THE NEW ESPIONAGE AMERICAN STYLE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210071-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 20, 2014
• Sequence Number: 71
• Publication Date: November 22, 1971
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2014/02/21 : CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210071-9
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One day in (he fall of .1962, President ;.
John F. Kennedy summoned his top
intelligence advisers to the White House y
for .an urgent conference. Russian
silos had been discovered in Cuba, andy
in planning the .U.S. response that was
shortly to unfold as the Cuban missile::
crisis, it was essential to have the most !.
-accurate possible estimate of the Soviet
capacity for nuclear war. The chiefs of
military intelligence arrived from the !? -
Pentagon with elaborate tables showing
the latest projections of Russian rocket t. -
power: .if the U.S.S.R. had produced all
the missiles it was capable of producing,;
they indicated, the American advantage I
in a showdown would be perilously
slight. The man from the Central Intel-
ligence Agency, on the other hand,..
brought a single. piece of paper. This
spare document revealed that the Soviet
arsenal was in fact much weaker than t
had been feared?and thus John Ken-1
ncdy discovered that he had the muscle.
to twist Nikita Khrushchev's 'arm in the
confrontation that lay ahead. t?
The source of this crucial information
was Oleg Penkovskiy, a colonel in Soviet
military intelligence Who had been pass-
ing vital Russian secrets to the West for
sixteen months, only to be caught in No-
vember 1962 and executed six months
later. He was a brave but .not particu-
lady admirable character, a vain neurotic
who liked to dress up in British or Ameri- ?
can colonel's uniforms that Western
telligence .gladly lent him during his oc-
casional trips outside the Soviet Union; .
once, when he was in London, he even
demanded?unsuccessfully?to .. be pre-
sented to the Queen. But he is a figure
of the .very front rank in the history of .
American intelligence?not only because ..
he was the secret hero of the Cuban mis-
sile crisis, but also bccaUse he was very
possibly one of the last of a vanishing ,
species, the big-power super-spy.
For the American intelligence game .,
has changed, radically since Oleg Pen-
kovskiy's time?the secret agents have
dwindled in numbers and their secrets .
have declined in importance, the cloaks
have turned into computers- and the dag-
gers into satellites. Technology is the
new order of the day: where men once
riskorl ihnir lismc
ES% -Declassified and Approved For Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/21 CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210071-9
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2014/02/21 : CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210071-9
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nerypted communications: The sign
o headquarters in the Langley woods
low weapon or chart his order of battle,
)rbiting cameras and oyer-the-horizon ra-
lio scanners -now deliver most of the
lesired information untouched by hu.;
nan hands. In the once glamorous ranks
the CIA, the patriotic adventurer has
:ism way to the earnest academic. And
llireaueracy has transformed what began
is an amateurish happy few into a
prawling intelligence conglomerate en-
:canvassing more than a dozen govern-
nent agencies, 200,000 employees and
a budget of some $6 billion a year.
Feats of Prediction
On the surface, it has been a remark-
ably successful transformation. The man
.'ho has presided over it, CIA .director
lichard Helms (page 30), enjoys one of
he most exalted reputations in Wash-
.ngton. U.S. intelligence wins high marks,
:oo, from the secret services of its allies:
-ince they shook their heads over its ?
Jumbling at the Bay of Pigs, now they
-..'nvy its technological wonders (page 38)
and admire its feats of prediction?the
3oviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, for ex-
ample, and Israel's quick victory in the
;ix-day war. The Pentagon papers cred-
ited the CIA with the most hardheaded
and accurate official assessments of the
war in Vietnam, and even some of its
left-wing detractors were obliged to ad-
mit that the spooks seemed to be doing
something right. The old accusation of an
"invisible government"?fueled by the
revelations of CIA funding of the Na-
tional Student Association?has begun to
fade, and the agency reports that its
college receuitments are back to normal...
But all is not well within the intelli-
gence brotherhood. Criticism has sprung
up from the unlikeliest of quarters?,
within the government itself. In Congress,
the once-tame intelligence "watchdogs"
have begun to growl with a certain
menace. ?'hen such old Senate friends
as Allen Ellender and John Stennis start
talking about cutting intelligence budg-
ets, when the House Armed Services
Committee authorizes public hearings
(scheduled for next year) on the CIA
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for the first time, it is time for even as
peerless a Washington pro as Helms to
look to his defenses.
More serious still, the White house has
-expressed its displeasure with certain
features of intelligence work. A fortnight
ago, Mr. Nixon moved to bring its quality
and costs more lightly under control. He
invested Helms with new authority to
oversee all the intelligence agencies, par-
ing away budgetary fat and professional.
overlap wherever possible. With Helms
elevated to super-spyrnaster, day-to-day
operation of the CIA fell to his deputy,
Lt. Gen. Robert E. Cushman Jr., 56, of
the Marine Corps. And in the White
House, Mr. Nixon solidified Henry Kis-
singer's power to evaluate intelligence
reports and, in particular, to make them
more responsive to the needs of the
policymakers.
Outwardly, these maneuvers might ap-
pear to be a mild bureaucratic rebuke to
the intelligence community; their real
punch was delivered in a supersecret
Presidential "decision . memorandum"
spelling out Mr. Nixon's dissatisfactions
and desires in meticulous detail. His ma-
jor complaints are faulty intelligence, run-
away budgets and a disparity between a
glut of facts and a poverty of analysis.
Though the President holds Helms
and his agency in generally high regard,
he has been irritated by a series of intel-
ligence community failures. The SALT
talks had to be delayed for months while
the White House tried to sort out dis-
crepancies between the various agencies
on how well the U.S. could detect pos-
sible Soviet violations of any arms con-
trol agreement. Estimates of the Viet
Cong supplies that used to flow through
the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville
were off by several orders of magnitude,
and there was a complete failure to pre-
dict the ferocity of North Vietnamese re-
sistance to the ill-starred campaign in
Laos early this year. The elaborate com-
mando raid on an empty North Vietnam-
ese prison camp at Son Tay 'still rankles,
and the White House blames the intelli-
gence community for not catching sooner
Plototoa by Wally MeNamee?Newawy..k
the Russian-built surface-to-air missiles
that suddenly sprouted in the Middle
East cease-fire Zone in 1970.
Some of these gripes may conceal mis-
takes more properly laid at the Adminis- ?
tration's own ? door. Intelligence officers
insist, for example, that they gave clear -
warning that Egypt would use the cease-
fire to strengthen its forward defenses,
but that the policymakers chose to ignore
them. In any case, Mr. Nixon seems in-
tent upon removing all possible bugs
from the intelligence system as it faces -
what is likely its most critical test of re-
cent years: Solving the mystery- of the '
apparent Soviet missile build-up.?
Secret of the Silos
For about a year, the Russians have .
been digging new silos at their missile.
sites, some of them bigger than any holes
they have ever dug before. -What is go- ?
ing to fill them?an improved version of .
the giant SS-9, accurate enough to knock
out the U.S.'s underground Minutemen,. .
or perhaps some entirely new missile
with capacities as yet unknown? And
what intent lies behind these develop-
ments?are the Soviets possibly striving. .
for a "first-strike capability" that would .
break the current nuclear standoff be-
tween the two superpowers? Upon the ? -
answers to these questions hinge several
key U.S. decisions?in the SALT talks, in
the Middle East, in .defense budgeting.
"We are at a moment of transition, a very
critical moment," says a top Pentagon
-planner. "Either the Soviets slow down,
or we must speed up."
The technological boom in intelligence
gathering has produced a cascade of
raw data without any accompanying im-
provement in methods of analysis. In the
intelligence trade, where according to
ancient tradition, an apparently insignifi-
cant fact may offer the key to some vital
revelation, there seems to be an irresist-
able- urge to collect all the. information
possible?and the age of the satellite, the
computer and the hypersensitive radio
has transformed the pool of available .
factlets into a mighty ocean of data. The
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glut has surpassed the human capacity to
absorb-4'01e), had roumus filled with data
that WVIVIII analyzed because there was
no analyst on the payroll to do it reports
ono Administration aide who recently in-
vestigated the intelligence agencies.
veh.a.s awns, (lw nwre availability of
an in fact creates um overwl 1elm-
. ing temptation to report it, even %Olen it
can be of no possible use. The secrets
that intelligence uncovers often seem to
serve the interests of human curiosity
rather than national security. Some Prcsi-.
dents are delighted by these idle revela-
tions?John Kennedy and Lyndon John-
son used to love poring over raw
intelligence reports?but not, apparently,.
Richard Nixon. - ?
Every morning not long after dawn, a
black- P1\111?1'01 from the CIA rolls
through the southwest gate of the White
House bearing a stiff, ? gray, legal-size
folder marked President's Daily Briefing.
1
/7-
wmuy
helms: Farewell to the glory days
It is a compendium of the most secret ?
reports on world developments of the
past 24 hours, and only three other copies
are delivered: one to the Secretary of
State, one to the Secretary of Defense
and one to the Attorney General. Henry
Kissinger carries the President's copy in-
to the Oval Office about 9:30?but or-
dinarily the *President doesn't even
bother to read it, he simply asks Kis-
singer to summarize the highlights. Mr.
Nixon does tuck it away with a batch of
memos for his evening reading, and he
may?or may not?read it later. Only rarely
does Kissinger succumb to the temptation
of giving the President a tidbit of raw
intelligence: one item that he did deliver
was the news from Hanoi that the North
Vietnamese had loosed a band of roving
barbers on search-and-shear missions'
among the city's long-haired youngsters.
Mr. Nixon is simply not interested in
secrets for their own .sake. All too often,
the White House complains, intelligence
reports fail to supply the analytical
THE COOL PRO WHO RUNS THE CIA
Iii his 1)111S1 ripe blItilliVSti MIR With porket.
koidkerchicf flourishing just so, Bich-
ard McGarr:ill Helms at 58 epitomizes
the American meritocracy. Ire could bo
an urbane corporation counsel on Wall
.Street, butt in fact he oversees the world's
most IllaSSiVe intelligence complex, and
the new directive from President Nixon,
? charging the 'director of the Central
Intelligence Agency with face-lifting the
entire -American spy effort, only en-
hances I lelms's awesome authority.
No other intelligence chief in the
?vorld is so patently visible. Even NATO
allies do not admit owning a man like
Helms, although his counterparts exist.
"Europeans accept ? that government .
should operate in a covert way," suggests
a British diplomat, "but answerability is
the whale point of your system. So I sup-
pose a Richard Helms must have an
official and open existence."
In more than five years as CIA 'director,:
Richard Helms has emerged as a bureau-
crat of cool 'competence. It is not surpris-
ing that Helms should appear so serene
while much of official Washington throbs
with self-conscious activity.? lie joined
the CIA at its birth and grew along with
it, the first director to rise through the
ranks. He has been privy to almost every
CIA triumph and fiasco since 1947, and
those 24 years have taught him survival,
not just overseas but back in Washington,
too. "To succeed in this town," he once
told a friend, "you have to walk with a
very quiet tread.'
Candor, within the obvious. limits of ?
his job, has become a Helms trademark.
He maintains a cozy liaison with tradi-
tionally suspicious Congressional commit-
tees. Says a Senate staffer: "Committee
members find him the most forthright of.
all the administrators who come before -
us. He is certainly more frank in his-
-
field than Mel Laird is when he comes
to talk about the Defense Department."
Helms's professional detachment was
taxed during the Johnson days when Walt
RoStow massaged intelligence reports
submitted to the President by under-
lining in yellow crayon whatever but-
tressed his own persuasion. But Helms
.sidestepped any confrontation. He was
so self-effacing that an LBJ lieutenant
recalls: "I thought he had the personali-
ty of a dead mackerel. But he certainly
had the respect of the President."
At .White House lunches under LBJ,
Helms assiduously avoided venturing in-
to policy decisions. "If he had the facts,"
says a participant, The presented them
quietly and quickly without any great
fanfare or interjection of his personal
opinions. If he didn't have the facts, he
would admit, 'I don't know about that,
Mr. President, but I'll try to find out the
answers as soon as possible'." . ?
Under Helms, the CIA delivered. Part-
ly as a consequence, :he is among the few
?
holdovers from the Johuson era in a It
Wadlingion poq today. His ciithadc
escalating OA ter:1,1,01(4w expvum:s
thoh, with a rwailting budget reduetit;
ingratiated him with President Nixon.;
If the spymaster's more dramatic e
pleits reinain shrouded, I
1111114
dropped clues aplenty to his personalit
The son of an expatriate aluminium (ace'.
utive, young Dick was educated at pol
schools in Switzerland and Germany, la
it waS at Williams College that he bega
to show the kind of sober purposefulia:
that has marked his career. By the tirr.
be graduated in 1935, 1 [elms -had editd
the yearbook and the newspaper, servo
as junior and then senior class preside;
and earned his Phi Beta Kappa kc
Awed classmates voted him "most rt
spected" and "most likely to succeed
Through a friend's father, Helms himi
tied a job in the Berlin bureau of Unite
Press (now UPI) and as a 23-year-oh
cub correspondent scooped up an ei
elusive interview with Adolf Hitler. Aftc
two years, Ifelms returned home to th
business. side of the now-defunct Indian
apolis Times, working up to nation:
advertising manager. While there, h
married Julia Bretzman Shields, a highi
strung sculptress divorced from the Ba;
basol shaving czar, Frank B. Shields.
Into the Spy ? Establishment
With the war, Helms completed Nav:
Reset* training at Harvard and,
1943, volunteered for the Office of Stra
tegic Services. IIc wound up at war'
end working for Allen Dulles in Berlin
After the OSS was dismantled, Helm
followed Dulles into the embryonic Cen
tral Intelligence Agency.. Helms quickl
tuned in to the politics of the cold wai
(When. a Russia-bound ? Williams clas
mate wrote him inquiring about Commu
nism in 1959, Helms whipped off
43-page typed analysis of Communi5
aggression, which he entitled "Convers:i
tion with a Doubting Thomas.")
For fifteen years, Helms disappeare
into the CIA's "plans" section, the et
phemism for the group-. handling covet
activities. In 1962, he took over th
section. He was bypassed for director i
favor of outsiders, but in mid-1966, aftc
a stint as deputy director, was final]
appointed by Johnson to run the CIA.
But as Helms's public fortunes rosi
his home life deteriorated. In June 1961
after 2S years of an increasingly unhapp
marriage, Helms left his wife. They wer
divbrced in September 1968. Thre
months later, he married a former neigl
bor, Cynthia Ratcliff NIcKelvie, the mod-
er of four children and herself new]
divorced from a prominent surgeon.
Though he earns $42,500 a Year, ti
Helmses live frugally in a $22.6-a-mout
high-rise apartment in Chevy Chasi
Md. English-born -Cynthia, a hands=
30
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Newswee:
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2014/02/21 : CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210071-9 Is
redhead, works part-time for the Smith-
sonian Institution's radio stati(m.?She is
also a dedicated ecologist who helped
found Concern. ?a washington con-
servation group that focuses on recycling.
Cynthia Helms has even converted her
husband. Now everything they buy must
come in biodegradable containers:-
Helms knows how to leave his prob-
lems at the office and he. can ll
sleep sou.a?
ly at night. "I know when Dick has
had a had day just because he looks that
was. when, he ism," home;" Cynthia
Helms told NEwswEEK's Elizabeth Peer,
"but I also know he's not going to tell me
about -it." Before dinner, he drinks a
Single Scotch. On Fridays, be abandons
himself to a dry Martini with a lemon
twist; Cynthia trots out -beforehand .to
buy the weekly lemon. Once a week
they take in a movie. Helms also enjoys
reading spy novels sent by his son, a
New York attorney. 'Weekends, the
Ilelmses Commute to Wit's End, Cynthia's
shore cottage in Lewes,.Del.
Security precautions .are elaborate but
imperceptible. A CIA specialist periodi-
cally combs ? the Chevy Chase apartment
for ''bugs." The phone number is unlisted,
though it appears in the Washington
social register. Helms also has a direct
line to CIA headquarters. A third phone,
to the White Ifouse, was taken out
(luring an LBJ economy drive.
helms is second only to Henry Kis-
singer as a prize catch on the Washing-
ton social circuit?partly because it's chic
to have a master spy to dinner' and
partly because he is such an attentive
companion for the ladies. Washington din-
ner parties invariably degenerate into
shop talk, and Helms is in no position to
chime in. So he finesses the situation.
"He. has that nice quality of letting a
woman talk, too," says ?Mrs. jack Valenti,
wife of the - former LBJ aide. helms
used .to carry a pocket-size beeper So
?
4,ta
I.
;...
. ,
r..L..4:,1 ? 1.
bridges that a polieymaker needs to cross
the gap from information In dcckinii. Tht;
word has liven pie...(d c011ect fewer
facts and asse!.s diem more lilly. And
the flew Kissinger review panels ? are de-?
signed not, as some .crities suggw.ted ?
last week, to sereen mit views contrary to -
Administration policy but to draw in more
information in a form that is useful.
Overruns and Overlaps .
Technology has also infected the
in-
telhigetireieiueits, as it has the Penta-
gon, with cost overruns. "The overruns .
on these satellites," says a horrified White .
I louse staffer, "make the (-GA transport
?
plane It like .a piker." Modern spying
does not come cheap, the Administration
is quite pmpared to admit, but neither
does it require the extravagant overlaps ,
between different intelligence agencies
or the excesses of trivia amassed in the
name of thoroughness. I fence Helms's
reinforced powers as intelligence super- ?
chief, with authority to oversee other -.?
agencies' budgets and to reorder their l?
priorities.
Neither Richard Helms nor Richard .?
Nixon wants to weld the intelligence
gatherers into a single streamlined mech-
anism. The President, according to one i?
of his aides, "has given careful thought to
what degree diversity in the intelligence -?
community is an essential luxury of a .
democratic society." If there were only a
single agency and if on some crucial
point its information were wrong, this
staffer warns, "by God, it would be all ?
over. Having some diverse views coming
to the White House as they do now
means one intelligence service is effec- ?
tively acting as a check on another." So
the revamped order of battle of the
in-
tchhigctice community (chart, page 32) -7'?
will probably endure for some time.. Its
main intelligence-gathering ciimponents:
NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY: ,These
are the code breakers. They. sponge. up
the secret arimmunications. of foreign
governments (both friendly and other- -
wise), feed them into what is probably
the most elaborate computer system any-.
where in the world iind reportedly boast
remarkable success ill cracking the most
complicated modern ciphers.. They also.
devise the encrypting systems used by
the U.S. Government. The American
world lead in computer technology gives
the U.S. a sizable edge over the Soviets -
in this critical area, but it is shrinking.
NSA's staff of linguists, analysts and ??
mathematical wizards, is based behind a? ?
dense security .curtain at Fort Meade,
Md., but it also directs a network of elec-
tronic surveillance throughout the world.
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY:..De-
fense Secretary Robert McNamara de- ';
vised this outfit in 1961 to try to consol- -
idate the various service intelligence _
units. Unfortunately, says one. former -
top intelligence official, it was "a brain-
child that died at birth." The three serv-
ice units still exist separately, and DIA
limps along with officers on loan and
without much power of its own. Accord,
November 22, 1971 31 .
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2014/02/21 : CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210071-9 ? -
Ws, it). At eNn m er?Nr whwer k
Wife Cynthia: A lemon every Friday
the agency could always summon him,
but "the damned thing kept going off
during the middle of dinkier parties." -
So CIA technicians have devised one
that now Vibrates discreetly instead.
'Let the Wordsmiths Handle That'
? Helms logs a ten-hour workday, with
a half-day Saturday. Sometimes he rises ??
early to play tennis, wearing long white
flannels even in muggy summer. Then a
black Chrysler takes him to the.CIA cam-
pus across the Potomac in Langley, Va.,
where he rides a private elevator to his
cream-colored office. 'After perusing the
'overnight reports, Helms meets his top
aides for 9 a.m. coffee in the conference
room. lie dislikes long meetings and can
dismiss a subject with an impatient:
"Let's let the wordsmiths handle that."
The agency structure is still informal
? enough that a vital field report can reach
Ilelins's desk minutes after it arrives, but
Helms insists that all regular memos be
tight, literate and neat. Before he leaves-
at 6:30 p.m., he reads over the
ititchli-
gcncc summary to be given the Presi-
dent the next day..
In reorganizing the intelligence net-
- work, Helms will have less time for
agency routine, (bough he has been able
to assume important new responsibilities
without having to surrender many old
prerogatives. Henry Kissinger still stands
. between him and President Nixon, but a
White House aide notes: "Henry re-
spects Helms as much as be respects
anyone around here." Indeed, Richard
Helms may yet be able to parlay his
position into the sort of lifetime tenure
enjoyed by j. Edgar Hoover at the FBI.
"Richard Helms has to be the real pro
in government today," says one top intel-
ligence ?specialist. "He's not the big
operator like Allen Dulles and whether
he's the manager that John McCone was
we're going to find out. His brief has
. always been cool, careful professional-
ism.' At a time when the United States
seeks a lower profile abroad, Helms's cal-
ibrated touch may be 'exactly what the.
American intelligence effort needs.
?
? liernard Clolfryd?Newsweek
_Helms at play: Flannels year-round
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? . ;
E 1 i ?oz I;
1.; or AIIII :Oral Y
of I:a C40,11,110N -
DEFENSE
DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL
SECURITY
AGENCY
National
Cryptologic
Command
The code makers and
the code breakers;
20,000 staffers, mostly
at Fort Meade, Md.
..??????? 01.11Mkalidar???11,...?...
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
The basic cloci:,ion?makIng body. All In.
tellInimco for tho Pritnitlent Vows through
tho NGC and ita chief, I lonry Kissinger.
NSC Intelligence Committeo
A now unit headed by Kissinger. Its job:
to give assignments to the intellinence
community and to 'review' tho results.
Net Assessment Group
Another now panel, to make specific com-
parisons of power balances In the world.
U.S. INTELLIGENCE BOARD
Tho board of directors of the intelligence
community. All agencies have a seat st
the table; Helms ol tho CIA Is tho boss.
DEFENSE
INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY
Designed to coordi-
nate military Intelli-
gence. Direct budget
? of $100 million; spends
an added $700 million
1 through armed forces;
5,500 staffers. ?
ARMY
38,500 Intelligence
staffers; budget of
$775 million; does
most of its spy work
for the NSA.
il????
CENTRAL
? INTELLIGENCE
. AGENCY
Tho premier intelligence agency.
Budget estimated at S750 million:
Staff of 15,000. Evaluates much of
the Input of DIA and NSA.
4.4111?11.1?1????101.11.0
NAVY
10,000 Intelligence
staffers; same budget
as the Army; has
phased out spy ships.
AIR FORCE
60,000 staffers; 52.8
? billion budget, mostly
spent on spy-satellite
program.
A , FORE:lc:a I
1 1. ItITELLIGEItc,i:
. Ariviz.;oisY ii0A,F{D
fltitn-ritihon nrivi:.ory
1 pan4:1; mrint'. bimonthly.,
i
'FORTY COMMITTEE'
OR
'303 GROUP'
A secret panel, chaired by Kissin-
ger. advise:. the President on 'W-
yatt operation:.
INTELLIGENCE
RESOURCES ADVISORY
COMMITTEE
A spin-elf of the Intelligence
Board, headed by Helms, de-
signed to pare down budgets.
STATE DEPARTMENT
Intelligence and
Research Bureau
Tiny but authoritative;
headed byes-CIA man.
FEDERAL BUREAU
OF INVESTIGATION
Main responsibility for do-
mestic counterespionage.
1
"ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ,
Interprets data on global
nuclear developments.
I
. TREASURY DEPARTMENT
Focuses on drugs and
economic intelligence.
ing to one former Air Force man, the
worst features of the American intelli-
gence system are here' on most glaring
display: it is, he says, "like some giant
vacuum cleaner picking up millions of
pieces of lint that we store in our compu-
ters." Recently, DIA has trimmed itself
down and toned itself up a bit, but there
is more to be done. Just this month, a
new post?Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Intelligence?was created for precise-
ly that purpose.
ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE INTELLI-
GENCE: These are the big spenders.
Some $5 billion of the $6 billion-annual
intelligence budget pours out of military
.coffers, but this is because the services
manage most of the vast hardware in-
volved; the Air Force, with the recon-
naissance satellite program, carries the
main load. If major budget cuts aro to be
made, they will fall most heavily here:
Senator Eilender, for example, has de-
manded that $500 million bo trimmed
forthwith. .
STATE DEPARTMENT INTELLIGENCE
32
AND RESEARCH DIVISION: No spies need
apply here; INR's main sources are For-
eign Service officers in U.S. embassies
abroad. It scores high on analysis, but
CIA's technological tricks give the agen-
cy a huge advantage that has recently
left INR farther .and farther behind in
the competition for the President's ear.
A former top CIA man, Ray Cline, was
made head of INR, and its star may rise
again.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION:
All counterspying against foreign agents
within the U.S. is conducted by the FBI.
Besides the obvious defensive benefits,
counterespionage can yield important
clues to the limits' of an enemy's knowl-
edge by spotting the targets of his spy-
ing within your own . borders. "In one
ease a few years ago," recalls a counter-
intelligence agent, "we traced a pattern
of Russian efforts to obtain data hero
that gave us all Illmoluto picture of their
level of development in long-range sub-
marines." Unfortunately, during the de-
clining years of J. Edgar Hoover's reign,
l'i?rtga &
the quality of FBI- counterspying has
deteriorated sharply, and working rcla-
tions between the bureau and the CIA
have grown distant and strained.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY: This, ;
of course, is the hub of the American in-
telligence universe. Its director is chief
not only of his own agency but also?even
before Mr. Nixon's latest directive rein-
forced his powers?of the entire U.S.
information-gathering 'enterprise. Its cm- ;
'ployees compose what is very likely,
with the possible exception of the Mafia,
the most closed corporation in American
society. The road to their sprawling ?
headquarters in the woods of Langley,
Va., is marked with a modest sign an-
nouncing Fairbank highway Research ?
Station (a Transportation Department
agency that does indeed maintain an,
:outpost nearby). They work together,'
play together and sometimes live to.:
gether; they go A0 Ow same (bet ors and.: ?
if need be, to the same psychiatrists:,
their talents and triumphs are rarely;
-sung outside the agency's walls and
? ?
Newsweek, November 22, 1971 '
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"??
not even vitliiii them: even when
.? quit. their friemls can never quite
sure that they are not simply estab-
ing a deeper cover. The CIA is not a
fession; it is a way of
t is a changing one, however. In the
.1-war days?from the CIA's founding
19.17 until, say, the mid-I960s---its
Pllasis was on covert operations. on
-Mg and, as they came to be nick-
tied; "dirty tricks." The mainstay of
? agency then was the officer overseas.
? bribed the local journalists to plant
ries favorable to the United States
guess I've bought as much newspa-
space as the A&P," chortles a former
A man), or quietly helped bankroll a
movement that might be of. use
Ile day (the headquarters that Charles
Gaulle maintained in Paris until his
urn ? to power in 1958 was partially
.ided by the CIA). The -CIA man
eckcd on private lives or credit ratings
see who might be blackmailed or
ibed into working as agents. (The
cuts who volunteered, such as Pen-
vskiy; were almost always the best--
:hen you buy a spy," points out a vet-
an, "you're really renting him until.
mcone comes along who offers him
ore money.")
Pursuit of a Red Face
The old-time agent kept an eye on the
ussian opposition, with occasionally.
:nosing results. "I .remember only too
,
ell," recalls a British secret agent, 'one
ccasion when I was on post in Berlin
lid we were given the word that a.
ace' [Soviet double agent] was coming
i. My brief was to follow him, to pick
im? up at a certain house near the bor-
er. This I. did, and I stayed- with this
hap for days.. Thought I was really on
o something. He appeared to have ac-
?ess to U.S. military HQ in Berlin and
recdom of the embassy in Bonn. My
)cople were getting terribly excited
,bout the whole thing. We eventually
liscovered that the chap I was following
vas CIA, and be was following me, send-
ng in reports about my access to the
Iritish Embassy, and so on. Never located
die face, either. '
Occasionally there was derring-do of
a more momentous nature?some of it
welt-known by now. There was the 1953
coup in Iran that returned the Shah to
power- and thus .kcpt rich oil fields from
the Russians, the Guatemala uprising in
1954 that-overthrew a leftist government,
the 1955-56 Berlin tunnel through which.
U.S. operatives tapped the telephones
from East Berlin to Poland and Moscow
?Helms had a hand in planning and
executing this affair.
And many exploits have remained ob-
scure. There was, for example, the here-
tofore untold story of successful intrigue
in the Congo. Early in 1961, Antoine
Gizenga sprung from the motley ranks of
Congolese politics to make his bid for
dominance of the infant republic. He had
attended the Prague Institute for African
Affairs, had 'spent six weeks in Russia
Newsweek, November 22,1971
.!?rte. Preadirtii Daily lirkf
The meilium and the message: Henry
Kissinger and the top-secret PIM
and was clearly; as Washington. saw it,
Moscow's new man in the Congo. Qum- -
ga broke away from the United Nations-
backed Congolese Government and set ?
up a regime of his own in Oriental Prov-
ince, arming 6,000 troops with smuggled
Russian guns and paying them, thanks to ?
Soviet financing, at the princely rate (for
Africa) of $180 a month. The word was
sent out from the White House authoriz-
ing covert operations to stop him.
? It was clear to the. CIA that Gizenga's
-Russian support?both the money and the
weapons?was arriving via the Sudan, and
a message ? arrived from friendly Euro-
pean agents that a Czech ship was bound
for Port of Sudan with a cargo of guns
disguised as Red Cross packages for.
refugee relief in the Congo. A direct.
appeal to the port authorities to inspect
the crates would never work, the CIA's
man in Khartoum realized; the Sudanese
would have to be faced with public ex-
posure of the contraband. Appropriate
arrangements were made on the wharfs
before the Czech ship docked. "If my
memory serves me right," a former CIA
man says, "it was the Second crane load.
The clumsy winch operator let the crates
drop and the .dockside was soddenly
covered with new Soviet Kalashnikov
rifles." ,
? That left the money. By late in 1961,
Gizenga's troops had grown restive: they
had not been paid since the first Soviet
subsidy arrived months before. Gizenga
appealed to Moscow, and KGB opera-
tives obligingly delivered $1 million in
.U.S. currency to Gizenga's delegation
in Cairo. From an agent who had pene-
trated Gizenga's Cairo office, the CIA
learned that a third of the money was to
be delivered by a courier who would
take a commercial flight to Khartoum,
wait in the .transit lounge to avoid the
baggage -search at customs, and then
proceed by another plane to Juba, a town
on the Congolese border. Plans were laid
accordingly.
When the. Congolese courier arrived
in Khartoum and settled into the transit
lounge, his suitcase between his knees,
he was startled to hear himself -being
paged and ordered to proceed immedi-
ately to the -customs area. After a mo-
Declassified and Approved For Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/21
?
Tony Rollo?Newkwc.k .
ment of flustered indecision, he took the
bag over to a corner and left it unob-
trusively near some lockers before leav-
ing for customs At that point, a CIA man
sauntered out of the men's room, picked
up the suitcase, and ? headed out the
back 'door where two cars were waiting
with motors ?running. - Not long afterward,
Gizenga's government fell; it was said
that his troops suffered from shortages.
of arms and were upset because ? they
hadn't been paid.
Rule of the Knights Templar ?
. These were the glory days, ? albeit
overcast now and 'then by disasters such...
as the Bay of Pigs. ?A rousing sense of
mission invigorated the agency then, the
camaraderie of unheralded warriors on a
lonely battlement of the free world. Few
would have expressed it quite that way?
spies are an urbane lot on the whole?but
that was the spirit of the fraternity, and it
called forth a special breed. Mostly East-
ern and Ivy League, often well-born and.
moderately rich, they were moved by a
-high sense of patriotism and a powerful
undercurrent of noblesse oblige. Many of
them were veterans of the elite Office of
, Strategic Services under the colorful
"Wild Bill" Donovan during World War
II, and they carried forward its . high
esprit. Men such as Allen Dulles, Kermit
Roosevelt, Frank Wisner, Richard Bis-
sell, Tracy Barnes, Robert Amory and
Desmond Fitzgerald?the "Knights Tem-
plar," one former colleague calls them?
ruled the agency in the cold-war days'
and set its adventurous tone.
But this created problems. The bright
young men attracted into the agency
tended to assume that the road to ad-
vancement lay strewn with "dirty tricks."
Trained to bribe, recruit and suborn., that.
is precisely what they did when they
were sent into the. field, even when the
37
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THE BEEP, BUNK AND THRUM OF SPY GADGETRY
on a mountain top outside Taipei, a
U.S. Air Force Chinese-language
specialist tunes his radio receiver in on
mainland China's air-defense network
and starts a tape. Across the continent,
a supersonic aircraft called the SR-
( for strategic reconnaissance) 71'
streaks along the Soviet border, its
"side-looking" radar recording elec-
tronic "pictures" of a missile installa-
tion 50 miles inland. Somewhere over
the Arctic, a giant "Big Bird" recon-
naissance satellite ejects a film pack
containing close-up photos of still an-
other installation; the film is snatched
in midair by a rendezvousing plano-.
and whisked back to a U.S. air base
for analysis. Around the world?and
above it?whole battalions of super-
sophisticated devices, beeping and
blinking and thrumming round the .
clock, provide the electronic eyes and
cars of U.S. intelligence.
The nation's arcane arsenal of gadg-
etry includes the massive $1 billion
code-breaking and data-storage com-
plex that the National Security Agen-
cy operates from its Fort Meade,
Md., headquarters?one of the largest
conglomerations of computers in the
world. But the bulk of the costly
hardware is arrayed on the frontiers
of the Communist world where the
American intelligence-gathering proc-
Css actually takes place.
Targets: The Air Force's SR-71 is
the chief spy ?plane in the arsenal?a
2,000-mph, extremely high-altitude
successor to the U-2. The U.S. long
ago stopped intelligence flights over
China and the Soviet Union. But the
SR-71 still cruises the borders of both
nations, loaded with cameras and
side-looking radar that can pinpoint
intelligence targets (often selected by
? the Cl A) many miles inland.
Nowadays, however, most of the
peeping is done by Air Force satellites
stuffed with an astonishing assortment
of gadgets. They are equipped with
black-and-white, color and TV cam-
? cras, of course. But in addition, these
eyes-in-the-sky carry sight "sensing".
devices, including infra-red cameras
for night photography, radar to peer
through cloud cover, radiation count-
ers to detect nuclear explosions, heat
sensors to record rocket launches, and
even an experimental infra-red sensor
and microwave radar to detect a sub-
merged nuclear submarine by tho
slightly warmer water it leaves in the
wake of its reactors.
The new mainstays of tho U.S.'s
skyborne early-warning system aro
multipurpose Project 0.17 surveillance
satellites. Working in pairs, these
"constellations,", as they are called,
sweep across all of European . Russia
and the Asian land mass in "dwelling"
Declassified and Approved For Release
orbits 22,000 miles high. On board is
still more equipment for sniffini; out
nuclear blasts and rocket firings?as
%yell as long-range TV cameras to flash
instant pictures back to intelligence
centers on earth if a blast or a launch-
ing goes off. ?
'Bird': The most recent addition
to U.S. reconnaissance snooping is a.
10-ton satellite called "Big Bird,' first
launched at Vandenberg Air. Force
Base in California last June. Streaking
. through its orbit, Big Bird scans broad
land areas with one wide-angle cam-
era, radios what it sees back to
ground stations; and, on order, turns a ?
giant "narrow angle" second camera
on targets of special interest for close-
up pictures?a: multiple function that
used to require at least two less so-
phisticated satellites. One of Big Bird's
first orders: to find and fix the dozen
or so medium-range ballistic missile
sites believed to be deployed through-
out. China. And it probably did: cam-
.
narnese officers radioed to their troop,..
The major portion of America's ra-
dio intercept intelligence probably
derives horn a super sensitive, global
-network of ground stations like the
one the Air Force maintains at Onna
Point, Okinawa, 10 miles north of
Kadena Air Base. Here, inside a win-
dowless concrete compound on a crag-
gy coastal promontory, Chinese-lan?
guage specialists, Morse code "ditty
catchers" and tactical analyst's man
banks of radio consoles round the
clock. Their job, and that of more
than 50,000 Army, Navy arid -Air
Force specialists like them at listening
posts scattered Irma Wiesbaden, Ger-
many, to the tip of the Aleutians, is
the. tedious, detailed and never-end-
ing surveillance .of the armed forces
of potential enemies?their strength,
.whereabouts and 'disposition. ? One
-measure of how well they do their. job
is .the fact . that language specialists
have been known to identify an enc-
Tin' high-spying S11.-71: In an arcane arsenal, super-eyes and -cars
.eras in satellites 100 miles high can
clearly photograph objects on the
ground the size of small cars (though
tales of pictures of anything smaller
are most likely. science fiction).
For communications interception?
which some experts say accounts for
90 per cent of the nation's raw intelli-
gence?radio and radar gear take the
place of cameras in satellites.. These
orbiting cars (called "ferrets") are
capable of piclang up every form
of electronic communication except
those sent on land telephone lines
and line-of-sight microwave transmis-
sions. They can .read radar pulses
from ground stations and in-flight mis-
siles as. well. They are joined in the
skies by so-called "Black Air. Force"
aircraft?usually lumbering old C-121
Super Constellations that can tarry
in one area for as long as six or eight
hours and carry far heavier, and fan-
cier, equipment than the swift SR-71.
Th, Navy has mothballed all its Pueb-
lo-typo intelligimco ships. But ? ono
experimental Navy Super Connie
dubbed "The Blue Buzzard" was em- ?
ployed in Vietnam- as an airborne re-
lay station that could cut in on, and
countermand, orders that North Viet-
.
my unit commander by nothing more
than a regional accent in his voice.
But as good as the techniques of
collection are, there are, problems of
n
in Says oe senior in
officer: "You can't tell strategic
or political intent from a photograph.
And you can't tell what the enemy
may have on his drawing boards."
The astonishing escalation of in-
genious gadgetry over the last decade
has caused still another problem?in-
formation overkill, A Special Presi-
dential team reviewing the intelli-
gence community discovered that 95
per cent of the estimated $6 billion
spent annually was going into intel-
ligence collection, only 5 per cent .
into analysis?and Washington's intelli-
gence headquarters were being inun-
dated with mountains of perishable,.
unsifted information. The report was
one of the key elements leading to
the President's decision to reorganize
the intelligence community.
?wero trying to monitor everything
all over the ss-odd," explains Senate
.Armed Services Committee Chairman
John Stennis. "We simply don't need
to keep sight of every blade of grass.
and every grain of sand." .
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"Ow farm," a secret baining base oh the
East Coast where they :114: V 1.001((1 iii
various techniques ol Ilit !.py game:
voiles, flows, agent handimg., wcatoinrY,
demolition and handio?liand combat,
Ind the vast majorii y of reertins lire.
boinal for 1)1)1, and a life centering
in the huge CIA compound iii 'Langley,
The agency. encourages claimishoess.-
"There's ma: street in MeLean la suburb
next ?t1)-1.angley1 where the cotire block
is filled with CIA types," one spy says.
More important, set:laity precautions dic-
tate a certain motherliness. "From die
day you start your career," a veteran .
.says, 'you're encouraged to go to the
'agency for help, to tell them everything."
If a CIA employee gets into trouble?
drunk driving, for example?he is told to
call the agency's Security. office immedi-
ately. If his house is robbed, he's to
notify. security 'before the police. If he.
gets into financial problems, the agency
has a benevolent fund to help him out. ? ?
It buys .hint theater tickets, advises his.:
children On where to go to college, se-
lects security-cleared physicians and psy-
chiatrists ...(and 'requires :.a fellow CIA
man to be on hand during any, treatment
rcipiiring an anesthetic.. that might in- ?
duce loose talk), offers him guidance
on stock-market investments, provides an
indoor *gym, athletic teams and even na-
ture walks: ? ?
? No Room at the Top
There is a certain insulation about it
-all?and, some critics say, about its work.
as well. With the rapid expansion of .re-
eent years, layers of bureaucracy have
begun to clog .the channels along which.- ?
raw ? intelligence flows ?upward. And ?
. there is very little new blood corning in
at the middle levels or the top; the agen-
cy has a logjam of twenty-year men,
Agency people are also sometimes ac-
cused of one of the oldest of spies' fail-
ings?refusing to believe anything unless
it has been iliscovered
Some voices within the government are'?-?
now calling for a radical shift toward ,
'candor in almost all intelligence work..
They argue that the great bulk of the
in-
formation that CIA and the .rest of the..:
spy network gleans ought to be made:
public to anyone- who is interested. At
the 'same time, virtually all covert para-
military operations?the dirty tricks?
should be abandoned entirely.
In effect, this is a new and expanded
version of President Eisenhower's old
"open skies" plan. It rests upon the propo-
sition that dirty tricks generally do more
harm than good to the nation's interests,
and that intelligence does most for the
cause of ?peace when its fruits are dis-
played for all to see. Most American
strategists have long since accepted the .
notion that the world is made safer and
more stable when each of the superpow-
ers knows a fair amount about what the
other is up to?the U.S. makes no real
effort to conceal the full range of its mili-
tary power from the Russians. Why not,
ask - the new advocates of open skies,
ii 1;11 frua,,7,4
the damage to American prestige
great if they were l'slIOS(11. 1):11'11C-
v as the c111,1 war wam,(1 aml as
liology look OVVr 1110 most critical
the host thing that most agvilts
id (mold do was nothing at all, bitt
was not what bright young advenlnr-
iiad in mind, and so they began to
or not to apply ill 1111` III'S' 1/lace.
1111S a critical shift of both personnel
kinction -took place within the agen-
inring the latter 1960s. In part it was
ittiral evolution, in part encouraged
the new director, Dick Helms. The
:s of attentiOn and prestige \vithin
. switched from 1)1)1' (for Deputy
?elor?Plans, the covert operations) to
1 (Deputy Director?Intelligence, .the
nnation-sifting unit). The prime re- .
ts were no longer bright young Social
ister types blit state university Ph.D.'s.
Amon CIA recruitment manual is
lied to, among others, biologists, lor-
is, aerodynamicists, artists, cartogra-
rs, geologists, geodesists, mathemati-.
is.. and, astronomers. Our -people," .
ins --(who himself. was once head of :
IP). boasted in a rare public address .
: year, "have academic degrees in 298 ?-?
fields of specialization:" A former
lligence man marvels that "when you
the agency even the most obscure
'slim, they always trot out some little
.
lady who has made that subject her
study."
Exit the Tennis Players
still exists, ? of course, but the .
tehword. for operatives in the field. is
? as one wag puts it, "Don't do some-
ng?just stand there." As for the type
person attracted into this side Of the..
IN a former agency man speaks wryly .
the "change from tennis ? players to
viers." Many of the dirtier tricks in -
.Anam?notably the "Phoenix" program
it used torture and assassination to try
root out the Viet Cong infrastructure
vera assigned to temporary "contract"?
(silts: retired Army officers, Special
aces spinoffs or former Stateside po-
einem Since 1969, however, the agen-
has cut back on these activities.
CIA insiders say it has given up the
up business entirely, though there are
my who arc convinced that it had a
Ind in the Creek colonel's take-over in
)67 and the overthrow of Prince Si,
inouk in Cambodia last year (at least
the extent of not blowing the. whistle
plots of which it was aware). A few
!ars ago, Can. Joseph Mobutu of the
Ingo tried to interest Langley in a
itsch against the Marxist regime in
razzaville across his western border, but
.c agency was not interested.
This is not because it has lost the Ca-
Icily for such enterprises. It has, after
1, been not so secretly training, equip-
:ng and virtually leading a 95,000-man
-my in a reasonably successful war in
.aos for nearly a decade. It is currently
inploying a Washington firm as a cover
). train frogmen to sky-dive into a lake
and blow up ?11 1111rp (1.1111. Ali(1 it has
concocted a delightful little rose lo
spread disaffection against the csilid Si-
hanonk among the Cambodian peasantry
that once revered 111111. A gilled sound
engineer using sophisticated electronics
has fashioned an exCellent eminierfeit
of Ole Prince's voice?breathless, high-
pitched and full of giggles. This is
beamed from a -clandestine radio station
in Laos Nvith messages artfully designed
to offend any good. Khmer; in one of
t hem, "Sihanimk" exl a nis young WI/1111111
ill "liberated areas" to aid the cause by
sleeping with the valiant Viet Colig.
? But this sort of escapade is far less Ire-
quent these days, and some top agency
hands gladly accept the charge .that the
?
'ovember 22, 1971
?????
?
UP'
Cushman: Minding the shop
CIA has turned. into -a group of gray
bureaucrats. Things may have been more
exciting during the Dulles years, there
may have been an ?n in those days
that has faded now, but it was this ?n
that helped produce the. Bay of Pigs..
The agency may have become less color-
ful, according to this view, but this simply
marks its passage from exuberant ado-
lescence to responsible maturity.
However staid a bureaucracy the CIA
may have become, there are still some
very peculiar features of going to work
there. First of all, one of the prerequi-
sites for employment is a lie-detector
test. "The lie detector is the big hurdle,"
recalls a former spy. "Guys are really
scared of that, scared of what it will
show. I remember a friend of mine had
stolen some money when he was-running
his fraternity's 'soft-drink concession. He
was so worried it would show up that be
told them. "They said, 'Oh, that's OK.
Glad you told us.' He's still with the agen-
cy." The agency is not particularly prud-
ish about its staff, unlike the FBI or the
KGB. "It doesn't mind the flawed gen-
ius," a onetime employee says. "It will
overlook an individual's aberrations?as
long as it receives complete loyalty."
Once In, DDP candidates are &yin to
?
39
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NAT. IONAL AFFAIRS
? carry this philosophy of disclosure one
step further?
It is almost surely too soon for that; ?
;. perhaps it would never be practicable.
The. world still has its ugly secrets, and it ? .
is probably best for .everyone's peace of
mind that most of them are kept in
private. But the very fact that the (pies-
t ion is being put is a sign of the wrench king ? ?
adjnstments that American intelligence
? - has had to make in its long metamorphosis ????
? from the (lays of Wild Bill Donovan and 1-.?
the Knights Templar. Today, the. fear-
some weaponry of the two superpowers ?
has grown NO sophisticated that virtually ?
no,intclligence coup, no matter how extra- ??
ordinary, could alter the balance of pa- .
??
?
tential destruction on both sides. Tho.?
.? gaudy era of the adventurer has passed
in the American spy business; ? the .bu-
reaueratie age of Richard C. Helms and ,
his gray specialists has settled in. .
Declassified and Approved For Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/21 CIA-RD P84-00161R000400210071-9