SOLID STATE PHYSICS RESEARCH IN WESTERN EUROPE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00423R000301040001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 30, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 1, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

,~
QtI~Y; Sweden/Netherlands/France/Germany/Switzerland
17 ~: ~ 2,
OU,6,7EC' `:, Solid State Physics Research in Western Europe
4
CE Ad UTRED --------
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DATE ACQUIRED Septhru Nov'52
DATE OF INFO:,
.
S01WE S citizen, Ph.D., professor of physics at a well-known US university.
ln` 7rdition to'teaching, he is working under contract to the'US military
eat,abl.shmentin the field of solid state physics. In the fall of 1952
he Ysited various European research institutes where he compared research
in. solid, 'state physics and instrumentation.techniques with those found
in the STS
The information in this report has been obtained by the Department of
'
the Air(Force (Air Technical Intelligence Center) and is disseminated
by CIA in accordance with paragraphs 2(h) and 3(e) of National Security
council Intelligence Directive #7,7
Institute of Mechanics, University of Up sala Sweden -
In the ? stitute offMechanics and Theoretical Physics 1` visited Professor
var Wa.1e; (probably one of the best physicists in Sweaen) and Dr. Per-Olov
1 11
,,owd, n who works primarily on crystal physics especially the calculation of
th
at
om
le
s
e
ng
qs ve forces and. elastic constants in solids. I talked
co
b Wader"and Lowdin about physical research at various places in
; den irk addition to Uppsala. Professor Wailer especially is aware of
o~t everything of this sort that is being done in Sweden. Waller is one
of the committee that selects Nobel prize winners, and. unfortunately this
takes se much of his time that he cannot do anything else; on'the other hand
he is,aware of'whatfalmost everyone (of note) is doing.
As a result of my`inquiry I have found to my surprise no evidence of any
work on transistor materials or any extensive experimental work on alkali
halides'in the universities. Lowdin does much work on the mathematical and
theoretical problems in connection with alkali halides and most of his work
has been published In a paper covered book entitled 'A Theoretical Inves i-
gation Into Some Properties of Ionic Crystals". (Uppsala 1948). Interest is not
as strong in the fields mentioned. as in the United States although LU'wdin.
himself hopes to follow this' work and do some theoretical and mathematical
work himself It`is claimed that the funds and facilities required to
ca,ry oh any extensive experimental program in germanium and-'silicon for
transistor work would be too large for Sweden (both in personnel and money).,
It was claimed that even the telephone company has not begun any appreciable
b
m t
e
e
o
e
work in the transistor field.. The telephone research people s
concentrating more" on various types of computing mechanics than on 1
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In the Department of Physics at the University of Uppsala I talked with
various members ofthe department engaged in Xray spectroscopy and electron
diffraction work. I did not have an opportunity to talk with the nuclear
physics group. Professor A. E. Sandstrom showed me around the research
laboratories of the physics department. The main effort appears (outside the
nuclear physics group) to be directed toward Xray spectrometry. Studies of
structure near the short wave length limit of, the continuous Xray spectrum.
A relatively new large bent crystal vacuum spectrograph has been built under
Sandstrom's direction. Spectrographs of this type are built for the purpose
of obtaining high resolving power and for working with small intensities.
The spectrograph at Uppsala was designed for use in high vacuum because the
long wave length region is the most interesting for solid state physics.
This spectrograph is described in Arkiv fur Fysik Band 4 #36 1952.
I, Electron diffraction equipment has been built using Geiger-Muller counters
so. that photographic recording methods could be avoided., The purpose of this
work is to measur._e,the atomic factor for electrons for different metals;
there is apparently disagreement among different experiments using photo-
,graphic recording and disagreement with the theory of the atomic factor as
given. separately by Bethe and by Mott. In attempting to use counters in,
electron diffraction work there are rather strong demands on the stability
of various potentials on the diffraction equipment. This work is being done
by Sven Lennander and the results are quite good. The apparatus is described.
in Arkiv 77 Fysik Band 5 #18 (1952).
Dr. Gosta Brogren has been doing some Xray work on rocking curves with very
good quartz crystals. The rocking curves are very narrow indicating very
high perfection of the material. The best of his quartz came from Steeg &
Reuter at Bad Homburg near Frankfurt.
Division of A plied Mathematics Royal Institute of Technolo Stockholm
Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan. - KTH) - 13 Sep 52
6. I spent some time with Professor'Lamek Hulthen of the Division of Mathema-
tical Physics at the KTH discussing "scatte- ing problems" especially as
connected with work in ultrasonic scattering and. absorption investigations
in . solids, During this conversation I inquired about the interests of the
L. M. Ericsson Telephone Cqmpany in solid state physics believing that they
must surely be interested in transistor work. It may be that the phone
company isn't doing anything of this sort (although it sounds incredible).
In any case all that I could learn was that the telephone company was mainly
concern, d with computing machines. Hu.lthenis or was a consultant to
L. M. Ericsson
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 John. mit H.P.J. Wi jn
8. There are about 1RO technically trained people at Philips (of scientist
level although not necessarily all with doctors' degrees). Philips keeps
close liaison with most of the universities especially Leiden and
Amsterdam. Casimir is a special professor at Leiden as well as Director
of the research laboratories at Philips. Casimir has been asked to take
the position left vacant at Leiden by the death of H. A. Kramers; he has
not at this time, October 1, 1952, accepted. or refused - Casimir's present
job at Philips is probably equally attractive in many ways and undoubtedly
pays more than Leiden could pay. Casimir is, in my opinion, certainly
the best theoretical physicist in Holland since the death of Kramers. He
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Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands - 26 and 27 Sep 52
Personnel interviewed:
H. B. G~. Casimir Bienfait
has, moreover, rather wide practical experience.
Philips is becoming active in experimental work on plant and biological
problems. There are facilities. for studying the growth of plants in
fluorescent light there are plant and animal houses.
10. Philips is considerably more research minded. and research conscious than
comparable United States firms with the exception of Bell Laboratories
where the attitude is about the same.
11. Some work on. Germanium is underway not only'at Philips but also at Leiden'
(for low temperature behavior) with Philips Germanium, Some high pressure work
on germanium is reported under the University of Amsterdam (van der Waals,
laboratory). I did not inquire any further when I learned, that Philips
,has only very recently found out, from Bell Laboratories, how to make pure
germanium - this seemed to show, at that time at least, that there could not
be very much to be learned from Philips on the question of germanium.
12. Ferroxcube and Ferroxdure. Feroxcube, the older material, has high
electrical resistivity and high magnetic permeability which places Ferroxcube
in the category of magnetically soft materials. The Ferroxdure materials
are magnetically hard, that is, they can be permanently magnetized. W,1hereas
most permanent magnet-materials contain nickel or cobalt, Ferroxdure does
not. Ferroxdure has the composition.
Ba O 6
Fe2 03
III
BaFe12 019 Hexagonal - Magnetoplumbite
the{h.exagon.al axis is the easy direction of magnetiziation.
13. Most of the important technical features of Ferroxdure are described. in
a recent article (January 1952) in Philips Technical Review under the
title:
"Ferroxdure, A class of New. . Permanent Magnet Materials"
by Went, Rothenau, E. W. Gorter and Oosterhout. ~~~
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14, Soft materials such as Ferroxcube produce losses in a high frequency
field'but hard materials such as ferroxdure offer new technical possibilities
because of the very high electrical resistivity. The high resistivity
allows Ferroxdure to be used in high frequency applications. One such
possibility mentioned to me at Philips is that of using a rod of Ferroxdure
transvensely`in a rectangular guide for changing the impedance magnetically
for modulation., variable coupling, switching, impedance matching and so on..
Applications combining the use of Ferroxdure with Ferroxcube are obvious.
15. I have obtained from Philips come samples of Ferroxdure and some specially
0
) material for examina.-
oriented Alnico V (needle structure 1000 A? by 100
tion in our laboratory by means of ultrasonic attenuation methods and
for magnetic measurements. The results of this work should. be very
interesting technically and should lead. to further interchange of informa-
tion.
16. Some information. about r.f. losses and dielectric constant as a function
of frequency were discussed. (These are not in the published material).
Y- frequency - frequency
17. Other questions concerning ferromagnetic materials were discussed parti-
cularly details in. connection with Alnico V or Triconal 5hich originated
at Philips].
Concerning Alnico V:
(BH)_?tr obtained. before cooling in,presence of
magnetic field is about 2 x 10'.
(BH)mac after cooling in presence of field from
8560 t8000 (then annealing at 6000) is about
5 x log.
(BH) obtained by using (in addition to the magnetic
max
field) a temperature gradient along the 100 direction
favorable to the long needles (i.e. in direction of
long needles) is about 8 x 106.
The values of (BH)max are obtained with H along the long axis of the needles.
The needles (about 1000A? by lOOA0) are cobalt rich while the region Just outside
the needles is cobalt poor,
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A visit to the Kip Instrument Company in Delft, Holland was made for two
reasons - first this company is one of the very best manufacturers of
ecialized'researc' instruments and secondly, I wanted. to find out
s
p
specifically about infrared equipment and. if possible where it is sold.
19. The range of instruments manufactured here is very large including a
variety of galvanometers and associated accessories including recording
equipment, the, rmo-relays and'thermo-couple magnifiers; vacuum thermo-couple
equipment for radiation measurements, thermopiles, solar radiation equip-
ment, photo-electric colorimeters, spectrophotometers recording and non-
recording, monochromators 2+00 to 160000 A?, photo cell equipment such as
amplifiers etc., recording microphotometers. Medical equipment for measure-
meit of oxygen saturation of the blood (haemoreflector) and a device for
continuous observation and measurement of the arterial oxygen . saturation
f on the patient during functional tests of the heart and lungs, etc. All
of, theLequipment is hand made and of'the very best workmanship. The person
with whom I talked`at Delft was Dr. W. Reichert who apparently does much of
the design of new equipment. A complete catalog of this equipment is in
qty files and others are easily obtained. One interesting feature of this
18.
(graduate student working for doctor's degree). The work which I saw a
the Van der Waals Laboratory was, as is well known, concerned. almost
entirely with the physical properties of materials under high pressures.
The Laboratory concentrates on the precision measurement of high pressures
up to about 3,000 atmospheres rather than on work at very high pressures.
21, The measurement of, some phenomena at low temperature and at high pressure
is also done here.
1company is the strong effort to keep up with all of the latest ideas in
'instruments. Dr. W. Reichert is in constant touch with people who want
special equipment of new design, and. he is constantly engaged in designing
new 'instruments.
University of Amsterdam - 29 and 30 Sep 52
20. Conversation mainly with Dr.' Jan C. Strijland and Peter van Meurs
t
22. Measurement of the conductivity of Germanium and the change in. conductivity
with pressure has `been carried out varying both temperature and pressure.
The change in pressure was from 0 to 3000 atmospheres and in temperature
0 to100? C,. The germanium in question was not particularly pure. Originally
the resistivity was 3 ohm cm. it was produced by Philips at Eindhoven.
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has been investigated, rather thoroughly.
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23. The effect of pressure on the Curie point temperature of Barium Titanate
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The shift in the resonance of an oscillating quartz crystal under high
pyres tom' ias"'ShoWi: `rather remarkable behavior. The fundamental frequency
6 YC fa- Link-Radio Transmitter crystal serial 11278337. The results
were roughly as shown:
frequency
ampl decreases
as p increases
91.1.875
Kilocycles
ampl increases
as p increases
1000
atmospheres
2000
Further work using} ultrasonic methods is underway.
2-5. tn`meta1s`and me alloys such as CuNi the measurement of the shift in
temperature of the-Curie point has been made. The measurement of the
`velocity and the dispersion of velocity in gases (for example COL) at
high pressure has 'been carried out.
The methods and 'echniquesof high pressure wor are - uuu,
in Amsterdam;"Michels is helping as a consultant to set up a ig p
tir etor, of the laboratory was at'the University of Maryland when. I was
h h ressure
-study at the Van der Waals Laboratory. .a pare v1 uliC .-,,.aU.r
the laboratory is concerned with making high pressure equipment for sale.
The laboratory is concerned with other high pressure wort in addition to
that zeritioned here but most of this has been published. A. Michels the
laboratory in the US.
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Com aagnie Generale de Telegraphie Sans Fils - 31 Oct. 52
27. With M. Dillard I next'visited Dr. Nguyen Thien-Chi who is directing
work on seticoconductors mainly for thermistors. A considerable amount of
effort appears to be put into thermistor work. This work is'done in what is
called Laboratoire de Chemie~General et Metallurgie Department de Recherches
Physico-Chemiques. 'A considerable amount of work has gone into the study
of sintered powder mixtures such as MgO, Si 02, Fr 02 on one hand., with
Ni, Ca, Fe, Mo, W, and graphite on the other hand. Oxides such as 7-40,
Ti02, Ta265, and V205 have been extensively investigated as well as Ti3 05?
The work, however, is mainly on the temperature behavior of the resistivity
of these materials. Some of the thermistors are used up to 1100?C. Some
special alloys are also under development by this group. There is no evi-
dence of germanium work on transistors and no work on highmaterials.
27a.' The Ceramics Laboratory is concerned chiefly with ceramics for condensers.
The work on the development of ceramics and condensers is really excellebt.
A catalog of these condensers is available.
2~. Altogether I was muc i more impressed by 'the work that the tube group is
doing than. with, anything else at C.S.F.
The First Physical Institute at Gottingen -
? ?i ~--.i.-Y~-ice. _ _
Nov 11-15 1952.
Personnel Interviewed
Prof. R. W. Pohl Dr. Glover
Heinz Pick Dr. Barth
Werner Martienssen
29. At Gottingen there are three physical institutes called First, 'Second and
Third. Institutes, under the direction of Pohl, Kopfermann., and Meyer
respectively. The Second Institute under Kopferman is concerned with
luolear and Atomic Physics and. now concerned mainly with mass spectroscopy
and the measureraen.t-of nuclear moments. The Third Institute under Meyer
is concerned with what is called technical physics, in particular with
eleetroacoustics, room acoustics, loudspeakers, but apparently not working
in ultrasonics. In addition to the two institutes mentioned and to the
First Institute (about which I will write in some detail) there is the
Institute fur Theoretische Physik under the direction of R. Becher. Becher
is no longer"interested in ferromagnetism; he is spending his time on
problems, in physical statistics.
30. The First Institute, formerly under R. W. Pohl (now retired), was at the
time'I visited it without a new director, although Pohl was still acting
as director until` a new one could be obtained. Both. R. Hilsch and
E.'Mollwo of Prlan,~en had been mentioned as likely successors to Pohl.
Work at the First Institute is entirely connected with studies of the
alkali halide single crystals. Many aspects of the preparation. of single
cr rstaI_s are studied as well as optical absorption and conductivity of these
crystals. The measurement of optical absorption in connection with color
centers in the alkali halides is one of the principal concerns of the First
Institute.
90001
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32. The study of optica~ I absorption and electrical conductivity is carried
on as a function of:'
(a) crystal preparation
(b) treatment with vapor produced color centers
(c) Xray induced color centers
(d) lattice parameter changes with temperature
33, The published work of this institute is very large; the program on alkali
halides has continued under Pohl for many years. At the present time the
main research workers are Dr. Heinz Pick, Dr. Werner Martienssen, Dr. Glover,
and Dr. Barth. Dr. Glover is, however, from the United States and will return
here soon. Dr. H. Pick expects to visit at the University of Illinois from
about April to September of this year. 9537
34. I have always been impressed with the people and the work'from Gottingen,
and visiting the university here has only strengthened. my convictions that
if I had. my choice of places to work as a physicist in Europe it would be
Gottingen. The Federal Technical Institute at Zurich would be the only
serious competitor.
Institut fur Theoretische Physik der Institut Liebi -Hochschule Giessen
l Nov 52 1
35. I talked. with Dr. Dorin.g at his home; he pointed out that very little of
the experimental work which he wants to see done has gotten underway so
that there is not very much to see in his laboratory. Dr. Daring left
Gottingen about two years ago so that he has been in Giessen only that
length of time. Dr. D'a'ring used to work with Dr. R. Becker in. Gottingen;
They wrote a well known treatise on Ferromagnetism.
36. One very, interesting question now under investigation by Daring is that
of the speed of propagation of a domain wall in a ferromagnetic wire.
Consider a wire magnetized. to saturation in. one direction, and. imagine
that at.on.-en.d of the wire there is a coil or winding which can be used
to introduce suddenlya current which will reverse the magnetization in
the part of the wire in or near the coil. With the wire magnetized as
indicated in the sketch, consider the introduction ofa reverse magnetization
introduced at A
The boundary between the part of the wire magnetized in the original direc-
tion.and the part of the wire now magnetized in the opposite direction is
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not not planar but is somewhat as shown. The velocity with which this
front moves from right to left has been determined. approximately as 200
meters/second..
37. Further conversation with Daring was concerned with magnetic after-effect in
iron and the question of the higher density of C and N2 atoms in the domain
walls. Carbon atoms in iron can move rather easily and the magtietostriction
can'cause C atoms to move forward and to lodge in the lattice at domain
walls especially when a cubic lattice can stretch into a tetragonal lattice
The question of interest in this connection is whether a similar situation
prevails in nickel because if so this may explain certain peculiar behavior
we have observed in our work in our laboratory -(in connection with
attenuation measurements).
The Physical Institute of The University of Erlangen - 19 Nov 52
38. Professor R. Hilsch was a student of R. Pohl of Gottingen.. Since the
retirement of Pohl at Gottingen a new head of the First Institute is being
sought. 'I know that Professor Hilsch was asked to take this job. At this
time /February 19537 I do not know whether he has accepted or not.
39. We discussed at some length the question of defects in solids and the
variation in the behavior of solids that can be produced by introducing
and removing such defects. Hilsch and some of his people are studying
the preparation of thin films of alkali halides with high concentration of
color -enters or defects [as many as 5 x 1018 defects/cc (a concentration
of 10" )7by eva_LDoration onto quartz at 90?K the materials potassium and
potassium chloride (K 4 Ycl) evaporated together. Apparently many defects
can be obtained in the thin films with this manner of preparation. It can
be shown that these color centers or defects or holes without electrons
are'decreased in number when prepared at low temperature and then taken
t o,higher temperatures. For example with a thin film of K ? KE1 evaporated
on a .quartz surface at 200K and held at that temperature one gets an
abnormal optical absorption curve somewhat as indicated (solid) then when
the layer is heated to room temperature and measured one gets the usual
absorption curve indicated by the broken curve.
abs.
coef
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The conclusion is that many more defects can be 'kept in this and similar
eratures when
tem
l
d h
ld
--- - -.-_
p
ow
a V
e
ratter;als preVareu an
to come to room temperature. The importance of "defects" in such effects
d
.
)sorption and conductivity is certainly illustrate
41. Many other aspects of the behavior of solids at low temperature, especially
in the alkali halides, are being studied.
Layers of Ag Cl tAg and Ag Br + Ag have been studied in .a way similar to
F KCl duper conductivity of metals such as tin and zinc are being
' r ?.[ CAF V:et
f
o
layer of Sn on quartz. The tin usually becomes supercondueting at 3.7?K
and there isn't much that affects this situation. One thing that can be
done is to produce the Sn layer by evaporation. at low temperature (about
YOOK) then the resistance behaves as follows with tin temperature:
Sum' eiconductivity of Tin
43. When the sample of tin is prepared at about 10 K the resistance is
drops as shown along path (1) to a minimum at about 200?K and then
:increases with temperature. If taken to room temperature- the path is
--.ter
. (2). R is now very
frotrgom'temperature the path of R is as shown in
=c lower at 1O?K' than it was before going to higher temperature. An
The temperature at which the
situation is shown in (3).
material becomes usuperconducting is different depending on whether the film
,as kaen ke?+ aitO?K in which ease the transition temperature for super-
t
o 3vv
c?nau-et vity Is 4. o- or whe-Geer all owed to gv
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transition temperature for superconductivity is 3.7?K. There are inter-
mediate transition temperatures between 3.7? and 4.60 depending on how high
in temperature the sample has been allowed to go. The question of defects
in solid state physics is the main issue. The work at Erlangen is in general
concerned with the comparison of the concentrations of defects produced at
low temperatures with the concentrations usually produced at higher tempera-
tures. The results show that larger concentrations of defects can be obtained
in a solid if produced and held at low temperatures. The work at Erlangen
is or the highest caliber comparable in every way with the work at Pohl's
Institute in ' ttingen or with that at the Federal Institute in Zurich. The
lecture room and its equipment were shown very proudly by Hilsch who follows
the Gottingen tradition of giving the best in elementary lectures and demon-
strations.
44. Since my visit in mid-November, 1952, a report from the London Office of
Naval Research has appeared. The title is "Solid State Physics at
Erlangen, Germany" - Technical Report ONRL 9-53 dated February 2, 1953.
The Institute of Applied Physics, University of Erlangen.
45. I did not talk with Professor Erich Mollwo, but the concern of this group
is primarily that of the electrical properties of metallic oxides especially
Zinc Oxide. Such properties as photoconductivity and electrical conductivity
changes under electron bombardment are being studied. Large zinc oxide
crystals are grown from the vapor phases of zinc and oxygen.
Siemens Schuckertwerke, Erlangen - 20 Nov 52
PersonnelIntexviewed:
Professor W. Finkelnburg, Head of the Gas Discharge Tube Group.
Dr. H. Welker, Read of the Solid State Group.
46. Welker, and his group have developed compounds of Indium-Antimony with pro-
perties which appear to make it very much superior to Germanium for some
transistor purposes. Since my visit to Siemens-Schuckei erke in November,
1952, the work described has appeared in Zeitschriff far Naturforschung,
Band 7a, Heft 11, 1952, under the title "Uber neue halbleitende Verbindungen"
by H. Welker. They also investigated other possible semiconductor compounds
of Indium. With Indium-Phosphrous they experienced contact rectification
troubles. Indium-Arsenic looked better than Germanium but was worse than
Indium-Antimony. Other comparative mobility data obtained by Siemens
Erlangen are:
Mobility
Electron Mobility
-cm2/volt sec.
Hole Mobility
Germanium
3600
1700
Grey Tin
3000
}diamond
900
Silicon
1200
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Welker says he figured out that In Sb should nave an aavantage from
hemj.caI bond"considerations and comparisons with materials where the
Semi-conductor behavior is known. Welker has published the` article
met on.ed in paragraph 46.
about making .and using transistors.
may-?ot actually be the case. I did not find out what Siemens as on
has b -. - done "~be mobility considerations are' not'the only ones involved .
mobility were to be considered` these new materials might be ected
to beseful`at much higher frequencies than with Germanium. This may or
h d e
shiny (polished) hard metal. The new semi-conductor materials promise to
o"J ant as - and Silicon for use as transistors.
fhzeamust abe caref pu r'however, aboutuundue optimism until further work
vial-that of a very
The appearance of a small piece of In-Sb shown to me
Uni, rsity of Munich, Germany - 21 Nov 52
Personnel Interviewed:
4+9.
alter.G Gerlach
Franbe ger
A~
This group under Gerlach is concerned mainly with ferromagnetism and with
e tain.anomalous tehavior of ferromagnetic materials.
n
Zeitsehrift fur Ph~ysik Band 13 seat 212- O (95 e o p
interests, of`Gerlach and his associates is the effect of impurities on
the properties of materials especially'the magnetic properties. Another
aspect~of"thsae interest is that of the effect of gases on the magnetic
eitschrift fur Naturforschung Band 5a, Heft 3, 1950 and in
'Zr
wsrk` is given in
f the rincipal
'~ 22 1 ON O
other ferromagnetic materials as a function of temperature above about
0 C and up to 550?C. Certain peculiarities in the resistance-temperature
35 0
orvear tie sufi `eet of present investigation. Some discussion of this
properties of' ferromagnetic materials.
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50', 'Fraunbergerhas been studying the high frequency resistance of Nickel and
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of Technology (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule
Personnel Interviewed:
conducting materials is I believe of strong importance. I fours a use
was aware of the semi-conductor behavior of the various compounds such as
the Iridium-Antimony one mentioned under Erlangen and the Siemens Schuckertwerke.
I do notlbelieve that Busch knew of the rather high electron and hole
mobility as measured at Erlangen. In any case Busch pointed out that very
many more semi-conductors can be realized. In particular we talked about
such systems as indicated here.
./Ge
Mgt Sn
P,6
Mg3 Sb2
Mg3 Bit
Sb Cd
Sb Sn
Bi Cd
Sb $n
Bi Sn
Example:
Mgt Sn
Mg --------------------- Sn
*Helvetica Physica Acta 24. #2 1951
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Professor Paul Scherrer
Dr. Danzig
Dr. Granichler
47. I talked at some length with Kanzig and Granichler about piezoelectric and
articular about Barium Titanate. Kanzig
d i
n p
and ferroelectric studies an
has published much of his work* under the title "R ontgenuntersuchen caber
de Seignetteelectrizitat von Barium Titanat" which is bn x-ray study of the
transition of the untwinned ferroelectric Ba T103 crystals from the cube
phase into the tetragonal phase as a function of temperature. Other work
s
h
ere seem
is now being done on size effects in ferroelectric domains. .
tobe a critical domain size below which ferroelectric behavior is
altered,.' Critical Domain Size in Ferroelectrics" by W. Manzi and M. Peter
Whys. Review 85 1x59 0-941 . Also "Wall Energy of Ferroelectric Domains" 0-7 40 -DAP
48. F. ona has measurea'.6 y ultrasonic-optical methods the elastic constants of
stals over a range of
c
i
l
t
ry
c
ec
r
transparent piezoelectric and ferroe
temperatures from -500 C to +30?C. Crystals of KD' 'C . Rb H2 `PC4 and
NaCi 0" were used to measure the elastic constants.' This work is described.
in. Helvetica Physica Acta 23. r 6/7 1950. A later paper by F. Lona and
P.Sc'herrer is concerned with the measurement of the five elastic constants
of ice at -l6?C. Helvetica Physica Acta 25.71/2 1952.
49, The work of Georg Busch and, his-co-workers on Grey Tin and'other semi-
. dth+B h
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?
I could not be sure whether Busch had done (or was doing) any work on
these materials. ;fie is ver1 actively investigating'Grey Tin, and' some.
parts of his 'work are confidential. The applications of the semi-con-
d.uctor work _to in'fr'ared devices I am sure is one of`the' classified parts
of the work. From conversations I am led to believe that, there may be
some ways of using: grey tin in practical devices or perhaps they have
learned how to get;grey tin in solid form rather than powder. These last
remark are speculation on my part. In any case the work on grey tin is
coItinui=ag`as anyacademic matter. this is done partly at least because
like silicon, germanium and diamond grey tin hasAthe diamond structure.
There may be a modification of lead with a diamond lattice. An excellent
review of the "Electronic Properties of Grey Tin`" is given by Busch,
Wieland, and Zoller in "Semi-Conducting Materials (1951). Another paper
on "Magnetic Susceptibility of Grey Tin" by Busch and Mooser is to be
found. in "Zeits fur Physikalische Chemie" 1/4(1951).
51. I was impressed. with the facilities both for teaching and research at the
Physical Institute. The lecture room and its facilities which Professor
Sche'rrer uses for elementary lectures would put to shame anything that
I know of in this country.
52. At the time when I visited Zurich a representative from the Battelle
Institute in , Geneva Mr. Robert Keagy, was also visiting the institute
to establish contact with rrofessor Scherrer and-to invite Scherrer to
become acquainted with the work which Battelle had planned in Geneva.
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