ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MONITORING SERVICE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00442R000100080002-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 2006
• Sequence Number: 2
• Content Type: REPORT

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OF r IM TG
UViCE
of 1940, the need of Amorioan officials for a service to
stor foreign radio broadcasts became fully apparent. That was a year
before Pearl Barbor. The State Department was especially concerned with the
trs:ndous volume of anti-U. S. propaganda being short-waged to Latin
, rr lea.
The Department of Justice was concerned with the extent to which
Axis agents in the United States roosived dirsation and guidance from Nazi
audible hereMj the use of radio by Herr 0oebbels in
fall of France and the Low Countries had shown how powerful
t for fomenting-disruption radio could be in this respect.
wes also felt about the growing aggressiveness of Japan as
reflected in her radio broadcast. indeed, it is interesting to note that
although the first draft of a proposed resolution establishing a United
monitoring service spoke of broadcasts "from Europe," a revision
Maj. Men. Joseph 0. Mauborgne, then Chief Signal
of the Army, substituted for the phrase, "from Europe," the phrase,
"from Europe and the Far East."
The Council of National Defense which the President had established in
1040 also felt the need of an American listening ssrvicei in January 1941
Prof, William 'x'sndell Elliott of the Council's Advisory Commission wrote in
that connections
not emphasise that radio as an instrument of prop"
gaia" has proved its imgortanoe beyond any doubt and that the
methods onployed by the British Broadcasting Corporation and
e er Governs is to analyse the intentions of other Govern-
smem by study of their official broadcasts have been considered
by Gamtral Staff off cials to have the greatest military value
sad are a regular feature now in the British Intelligence
Service. In this oonneotiern the assumption is that unconscious
ls44ons of future strategic moves despite attempts to
would be apparent to a trained psycholouist.
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r
this concern of many Government agencies with the need for a
service to keep track of foreign broadcasts was crystallized
toward the end of 1940 by the State Department, which ssad+e informal
uggsstions in this connection to the President. The President stated
that jurisdiction over this matter was in the Defense Communications
Communioations ). This Board was composed
of Signal Officer of the Arey, the Director of Naval Co taa-
A,ssistant Secretary of State for International Comaunioations,
an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, and the Chairman of the Federal
Conamications Commission.
Department, through Assistant Secretary of State
Breokinridgs Wig, accordingly brought the matter before the Defense
C. untoat ona $oard at a meeting on January 3, 1941. A proposed
resolution establishing listening centers was presented by Assistant
secretary Loong and was discussed by General lauborgne, Admiral lops,
wi FCC Chief Engineer (later Commissioner) E. B. Jett.
the matter was again discussed at the next meeting of the Board
at this time the State Department resolution, as
expanded by General Unuborgne to include Per East broadcasts, was
adopted. In its final form the resolution reads in part as followst
vacs the Government of the United States funds itself oon-
ted with a system of radio-telephonic broadcasting emanating
countries abroad which is aggressive in character and
frequently of subversive intend
Morass, in the interest of the security of the United
hates, it behooves the American Government to keep itself
Wormed of coiaumications of all nature which are being broad-
east from Europe and the. Par East and! are intended for personsf
satire view ef'the picture of propaganda intended for consumption
in the American continent;
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' erefore be it resolved, That the Defense Cosmeunioations
Board shall request the Federal Communications Commission to
submit to the loard at its next meeting a plan for the establish-
t of suitable additional monitoring facilities equipped for
the purpose of monitoring foreign broadoastal mztd be it further
"&esolved, That the Board shall present such a plan with such
ea.a4moats as it may dews desirable to the President for his
sppreval with the recommendation that he consider the allocation
to the Cou issien of additional funds for the remainder of the
rxent fiscal year not to exceed 13000000. of which $60,
is for additional equipment and $260,004 for personnel, end a
corresponding provision for the fiscal year 1942, for the
.stabli,ehisent and maintenance of additional monitoring facilities
to give coverage not now projected."
At the next meeting of the Board, January 21, a memorandum to the
President and a justification for funds were approved.
,gross had provided funds for just such newly arising defense
Ards. In the Military Appropriations Act, 1941, it had met up a special
fund "to enable the President, through the appropriate agencies of the
,t * * * to provide for emergencies affecting the national
security and defense." From the funds thus provided by Congress, the
president on February 25, 1941, allotted the sum of $160,000 to the
mmunications Commission, and on. the next day these funds were
*ode available to the Cemaission "for expenses to analyse incoming shoxt-
wave radio propaganda, and so forth" by Treasury transfer appropriation
436. In this way the Foreign Broadcast Intelligenee Service
was ettablishede
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OZRIQNS s GURU
Operations of the FBI8 are a belt line process. This process can
Abed in terms of nine simultaneous or successive steps. The
steps agar s
I4 Scheduling-
to Intsa ption.
S* Monitoring and.
(simultaneously
4. Batotarding.
d. Translating.
8. Wive $errioe Dissemination .
7. Reports edited and mimeographed documents for intelligence
dissemination)
B. Analyses
I. ladiyidusl services of various kinds.
ptsp I -- Sohedulia of Programs
at comes the sohsduling of the programs to be intercepted at
each listening post during a listening period. This is a highly complex
praolss. It Involves the oampitation . of as complete an index as possible
foreign broadcasts, their frequencies, hours, languages, and program
types, and thou keeping this comprehensive index currently accurate from
day to day. About 6,000 programs are listed. 'This work is done, not
merely for the FBI8, but also for other United States send United Nations
officials who rely on the FBIS for schedules.
It is the task of our Program
Information unit. As foreign broadcast program change, change sheets are
supplied to users of the schedule book, so that all the agencies concerned
are kept currently informed.
From the program schedule book each FBIS listening post has assigned
gular daily sample which forms the bulk of the monitoring task.
These are the programs known to be important and are listened to every
daily sample, bow "r, does not fill all the tins devoted to
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s torng. There are always special jobs to be done for a particular
day, wsek, or month at the request of some user agency, or which need
to be done as baoketopping for another listening post temporarily blacked
out by static or otherwise. Thus, there is a necessary element of flexi-
ty in this day's schedule of programs assigned to the operators at
each listening post.
$tep 8 .- Interception
The second step in the ?B28 operations is performed by the radio
engineers. Each engineer is in charge of a battery of short-wave receivers,
half of which at any given time are actually operating, while the other
half are warming up. The engineer is supplied with a schedule of "programs
to ks," so that he will know at 31146 a.m., for example, Just which
scheduled to come on at 12 noon he will be expected to cover. ile
twos in the requisite number of receivers to the right wave lengths in
advance, and makes sure that each receiver is functioning properly at the
point of greatest audibility. Then, at precisely noon, he can be throwing
a switch. break. off the programs being intercepted during the 11,46.12
nod and tie in the programs for the 12 o'clock period in such a
program will go by wire to the right monitor and to the right
recording device. Then he proceeds to retune the unused receivers so that
they will be ready for the 12 t 16 programs.
seldom does everything go precisely according to schedule. An
Upfortant broadcast, for example, may become inaudible duo to atmospheric
!ditious. The experienced engineer knows wheys there are alternative
ties carrying the same program and quickly turns his dial in scare;
of the place where the program is doming through so that with only a to
seconds delay the desired broadcast can be monitored.
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this regular,,msthodioal interception, the engineers
search of news changed sad discontinued programs, so that the
1 always hai before them a complete and accurate record
rograms currently available for listening. As part of the information
needed, the engineer makes a daily log reports i.e., a report on audibility
strength of each program he tunes in.
The larger part of the interception task involves voice broadcasts,
i small but important part of it, however, is getting the enemy news
agency programs transmitted in International Morse Code. Before the war,
were regular press transmissions to newspapers in foreign countries
paid for their use. The system broke down as between enemy countries
,break of war. Germany, however, still sends out its Transoaean
Now$ and Japan its Domei news (both Government controlled) in Norse Code
for nautrals, friendly newspapers, and anyone also who wishes to get the
as they color it. These are intercepted by engineers versed in the
rse Code at two of our listening posts, one for Germany on the Atlantis
end one for Japan on the Pacific Coast.`
The Japanese Domcei Morse in the Japanese language presents peculiar
sulties in handling. It is of such value that it is worth the
difficulty, directed as it is from Tokyo to satellite newspapers in the
se language itself is written in videographs* ,which cannot
d dirsotly to dots and dashes. They must first be changed into
aeow alphabet rendering of the Japanese lan uage on a phonetic basis.
Om this .Rfmad.ised Japanese, or :Romaji, as it is called, is transmitted
STATINTL in Norse Code. At I I the engineers receive and type it out as so
may waningless letters. In this form it is teletyped to Washington,
ere tr Qf~f 4~i$ 4~gt hcIA+ 8~dd2i+~L16aDM O ObO r times
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stations tune in the broadcast programs but do not
or record their content. The receivers are attached to
ephone lines ahioh end at monitors' booths 6, 10 or 16 miles
receiving stations one is levatad a xhere
sk is receiving the programs from Japan proper. lse
stations in Japanese-occupied territory, Japanese programs
rrioa. and other Asiatic transmitters*
operate actually as one unit, backstopping and su;
adequate antennie system fret from obstructions of any
oohing stations themselves are located with a special view
sees are they satisfactory locations for office headquarters
It from Russia, i nila, and, at tines, satellite stations
uth Paoific.
A second pest is at a point outside of
other as cchangin, conditions dictate.
A third manor receiving station is located at
Its assignment is listening to the programs beamed from and to the 20 Latin
publics.
Furth and largest reception unit is located at
Its task is that of listening to the
grams from Europe
d to, or audible in, North rica*
a fifth small listening post in
?menting
pting broadcasts from and to the Antilles and
and Africa to Central and South America. The work and
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1hoss four main stations cover the reception of foreign broadcasts
available to the United States in the continental area. oy are manned
urs a day by a force of Flenginee re .
g posts The United Nations letwo
al monitored and recorded at the four major FCC
affiliated listening posts abroad and from the broad-
,
a significant volume of foreign broadcast material
ce service* of other countries among the United Nations*
of broadcasts which cannot be heard directly in our
country are made, available.
Various specific arrangements of a aeoperative, character mare made
even before the United States entered the war. These were expanded in
July 19#S, when a United Nations Monitoring Committee was created in
Zn this way
e object of pushing forward a* operative plans and specific
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P318 s its ova, to ..type service in its office so that to all intents
and purposes this important
unit serves STATINTL
as an additional field station for P3I8*
8saausa of. the very extensive use made of the Continental .ropy
*tie broadcasts by 0JI for its special purposes, an arrangement was
also *4e to assign an OWl editor round-the-cloak to the FBI8 office at
3ks with complete cooperation, to select and handle the large amount of
teletype servioes and personnel In effect, the operation
in Washington simultaneously, so that an item seat by either editor
listening post, to dispatch texts and suassariss required by
ratively, the relationship withi was under F`BIB, STATINTL
material. In order to obviate duplication in cable
scion,, the 1318 and 0WI wires are delivered in Now York to Owl an
is available at both places,
and diplomatic units there, an a taletyps service, the material
lag queries on specific items, also making
special analytical studies.
STAT
STATINTL the I8 staff
distributes to vrariouz United Btates
each day
round-up of European broadcasts for the use of the Army's two Psychological
branch monitoring units in the Yaditerranean Theater, both of which
are in charge of an sir-TCC staff member aseigned to M, This round-up
as units the necessity of attempting a grniral Turopsaz oavvrage.
The cable file sent by FBISI is included by PU at these outposts
part of daily distribution of broadcast material to the 10 or 40 Allied
1limenoe and other unit* sash serves Locally.
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 STATINTL
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programs which duplicate those available-to FBIS elsewhere.
But it also receives programs which are not otherwise available to us. An
FBI$ editor (PWB, xar? correctly) stationed in
selects 25X1A
valuable summaries, texts and excerpts and cables the selected material to
ruing post at l If'r-r Par East material* An O W1 staff member,
rmerly head of the FBIS field station in
Moods for meter#arl that supplements rather than duplicates Pacific coast
seleots items daily and cables them to OW! and PBZB in Washington.
(D) The Mediterranean PWB Posts ? In the Mediterranean Theater of
Operation* the Psychological Warfare Branch of the Army, with personnel
assigned from OWI, OSSO and maintains twO w4or
listening posts and several minor ones primarily for the purpose of providing
roadoast intelligence for its iimediate,. local uses. Arrangements have
however, by which broadcasts monitorabie at these poets and
not available to 7BIS elsewhere, ?speoially Spanish, Portuguese, and Balkan
br casts, are cabled daily to 73YS in Washington.
g)
some time age
iaastituted a small monitoring unit which has been expanded by OW! for its
local uses. An FBI& editor assigned to this post supervises general
op.rations, especially seleoting programs from and to the Baltic and
Sesndinavian areas which are not elsewhere available, and cabling material
Washington via
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? 11 -
"18, in addition to its four major listening posts, has direct
*able to the monitored programs at five other listening poets
valuable material is available. At each of the poets,
neither adequate equipment nor manpower is available, the
according-atranslating process is the same as in the United
The PSIS Pacific coast monitoring units sand a small
unit on the Pacific coast, both receiving prisoner-
pris rrs?of-war, in order to aseura full coverage and to provide a *hook
on accuracy of canoes and addresses. Similarly, Washington and
exchange
and United States prisoner-of?wsr messages fram Gorenye
Mid. from separate monitoring of
prisoner-of-war messages,
STATINTL
Steps 3 and 4 - Monitoring and Recording
in tS operations is monitoring and the fourth i.s
e, a person called m monitor, thoroughly familiar with the language
of the broadcasts intercepted. These are key activities in the
**as. As a broadcast is tuned in by the engineers in a particular
and also It how in the English language, site before a typewriter with
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inished, he goes on to the next program on his schedule and so on through
on, listening to the broadcast as it is delivered. As he listens,
he translates and makes a typewritten summary of the broadcast in English.
The items of the broadcasts he numbers as he summarises. The program
of-Japan, exchange messages coned ning
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If, however, the brc adcsat he is monitoring contains items Of real
oe In the judpwnt of the supervising editor monitor (significant
called to his attention by the monitor at once), the monitor
tune aside from listening in a succeeding period and translates the
11 text is available for translation, even though the. program
because, at the very time that one wire from the receiver is
carrying the program to the nrinitor's headphones, a connecting wire is
rrying it to a recording.dictaphone which makes a semi-permanent record
of the broadcast. The diotaphone record can be played back oy the monitor
to catch anything of importtanoe missed during the actual b?rcadoastj more
picked up by a mesa nger, properly identified by a tiaae-
station-program slip, and filed away for later translation, in full if that
tcesea-ry?
The monitoring process is thus a means, of reducing the iaaeense solar
of mota.itomble words to a manageable amount. The duplication of material
sigh appears in the foreign broadcasts (Radio Tokyo? for example, my
broadcast the same item on a down or more occasions during the course of
a day) is eliminated and the agencies using F`$IS are in a position to get
full translation of precisely the material they want. As a result on
d to 10 per cent of the broadcast programs are fully translated.
? Translation
step in the ISIS operations is interposed between monitoring
and editing for a portion of the recorded broadcasts. This is the trans-
lation of texts. By standing orders of Government users, there are a certain
Muir of broadcasts for which the. full text is always wanted. Examples are
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litany communiques and the weekly
article. These form a basis translation load. The recordings are sent to
foreign languages, good commend of the English language,
rinalator must have good hearing, excellent aural knowledge
as soon as recorded, to be rendered into English text*
and a good knowledge of the country from which the program is broadcast to
$5 to identify re
sage over several time in order to catch a word or ph
corrctly? In the *sat of a particularly difficult passage, two or even
throe translators or monitors may eompars notes an it. Where the trans-
later is unsure, he puts a question mark after the, questioned wworde or
ssntonaes. Asterisks mark words left out entirely because they are inaudible
s, dates, places and svents. He listens with
s as the record is played back. Unlike the monitor, he can play
ibis.
Then. are Qtrauslators in the Foreign Broadcast Intelligenoe Service,
34 languages and 50 additional dialects. These
STATINTL and
eople are attached to the posts at
he quality of monitors and translator
ut the reliability of the whole service. Ibnitoring of this
not been developed in Or outside the Govarnasnt until the present
has had to train practically all of its monitors by apprentice
ship an the job.
Step 8 The 'sire Services
The, sixth. seventh, and eighth steps in FBIS operations have to do
etribution of the monitoring results to the various Government
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s using them. From the four FBIS and various affiliated listening
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re the summaries, texts, and daily round-ups flow into Washington
headquarters minute by minute through the day and night. They come by
Hyped transcript, by teletype, by cable, by airmail, and are then dis-
tztbuterd to the ultimate users in three ways.
One is by the wire services. A copy of the incoming material of all
kinds &"a directly to the 'BIS headquarters wire desks whore, in order
oy,, the items are selected and put an one of the six wires. The
most important of thee* six wires is the A wire, carrying various types of
Intelligence to the State Department, to five points in the War Department,
points in the 1iavy Department, to 07I, to OSS, to Censorship? CIAA,
The B Wire, with Props- STATINTL
Banda summaries and texts, goes to 0 in New York and Washington. The
C wire, with Latin American material, goes to the Office of the Coordinator
of lntsr?Amsrican Affairs. The D wire is a cable
'!he wire services are an essential part of the service rendered by
]IBIS. It is the central point at which decisions regarding i. diate 09" "44
Step 7 - Daily Reports
step in FBIS operations is simultaneous with the firs
one containing the logically orgOnUod and carefully shook d
activities. It is the preparation and issuance of two mimeographed
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t s, excerpts, and sumaaariss received during each 24-hour period.
The** reports go to a such larger nuscber of offices than the wire
services. The mailing list is at present 464 copies to 360 offices in 5$
different agencies.
Step 8
Analyses and Queries
The eighth step in. f'BT8 operations is the analysis of the volume of the
recorded broadcast output, the preparation of periodic reviews of broadcasts
particular areas, and the an$wsrs to the steady volume of queries
regarding a particular subject, trend, or transmitter. The small group of
"IS analysts who perform, thasee tasks are organised into geographical regions
sod on the broadcasts of these regions. They read, count,
nd analyse the whole volume of broadcasts from week to week and are
In the best position to give quick answers to queries regarding than.
It should be noted here that queries come into FBIS at various points*
questions cow to the wire desk at any time of day and night for
n of a text or a request for a full text. Queries for extra
of transcripts come to the Inforosation Unit (Library) which furnishes
than directly. only queries which require an hour, day,. or several days
broadcasts over a period of ti are handled by the Analysis
t should be noted that wirer serrioes, daily reports, analysers,
s
and queries are not successive steps in a process but operate simultaneouly
with the same material, furnishing to users directly what they want.
Step S -- Individual Spseial Services
Wire sorriest, daily reports, and analyses have been built up as the
mast economical means of meeting the needs of most Government departments.
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tary Intelligence, nearly 2 years ago. stationed one of its
offiocrs at FBIS headquarters. Thus, G-2 obtains prompt access to all
al available to FBIS itself. In addition, it subscribes to
the wire service and other reports. 089 has had a similar liaison officer
at our headquarters.
For more than a year the Foreign Economic Adaiaistration -- and its
decessor, -- has had a small staff located at ISIS headquarters to
omb through the ram material for all the economic items. The F&A staff
arranges, and edits the items and issues eoonoaio intelligenoe
reports which are in fact a joint Fft=11BIS document,
I
of all transcripts of Far Eastern broadcasts are flown daily to Hawaii by
bier for use of the Army Headquarters there. Also, by epeoial arrange-
s ndt specified types of information appearing in Par Eastern broadcasts are
delivered ineediately to Pacific Naval Headquarters by cable.
There have been other special services for short periods afforded to
of
t ernssent officials requesting them. At the time/ditler's speech following
the Italian surrender, the White House had a special telephone installation
with Hitler's voice an one end, and Churchill, General Marshall, and others
the rsoeiving end. l)uring the 2 days beginning with the Badoglio surrender
pooiel order asked p`BIS to deliver all radio references to the surrender
by T to the Army Signal Corps headquarters. The State Detrartaesnt has made
of requests*
ekes by German and Japanese leaders, by standing order
ecordod as received on permanent, high-fidelity disks and are furnished
t quotation. Thus, 6 months after Tojo has broadcast a
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are special arrangements whereby typed copies
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about the jxpreg ebility of the Marshall Islands, there domes
25X1A
STATI NTL
over the airwaves back to Japan his actual voice with its 6.-
month-old boast aocuoaapanied by the dsimiatg facts of th* actual Marshall
islands* 3nvasiown.
NOTES ON LISTENING POSTS
Bureau wee established in August. 1942, curtailed during
and discontinued in January,, 1946.
The post was established in the late fall of 1941,
and d * fin' lue in lv"*
The
STATINTL
s Mediterranean posts arrangements were abandoned during 1943 and 1944.
taammnts for access to the monitoring output
post was established in the Irate fall of 1941 and
ued in 1944.
the post
post was established in the summer of 1944.
was set tip in the spring of 194b.
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/ '[t1
WIRE SLICES
teletype
of the MS wire services is to operate six different
carrying foreign broadcast intelligence information to
. Government and other users of PBIS material.
A secondary,, but highly important, function of wire desk editors is
to exercise continuous supervision over the current intercept activities
ious fIB listening posts. This second function will be described
ing and coordinating the actual listening activities is essential
to the whole ffIB process. Shall a particularly important Japanese broad-
STATINTL east be covered front
'What if 0 reports at the
last moment that it is blacked out? To which listening post shall we
assign a now enemy transmitter which has just appeared on the air for the
? Our function is to answer these questions in such a way that
the flow of intelligence into the wire?servioe desks will include all the
need. Wire Division personnel are held responsible for immediate
direction and integration, minute by minute, of the monitoring activities
listening posts within the more permanent framework of program
schedules.
An average of 167,700 words daily is transmitted to headquarters of
domestic bureaus and by cable and wireless from stations beyond
Washington. ?he material arrives in Washington via land lines
the oontinontal limits of the United States.
000 words heard at the listening posts. These field editors are
167,700 words per day come from field editors who select it from
guided, in the first Instance by general intelligence instructions based on
the needs of all the agencies using 7828 services. Their general or standing
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G
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Austruations are supplemented, from hour to hour, by spsoific Wire Division
instructions from Washington.
der normal conditions of reception, each listening past covers the
area regularly assigned to it, monitoring all desired broadcasts originating
In that area. Unusual atmiospheris conditions occasionally, however, make
it necessary to amend the area assi. ants, on the spur of the moot, in
order to provide the required broadcasts. For example, 1sinking, is
Iliohuria, is normally covered by
post. Freak reception
conditions will sometia ss render the Hsinking broadcasts unintelligible
on the West Coast. The Washington wire editor is advised of this by
tsletyps, and is ediately shifts coverage of that particular transmitter
listening post, probably
periods of solar disturbances or other phenomena affecting
Short 'save reception, one station may be covered successively at various
is of the day by as many as four different listening posts as conditions
,s, with no overlapping of savirage and no loss of significant material.
close coordination of the editorial and coverage activities of
ions from one central point where all required inforaation
lable eliminates duplication of effort, waste motion, and needless
thus insuring that all transmissions to Washington are of real
fioanooe to one or more of the agencies served by FBIS.
Ducts to Agencies
circuits giving wire service to intelligence agencies
are known as the A, B, C, D, X. and PW wires. It was for this primary
function that the Wire Service of the FBIS was oreated in 1941..
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the various wire circuits were set up in response to specific requests
from agencies. The essence of these FlIS wire servio?s is speed of trans-
mission, and the material sent out is arranged with that in mind. In
e Daily Report, for example, which classifies items by
a selected and edited on the basis of instructions provided by the
*APP ISIS wire, has its specific function. *terial carried on each
or topic, the wire services handle material in order of urgenoy.
users of that particular wire.
The A Wire
The A wire, our main intelligence circuit, was inaugurated December
7, 1941, at the request of the Department of State which had a particular
mood for 24?hour intelligence reporting via teletype. During the next
days various sections in the Departments of War and the Navy requested
that they also be provided with this service. Sine* that time other
e boon added, at their request. The agencies on the A wire
r 18. They are,
Department of State
Offtoe of Naval Zntolligene
War Department Public Relations
Military Zntelligenoo
A4 (Air Intelligence), War Department
Air Transport Opnme nd, War Department
OffiO- of Censorship
Parsi= News bureau Office of War Information
Coordinator of Inter- rioan Affairs
attics of Public 261ations, Navy Department
O cal Warfare Swrrviaa War Be nt
a as of Strategic Serr oes
The A wire earries about 83,0words of priority intelligence each
14 hours. Material selected for use on this wire can be broadly defined
as, l
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eeonomio intelligence, and (4) propaganda trend intelligence.
rAitorial' psrsonnsl, under the direction of the chief of wire serv'io*i
sml .t and file intelligence in the categories on the basis of require-
,e4 by the agencies receiving the service. Thee* agenoi.s, in
ion to the general standing directives, make specific requests from _
day to day for typos of material most needed! Editors of the Wire Division
tint communication with these agencies in order to maintain a
current picture of their constantly shifting needs.
The B Wire
This wire is a specialized counterpropaganda circuit serving exclusively
the Office of War Information in Now York and Washington. It was inaugurated
in November 1941 at the request of the Coordinator of Information.
The $ Wire carries an average of 45,000 words per day. The copy is
provided ?Wl for use in connection with its work in preparing sited States
short wave broadcasts to the rest of the world.
In addition to providing general coverage of the radio propaganda
picture, the B wire takes up special assignments for OWI, such as following
the development of a particular enemy propaganda offensive from transmitter
to transmitter through Axis and neutral countries, thus enabling OWI to
know *mug which peoples the poison was spread and, therefore, where it
must be countered.
tae C Wire
our circuit, inaugurated in 1042 at the request of the, Co-
rdinstor of Inter-Amsrioan Affairs, serves that agency with 6,600 words
o CIA& affairs.
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t broadcast* from radio stations operating in Latin America,
effort to stir up anti-Allied feeling there; other broadcasts from Axis
roadoaats from enemy transmitters beamed at Latin America, usually in an
.tral radios which, while not specifically directed to Latin-American
ait#s a balanced intelligence file suited to the need of 16 different
audiences, nevertheless deal with fatin?Ameriosn affairs.
The C wire serves the News and Radio Divisions, the propaganda
; ysis Section, and other units of CIAL. Unlike the A wire, which main-
users, the C wire
as the B wire is to OWI, exclusively for the
of one agency engaged in operations in one sphere, and the copy carried
s keyed to that reality.
The D W I re
x wire
of the Office of War Information in San. Francisco. this
d in September 194 at the request of the Propaganda
-r~?!'F~L11nsf$0?2Q0$p48 Coast
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Appendix V
V
Editorial Di"ision:
1941
"German Broadcasts to North America, March-June 1941", -- June 1941 to 18 July
18 July 1941 "Spot Bulletins," ( on an irregular basis)-- discontinued 11Aug. 4.
11 August 1941 "Foreign Broadcasts: Highlights of (date) 18 Nod. 41
18 No--ember 1941 "Daily Report of Foreign Radio Broadcasts" -- to present
27 February 1947-- Issued in Restricted and Unrestricted form
23 June 1948 --- Issued as separate area books (Far East, Europe,
Latin America) of restricted classification, and
one inclusi?-e unrestricted book (Far East, Europe,
Latin America).
April 26 1949 -- European book was separated into two ?Tolumes, USSR
and Eastern Europe, and Western Europe and Near East.
25 May 1949 -- "Abstracts From Radio Broadcasts, USSR and Eastern Europe", and
"Abstracts From Radio Broadcasts, Far East" issued,
Analysis Di-ison:
V
"Weekly Analysis" (later Weekly Re'iew) published from Dec. 6 1941 to
4
Spring 1944 (when di-A was discontinued).
Aug. 1942-- Radio Report on the Far East (issued a--ery two weeks)
Daily Analysis of Latin American Broadcasts (daily until May 3 1943
when it became a weekly). Discuntinued in August 1943 when
31 began similar daily publication.
1943-1944 Regional rep6rts were issued 6 3ntral,ygouthern and Eastern Europe
until the di-'ision was dissol--e .
Special Reports:
'Sur-Tey o USSR Broadcasts" (issued as weekly until 5 October 1950, when
was published biweekly)
12 October 1950 "Sur-ey of Far East Broadcasts
5 October 1950 "Trends and Highlights of Moscow Broadcasts"
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the PW Wire
a 24-hour teletype circuit linking the FBI& and the
Iisrshal General. It carries approximately 8,000
r per day deavoted exclusively to messages from and mention of American
ld captive by the enemy. These messages and mentions are
prisoner transmissionst
rd daily selection of intercepts from European transmitters for
ion with a ^pecif is ccunterpropaganda job in the Far
by the enemy radio for the purpose of building up a listening
audience in the United States for the propaganda which is woven in with the
of the Wire service Division consists of wire editors STATINTL
=teletype operators. The editors are selected for experience in
rtal reporting and ability to handle accurately and rapidly a
large volt of broadcast intelligence copy.
consequence of the cessation of hostilities,,, the wire services
of the FBI$ were in 1946 considerably curtailed in number, volume, and
period of open operation. The A wire and C wire only remained in opera-
tion, the A wire on a 5-days-a- ek, 16-hours-a-day basis, the C wire
about 20,000 daily, C wire wordage to about
on a i -dsys-a- rsak, d hours-s ay basis. P.so..tims A wire wordage runs
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DAILY IMPORTO
4 in the monitored foreign broadcasts is by mimeographed daily
the second method of furnishing the Government agencies the material
reports. FBIS issues two such publications -- the Morning Preview and the
These are augmented by special reports on the occasion of
war or propaganda events or developments such as the United
a in North Africa,cbstruotien of the French ?loot at Toulon
and the invasion of Sicily, or significant speeches and statements of leading
The supplements bring together information and comment
;gne broadcasts to which are frequently added a radio chronology
and other relevant material. The speech texts in translation are sometimes
sco*panied by the text in the original language.
Preview provides a brief summary of war events as revealed
for the Bt hours up to 8 a.m. Of the day it is issued. It is limited
by radio intercepts, a short factual statement of enemy propaganda themes,
and one or more key broadcasts verbatiat. It is produced daily except
=day for distribution before 11 a.m. It covers the foreign broadcasts
quick over-all view of the situation each day.
6 pages, 1.000 to 1,600 words. Its characteristics are that
is always short and always delivered on time to officials who need a
Lily Report also-is published daily, except Sunday. It covers
foreign broadcasts intercepted up to 10 a.m. (EWT) of the day of its
issue, and it is scheduled for delivery to the user agencies by 3 to 4
arclock in the afternoon. It is a mimeographed book averaging 86 to 100
Mos. The average wordage in a day's Report is about 40,000. On Mondays,
Daily Report. end Preview cover broadcasts of the previous 49 hours
rather than 24e
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of each Daily Report consists of significant foreign
broadcasts selected from the viewpoint of the valuable intelligence they
words actually used by the broadcaster. Between 95 and
99 percent of the main body of the Report consists of verbatim text. It
tames up about three-quarters of the whole Report, some 54,000 to 35,000
It reports the basic material received each day by FBI&
there are various alassif ications of the material ?- primarily
according to transmitters and regions. The elaesif ioations as shown In
the table of contents of the Daily Report of May 16, 1944, are#
LIGENCR
PROFACI
'fairer
t.
t?
and other iteslss.
Affairs
Eastern Europe
and Speeches
Par Eastern Seotiont
liilitary Affairs#
General.
India Bu rna e
China.
Japan
China# Occupied China
Southeast AAsits
Netherlands East Indies
Way and Singapore
International Comement# United Nations
Articles sad Speeches.
Intelligence -- In addition to the main body of the loport,
thins are several special sections built up to nest the needs of the users*
e is called Personal lntelligenee. It covers the movements, promotions,
demotions, conferences,, and other activity of persons and named groups as
as unoed in foreign broadcasts. The section is of special evalue to the
Govern ent intelligence departments in piecing together a whole picture
,+era Europe
organization, movement, and trend from euoh personal items. It
be noted that here, as elsewhere in the Daily Report, it is not
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foots butt forvigaa broadcast statements that are listed. A typical
fioant about conditions in the o try or neighborhood of the
Does the use of the radio with respect to beam, frequency.
other technical handling reveal pertinent information as to what is
called radio warfare!
*AUG* is suggested by two questtonet (1) Doss the radio or the
behavior of the foreign radios monitored is given. The criterion
personal intelligence items would be 80 to 180*
on Traz3ami tters -- In another special section, information on
caster, aside from the content of the broadcast itself. reveal any-
n gathers
oO=mM1gze4 with full teat. Still another special
IiiUitsry Intelligence -- Another section includes
broadcast intercepts of specific value as tmtorna-
tIon for the Army eRnd Navy. Selection is based on instructions from the
ehief editor which are in turn based on guidance received from the users.
the number of items in this special section varies greatly from day to day.
OW'day0a broadcasts may yield lass than 10, those of another day 90 to
.400
themes -- Different in type and origin from the rest of
eeotlan summarising the day's propaganda_direated by
rise to their home audiences. Continental domestic broadcasts
are examined as part of their routine
each day by the f$18 editors
and they prepare a review or roand-
of the day's output, gauging the volume and emphasis by repetition and
day's par Bout auttgu t. These are telegraphed or wabled to
d form the body of We special section. The props auada
a the
devices. Similarly, the FB1S editors review and STATINTL
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re in addition, of course, to excerpts and tests from
caste published in the main body of the report.
Foreign Economic A4ministration Economic Report -- A report serving
ised clientele is issued each day by the Foreign Economic
Administration in cooperation with 'RIB. This volume contains all economic
any sort.. FbIS editors, as they run across such items in their
gular work, set them aside for the FE`h group located at
headquarters. The FEA they Processes and issues the Items daily for the
use of their. own staff-- also for other Government departments. Because
this specialized report handles economic items, the more widely distributed
Report is able to omit them, unless they have direct, immediate
the ware
It S. taken for granted in a general way that the Government agencies
make full use of the material contained in the daily newspapers*
the constant necessity of keeping down the Report's sise, the verbatim
petition of any fully reported newspaper statement as it appears on a
Boast would serer no purpose, and is not included. If an important
p "oh or statement appears in the newspaper only in part or in direct
so, however, the complete text may be carried in the Report.
It Is taken for granted that such United Nations information is
available to Government intelligence bureaus before it Sc put on the air.
For this reason, greater coverage is given to enemy than to United Nations
broadcasts.
The process The actual process of preparing the day's Report may
d through by seeing a section proceed an its routine. The
divided into regional unites r Bast., German, and so
STATINTL
Let us follow the Par east desk though a typical day, which runs
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'ROW
. The first editor arrives at d. About 400000
words from Far East broadcasts hate accumulated' on his desk. It is the
same inflow of material that furnishes the raw material for the wire
services and
Analysis Division. It includes material from the
It includes Japanese, Japanase-organised?
broadcasts. The early morning editor puts the volume of
aecws+zlated material into preliminary regional and sub,ject-matter olassifi-
eations, eliminating items that are either nonessential or that have already
been used in previous reportse,
other editors arrive by 6 a.m., stile the material from the tele-
type machines and monitoring room continues to pour in. The Preview is
put together, sand sent for stenciling to the typists who begin their
day at 1,80 a.a. The editors then work at the task of selecting, sorting,
mating duplicates, arranging items and giving them headings. Special
;r rations, such as Personal Intelligence, are put together. By I1 a.m. the
terial has gone into the typing room, the stencils have been
;d the mimeographing process is well under may. Until 11,30
*.ao important news items flowing in are put into the "last minute reception'
seotien? With the stenciled copies corrected, the head of the desk assig is
d items from incoming material for the next day's report, assembles
1 for the Fgb economic daily digest, and assembles cultural
material in the broadcasts for the Par East Section of the State Department.
at be in close touch with the other regional desks to furnish
Lai in Par East broadcasts dealing with other regions and to
r ceive gear East items from the other desks*
Each item in the Report is identified fully by a complete description
of the broadcast from which-it is taken. This system enables the user
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MW W to .
clip the various items and distribute them among the number
or ,file. theat for reference without causing any item to less
item, as far as possible, arrives on the Report editor's
desk In verbatim quotation. No must preserve and publish, so far as
possible, just what the broadcaster said. Already the monitor's and
renelator?sLtranscript has been *heoked by a linguistically skilled
perri$or. But he east ask hieelf whether the monitor heard correctly,,
whether a mistake in wire transmission may have occurred. The slightest
slip at any stage may ruin an important intelligence item.
Qualifications of Personnel -- The personnel quota for the Report
STATINTL a total of Opersons.
with the Civil Service Commission for recruitment purposes,
r its equivalent, and foreign experience, or its equivalent*
d working technique acquired through actual work in the
4aalifieations for editor positions, as recorded
editorial department of a metropolitan newspaper are almost the sine qua
neat for standing up under the high-speed, high-pressure work which must be
Section. It is not, however, newspaper work. Not
general reader but intelligence iteres for the trained specialist
is the basis for selection. These are different tasks. And in the comps-
between accuracy and speed, "curacy must hold first place. In a
s or of cases, thoroughly grounded and experienced newspaper people have
not responded to the retraining process for ?BIS work and have failed to
other hand, a very few without newspaper experience
hurt developed into good PSIS editors. When hundreds of *tasks" of
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it
are being handled, when these takes fall into a dosen
separate categories (which, in turn, are subdivided), and the
s aber of stencils to be melee rune into 80 to 100, the problem becomes
and the pressures upon both editors and typists are heavy.
Caol+heeadedneass, clear organization of flow of material, and teen rrk
order are essential. The editorial time element in the Report
similar to that in a metropolitan newspaper office, i.e.,
the handling of material rarest begin as late as possible so as to gat
t Intelligence and must and as early as possible so that the
igenoe may be conveyed soonest to those whose operations depend an
DAILY REPORT
During the war period,,, the Daily Report of Foreign Radio Broadcasts
was published in a single volume, though for a time this wss supplemented
short *3brn s Preview." In the Daily Report several methods of
cation of intercepts were tried or considered. From the stand-
radio reception, the logical classification is on a transmitter
basis, or transmitter-group basis
A good case
s made for classification on the basis of geographical areas
A cease could likewise be made for classification according
led audience.
the difficulties of any classification otherwise than in accordance
transmitters of origin are fairly obvious. Nevertheless, in the Daily
LO for a l time been made to arrive at a compromise
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low
tter classification and classification by geographical areas
of reference. Qa the whole, this method, while awkward in some cases,
been satisfactory.
From time to times, experiment was also made with the inclusion of
certain special sections or features in the Daily Report, in which certain
kinds of information were grouped or digested. Examples of these hate been
*Personal lutelligenoe,w "Alita ry Intelligence Items,* "Daily Roundup of
Zuropeaan broadcasts.*
Since these features were presented in addition to the fundamental
ign broadcasts, their inclusion or abandonment was predicated
en the necessities of speedy production or, more often, on the availability
or lack of personnel and talent. Budgetary considerations have been the
main factor governing the size sad contents of the gaily Report,
also arose during the early history of the FBIS as to
ether reports should be made in the form of summaries of intercepts or
batin (translated) transcription. The need for verbatim
transcription of significant passages of intercepts was unmistakably
and the practice was adopted of using summaries and digests
only sparingly.
Rseon rersisn, which took place shortly after V-J Day, has resulted in
e Daily Report into three sections -- European, Far Eastern,
can. The European Section is classified on a transmitter
s. With respect to the Far Eastern Section and the Latin American
there is a slight compromise with the geographical-areas-of-
reference system. For ex le, Moscow broadcasts directed to the Par East
and dealing with Far East problems is included in the Far Eastern Section
of the Dally Report rather than in the European Section. Regular special:
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roadoast Highlights* a daily or week-end roundup of broadcasts inserted
rtags of sigrsifioant passages from intercepts. The 10 percent remainder
consists of sumrnariration of broadcast content.
The users -- The Daily Report is distributed -- about 390 copies in
80,E per day. Of this, 90 percent or more consists of verbatim
by sesssenger and mail to sours 300 offices in 66 differ nt agencies
bay* been eliminated with the ccle ezaeptien of
published five days each week. The total wordage is
otion? The Daily Reports -- three sections -- are
Ont. It serves not only a different purpose but also
re hes a much wider group of officials than can be served directly, by
the PSI$ teletype network. The number of officials receiving the report
epics received is a little misleading, however, as to its
users. Fourteen major subscribers, 10 of whom also receive the FMS
service,
e total.
, These
reoeive 330 of the 991 Daily Reports distributed, or 84 percent
tots
bsoriborss
0irculatian, February 1943*
pe-r.i euistast Intelligence Service Daily Report subscribers
o1assifisd from list published in hearings, Senate 8uboommittee on
Appropriations, on L.R. 1070, February 13, 1943: pages 130-1309
Office of War Information* --------------------------------- 70
iIrrF--w~rNf~f.Yl#MO~r{-Yei..--.-~r.--wwriar%IYir.ra-f-~erwi~.~-
Office of Strategic Services* --,._-----.._. -....-..-..-....-,,...r4II
Foreign tooaomio Uministration (includes Lend-Leaes end
Of the 14, 6 major subscribers receive two-thirds of the
are OWl, War, 033, EA, Nary, and the State Department.
Y Department o-------------------------------------------so
2bsr Developmmnt Corporation)------------- ..-.....--?4$
--s+r-rs---..
. State Department *-----------------------------
10,
Coordihator of
rican Affairs *---------------------
*Also a~ae~d pw4v olt~ict el a4 /Q i3. Asfi?P dbe~2i 1~i11~8?i 2-9
 W------------ - ----------- w
O her dar'rai ..noy subscrlberea
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Comer" DepaMS ent-------------------r---N----*wr-------
Bank- ------------------------ ------rirwr
deral Ric s re, ?
rioulture---- ---------------+errs-rr-wrw r..
rtwgt of
y
en Property Custodian ----r-------------------w-------- i
tio -----`ir 1
il +~7w
l a
u
/~ ~s'+~is/y^w Civilian Defense Off of Vivilian Defence--------------------'-----------A- I
Coat Gua sd.>------------------------?..-..~.----. ----.....-..__-r I
Za i ror Department -----yerr. -..-------w-r.rr-wr.-s..~rwrsri-~rr..-? '
iInto rs4mrioan Defense Board ------ ------------- w---------
Libra.
{a./L~.' '4 r sa~~lr'a(.,-.Ai ie-,'-------------'--------- --------
sat Gallery nal lof ---------r---------r rrrrar--r-~Mwrr --e 2
Office of Censorship *------------ --------r---w_~.-- 2
Office of P ice Administration** --rr-----r------rr- -rr.....- 2
freaanury Department --------------------- ------rw----r----'--aK
T, w-r-.. ~.~...ar,rr+.sr.rrriw~rM~rNr
rnment agencies
(with approval of State Department) t
Total -------------------------23
~wr
COpi*s
r bubscr'ibers------------------------------ 330
r Federal Agency subsoribersw--------wr--N" 20
ied goveramnt agencies-------------------- 23,
lident, 11 Congress, $1 Supreme Court I --.. 10
on office of War Information request--- 7
gars -a. On the Office of Information request ------------------ ft-0
RUMMY
eta l ** (Se a55uetes)---------Nwiw-----300
Percent
84
5
6
3
Mr"" Mv eiv*a Foreign Ia doest ,Intslligenoe Service wire service.
**Z .A tion, 17 copies were distributed internally in Federal Coa+ nioa
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i +y----------------------was-lluth-----------
Authority -r------------------------- Via!
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Circulation, iiay 194
of the Daily Reports circulated among intelligence operatives
and other U. S. Government personnel numbers (1ky, 1946
European Sootion-____-_____~__.......~,.QgS
Far Eastern 8sotion-6 ---------------- "2"
ioaan Section..- - -__-_~..__-140
partmeuts or Agenoissa
Total (all three) 6390
r. L.A. T* 5* Total
Mftw "UM"
rtmexx' 'orw.--------- -wll`Y 121
39* f* 33*
91 64 93
e u es Pau Aaerioan, Arrioan Red Cross & UNEM.
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AIALTS IS
rviaes provided by the wires and the Daily Reports, the
Malysir Division adds' tyro *there, First, the Division prepares periodic
siss ies and Interpretations of broadcast material. Some such summaries
are prepared once a week, others at 2-week intervals. Second the Division
performs special services, it props-rem special reports, and answers special
queries.
one hand, the Daily Report and the wire service, working from
day or minute to minute, quickly and accurately disseminate excerpts
broadcasts, in as nearly verbatim form as possible. On the other
a Division, working over longer periods, distributes
susries and interpretations of broadcast sa-terial. tfany users in many
war agencies carefully follow items from the Daily Report or the wire
services. May users in the very same agencies, however, cannot read such
detailed information, but must have information, nevertheless.
The Analysis Division regularly issues six publications. The first
these is the Meekly Review of Official Foreign Broadcasts.
It has been published each wook since Deoember 6, 1941, the day before
It contains significant items and highlights of trends from
casts originating all over the world. Its content is organized into
s which deal with the various military fronts, and with
significant events affecting neutral, occupied, and enemy nations.
The number of readers of this document can ,,be estimated with a moderate
degree of accuracy by multiplying the number of copies circulated by the
number of persons who read each copy. At the last check, in April,
1544, the readership was approximately as f oll+owss War Department, 225
persons; Navy, 60; State, 150; Office of Strategic Services, 105; Office of
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3001 Foreign Eeononeio ministration, 1061
.rtsmnt of Justice, 301 other United States Agencies and Allied
over 400.
ftn it first appeared, the Weekly Review was the only publication
of the Analysis Division. Some time after its inception, it began to
reach diminsions of 70 pages or more . In attempting to ceunicate
Information of value to regional specialists, the Division was producing
a document which was too long for reading by busy officials who wanted
over-all point of view. To moot the needs of regional officials, a
f regional reports wore originated, and the Weekly Review again
rank back to a manageable sise.
The first of these regional publications to be developed was the
Radio Report an the Par East. This has been published every 2 weeks since
942. Its individual sections deal in some detail with Japan,
China, Thailand, Indo-China, Burma, l6alaya, the Philippines, the Nether-
lands East Indies, the South Sea Islands,, and India. Faoh geographical
swotion contains an orderly and factual account of military, economic,
political, and religious events and conditions in the area, as portrayed
broadcasts. Individual names, for example, are given of appointees
to even relatively minor positions in the Japanese and puppet governments.
ow lass are desoribedj commodity prices are quotede the location and
products of enemy war plants,, insofar as available, are given.
For the avast part, this Radio Report is a careful and painstaking
"#*ably of broadcast items. Some special analysis is included at points
is can illuminate the material. For example, after the last
Japanese Diet seesion, the report included a statistical study of the
quostions which Diet representatives asked Cabinet officers as they appeared
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Diet. The study showed that the three leading topics were war
ortation, industrial production for military use, and wartime pro-
duction of food. The purpose of the study was to indicate which phase, of
the Jaapsnsee war effort were most criticized. As it happened, some weeks
later, the two Cabinet Ministers concerned with transportation and food
o "resign" and the Minitions iiinistry, of which Tojo him-
self is the head, was reorganized.
The io Report on the Par East, like the other Analysis pabl iaa-
ties,, is compiled on the basis of carefully maintained topical files. An
item of no particular si nifibanee in itself, and thus not carried in the
services, may be seen to be quite signifiosat when the analysts
ious items on the subject, .end it and the previous
terse may be presented in a short subsection in the Nadio Report on the
An aocumulatien of items, broadcast over a long period of time,
may add up to a story worth telling.
The readership of the Far Fast Radio Report, estimated on the two
basis as that of the Weekly Review, is approximately as followsa
05 personns,e NIvy, 2$ State, 321 Office of Strategic Services,
U,) Office of war Informtion, ISO$ Foreign Economic Administration, 17
The Zqmtraj European Analysis has been published sash week since
1943. It concentrates especially on German propaganda policy and
fasters bearing an German morale. In addition to radio material, it also
laoludes some European press material made available by Owl. Its estimated
ip Is} War Department, 52 persons; Navy, lOe State, lie OSS, SSj
4$p others 119.
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low
The Western European Analysisj, covering Fran.., the Low Countries,
Spain, and Portugal, has been published weekly sines 1!M-y 1248. It also
as European press material. Its estimated readership ins war
ut, 501 Navy, 15$ gtate, 16, 058, 56; OWI, 105, PEA, 80; others 1409
lysis has been published onus every 2 weeks
covers the Soviet Union,: Poland, and the Baltic States.
Its estimated readership Jos War Department, 381 Navy, 10, State Department,
14s 088, 421 0WI, 10; PEA, 31;1 others, 69+
sorviaos are r endured in a number of ways.
First, the Analysis Division prepares and publishes special reports
or topics of interest. Just as regional report circulation is
specialized, so is the distribution of special reports limited to agencies
who will be interested.
Analysis Division functions as an organisation to do
ssearah, with the limits of its resources, for any authorised
perm or agency Who calls on it for such work. Some requests touch topics
of efficient interest to be developed into special reports. Others must
reparod, in such a way that they will not betray the source and character
of confidential Inquiries.
ply *Off the eruff* to many questions which otherwise would
the Analysis Division answers miscellaneous queries. The
q ir. hours or even days to answer.
Sinus, April IM. the Analysis Division has published about 120 special
Division. Many others-hwo originated as the result of requests
of these reports have originated on the initiative of the
a, nOies.
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1e epseiai report is a detailed treatment of a subject judged to be
a substantial number of officials in other agenbies. Bo.
svsnte are to important that they obviously require special treatment.
an base of To> Was obviously such as evelit j e0 w s the
Conference. Sometimes an agency or group of ageneiss will make
kxuosn to "BIB an interest in.a topic which is sufficient to justify a
special report on that topics
rime factor in the usefulness of the work of the Analysis Division
to the competence of the Division's personnel. At the inoeptton of FBig,
there were few persons in the country who had had any experience
p"Ifto field of broadcast analysis. Neverth9less, the first nucleus of
the Division, amounting to half a dozen man and women, was composed of
persons with speoifie experience in the field, or very oleo* to it. Two
mars forsar staff members of the listening center of
another was recruited from the staff of the radio-research project of
0
another had been a fellow of the
social sciences$ a fifth, from the
had performed research on the effects of spoken propaganda. and
was a speoialist in the psychology of
From this beginning, the Analysis Division grew into a group wtioh, STATINTL
not including clerical staff, never numbered more than persons. Although
the first emphasis was on psychology, later personnel of the Division
represented several other fieldss government, history, economies, foreign
languages, sociology.
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Probably the most important qualification of the analysts is their
knowledge of foreign countries. All analysts are American citizens, and
have studies or taught in American universities. Every geographical
ietion of the Analysis Division contains one or more analysts who kn
reports and studies of the Analysis Division are useful for three
peoples and countries of their area at first hands
principal reasons. First, they present much material in brief and ordered
Second, the topics of reports and studies are selected according
to the known interests of users.
&at foreign broadcasting stations are gvvero ent-operated, and there-
fore reflect official policies. Most of them show an inner consistency in
their suoceasive reaetion.s to the changing course of events. Each develops
a kind of propaganda personality, and no two - even among those dominated
by Joseph Ocebbels and flans Fritsch* -- are quite alike. Judg-
ment cannot be based on the mere radio statement itself, but =at depend
an who said it, in what context, on which program and over what station*
lysts acquire a useful experience from many months of study
the broadcasts from given transmitters or groups of stations*
characteristics ,... The analysts know that certain. stations
are likely to be used to launch *trial balloons,* to provoke reactions
and to plant rumors, while others are jealous of their reputations for
probity. "Trial balloons" axe'sent into the air when enemy intelligenoe
agencies suspect that Roosevelt and Churohill are meeting but have not
discovered where they are meeting. Some alleged naval news items are only
fishing ,expeditions. Gera radio propagandists *sank" the British aircraft
earrier, Ark Royal, hoping to provoke a British denial and explanation of
t was. Japanese radix-propagandists "sank* the American cruiser
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least thane times for much the same reason. Radio "trial
are common when the enemy wants to sound out prospects for
negotiations without actually making diplomatic approaches.
Such false reports? while of some value, are perilous, since they may
*sod and their source discredited. They are likely, therefore, to
be disseminated by anonymous speakers or satellite stations. Berlin has
developed regular outlets for this kind of maEt.ritl. This makes it
important to compare the Torsion of a story given by the official
radio with those versions put out by radios such as Oslo, Budapest, Lahti,
or Madrid, which are under German influence, but can easily be
W&Te length, beam, language, hour -- Analysts interpret each
e. light of the wave length. language, beaus, and program hour*
sharp contrast between became are not uncommon. Berlin's broad-
oasts toward Russia called the absoow conference agreement a triumph
by Anglo-Saxons over the outwitted Stalin; at the saw time,, from the same
station, programs beamed westward called the same pact a shameful sell-
out of Europe to Bolsheevism.
Won the hour of broadcast may need to be taken into account. There
r three news periods each day which are widely listened to by
men. of the home population] other programs may be intended
jr easpecial audienoesa farmers, woman, children, or troops overseas.
Within any one program, on the saes station, been, and language, there
be differences which invite analysis* One of the most interesting of
appeared during the North African campaign. German news programs
began with the High Command communique and continued with other news and
added a commentarryy. An-analyst noted that while Rammel's tactical
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genius was a major theme in the comments, his name was rarely mentioned in
the vomm nlques -- lose* in fact, than the names of other lessen generals.
Further study supported the conclusion that Rommel was favored whenever
e top military leaders.
Analysis can be carried out, in the strict and full meaning of the
word, without any resort to speculation or interpretation. Nevertheless.
it is obvious that after the analyst has divided up and examined his ma-
is, he is in a position to interpret their meaning. 60 the analyses
to contain interpretations -? which always are clearly indicated as such,
and which are not presented at the expense of facts which may enable the
o draw a different conclusions Any interpretations made by FRIS
3ked against other evidence in the hands of user agencies*
Foreign broadcasts can be interpreted from experience. If a trans-
a studied carefully over a period of time, it can be learned how
certain major types of situation -- a defeat situation, for
ale. When transmitter behavior has been learned, it then becomes
possible, on occasion. to read through the lines of broadcasts from that
transmitter, and to perceive at least generally the situation the trens-
sitter is attempting to conceal or exaggerate.
mat is needed for this process of interpretation is first a sound
knowledge of transmitter behavior, and second of the cultures of the
countries involved as broadcasters or as recipients of broadcast material*
N of heavy casualties is likely to depress the 0ermans, but is lose
likely to depress the Japanese, who are thoroughly inculcated with the
Idea of fighting to the last man, An admission of heavy casualties by
the merman radio would mean erne things on the Japanese radio, it would mean
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teething else.
9 in those announcements oozing from Nazi party headquarters, but
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Propaganda lines and patterns