory and office workers, how-
ever, build their homes on their own
savings without resorting to the finan-
cial aid of the State or taking only
small State loans. This fact testifies
to the growing prosperity of the Soviet
people.
The Soviet State spends large funds
Private houses belonging to lumb,rmen
of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
on municipal improvement, in these
settlements. It builds there schools,
clubs, polyclinics, kindergartens, child-
ren's nurseries, motion pictur. theatres,
stores, sparing no means to make the
life of ordinary man ever letter and
more comfortable.
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415R013000010003-2
Glorious Daughter of the Soviet People
(Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Death of
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya)
By Yelena Kononenko, Soviet Writer
Soviet woman and mother,
want to speak today in the name
of millions of Soviet mothers
who have not forgotten the horrors of
the war unleashed by fascism. Many of
us became widows, iiiany lost their
sons and brothers. In the last war I,
too, lost what was most precious to me
--my sort and daughter who, for their
deeds of valour, were posthumously
awarded the title of FTero of the Soviet
Uniot'.... "
These stirring words came from the
lips of a1 Russian woman, from Lyubov
Kosmodemyanskaya, at the World Peace
Congress. When she finished her speech
a storm of applause swept through the
huge auditorium decorated with the
flags of all nations,. The Congress
delegates were expressing their burning
sympathy for the mother of two heroes
who fell in the battle for the freedom
and independence of their Soviet Home-
There is no place on earth today
where people do not know of the
immortal deed of the Soviet girl Zoya
Kosrnodeinyanskaya, who gave her
life for the sake of peace and the hap-
piness of all mankind.
That was ten years ago. Following
the dictates of her heart, this Moscow
schoolgirl joined a detachment of the
peoples avengers--partisans-where
she carried out a number of difficult
rssignrneuts in the enemy rear. But in
the village of Petrishchevo, near
Moscow, Zoya was captured by the
Tlitlerite hangmen. She refused to arts-
wcr their questions. Whips whistled
through the air, biting into her flesh,
hut still she kept silent. She was led
barefoot through the snow. Still she
kept silent. Only in the last few
seconds before her death did Zoya
speak. She. loosened the noose
about her neck, raised herself on her
toes, and shouted :
"Farewell, Comrades! Fight on, don't
be afraid. Stalin is with us ! Stalin will
come !
These words were heard. - by the
peasant.; of Petrishchevo, whom the
fascists had driven to witness the ex-
c cutiorrr. The entire Soviet people
(41, t hcx, At toe- front and
peartison /o i Ii'arnode~~nnrsk,~,a, hero of the Soviet
1 %,rtorr. (She on,' killed hY the German
invades irs 1((4);,
deep in th . rear Soviet men and
women, choked with sorrow and wrath,
learned of the fearless manner in which
this simple Soviet girl had gone to
her death.
Zoya possessed all the traits of
character which the Communist Party,
the Young Communist League and the
great Stalin tirelessly train in the
Soviet youth---w!role-hearted, bound-
less love of ac's country and,~ eople,
readiness to give all one's s trength,
intelligence, heart, and life itself, for
the good of' the people, willingness to
shield one's Soviet land from the enemy
with one's body.
The memory of Zoya Kosmodeni-
yanskaya lives on in the minds of the
Soviet people. The Soviet people, the
youth, remember Zoya alive, courage-
ous, unyielding. The name Zoya
Kosmodemyanskaya has also become a
symbol for courage, daring and valour,
to the advanced youth of the world.
In the Soviet Union leading mines,
locomotives; strips schools, Young
Communist youth brigades, clubhouses
and parks have been named after
Zoya Kpsn~odcmyanskaya.
Daily the postman brings Zoya's
mother a heap of letters from poeple
all over the Soviet Union and from
abroad.
Here el a letter from a grot p of young
people vho work at a mac line plant
in the I trals, They write :
We revere and honou:? the me-
mory of Zoya, who gave ter young
life for tike freedom and happiness of the
Homeland. Zoya's feat of valour will
lie forever in the memory of he people.
Her fC.at of valour will serve as an
example to Soviet youth rf what a
Soviet person should be and how
he should fulfil his duty to I is country.
To he I i ke Zoya is the aim of each of
us.
A girl from Prague writes to Zoya's
mother
" 1 1 a 1vv helone the men( pry of your
daughter, who is the bright( it example
for us, rite Czechiosloavk yc uth . . . I
am sending you a flower, which I
treasw - as my dearest possession.
It was .iven to me by a Cr inese dele-
gate at the assembly of peace sup-
porter:; in Prague. I beg y,u to lay it
on 'h(,n a's grave for me. Yours is a
great s~ )rrow, but to have sr ch children
as Zn-~i. is a great pride."
Our youth will alwayr remember
Zoya. Just a few days a! o I visited
girls' chool No. 211 in Moscow to
attend a meeting of the se iior classes.
The t( pie for discussion w~:s friendship
as it I:-; understood by Soviet young
people. One of the girls delivered a
short, poetic report on Zoya Kosmo-
demyanskaya. She said that in Zoya's
school copybooks and her notebook
there were entries about courage, about
loyalty, about love for a fiend, about
the bliss of being a bra ve fighter."
All these notes were not just exalted
dreams, not lofty, noble words copied
out of a favourite hook. Zoya embo-
died all these qualities in her life, and
actions, and she remained rue to them
to the end of her life. Her death was
proof of the truth of every word in
her copybooks..
The girls listened to fl .e report on
Zoya with profound attention. As
(Continued un page 23.1
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/17 : CIA-RDP83-00415RO13000010003-2
That Soviet Yorkers Say
OUR LIFE IS BRIGHT AND They have been given plots of land
JOYOUS entirely free of charge and granted
long-term loans at easy rates. In the
M Y father was a foundryman for past three years alone some 150 work-
nearly thrity years. I, too, am ers of our pit have built themselves
a steel worker for close to two their own houses.
decades now, operating electric fur- Our miners' average earnings have
naces at the Kirov Plant of Leningrad. gone up substantially since 1949. Soviet
Several times I have won the title of miners receive from the state large long-
Lenin rad's best t 1 k
see m
g
a Cr. service bonuses and various "premiums
I live with my family in the centre for overfulfilling coal output quotas
of the cit o M h, k S
n oz
t
y,
ais aya
reet.
On a former country estate not far
from our plant a residential settlement
is going up for our plant's personnel.
The new houses will have three and
four-room apartments with baths and
other conveniences and comforts.
On holidays our entire family as-
sembles at my house. Some 25 to 30
people gather ; my sisters with their
husbands and children, my shopmates
and friends from the plant. And around
the holiday table we first of all drink
to the health of Joseph Vissarionovich
Stalin to whom we owe our happiness,
and wish him many years of life for
the good of all working people. We
also drink to our beloved Soviet power,
to the happiness of the Soviet people,
and to our radiant future-Ccmmu-
nism.
and other indices. The personnel of
our mine are mostly young workers,
yet every year 1,200,000 to 1,300,000
rubles are paid out here in long service
bonuses. In the past two years our
workers received close to 350,000 rubles
in premiums from the director's fund.
Our miners enjoy also all other be-
nefits. In the first nine months of this
year 130 of our workers spent their
vacation at sanatoriums and rest homes.
Prosperity is evident in every miner's
home. In each of them one will find a
motor cycle radio, an accordian,
Twelve of our miners have their own
cars.
Our colliers say, " We live well
now but we will live still better."
This assurance comes from the deep
knowledge that the constant rise in
the people's standard of livi
i
l
ng
s a
aw
Nikolai Mikhailov, of development of the Socialist state.
Steelmaker, Kirov Plant, Leningrad, Dimitri Nesmekha,
(The Plant has been decorated with four Superintendent, Pit No. 17-bis, Chistakovo
Government Orders) Anthracite Division, Donets Coaleld.
OUR MINERS LIVE WELL A BUILDER'S PRIDE
The Soviet Government is pater- Six years have elapsed since the day
nally solicitous to make the miners' when I laid the first bricks in our war-
job'T ever easier. Our small pit is ravaged city. And now it almost
equipped with Donbas coalmining seems incredible that we have accom-
combines, with powerful coal cutters, plished so much !
with labour saving rock loaders, and Recently, coming from work I found
many other modern machines. The myself on Leningrad Street. I wanted
job of the Soviet miner is truly a to see the place where I lived in those
-joyous one. early days, where the tents of our
Enormous too is the care of our builders stood. To my amazement I
government to constantly improve the didn't recognize the place. Today
material and cultural standards of the beautiful tall apartment houses stand
miners. In the past three years at our here.
mine have been erected two big lodg- Pride fills my heart when I look on
ing houses for young and single work- our revived Minsk. In its newly
ers, five two-storey apartment houses, erected buildings there is a share also
39 one and two-family cottages. This of my effort. During these years I have
year a beautiful club with a 400-seat helped to put up an apartment house
hall and stage for dramatic perform- on Respublikanskaya Street and have
ances has been erected and also an helped to restore the Byelorussian State
excellently-equipped polyclinic. Our University named after V. I. Lenin,
state has rendered lavish aid to miners and other buildings.
wish ng co build their own ?homes Tbe Soviet stag spares no mean's fir
the improvement of the material con-
ditions and cultural services of the
working people. In the postwar
years new houses have been erected and
old ones restored in Minsk totalling
upwards of 500,000 square metres of
living floor space; and besides this,
40 schools, dozens of higher educational
institutions, secondary specialized
schools and scientific research estab-
lishments. This year the population
here will receive close to 75,000 square
metres of new housing.
In the Land of Soviets, the well-
being of the people is rising intermin-
ably. My Stakhanovite work is highly
rewarded. My family lives in a nice
apartment with all improvements in
a house which I have helped to build.
Denis Bulakhov,
Bricklayer, Building Trust No. i, Minsk
Building Administration.
PROSPERITY AND JOY
I am a mother of fve children. My
children are well fed, clothed and
healthy. We live in a nice apartment.
My older four children-Lida, Galya,
Volodya and Tanya-attend school
and the youngest one stays in a creche.
If we. should add up the cost of
all the services my family enjoys, it
would come up to more than our total
earnings. This is because much of
this cost is borne by the state which
is unflaggingly solicitous for large
families. This year I received a large
grant from the state upon the birth of
my fifth child. In the summer my
children spent their holidays at Young
Pioneer camps and I spent my vaca-
tion at a sanatorium-all free of charge.
In the past summer more than a thous-
and workers of our mill spent their
vacation at health resorts. Our mill
has its own health-building institutions :
an overnight sanatorium and two rest
homes. We also have a splendid Palace
of Culture.
V. Polukhina,
Weaver, Trekhgornaya Textile Mill.
WORKERS RECEIVE FREE
TRAINING
When I first came to our mill I had
no trade at all. Here I was trained
entirely free. When I became a weaver,
I enrolled at our evening secondary
textile school. Upon graduating from
it I am now working as a rate-setter.
I a:rn no-w- expecting a child. 'T'his is a
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great joy in a Soviet family. I know
that my mill will take care of my
children just as it has cared for me.
Our mill has two Young Pioneer
camps, five kindergartens, 3 creches
and a children's Palace of Culture.
M. Chertova,
junior Rate Setter,
Trekhgornaya Textile Mill.
THE OLD GUARD
Elderly people are. surrounded in
our country with care, attention and
honour. I am approaching my 60th
birthday. For my long service in the
oil industry; I get an old-age pension
of 500 rubles a month. This is quite
enough for an old man. But can one sit
at home when so much development
work is going on all around ?
It is a joy to work together with the
young people. And our job goes well.
Stakhanovite work brings high earn-
ings : in addition to my pension I
receive 1,500 rubles a month and even
more than that. Besides this, we, old
workers, receive annually a long-service
bonus of 5,000 to 6,000 rubles.
We, old folks, enjoy the respect of
our fellow workers. Everybody calls us
The Old Guard. People learn from us
and draw upon our experience. It is
rightly said in one of our new songs :
...Old age receives its due esteem.
Idiatulla Ibrahimov,
Assistant Superintendent,
Section 6, Oilfield, %Leninneft Oil Trust.
SIGNING THE APPEAL
I am a lathe operator. I do my out-
put quota at the rate of 200 percent,
which brings me high earnings.
Last year I spent my vacation at an
Alpine camp in the Caucasus and this
year at the Talgor Alpine camp. My
son during this time was out in the
country with his kindergarten.
Could a woman from a peasant or
worker's family ever dream of such a
life under the capitalist system. Of
course not. A miserable life would
have been her lot. This thought in-
voluntarily arose in my mind when I
signed the Peace Pact Appeal. And I
pledged myself to do my job still better.
A. Pelevina,
Lathe Operator, Rail and Beam-Rolling
Shop.
WITH ALL MY HEART
When I was a child I frequently
went with my father to the market in
the village of Ponyri. And I always
enviously looked at the pretty coaches
of the passing trains, bearing the sign
Moscow-Kislovodsk, in which mer-
chants and manufacturers were going
to the health resort.
Recently; I spent my vacation in a
beautiful health-building establishment
in Kislovodsk. My accommodations
there I received entirely free of charge
from my union at the Azovstalstroy
Building Trust.
I shall never forget the superb
panorama of the Kislovodsk Park
and the view of the Caucasian range
which open up from the " Red Sun "
Mountain. Standing at 1,750 metres
above sea level you breathe the invi-
gorating air and think how happy the
Soviet people are.
I am sincerely grateful to Joseph
Vissarionovich Stalin, the father and
friend to all working people, the stand-
ard-bearer of our triumphs, for the
great care of us, modest working-men.
0. Ovsyannikov,
Gardener, Builders' Park.
MACHINE AND BOOKS
I first came to Sverdlovsk in 1048
and enrolled at the gear cutter's class
of Vocational School No. 1 at Urals
Heavy Machinery Plant. Though I
was doing well in learning my trade,
foreman Dyatlov once told me :
? " I would advise you to enrol also
at evening school. You would become
a good specialist."
Thus, I began to attend a Young
Workers' Evening School. And simul-
taneously with finishing vocational
school I also finished secondary school.
At our plant there is a branch of the
Urals Polytechnical Institute, attended
by many young workers, including me-
chanic Nikolai Graf, foreman Yevgeny
Karzhitsky, to name but a few.
I am now already a second-year
student of the Institute's mechanical
department. The Soviet Government
has given me the opportunity to work
and study. And my machine and books
are my best friends.
A. Veretenenko,
Gear-Cutting Machine Operator,
Urals Heavy Machinery Works.
WAR-INVALID LEARNS
SKILLED TRADE
During the war I was wounded and
;lost my right hand and one eye.
Though in accordance with Soviet
law I was at once given an ample
invalid pension it was depressing to
feel a disabled man. I wanted to work
like everybody.
Before the war I cherished the
thought of becoming a lathe operator.
Now I had to give up this idea. How
could I handle a machine tool without
my right hand ?
With these thoughts I came to the
Panfilov Invalid Producers' Co-opera-
tive where I was at once given the
choice of several different jobs. Then
I hesitantly asked :
" Isn't there a chance for me to learn
to be a turner ? "
Foreman Sogolovsky, Production man-
ager Pitelsky and shop superintendent
Dubinsky took counsel and to my great
joy promised to satisfy my request.
At first I was given the job of packer.
A few days later was put to operate a
stamping press which was fitted with a
special appliance. After two months,
my shop superintendent told me :
" Now that you have had the preli-
minary training you may begin to
operate a machine tool. We have al-
ready fixed one up for you."
It was with anxiety that I began to
operate my lathe. For me a special
lathe was fitted out. Instead of a hand
clamp which I could not use it was
equipped with a foot clamp. This,
the foreman took care to provide.
Seeing that I was actually operating a
lathe and how the machined metal
pieces were shooting out of it, I for the
first time since I was wounded felt a
powerful joy of life.
As I changed to new operations
my lathe was fitted out with new ap-
pliances : for machining cylindrical
parts, for tapered machining, for re-
moving barbs. Thus I gradually mas-
tered the turner's trade.
Now I am a Stakhanovite turner. I
have long forgotten the bitter thoughts
of my first days after I was wounded.
.Again I now feel myself an able-
bodied man.
Perhaps I was just lucky to meet such
considerate men as our foreman, shop
superintendent and the others ? No,
this is not a matter of chance. In our
city, Kiev, a special big training centre
has been set up for invalids. It trains
office clerks, tailors, designers, shoe-
makers, rate-setters, production mana-
gers-skilled men in the most diverse
professions and trades.
A. Torshechkin,
Stakhanovite Lathe Operator,
Invalid of the Great Patriotic War.
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 THE entire life of tile Lukakhin fa-
mil; is i:iseparabiy associated with
one of the biggest industrial estab-
lishments of the Soviet capital-the
'Dv;hamo" Electrical Engineering Plant
named after Kirov. In its spacious shops
equipped with first-class machines work
six Lukakhin brothers. Three are fore-
men and three turners.
Toe story of each of the brothers is a
graphic illustration of how any Soviet
enterprise develops its workers, how it not
-0
u: l advances their skill but also caters to
their intel'iccrual wants.
Tae eldest brother, Georgi. a foreman
?m.: t rho ..1? !'
.,., . ., the rnant ~ years
ann. Here he took a turners'
:lt a?d .? ...., a skilled lathe
crah,l. _rfte, tint he finished a
foremen's course. Now he is an excellent
fixer of the most complex machines. He
has trained more than 50 young workers
at the plant. They are all full-fledged
turners a: ti are regularly over-
al-filling their output quotas.
Forema:l Georgi Lukakhin in his spare
time indulges i n painting. And here too
he is aided by Isis plant : he attends the art
studio attheplant club where he is instru-
cted by corn etent pedagogues. But he
has no professional aspirations, he simply
CCets pleasure out of it.
The youngest Lukakhin at the plant is
Victor. He is 22 years old buti s already a
skirted turner. Combining work and study
Iso attends the evening electrical engineer
ing secondary school at his plant and in
three years will become a junior engineer-
Five nt ti-c c_t_ brothers are married.
And they have all received comfortable
apartments in their plant's houses. The
new Lukakhin generation-children of
the three brothers-attend secondary
school No. 51(1 in the plant's residential
quarter.
Like all Soviet people, the Lukakhin
brothers every year enjoy a paid holiday
which they spend at sanatoriums or rest
homes. Last year, for example, five of
the Lukakhin brothers received from their
plant trade union organization passes to
sanatoriums in the Crimea, in the
Standing on the pence watch Geatgi Lukakhin, foreman of the tool chub tmdertoook to teach a group
soe'g,:nnecs rd. ..,. methods of Stakhanotite wo... Or phot (e~?~_ Lit-aa i
n trtutir;
i
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Soviet We'chin9
da!;ahhi,, frurih~ left to ht,-Goon L,~;at ;
and I utor, turners tikoi0i, ,cover frreraan rnr to;o and Porn.,)
C To am illy
Caucasus and in the Moscow country-side. Their accommodations at
the sanatoriums were paid for by then, trade union from the state social
insurance fund. Victor Lukakhin did not avail himself of this pass as
he spent the summer months preparing to enter the secondary electrical
engineering school, attending a special course opened at his plant.
The close-knit Lukakhin family often meet at their plant club. One of the
Lukakhins' iniembe of an amateur-
arts group. The others come to attend
concerts or to spent a quiet evening ill
i
the club's library's reading roam.
n,
lie vouttcost ihot let irtor. the
turner and st dent, t as he is
findi
time to spend a few hour dancing at his
plant's club,
In September, the adult members of
0, e y_t_Llirlalrll.t
-.e Lnnanl ly, together with all
Muscovites, signed the Appeal of the
World Peace Council, calling upon the
~+ veers tv sigh a rani iii
Peace. The entire family gathered at
brother \ikolai's apartment and under
the Appeal 13 signatures appeared one
after another.
Signing the Appeal Georgi said
Each one of our family is happy in
his own way. But we also have a common
happiness : the joy of unfettered labour
lot the glory of our great country, fbr the
;good of our people. The signatures of 13
members of our family support the Peace
Appeal. !\I--- shall ,cork Still better to
strengthen the friendship among nations.
And the Lukakhins are as good as their
word. As these lines are being Written
the Lukakhin brothers are keeping la-
bour Peace Watch. In October and
-November all the six brothers who are
working at the " Dynamo " Plant have
systematically overfulfilled their output
quotas. They have taken part in manu-
facturing an important and honourable
order for the Volga-Don Canal: an
automatic remote control installation for
its 15 sluice locks. The installation was
In the reading hall of toe faste lib+art ? In' tl
The farml; if senior forenmrt .1Tl:aio
after fertile.
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completed a month and a half ahead o{
time.
On the anniversary of the Great October
Socialist Revolution, all the Lukakhin
brothers took part in the demonstration
of the working people of Moscow. They
marched through the Red Square
with a placard inscribed : "The Luka-
khin family wants peace and are working
to strengthen it."
This is the firm word of the Lukakhins,
ordinary Soviet people who ardently love
their mighty peace-loving country and are
ready to fight to the end for peace and
friendship among all the nations of the
foreerontr-d is tAe foren.an B
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P/t iZ [f l"imeo
0Hd #t2t kol~Ao3
By I. Shumai
Chairman of the-Gogoleva Village Executive Committee, Brovarsky District, Kiev Region
E had an unexpected review of our kolkhoz wealth should live like we, Soviet collective farmers."
V V this year. Here is how it happened.
We were sitting in the office of Mikhail Isaakovich Vir_ar-
sky, the chairman ofour Chervona Ukraine Kolkhoz, discussing
various problems, and suddenly we learned that guests had
arrived at our kolkhoz.
We went out, together, with the chairman, to meet the
guests. We shook hands and got acquainted. It turned out
that the arrivals were foreigners-a Canadian delegation con-
sisting of four people. One of the Canadians said :
" We would like to inspect and get acquainted with your
collective farm husbandry."
The kolkhoz chairman, Comrade Vinarsky, replied :
" This we are always glad to do." But, he remarked,
" why didn't you give us a ring from Kiev, we could have pre-
pared dinner for you....
Before the chairman had a chance to finish his remark a
tall Canadian, evidently the head of the delegation said : t 4
" You need not worry about preparing dinner for us, we'll,
only spend about an hour or an hour and a half here, look
things over, and leave."
We showed our guests around the farm for a couple of hours.
They examined everything they wished to see, asked about
everything in detail, and looked round everywhere. We re-
turned to the office, and as we started bidding them goodbye,
one of the Canadian delegates said :
" But, just the same, it would be good to taste some real
Ukrainian fat and some of your village-baked bread."
I replied :
" The pleasure is yours. We can take care of that for
you in no time."
The guest smiled cunningly and remarked :
" Don't bother to prepare it. Let's walk into the first
house on our way out,and let them treat us to some bread and.
fat. Here, let's go into that house."
And he pointed to the house of collective farm woman
Artamonovna Timko, who lives right across from the kolkhoz
office building. We walked in and greeted the hostess, and
Comrade Vinarsky said :
"Anna,receive the guests. They would like to taste some of
your bread and salt...... "
Anna Artamonovna, the hostess, was, of course, delighted
to receive the guests. She covered the table with a beautifully
embroidered cloth and invited the guests to her neatly furnished
dining room. On the table were placed plates with jellied meat,
meat pies, white bread, Ukrainian dumplings with cheese and
Ukrainian fat that was four-fingers thick. And along with
the fat came the wine.
Raising his glass, one of the guests suggested that as hostess,
Anna Timko should make the first toast. She was somewhat
embarrassed at first, but then got up, and, raising her wine
glass, she said :
The guests dined, and then expressed their desire to take a
look at Anna Timko's individual household. They went into
the yard and saw her cow, the carcass of a pig killed in the
morning and a live one in the stall kept for fattening. They
looked into the chicken house and sized up the flock, displayed
their interest in the produce which was stored in the cellar, and
then asked :
" Does your husband also work in the kolkhoz ? How have
you managed to acquire such a wealth ofthings ?
Anna Artamonovna explained that her husband had been
killed at the front, that she is a widow, a mother ofoour child-
ren, and that the riches they saw is due to the income she
had received from the kolkhoz for her honest labour.
" And where are your children." they inquired.
Anna Timko took out a photograph and, showing it to the
delegation, said : "This is my eldest daughter, Galina, who
graduated a medical institute, and is now employed as a doctor.
The others, her daughter Shura and two boys, Ivan and Alexei,
she called over and introduced to the visitors. The children
were dressed well. She told them that Shura is in the 10th
grade, Vanya in the sixth, and Alyosha is in the second grade.
The delegation left. They were unable to take in every-
thing in that two-hour visit. True enough, they saw the kolkhoz
stock farm sections where everything is mechanized, the narrow-
gauge road, the machines for cutting and steaming feed. They
saw our graded livestock; they know that we have 1,400 head of
dairy and 2,200 heads of other cattle, that there are over 4,200
birds in the poultry flock, 433 horses, 245 bee families in the
hives, and that 118 hectares are planted to fruit trees and berries.
The guests learned that the cash income of the kolkhoz
amounts to no less than two million rubles.
And that which they did not have time to learn about or see
they could have inspected if they only had stayed longer. New
stables for 120 and 80 heads of dairy cattle respectively, are
being erected according to the last word in technique-with
canalization and monorail system for transporting feed to the
cattle.
Electricity is used eectensively both on the farm as
in the homes.
There are 85 intellectulas in Gogoleva village-teachers,
doctors, agronomists, veterinaries ...... It is interesting to
note that a great many of them were born and raised here.
They left their native village to obtaina higher education and
after graduating returned to work here in their speciality.
There are three schools in the village-a 10-year, 7-year
and elementary school, which are attended by more than
1,300 children.
The inhabitants of Gogoleva receive 370 newspapers
every day, and subscribe to more than a hundred magazines.
The villagers own dozens of motorcycles and over 350
radiosets. There are about 3,000 books in the village library.
Our collective farmers work well and live a well-to-do
" Here is wishing that all the Canadian working people . and cultured life.
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I1' grows dark
early in our
parts. Twilight
sets in as soon as
the sun hides behind
the mountains. Men
After the Working Day
By Sho-Zade Siarov
Chairman of Lenin Collective farm in Stalinabad
along with social
subjects.
Opera artists are
welcome guests in
District? our collective farm.
People's Artists of
the Tajik Republic Mullokandov and
Galibova, and People's Artist of the
USSR Kasymov, one of the most ac-
complished interpreters of the role of
Othello, appeared at the end of June
in a concert at our club.
The enhanced cultural requirements of
the collective farmers are a consequence
of the rise in their material well-being
which is growing with the expansion of
our commonly-owned economy and
growth of its income. A definite sum,
constituting two percent of the total
income of the collective farm, is allo-
cated for cultural work. In 1949, when
our income amounted to seven million
rubles, we appropriated 140 thousand
rubles for cultural requirements. Last
year's income of our collective farm
considerably exceeded 12 million rubles,
and this year we anticipate an income
of at least 20 million rubles. The cul-
tural fund of the collective farm will
thus greatly increase. This means that
the collective ? farmers will be able to
spend their leisure hours in a still better
and more interesting way.
come from the fields, bright electric
lights flare up and the kishlak (village)
revives. Work is in full swing during
the day on the cotton plantations, stock
farms, smithies. Only the aged and
the children remain at home, and even
they in the sultry mid-day heat, seek
shelter somewhere in the shade.
Full of Life and Happy Laughter
In the past, life would die down in
the kishlak at sunset. Our villages
would be plunged in profound dark-
ness, and rarely would the usual quiet
be disturbed.
Now, the evenings are full of light,
music and happy laughter of the youth.
We have a large, handsome club on
our collective farm. Collective farmers
come here to see a new film, to hear a
concert. And although the auditorium
is spacious-it has seats for 800 spec-
tators-it cannot house all who wish to
attend. Twice weekly we are, there-
fore, showing films directly in the field
camps.
Cosy and inviting is the reading room
in the evenings. Here there are al-
ways fresh newspapers and magazines,
as well as a rich choice of fiction and
technical literature. The central col-
lective farm library contains approxi-
mately 7,000 volumes in all branches
of knowledge.
The dance is a most favourite form
of Tajik art. To the sounds of the
doira, our girls whirl in beautiful ring
dances. Often, long after midnight,
when the doors of the club and the
library are already closed, the sounds
of the doira, the songs and laughter of
the youth come from the dark greenery
of the gardens.
Radio Network
The radio is taking an ever more
considerable place in the cultural life
of the village. Loud speakers have been
installed in the production sections and
collective farmers' homes. The collec-
tive farm radio relay station is daily
broadcasting the latest news and or-
ganizing broadcasts by the foremost
workers in agriculture-brigade and
team leaders. In the evening, on re-
turning from the fields, collective far-
mers have an opportunity of listening-
in to radio concerts often including per,
foi* races by ou rrrusidal ircles.
Among the frequent performers in
radio concerts are our gifted musician,
collective farmer Girez Faizulayev,
whose playing on the dutar is highly
expressive, the violinist Talib Kinjayev
who has distinguished himself in the
amateur art contest of our Republic,
Makhmadi Tagayeva who has mast-
ered to perfection the playing on the
gizhak (a national string instrument)
and many others.
Our amateur musicians not infre-
quently develop into professionals. We
have sent two of our finest musicians,
Satar Purgayev and All Kasymov to
the Stalinabad Music School. They
have now graduated from it and are
working as artists in the State Phil--
harmonic.
Frequent Literary Evenings
After the working day the youth
brings liveliness and gaiety to the sports
grounds. These are particularly
thronged in times of football matches
and volleyball team competitions.
Very popular is the collective farm
lecture centre. We arc organizing lec-
tures and talks on various subjects of
interest to collective farmers, not only
in the evenings in the lecture hall,
but also in the daytime during the
dinner interval in the field camps. Scien-
tists of the Tajik Academy of Sciences
frequently visit our collective farm to
tell us about their work. Literary
evenings are also organized in the
lecture centre. Recently, for example,
Mirzo Tursun-Zade, the well known
Tajik poet and Stalin Prize winner,
came to us. At the request of the
collective farmers, he told: us of his visit
to India and other countries of the
East, and recited his new poems.
Agricultural Schools
Numerous circles and courses for at-
taining greater knowledge in 'agri-
culture are working in the lecture
centre during the winter. This year
we organised a three-year collective
farm school comprising two field-hus-
bandry and one zootechnical group.
Here collective farmers acquire a se-
condary agricultural education. A spe-
cial " collective farm university " has
been opened for brigade and team
leaders, timekeepers-where problems
of calicctive farm production are :>i^urdieil?
Striving For Knowledge
Cultural transformations are, of
course, characteristic not only of our
kishlak. All conditions for rest
and spiritual growth of the peasants
have been created in every collective
farm of our Republic, just as in ours.
Striving for knowledge has become a
characteristic feature of the collective
farm population. Let me cite only two
figures in confirmation of these words.
Last year 250 lectures were delivered
in our district on literary, philosophic
and social subjects which were attended
by over 23,000 persons. I do not know
a single collective farm which has not
its radio relay station, cinema instal-
lations, libraries.
Collective farm villages are impro-
ving and becoming more beautiful year
by year. A prosperous and cultured life
has come to the home of the Tajik.
And can it be otherwise in the Soviet
country where everything is done for
the happiness and good of the people ?
From the bottom of our heart, we
thank our Soviet Government and the
great friend of the working people,
J. V. S'takii, for these great cha'n'ges:
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s f 1] L i,vorks of the great Russian
1 rational poet, Alexander Push-
kie, Itav,e inspired ninny ballets written
1>y the Soviet composers.
Anr)o ILv i,hc ballets based o Li Pushkin's
works are the "Fountain of Bakhtchi-
sarai " "Prisoner in the Caucasus" and
" Lady Rustic " composed by
Boris A';afvcv, " Gypsies," composed
by Sergei Vasilenko, " Tale of the
Priest and His Servant Balda," coin-
posed by Mikhail Chulaki, " The
Bronze Horseman'' written by one of
the oldest composers, R. Gli"ere-
eli these wtix written and produced
rl1. Soviet years. "
The latest addition to the Pushkin
rc?file. The Fires,in the USSR belongs
i.o the people and promotes their inter.&.,ts.
One of the most important fretures