PREPARATION OF PERSONNEL FOR SPECIAL SERVICES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00418R007700090008-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 19, 2007
• Sequence Number: 8
• Content Type: REPORT

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This is UNEVALUATED
Infnrmafinn
PREPARATION OF PERSONNEL FOR SPECIAL SERVICES.
S
c. Signing of the document called Nic Oglashenie (This document compromises
the signer, from time to time, under Soviet laws; and in formulating
it, efforts are always made to place him under obligation in the event,.,
that he should fall into enes hands). Use is made of:
1. Blackmail: (Writing which the involved person signs, for denunciations
or compromising statements against other citizens).
2. Relatives as Hostages: ( The signer leaves the members of his
family in the hands of those under whose jurisdiction he has been
placed).
Explanatory Note.
In making the selections, members are picked out who have in the past
demonstrated their loyalty to the Soviet authority and who did not partici-
pate in operations, groups, or statements of an anti-Stalinist or anti-Soviet
character.
1. Basic Methods '6mployed.
a. Selection of personnel.
b. Autobiography.
During the war there were cases in which the above-mentioned requirements
were dispensed with, but the selected persons were employed in activities of
only limited importance in the field of the special services.
There was a case in 1941, right after the beginning of the war, when the
son of a White Russian general deserted to the Soviet Army. Despite the fact
that he was a Cavalry Lieutenant in the German Amy , and that he immediately
proposed to serve the USSR wherever he might be requested to do so, he was not
sent to Germany.where he cpul.d have done excellent work as an agent among the
Germans.
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2. Schools
In the suburbs of Moscow, within a radius me rs, ere are
a large number of small wooden buildings surrounded by wooden fences, which
belong to high Soviet government officials. These buildings are usually
arranged as indicated in figure No 1 in the attachment.
Details pertaining to figure No 1:
The dormitories and class rooms of the students, as well as the photo-
graphic laboratories, radio sets, mesa halls, and libraries, are located in
the school buildings.
The waiters, cooks, administrator, and accountant are quartered in the
personnel outbuilding.
3. Tasks and Missions
In espionage schools, personnel are trained to carry out any type of
task in capitalist countries. Every phase of their work is taught, such as:
terrorism, sabotage, intelligence, recruiting, as well as radio communication.
A. The training of a terrorist.
a. He must have perfect knowledge in the use of side-arms and rifles.
He must practice using poisonous bullets, and silencers on
pistols and rifles. The Soviet silencer,*which is used on the
ordinary rifle, may also be used on the Mauser pistol No 2,
caliber 7.65. There is a type of Soviet carbine equivalent to
a.30 caliber rifle, but shorter and having a bayonet affixed
(thereby not allowing the use of a silencer). The silencer for
the rifle is not very practical because it is almost impossible
to hit a target which is further than 50 meters. After each
shot, the rubber plug must be replaced, as it would otherwise
cause too much noise.
b. Shooting practice and theory in shooting.
The rapid handling of the pistol; shooting from a moving automobile;
shooting from a motorcycle or a motorcycle with sidecar; sometimes
shooting from a horse.
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c. The handling of explosives and hand grenades)
Much practical training is given in these subjects.
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6. M NES.
The General-Staff of the Army and of the MVD pay much attention to the
matter of mines.
In the Soviet Union, there are a great number of various types of mines, but
the types which will now be disoussed,e belong to the tyj*s: w1ftch dare used
generally.
A..~'Ctnk I nos.
These are of the pressure and antenna type
see figures s numbered 17 and 18).
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A tank can explode this type of mine, even though the tracks of a tank
do not roll over the mine. The antennae may be moved by the tracks of by
the hull of a tank.
Re
1. The anti-tank pressure-type mine offers very good results, but certain
conditions are required for their satisfactory operation; thick shrubs or
high grass.
2. During 1943-1944, "anti-tank" dogs were used with very good results. These
dogs, which were trained to run under tanks, carried two antenna-type mines,
one on each side. Whenever tanks appeared, these dogs were releaded and ran
The tracks of a tank must furnish the required pressure to explode a
mine of this type.
b. Antenna-type mines.
a. Pressure-type mines.
under the tanks, thereby exploding themselves and the tanks.
Remarks. (This does not pertain to the course). (The mines in the Soviet Union
are varied and are not subjected to any definite norm). 25X1
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In the first place it must be stated that the Soviet mines are generally
wooden containers filled with high explosives.
During the Russian winters, in which the ground becomes as hard as rock,
it is very difficult and dangerous to remove these mines; t ha wood sticks
tightly to the ground and it is impossible to remove the wooden mines by means
of picks or poles.
Another typical feature of Soviet mine-laying is that although there
are definite instructions for the laying of mine fields and also for the
preparing of a sketch and its legend, the latter is often neglected in practice.
7. Mine Fields.
In accordance with the instructions for the laying of mine fields, the
head of the group laying mines must immediately, before the laying of the
mines has been begun, make a survey of the site where he has been instructed
to lay mines and indicate on a map the exact location of the mine field. The
following must be mentioned on the face or on the back of the sketch (see figure
No 16):
1. Where t 1n orientation point is located (In the case indicated by
figure No 16 the tree on the bank of the watercourse is an orientation point.
2. The exact distance and the direction to the mine vertex "0" from the
orientation point; the lateral distance between each mine "0"; the number
of rows of mines in the.mine field 110" and "0" (a checkered pattern
is compulsory.
3. The number and the type of mines.
4. The date the mine field was laid. 25X1
5. Mark any secret passage, gaps to be used by own infantry and tanks*
field.
6. Occupation, full name, and unit designation of those who have laid the mine A
7. Indicate the number of the order.
8. Topography: The following instruction is given:
1. How to read the maps.
2. How to determine the scale of a map when it is not indicated.
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3. How to determine the orientation of a map without it being indicated.
4. How to orient oneself in the field without the use of a com;iass,=-RhenTthere are
no stars and in.darkness.
5. How to follow an azimuth.
6. How to make sketches. (228-n or overt sketches having topographical markings, and
closed or covert sketches having numbers).
7. By using the notes of music an'accurate sketch can be made by indicating all
the necessary and exact topographical markings in the ruled staff. (see figure No.
19).
8. How to correct maps with the use of topographic instruments.
Remarks. It is well understood that in the matter of topography it is not meant
to train a person to be a perfect topographer, but instead to give instructions
whereby it will be possible to draw a legible and exact sketch. It is necessary
to learn the tactical markings correctly because it will then be possible to
indicate any tactical condition of own or enemy forces.
9. Beacons.
Visible light beacons wbieh can be seen, both day and night, by aircraft.
Light beacons or signals which indicate a dangerous condition, such as flowerpots,
clothing hung on a line, lamps, curtains, etc.
10. Photographs.
Laboratory work consisting of developing mocro films, enlargements or small
prints. Photographic prints for producing octavilas [not further identified] with
the exclusive use of photographic chemistry. Methods are instructed in how to
take pictures in any possible condition and in a most secret manner.
11. Paratroops.
1. the Characteristics of parachutes.
2. The size of the canopy; the number , strength, and length of shrouds; the
harness; the speed of descent.
3. How to jump from an airplane.
4. How to guide the parachute when descending.
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5. How to turn face-down toward the earth.
6. How to place the legs when landing.
7. How to keep the canopy from dragging the jtm-per. 25X1
8. Methods used for opening the parachute; automatic and by hand.
9. How to gather up th4 parachute.
10. How to hide the parachute.
11. What to do when landing on a roof.
12. How to get down when landing in a tree.
13. What to do when landing in a river, lake, or ocean.
14. How to reunite after descent, without making any noise or signals.
15. Jump Practice. Jumping without a parachute from a height of 2.5 meters.
Jumping from the parachute tower. Jumping from the gondola of a dirigible.
Jumping from a plane. What to do with the parachute after descent.
Remarks
One must dive from the airplane in order to avoid being blown against the
tail of the airplane by the prop-wash.
If the parachute does not open automatically., do not open it until after
leaving the airplane, because otherwise the prop-wash is liable to blow the canopy
against the tail of the airplane, resulting in a possible accident for the para-
troopers as well as the airplane. With the help of the risers, the parachute can
be guided by increasing or decreasing the speed of descent.
Feet must be together in order to prevent any possible dislocations at the
time of landing.
In the case of an existing wind during descent, the canopy must be kept
against the wind at the time of landing in order to prevent the dragging of the
parachute.
When landing on a roof, the shrouds of the parachute must be out immediately
in order to prevent being dragged off the roof by the parachute.
When landing in a tree, one must grab the trunk of the tree, after which
one must climb out of the harness. 25X1
When it has become impossible to avoid falling into a river, ocean, etc.,
open the harness and drop away from the parachute at a height, of about 5-6 meters.
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Should the jumper not be able to carry the parachute with him after completing
the jump, he should then bury or destroy it in such a manner that the enemy
will be unable to find any indications that a paratrooper has landed.
12. Preparing Airports.
During the course of his movements, a partisan should keep an eye open
for appropriate landing terrains for both paratroops and aircraft, in the
eventuality that the need for such a site should arise.
1$. Camps and Bases. (Wooded and marshy terrain).
The construction of pillboxes, storehouses, and secret depots of
ammunition and food.
The guerrillas are taught how to pack goods in such a way that they
will be protected against humidity and the weather. (How to find hiding
camouflage
places and how to mmmummm them). (Fictitious graves are recommended).
14. Marches.
On the march the partisans must have an advance guard and flank and rear
guards. They must be attentive and on the alert. When anything unusual
is noticed it should be investigated or else reported immediately to the
head of the group. In case of an alarm, the guerrillas should
protect themselves immediately and without panic; they should proceed in
such a direction as to allow a return of fire against the ambushed enemy
without injuring their own comrades.
Before beginning any march or movement, everyone should be well informed
as to the place and time for reuniting, should the group have to disperse.
Taking of rests and procurement of supplies should be done in the daytime
in wooded areas or in small settlements, preferably in foresters' cabins; the
guerrillas should observe silence and go out as little as possible.
Remarks.
This does not refer to expropriations made for the supplying of food for
the entire detachment, but for groups engaged in some tas
k of the detachment.
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15. Guerrilla Tactics,
as Selection of personnel: Strong, resistant, with combat practice (accustomed
to the smell of gunpowder),
b. Military preparation: Armament; automatic rifles; pistols; knives; bombas de mano
rhand grenade
exp osives; use of explosives,
co Parachute practice.
d. Topography.
e. Orientation on the terrain,
f. Tactical maneuvers in the field,
eliminating
g. Instructions in p4 one or more sentinels with the aid of a knife
or "silencer."
h. The following are important things to ____ bear in mind:
1) Once the group is prepared and the possible sector of activity studied,
situation Number 1 is declared,
at at
2) The men are required to go to the airport every day A~w 1300 6r.&0 hours;
At-these hours the report on the weather at the location of the jumping area
is announced.
3) At the set hour the men put on their parachutes and take their places in
the plane (a Douglas plane held from 12 to 14 paratroopers and 5 or 6
cargo parachutes, each with 100 or 110 kilograms of cargo).
!t) The maximum weight of an outfitted paratrooper (not including the parachute)
is 95 kilograms.
5) Once in the plane)everyone (including the paratroop leader) is under the
commanding officer of
jurisdiction of the iiI i'f -. - ~ the plane.
6) In addition to the paratrooper group, the plane includes the commanding
officer of the plane; the second pilot; the radio operator; the navigator;25X1
and the paratrooper instructor, who is in charge of the jumping when the
time arrives. R F{'?R "-T'`
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7) The Parachute used in the jumps is the so-called DP La (Parachute
of 1941). Its characteristics are: Square canopy measuring 72 square
meters; 32 cords; drop velocity of 5 meters per second; automatically oP a v-e
or with a second hand-operated safety device; personnel
chutes are of anYeaft silk2and cargo chutes of fine cloth.
8) The departure from the airport is determined according to the distance
from the front and the sdason.
9) When the plane leaves it crosses the active front and returns back
across it, at night.
10) If.a Douglas plane is usedd the front line is crossed at an altitude
of from 2,000 to 3,000 meters.
11) If the small plane V-2 is used the plane procedds at an altitude of
from 200 to 1.00 meters and sometimes even lower but with the engine
turned off (This type of pane is used for conveying one or two persons).
12) For the landing: if the group or groups are going to sectors occupied
by guerrillas they will be received according to predetermined signals.
If the landing is in a virgin area everything depends on the navigator.
When the plane approaches the ' Ithe commanding officer of
the plane issues orders for the paratroopers to get ready by -
switching on a red light in the plane.
The doorsjof the plane are opened and the men line up next to the door.
as well as the -instructor, 1111 aids MMMMkp
In order that the paratroopers shall not be too greatly dispersed,
they jump from each door in groups of five or six. In this waykf the
men jump one after the other without any delay, all of them can be
dropped in an area from 100 to 150 meters in diameter. If there is MW 25X1
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area and proceeds to the scene of action, which may be from
little time available, the commanding officer aids the instructor in
ejecting the men through the two doors.
(cable)
The instructor has to snap the static lines on the guide lineewhich runs
the length of the plane. Every paratrooper has to see to it that the
static line of the man in front of him has been snapped an; the
[paratroop] leader is last in line .and has to check his static line as
well as that of the man in front of him.
The navigator repeats the order to jump and the jumping begins. Once
group
on the ground the mrAk is reunited by means of signals agreed upon
(light signals, or cries of birds, cats, or similar mokm sounds).
13) The men hunt for the packs.
14) The leader of the group sends out the first two paratroopers he
encounters to explore the vicinity, while the group is reuniting.
15) Once the group is reunited, while a few men explore the area) others
erect defenses. in the event that anything should happen; the rest look
for the packs, conceal the parachutes, and hide all kinds of tracks.
16) At the same time the leader studies the instructions which have been
given him in regard to the missions which the group is to carry out.. All
of this should be done as soon as possible, within ORMOM 30 to 69 minutes.
17) Once the terrain and the situation is recognized, the group leaves the
d_ --a
40 to 50 kilometers aw ay.
the
18) The leader of the group selects the site for A camp.
19) While one part of the group constructs the bunkers, another it which
may number from 5 to 15 men, depending an the size of the group, goes out
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(Supply of products: Since there are in the occupied areas many elements
which can collaborates-German farms and agricultural establis hnentsrothe
expropriation unit should approach these points at night or in the
daytime and confiscate all kinds of food products such as grain, vegetables,
meat, potatoes, etc., horses, and carts. This activity should be carried
out without the awareness of the eneW garrisons, for if a skirmish
should be begun it would be impossible to carry off the confiscated products.
Genera* the expropriation unit will confiscate enough products in
5 or 8 days to last the group for 10 or 15 days).
20) The group which is occupied in constructing the camp is divided into
three parts:
and
One part is engaged in constructing the bunkersnmining the passages
which might be utilized by the enemy in order to attack the camp.
Another part is engaged in searching the inhabited centers for: doors,
kitchen
window panes, supplies for the stoves, kettles and otherAutensils, pails, etc.
The third part. is engaged in looking for a suitable site for receiving
the packs for the group which the planes drop,
d es C e nz, sCAecJv le
21) From the moment of the according to a WIPto agreed upon before
the departure, the radio operator will contact the base twice daily.
22) The first weeks are spent in constructing the camp, receiving the packs,
and accumulating provisions.
23) Secret deposits of supplies and ammunition are placed at various points
from 15 to 30 kilometers from the camp. (The most absolute secrecy is
recommended for the establishment of these deposits).
2J.) One or two of the deposits noft should be arranged and concealed by the
officers of the group themselves, without the participation of the soldiers
or non-commissioned officers.
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25) A small special operative group, provided with money, documents, and
well acquainted with the terrain, begins to organize an intelligence
among deSCd: Mtj
network *" the civilian population from the moment of the low"
among
and if possible also =)~k the enemy. (The most important thing in this
case is that various conspiratorial points be organized in the cities
and the big villages where the sabotage groups may stay during the
course of their operations).
26)-'Once the work is organized in this way, in from 15 to 20 days after
descev&t
the the group can begin its operations.
16. Railway Sabotage.
j V-~i 651a 115
The intelligence contacts in the railway give notice of the
presence of important trains, such as those which transport ammunition, troops,
armament, etc.
A group of from four to six men, equipped with five or six charges of
TOL of 10 kilograms each, IM proceed toward the indicated railway area.
The leader of the group contacts the intelligence sources, who tell
him the time of departure of the train.
The group approaches the indicated point at the determined hour, in the
Oft night; the leader of the group will station 1, 2, 3 observers, who will
inform him by means of luminous signals (the leader is the one who has to
place the mine) of the approach of the expected train (see figure 20).
The Following May Happen:
1. The enemy may make a last-minute change and send out an unimportant
train.
2. A locomotive may be sent ahead.
3. Various flatcars loaded with sand may be placed ahead of the locomotive
in order to prevent the mine, eing exploded under the locomotive.
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This is the reason for stationing the observers, who will be distributed
according to the profile of the terrain and the distance from one to the other
(in such away that they may be able to use semaphore signals).
The observation post locates the train and gives tie signal to the
sabotage group.
The sabotage group puts the mine in place at the last moment, making
the proper calculations for the passing of the trad the passing of the
guard patrol. JJ
The explosive device is placed according to the number of flatcaDS with
sand ahead of the locomotive.
The charge is very simple and consists of:
Detonator capsules number 8 and a length of detonating fuse (see figure 21).
As soon as the charge has been placed, the group carrying out the job
will go from 50 to 100 meters away and wait until it explodes, and will
leave immediately after the explosion.
17. Sabots e of Ammunition or Oil
g Humps or Others.
The planning of the operation, with the knowledge of the number of
enemy] sentinels and the customs of the garrison.
The sabotage groups consist of from 5 to 14 men.
The group will approach at night, armed with knives or silencers in order
to remove the sentinels without any noise whatever, in case it is impossible
to penetrate the place without being observed by the sentinels.
Once inside the enclosure, the sabotage group will place the 'jam
mines, in agreement with the need not merely to b3nu up the dump but to set
it afire.
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If it is an important dump and a large-scale sabotage operation and if
considerable time is needed to carry out the destructions, pickets should
be placed to guard the approaches to the dump to prevent the arrival of e n e m y
reinforcements, in case they should be sent. /
Once the operation is carried outs the sabotage group should withdraw
and go as far away from the place as possible.
In case t here are other guerrilla groups operating in the area at the
time of the sabotage operation, they should be notified.
18. Crotsig-Railway..Lines.
In 1942, in view of the fact that it was impossible for the German command
to look after both the regular fronts and the fronts created by the guerrillas
in their rear, the Germans limited themselves to placing troops in the
important inhabited centers. Along the railways they installed a strong
guard service and a system of "Bunkers" erected 500, 750, and 1,000 meters
apart along the railway line. These bunkers were lllll~ garrisoned
by sizeable groups of the German arry. The bunkers were thoroughly fortified
and a patrol service was organized to operate between them. From three to
five men would proceed along the railway line from one bunker to another.
Small groups of guerrillas could cross a railway line quite easily, by
taking advantage of the intervals between the patrols. Crossing the railway
lines with sizable contingents of guerrillas o 150, 2,500, and 10,000 men
(detachment, brigade, or corps) was a very complicated matter. In gddition
to the large numbers of men involved) units of this kind would also take along
a big train of supplies so that it would tkke up to 3 hours to cross a
railway line.. For this reason operations of this kind are always undertaken
with a view to the possibility of starting big combats.
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Any unit of these mentioned above, before beginning to cross any railway
line, should examine the contingents of enemy forces in the garrisons near
the place where the crossing is to be made,
(see figure 22).
Once the crossing level isiselected, provided that there are no enemy
begin to
bunkers at the scene, the guerrillas willAdetail (at night) guard posts to blockade
the enemy bunkers. /
These guard posts will be sent out in accordance with the size of the
guerrilla unit involved (if the guerrilla unit is a detachment, two or three
men will serve as guards; if it is a brigade, a squad or a platoon will
servd as guards; if it is a corps, a platoon or detachment will serve as guards,
depending on the size of the enemy units. The guards will also be equipped
with automatic rifles and machineguns).
In addition to this, sabotage groups will be sent behind the bunkers to
watch the railway, in the eventuality that trains with troops, artillery, and
tanks should be sent. In the latter cases) the sabotage groups will try to
Gdrr L n- to:
blow up the trains aOR aid the blockaded bunkers.
The guard posts will be vacated as soon as the last guerrilla has
crossed.
The sabotage groups will withdraw shortly before daybreak and will reunite
with their unit at a place agreed upon.
The crossing precautions will be increased in accordance with the wbo
importance of the railway and the time of crossing will be selected in
accordance with the movement of trains along the line in question.
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19. Enemy Blockades:
In view of the existence of strong nuclei of guerrillas, who occupied
vast areas, the German command was faced with great tactical difficulties
which did [not] permit it to engage in a successful fight with the interior
front.
Nevertheless, the German command periodically (generally in the spring
and in the fa~-_,11) organized powerful blbekades aimed at destroying and
extirpating these guerrilla areas which constituted a threat to the German
command.
In order to carry out these operations the German command began by
concentrating powerful contingents of infantry, tanks, and artillery T the
area to be blockaded from 15 to 20 days in advance.
The guerrilla area was surrounded by a circle of fire - from secret
machine gun nests aimed at the exits of paths and roads which crossed
the area.
As soon as all of the possible exits were closed, the airforce and the
artillery began to rake the encircled area. Next, under strong aerial
observation, there was begun the "comb," that is to say> an extensive line
of soldiers with a distance of 2 or 3 meters between each of them began
combing the encircled area.
At the same timed a bombardment was begun on guerrilla centers discovered
by the airforce.
As the comb4'advanced across the encircled area, penal detachments destroyed
villages, inhabited points, and camps which they encountered in their path.
The guerrilla nuclei pursued by the "comb" were obliged to retreat
and plunged into the hidden machine gun ~ nests which machinegunned them
without any risk.
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SE?R -T
These tactics proved quite successful for the Germans in the beginning,
but already in 1913 the guerrilla tactics were modified to cope with the
above-mentioned situation.
As soon as the Germans began their concentration, the guerrilla nuclei
began to hide everything which could impede their movements. TOL, ammunition,
light artillery, etc. They mined their camps and as soon as the Germans
began to move19i t the guerrillas dispersed in small groups of two
or three men, after agreeing on a place for reuniting after the blockade.
When these small groups scattered through the woods, instead of fleeing
from the "comb" they awaited it in ambush.
When the "comb" approached at close range, the guertillas;opened a compact
fire from their submachine guns (metralletas). The soldiers engaged in the
combing operation were forced to drop to the ground and the guerrillas took
advantage of this by jumping up hastily and slipping away into the woods
which had already been combed. This meant that all of the erfforts put forth
by the Germans were reduced to Pero*
When the blockade was ended,,` reunited at the p ]ace agreed upon, ready
jo begin anew.
20. Crossing the Front.
The detachment or group which has to cross the front Tai in one
sector
direction or the of h selects a definite for this, a sector suitable
for the purpose in agreement with the information received.
When the detachment antersOft the divisional dislocation area, all of
the movements are carried out at night and with the greatest caution; the area
will be thoroughly explored by small groups of two or three men before the 25X1
main body begins to move.
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All of the movements of, main body of the detachment in the divisional
dislocation area will also be preceded by engineers who open a way through
the mined fields.
This precaution is increased when the detachment returns back across the
enemy lines or when it crosses the lines of its own troops and ~ gets into
no man's land.
In case front conditions are such that the crossing of the entire unit
together is impossible, the detachment will divide into small groups
accompanied by snouts and sappers will crossthe front at various places,
after eliminating the enemy scouts and sentinels.
21. anization of the Intelligence S.
In case there are not available in the inhabited centers -s trustworthy
persons capable of organizing clandestine contacts, the group entrusted with
establishing the intelligence network will dOOM employ the following:
1. The individual prostitutes
,,,or poorly paid
2. Discon en ed ersons
in the big cities.
who can
3. Everyone whose immediate relatives can be held as hostages.
4. Those who can be blackmailed, etc.
In case of intelligence groups of guerrillas, the only radio used will
be that of the detachment.
Considerable attention will be devoted to the matter of covering up
one's tracks in case of pursuit. (In this regard the most important means
recommended is the subway, houses with various exits, taxis; the most
important thing, however, is a thorough study of the place where an intelligence
source will operate, in order that he may know in advance the places suitable
for covering his tracks in case he is pursued).
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