CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210111-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 21, 2014
• Sequence Number: 111
• Publication Date: July 14, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2014/02/21 : CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210111-4
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14938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
vise and consent to the ratification of the
Protocol for the Further Extension of tho
International Wheat Agreement, 1962, open
for signature in Washington .from April 4
until and including April 29, 1966 (Ex. F,
Eighty-ninth Congress, second session.)
The VICE PRESIDENT. The ques-
tion is, Will the Senate advise and con-
sent to the resolution of ratification? -
On this question the yeas and nays
have been ordered; and the clerk will call
the roil.
The legislative Clerk called the roll.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I announce
that the Senator from Tennessee [Mr.
BAssl, the Senator from Alaska [Mr.
.GiurErrmcl, and the Senator from Geor-
gia [Mr. Tawaancs] are absent on official
business.
I also announce that the Senator from
New Mexico [Mr. ANDERSON], the Sena-
tor from Pennsylvania [Mr. CLARK] , the
Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Donal,
the senator from Wyoming [Mr.
M..:Gt El, the Senator from Florida [Mr.
ATI:CRS], and the Senator from Ala-
[Mr. Smuoistarrl are necessarily
'e2.it.
1 rther announce that, if present
and voting, the Senator from New Mex-
ico [1.1r. ANDERSON], the Senator from
Tennessee [Mr. Bass], the Senator from
Pennsylvania [Mr. CLARK], the Senator
from Connecticut [Mr. Doan), the Sen-
ator from Alaska [Mr. Gatrximgc], the
Senator from Wyoming [Mr. MeGns],
the Senator from Florida [Mr. Swum-
sash the Senator from Alabama [Mr.
SPARKMAN], and the Senator from Geor-
gia [Mr. TALMADGE] would each vote
"yea."
? Mr. MICHEL. I announce that the
Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. Scorr]
Is absent because of illness.
The Senator from New York [Mr.
Jams) is detained.on official business.
If present and voting, the Senator
from New York [Mr. Javrrsi and the
' Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. Scorx]
-would each vote "yea.",
The yeas and nays resulted: yeas 89,
nays 0, as follows: .
- ? ? [No. 138 Leg.)
!. YEA3-89 '
Aiken Hart ? ? Moss
Allott ' ? Hartke ? Mundt
Bartlett Hayden ' Murphy
Bayh , Hickenlooper Muskle '
Bennett Hill ' Nelson
Bible , Holland _ Neuberger
Boggs ??,-,!, Hruska ? Pastore
Brewster Inouye Pearson,
Burdick Jackson Pell -
Byrd, Va. Jordan, N.C. Prouty ,
Byrd, W. Vs. Jordan, Idaho Proxmire
Cannon Kennedy, Mass. Randolph
? Carlson ? ? , Kennedy, N.Y. RIbicoft
Case - Kuchel ? ? - Robertson
? Church Lausche ? Russell, 8.0.
Cooper . ? Long, Mo. ? Russell, Ga. ,?.7
Cotton Long, La. ? ? Saltonstall
Curtis ? Magnuson Simpson
Dirksen ? Mansfield ? Smith
Dominick - McCarthy ' Stennis
Douglas : ? McClellan Symington
Eastland ? McGovern Thurmond
Ellender McIntyre , Tower
Ervin ?? : Metcalf Tydin gs
Fannin Miller . Williams, N.J.
Fong Mondale Williams, Del..
Fulbright
Gore Monroney Yarborough
Montoya . Young, N. DA:.
Grifiln Morse Young, Ohio .
Harris Morton ?
?
??;.?
? rar:r- ? --c
NOT VOTI. ?11
Anderson ?
cinrk
DoLui
Grucnin; ' Srr.:..thors
Javlts f.;parkmatl
McGee Tc.Imadge
Scott
The .PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
HARRIS in the chair). Two-thirds of the -
Senators present hal.-102. voted in the af- ?
firmative, the resolution of ratification is
agreed to.
Mr.' MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Presi-
dent be immediately notified of the con-
firmation of this resolution of ratifica-
tion. ? ;
The PRESIDING Olor10ER. With-
out objection, it is-so ordered.
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
?
, On motion by Mr. MANSFIELD, the
Senate resumed the consideration of leg-
islative business.
MESSAGE FROM. 'II-1E HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Hackney, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the House
had agreed to the amendment of the
Senate to the bill (H.R. 8337) to amend
the District of Columbia Practical
Nurses' Licensing Act, and for other pur-
poses. ?
The message also announced thartilt?
House had agreed to the amendments of
.the Senate to the bill (H.R. 15860) to
establish the District of Columbia Bail
? Agency, and for other purposes. ?
Judy .14, _196
COB/EVE rrea .:%1.1..r..TING DURING
SENATE SEESION TOMORROW
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Ptc5ident, may
have the atte:ttion of the majorit
leader?
We arc waiting for a rcport from .tt,
minority side. but Ih; Senator from Cal:
'fornia, [Mr. litteliri.] is here. I see
unanimous content [or a meeting of th
Subcommittee on EcluCation of the Com
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare to
morrow afternoon at 2 o'clock. I assui
the Senator that the Republicans on th
subcommittee thought that we ought t
meet to get it out of the way.
Mr. KUCHEL. I wonder if my ab:
friend will withhold making that rc
quest? I shall see if it is possible for th
minority to agree to the request.
Mr. KUCHEL subsequently said: M:
President, I ask unanimous conser
that the Subcommittee on Education c
the Committee on Labor and PubE
Welfare be permitted to meet during ti
session of the Senate tomorrow.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Withot
objeotion, it is so ordered.
On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and t
unanimous consent, the Committee o
Finance was authorized to meet durin
the session of the Senate tomorrow.
ENROLLED BILLS ' AND JOINT
RESOLUTION SIGNED
The message further announced that
the Speaker had affixed his signature to
the following enrolled bills and joint res-
olution, and they were signed by the
Vice President:
PLR. 0509. An act to authorize the Secre-
? tary of the Interior to accept a donation by
the State of Indiana of the George Rogers
Clerk Memorial for establishment as the
George Rogers Clark National Historical Park,
and for other purposes;
H.R. 10607. An act to amend the Adminis-
trative Expenses Act of 1946, as amended,
to provide for reimbursement of certain mov-
ing expenses of employees, and to authorize
? payment of expenses for storage of house-
hold goods and personal effects of employees
assigned to isolated duty stations within the
continental United States;
H.R. 14888.. An act to amend the Act of
? February 28, 1947, as amended, to authorize
the Secretary of Agriculture to cooperate
in screw-worm eradication In Mexico; and
KJ. Res. 1178. Joint resolution to author-
ize the District of Columbia to promulgate
? special regulations for the period of the 93d
annual session of the Imperial Council, An-
? clent Arabia Order of the Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine for North America, to be
held in Washington, District of Oolumbia,
In July 1967, to authorize the granting of
certain permits to Imperial Shrine Conven-
tion, 1907, Incorporated, on the occasions of
such scsaions, and for other purposes..
'
?
CENTRAL IN ihi,LIGENCE AGENC`,
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. M:
?asident, I ask unanimous consent t
-aye printed in the RECoRD as a part c
my remarks a most informative artic.
appearing in the July 18 issue of U.
pcm,lit, World Report entitled "What
This Interview with Adm. William I
Raborn, retiring head of CIA, is moi
? informative, especially as to the scope c
CIA's operations and how it is directec
supervised, and controlled by the Pres:
dent of the United States, various ager
cies of the executive department of ti
Government, as well as the Congress c
the United States. ?
There being no objection, the artie:
was ordered to be 'printed in the RECOR
as follows:
[From the U.S. News & World Report, Jur
18, 1966]
WHAT'S !'CIA"??INTERVtEW WITH?ADM. Wu
WADI P. RABORN, RETIRING HEAD or AmE!
ICA'S MOST SECRET AGENCY '
(NorE.?Once more, the Central Intell
gence Agency?CIA?finds Itself a center
controversy.
' (Congress is studying a proposal t
broaden its control and surveillance of t.1-
wide-ranging intelligence organizations.
(Now questions are raised. 'Just what
-CIA? What does it really do?and not dr
Does anybody know all its secrets, contrr
its activities? .
? (In this exclusive interview, the man wh
headed Central Intelligence this past ye:
takes readers of "U.S. News & World Reporl
behind the scenes of CIA, describes its work
hags in detail.)
Question. Admiral rtabom, what is th
specific charter of thr; Central Intelligem
Agency within the intelligence conununit
Anawer. The National Security Act asslanc
Aye funotions to the Agency: ? -
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Itly. .14;. 1966 ? . . CONGRESSIONAL TJECOIII) SENATE 1=1939
? . TO advice the National Security Council?: . 'Anewer. We don't publish these figures, or nobody would expect the top ?Metals of a
?? and of course the President?on intelligence - even rough proportions, becaune the informs. government to make their decisions without
matters relating to national security; tion would be of great use to the opposition, considering all available information. It is
. To co-ordinate all foreign-intelligence ac- but I can tell you this much: The man who the mission of CIA to provide tb.e most accu-
? tivities of our Government: ? ? joins CIA has far less chance, in the course of rate, the most comprehensive, and the most
To produce and disseminate finished na- his career, of identifying with James Bond or objective information available about mat-
tional intelligence within the Government: "The Spy Who Came In Prom the Cold" than tors which interest our Government, together
? ? To undertake what ' we call "services of he does of serving_as.an academic researcher, . with whatever we can learn or project about
common concern"?that is, functions which economist, solenant, statistician, adminis- possible impending developments. In spe- ?
serve all the components of the intelligence trator, accountant, or. supply officer. . chic answer to your question, put the em-
',.community and can best be undertaken Cen- a.? Question. Another Ideate that the ClAits 'phasis on "objective" information.
? trolly; ?' stirring up insurrections, or ? starting and Question. But this information .does play
.And finally, to perform such other services maybe running little wars? ' ? a part In the decisions of Government?
as the National Security Council may direct. *Answer. This again is a misconception. ? Answer. The top officials of the Adminis-
? That is as ?specific as the Congress wanted Our major business is national intelligence, tmtion, and for that matter, the legislators,
to be. That fifth assignment is the Agency's
charter for clandestine activities, and you
will notice it puts CIA directly under the
control of the President's National, Security
Council.
_ Question. The emphasis appears to be on
Information gathering. Wouldn't it be more
?... palatable 'and just as accurate to call it the
"Central Information Agency"?
Answer. Our principal responsibility is to
gather, specifically, that Information which Question. The National Security Act of' ship or advocacy, and recognized by the ? ?
relates directly to national-security problems 1947 envisages a field of clandestine activi- recipients as objective. .
and objectives. The United States Informs- ties however, where the CIA will play a role Question. Isn't it true that much of the
Information you gather isn't really secret at
all, but would be availably to anybody in the
right spot at the right time?
? Answer. Yes. In fact, a considerable part
of the Information used by the As?ency.Ln
preparing its finished int,".:inec 7cp3rts is
derived from the foreig.:?? pr,?ss and radio.
from technical journals of for ,fgr. r.ountrles.
and from official publicaticns a: coun-
tries. We don't disregard Inf:::Tr.:11.ion sim-
ply because it is not setrct. Pi:L.rhed in-
telligence, however. co:.sists expert
correlation and interpretztba: of the in-
formation we can obLain, by ;?,-,L.11 overt and ?
clandestine means. ' ?
and so-called covert operations are a rela- obviously find it useful. because there is a
tively minor part of our over-all activities, constant increase in the demand for our
The Government, after all, is organized on a current Intelligence and our projective esti-
pretty logical basis: The Department of State mates. Lot me point out that there is one
is in charge of foreign policy and foreign unique contribution the CIA makes to Gov-
relations; running wars would be the bust- i ernment officials facing a choice between
nese of the Defense Department; CIA has alternative possible courses of action. Pre- ,
enough to do getting, coordinating, and dls- cisely because the CIA does not commit it-.
seminating intelligence without running any self to any one choice among the alternatives.
Wars. - our intelligence input is free from partisan-
then Agency deals with information In the
.brceteler sense of the term, and distributes it
outside the Government. It is useful both
to their operatiens and to ours to preserve
this distinction.
There is a further point in our professional
terminology: "Intelligence," as we use the
term, refers to information which has been
carefully evaluated as to its accuracy and
sir.."?icance. The difference between "In-
fc?rr On" and intelligence" is the important
pr?L .; of evaluating the accuracy and as-
.ser .?? ? the significance in terms of national
?:.;:ion. You just referred to "finished
: !atintelligence." What is that In your,
,te? ? ? .,ology? .
...-;??ver. When a raw- report has been
which cannot be undertaken by State.. or
Defense, or other overt agencies of the United
States Government. Do you have a free hand
there? ?
Answer. Absolutely not. Any i.,?ach activi-
tie.> are by direction of the. :1?.;onal Se-
curity Council. To be pre.71'.- ? hey must
have the prior approval?in de.:--,f a com-
mittee ef the NEC on which top-.:?anIzln,3 rep-
resentativ-;S of the President, tit ::'.0,27:.%tary of
State, ami file Secretary of :::%fen.te meet
with the Director of Central Inier,igence for
this. purpose. These gentlemen scu to it not
only that every activity of the CIA is com-
pletely in consonance with. the established
policies and objectives of the tnited States,
but that it is also advantageous to the United
Ste tes. ??
?
CLeS BROAD tunassTs
. Question. Do you gather Information about . .
domestic events in foreign countries, as well -
eh L:::?????:d for accuracy, and analyzed and in- ? Question. With that approval. are you free as the operations of foreign governments?
ter:..ied with all other available information, to operate as you wish in the field? Would . Answer. Our interests and responsibilities '
on "JO Came subject by competent experts the U.S. ambassador In the 'country con- 'may vary from country to country, but they
to .1r.t, particular field, We call It "finished ? cerned know about your activities there? ' are pretty comprehensive. It is obviously .
I:L, ,li,:;cnce." When, In addition, it repro- ? Answer. Like other U.S., officials abroad,
.impossible to confine yourself to a nation's. . ?
the conclualons, of the entire intent- CIA's overseas' personnel are subordinate to foreign affairs if you are responsible, for in-
ee.lae community, then It is "national in- . the U.S. ambassadors. 'We aro certainly not stance, for assessing the stability , of the .
ti..?l; .7ence." In short, we find that we need - in competition with other U.S. representation regime, the health of the economy, or the
z tern-,inology which can be more precise abroad?we complement and supplement the prospects for subversion in the boondocks,
. -nci more limiting than the broad concept "country team" approach of the embassy to Question. Do you collect information of a
' o: ' ?i. formation." . . ? .? official U.S. activities. , We operate with the' business nature?
.,...tion. People seem to have the im- foreknowledge and approval'of the ambasSa- Answer. We collect economic information ?
. 1-,:?-?. .-:??ii that the C/A is a big spying orga- . dor. ? which may be useful to the security interests ?,'
ni.L .?,1?:,.1?that It is staffed alinost entirely by ' Question. But some of our ambassadors of the U.S. Government?and We collect it
. s?.? .. Is there anything to that impres- have denied any prior knowledge of activities exclusively for that purpose.
which are known to be, or at least suspected Question.
. ,?
Do you have to 'cover every cor-
er. This, of course, is the popular of being. CIA operations? ? '
?ner of the whole world? ?
of, any tntelligence organization, but Answer. Conceivably there iniel-At be' an in- Answer. Of course we have priorities, but
it : .!;fhly chstorted. Our job is to keep, stance v.liere the Department of State in our intelligence requirements are worldwide.
tl...: "on o:actrils of the U.S. Government in- Washington would have reasons for not in- Our top Administration officials need factual
foi- i...i of what is happening around the forming the ambassador. Normal policy is and ? unbiased intelligence on a timely basis
' wet ..i that may affect the national security:, to have him Informed. - as one of the many elements which go into
et ...e. United States. .. ? ? ?? : Question. Does the ambassador recei '
? vethe decisions they have to make. At a mini- ? '
. ,1,: course, much of the world's area and. your.intellieence in the field; or does he have
to get It from Washington? , mum, we have to have certain basic informa.-
ation is under a closed society, run by, tion on hand about virtually every country
-...y.......7i..:nente that seek- to conceal their ac- Answer. It Is made available in the field in the 'world. Country X?you name it.?
?th: -.,.0.-,?, and their objectives. They may be . to the ambassador and designated members . mi?er"--`??-eear remote and totally unrelated . .
' ho.-..ile to us, and some classical espionage of his staff. ' If the ambassador wishes, he .,4feina,-...-aeGonal security, but it is nevertheless -
U :....quired to give timely warning of when also gets the ultimate finished evaluation
from headquarters, along with intelligence impossible to state with certainty' that de- .. ?
at.z. how these activities and objectives might . tailed information about country X will not '
. thi.....,ten us. But, to maintain proper per- on other countries which may be of interest. become necesa.svy 'to our Government on a
spe,-;Live, let me point out that a great deal. to him. The Department of State may also crash basis some 'day. '
" of ...he raw information is public, or available' send to its embassies and legations the ' .
Question. How detailed? ? -
WI lb a certain amount of digging. . finished intelligence reports prepared by CIA. Answer. The 'basic Information onforeign ?
The principal role of an intelligence or-,. QupstIon. You and your predecessors have countries which is compiled in what we call
gr.r.ization is to take what is overt and what stated, as have the'President and Secretary the National Intelligence Surveys already.
Is recret and bring expert knowledge, back-. Rusk, that CIA does not make policy, but the adds up to more than 10 times the size of .
gczaind information, and scholarly analysis accusation persists. Could this be because "The Encyclopaedia Britannica." Much of
to bear in a way which has nothing in corn-, your information contributes to policy, this information, of course, is hardly secret.
mon with the heroes of modern spy fiction. decisions? It has to cover such prosaic matters as coo-
Question. Could you give- us the proper- Answer. To maintain that record, let, me nornic statistics, legal codes, sociological con-
tons between the analysts at home and the' say again flatly that (7/A doss not maks ditions and transport facilities, but it comes
. men in the field overseas Who. are collecting ? policy, and does not .operate outside or con- ? in handy when our customers start playing
this information? trary to established policy. Now, certainly , "20 Questions." ?
? ' f:
?
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14940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Question. At what point do you feel that
this type of information?the basic data, the
Information which la open to the public?
should be reported back on a running basis
to our Government?aa fast as you get it?
Answer. This goes back to the distinction
between information and intelligence?and
the needs of our Government. If everything .
Is quiet, there may?be an occasional situa-
tion report _based largely on open informa-
tion. If the situation has a direct relation to
U.S. national-security interests, particularly
in a crisis, we will be trying to get as close
to "real time" reporting as modern corn-?
munications permit.
? Question. Is the information which you
? - collect interpreted by somebody on the scene,
or does it reach you in raw form so that
you can sort out the facts from the opin-
ions?
? Answer. We require the original report, or
the original statement of the primary source,
whenever we can get it. When this "raw
material" reaches us, it may be accompanied
by the opinions and interpretations of in-
termediaries through whom the information
hos passed, and by the informed comment
? and preliminary evaluation of our own col-
lectors in the field, but these additions are
clearly labeled as such.
Question. How do you co-operate in the
field with the other elements of your intelli-
gence community? Aren't CIA and State -
and the military-intelligence people all look-
ing for much the same information?
Answer. Our finished national intelligence
. derives from the work of all of the elements
of the intelligence community. Foreign
. Service officers provide the Department of
? State with political intelligence, commercial
attaches are responsible for economic in-
formation, the military attaches send mili-
tary intelligence to their respective services,
and, for that matter, there are 'agricultural
attaches and labor attaches. All of them
? provide departmental intelligence for the
specific needs of specific departments. All
of these reports are also available to CIA.
? The Agency has been added to supplement
and expand the collection and fill any gaps.
It has a broader charter for all types of in-
telligence necessary in the national interest,
' and?as / mentioned at the outset?the
added statutory responsibility to "correlate
and evaluate intelligence relating to the na-
? tional security, and provide for . . . appro-
priate dissemination."
For example, a piece of political intelli-
xt-
dd
to gence from one country and the Army i
tache's report from another country may a
up to a conclusion of major significance
the National Security Council, or specifics
to the Atomic Energy Commission. It is
wo
to
CIA's responsibility to see to It that the t
halves do get added up in Washington
make the whole, and furthermore that the
finished evaluation reaches the department
which needs it.
CONTROLS ON INTELLIGENCE
.?
Question. But how do you avoid duplica-
tion of effort in the field?
Answer. The United States Intelligence
Board, which represents the entire intelli-
? gence community, establishes guidelines and
priorities for the intelligence-collection ef-
fort. This machinery can control unneces-
sary duplication, but when you are after the
closely guarded information that affects our
national interest, duplication of effort Is
often desirable rather than unnecessary..
Question. Are the State and military-in-
telligence people operating under handicaps,
in comparison to . CIA, in obtaining
information?
Answer. You have to take into considera-
tion. firstly, that the collection of intelli-
gence Is not the primary responsibility of the
Department of State and the Department of
Defense, and, secondly, that the representa-
tives they 'send abroad must operate In the
open as recognized oMcials of the U.S. Gov-
ernment. In effect, CIA 'often is in better ?
post= to obtain necessary intelligence be- ?
cause CIA is specifically organized for this
kind Of collection and can give it first
priority. .
If, by' handicaps, you mean the obstacles ??
which foreign governments place in the way
of intelligence collection, foreign govern-
ments make every effort to preserve their es-
sential secrets, just as we do. Year by year, ?
security procedures become more sophisti-
cated and harder to circumvent, so that skill
and specialization are even more necessary.
On the othcr side of the coin, there are few,
if any, countries in the world today which
are as much of an "open society" as the
United States.
Question. What about co-operation with
the intelligence services of friendly countries?
If we collect information which is important
to one of our allies. Is It passed to them?
Answer. / am not at liberty to go into
(Mail, but wherever it is of mutual interest
and advantage, there is substantial co-opera-
tion among the intelligence services of
friendly countries.
Question. Does machinery exist to cor-
relate all of the information that flows into
Washington, and refine it into firm and
useful conclusions?
Answer. Yes?specifically. the United
States Intelligence Board, or USIB, which
advises ? and assists the Director of Central
Intelligence and is under his chairmanship.
This Board meets every week, or more often
If necessary, to co-ordinate the work of all
of the intelligence components of the U.S.
Government. It consists of the Deputy Di-
rector of Central Intelligence, who represents
CIA so that the Director, as USIB chairman,
will be unccimrnitted; the Director of Intelli-
gence and Research, Department of State;
the Director of the Defense Intelligence'
Agency; the Director of the National Se-
curity Agency; an Assistant Director of the
FBI; and the Assistant General Manager for
Administration of the Atomic Energy Com-
mission. The heads of Army, Navy and Air
Force intelligence meet with the Board as
observers. ?
USIB .assigns intelligence priorities to see
to it that there are no gaps in Our coverage,
and insures that the judgments 'which go
forward to the President are finished natiOnal
intelligence.
This job of correlation and co-ordination,
however, starts long before the product
reaches USIB for final review. More and
more, as we develop and refine the concept of
an intelligence community, the analysts and
the specialists in one component are in con-
stant touch and interchange with their op-
posite numbers in the other departments and
agencies, so that the n:,tional-intelligence
process begins as soon r?.,, the raw information
reaches Washington, if fict, before.
?M for moving from t.x raw information to
a firm and agreed co:?silusion, in many in-
stances this can be done by the expert ana-
lysts available, backed up by our storehouse
of background knowledge. There will always,
of course, be the -unknowables"?questions
which have no definitve answers, possibly
because the future Is open to the effects of
many variables, or because the future de-
pends on decisions which certain foreign
statesmen may not even have made yet.
Who will succeed the Premier of country X?
When and by whom will there be a coup in
country Y?. . .
Our Government leaders need and request
our best answers on the "unknowables."
This we do in our National Intelligence Esti-
mates. From what we do know, the best
thinking available in the entire intelligence
community makes rational inferences about
the unknown?with varying but specified de-
July '14, 196(
green of confidence, and an occasional foot
note reflecting an individual dissent from th.
agreed opinion.
Question. How many.of these estimates
you produce?
Answer. It varies with the need. The Esti
mate is not a global periodical, on a weekl:
or daily basis; it addresses itself to the prob
able course of one development, or one coun
try. Many 'of the Estimates come out with
scheduled frequency?annually, for instanc;?
if necessary. Some axe produced in times c
crisis in a matter of hour:. All are geare?
to the intelligence IICCCIS .7: the top Govern
ment officials. All reflect r:-.e greatest poss.,:
blo professional a:di' and?iipar...4onate oh
jectivity we can brin;: to Lear. CIA has n
ax to grind, and does not ;:, milt itself to b,
come advocate of a specific paiicy in preps:
ing an Estimate.
All aspects of every Estiniate get the ftfi:
est consideration. by the interagency work
lag groups which begin the drafting, by th
Board of National Estimates?a group of di:
tinguished senior of:leers of long experienc
and proven competence in diverse fields (
Government?and by the United States It
telligence Board. In the end, the Nation:
*Intelligence Estimate is the report of ti
Director of Contr.?' Intelligence to the Pres
dent and the Nalional Security Council.
Question. Can this machinery operate fa.
enough to permit quick action when the flo
of information suggests Impending dang
or trouble?
- Answer. The process Is extremely fiexib:
Conceivably, when the schedule permits, tl
' draft of an annual Estimate might start tv
or three months before the target date, ;
permit comprehensive and deliberate col
sultation, reference to the field, and so fort:
On the other hand, the Board of Nation:
Estimates when required can complete wh.
we call a "SN-fE"?a Special National Inte
ligence Estimate?in a matter of hours, as
said.
As for immediate Intelligence on currei
developments, we are geared to receive 11
formation, evaluate it. produce intelligen.
and react 24 hours a nay, seven days a wee
Nobody in the Agency, from the analysts ?
the Director, Is guaranteed a night's unii
terrupted sleep, or an unbroken week-end.
WORILTNG WITH THE FBI ?
Question. As we Understand it, the Ce:
tral Intelligence Agency -loss not run clande
tine operations of any kind within'td
*United States. Is that left entirely to t*
FBI?
Answer. The CIA has the responsibility f
conducting operations outside the countr
the FBI has as its principal mission the
? ternal security of the United States and
possessions.
There is, of conrre, close co-operation a;
considerable interplay between our organic
tions, because we are combatting an int(
national conspir .r.y whose operations a:
agents move bacl: and forth between ti
country and foreign nations. The FBI a:
CIA therefore work very closely together a:
keep each other Illtim:Aely Informed on Ito:
of potential intc?rest or concern to ea,
other. This allows us to combat intern
tional conspiraey in the most effective pc
sible manner.
The division of responsibility for clandc
tine operations, of course, should not
confused with the perfectly overt contac
CIA has domestically?for example, with e
perts in the profesional world .to discuss
ternational situations and exchan
analyses.
Question. Do you work largely in a vacuu?
' with little or no contact with the rest of t
Government outside the intelligence comm
nity?
Answer. By no means., It is inherent in t
concept of a Central Intelligenee Agency th
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July 14, 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 14941
any 'branch of the Government which has a
legitimate need for information can call on.
us for it. By the same token, when we need
expertise to help us in evaluation, or In the
accomplishment of any of our missions, we
will not hesitate to go anywhere in the Gov-
ernment or outside it, within the limitations
of security, where we might expect to find the
necessary help. But Our closest ties, of
course, are within the intelligence commu-
nity, and to the top officials of the executive
branch. . ?
Question. What ?form do your Intelligence
reports take?
? Answer. We disseminate finished intelli-
gence in an infinite variety of formats, tail-
'ored to specific purposes. I reported fre-
quently in person, of course, to the President
and to the National Security Council. I have
mentioned the Estimates, and our "55-foot
shelf" of basic background information. ? ?
; In addition, we have daily, weekly and
!monthly publications, some global In scope,
some for a specific country or crisis. When
the situation is truly critical,?I have on occa-
sion ordered situation reports as often as
every hour on.the hour, around the clock.
Then there are individual memoranda which
give us great flexibility in scope, format,
deadlines and distribution. And we also turn
out studies in depth which are the equivalent
of a scholarly book or a doctoral dissertation.
Various publications have dissemination lists,
depending on their sensitivity and purpose, `
which range from less than half a dozen
copies to hundreds.
Question. What is the "ancestry" of the
CIA in U.S. intelligence activities? Does it
operate differently from its predecessors?
Answer. The Agency grew from the need to
establish a centralized and objective intelli-
gence organization in peacetime. A primary
'impetus, of course, was the experience of
Pearl Harbor, and the determination to in-
sure against such surprises in the future. .
The requirement for a centralized organi-
zation, stemmed from the successful experi-
ence during World War II of the Office of
Strategic Services under General Donovan.
The requirement was made all the more real
by the threat posed by an evangelistic inter-
national Communism which became readily
apparent shortly after the close of World War
II. There was general agreement within the
Government that there was need for a non-
partisan co-ordinating agency in the intelli-
gence field.. As a result, the CIA was created
In 1947. ?
In some respects the Office of Strategic
Services of World War. II was our ancestor,
but it did not have CIA's responsibility for
co-ordinating the work of the entire intelli-
gence community, or our requirement for
across-the-board coverage.
Question. Does CIA have anything that
might be called regulations to govern its
?activities? Who prescribes them?
Answer. Is there a Government agency
nearly 20 years old that doesn't have a rule
bool:.? Start with the original legislation.
which spells out the mission of CIA and pro-
vides that we function at the behest and
under the control of the President and the
NSC. Under that charter, CIA Is governed
by several layers of regulations known as .
the "Nonskids." or National Security Council
Intelligence. Directives; the DCM's, or Di-
rector of Central Intelligence .Directives,
Issued by the Director in his capacity as
chairman of USES, and head of the intelli-
gence community; and finally, as in the ease
of any other governmental component, OIA's
own Agency regulations. ' ? . ?
HELP mom "BEST =anvil" .
Government, to keep us informed on new
developments and techniques which could
be of us to us. On these panels are the
best brains in this country, on virtually the
entire range of human endeavor. We con-
tract for studies and research projects, wher-
ever in the United States these can best be
performed.
CIA has long made It a practice to dis-
cuss its evaluations of the international sit-
uation with top men in the civilian world.
Wo have done a great deal of this, but we
must do still more. One of my last acts
with the Agency, for Instance, was to order
even greater interchange with the nongov-
ernmental experts on China.
Question. Have you found that the spo-
radic criticism, among the lines that spying
is a devious business and that CIA operates
'without any control, has made people re-
luctant to work with you?
Answer. I have found no measurable re-
luctance on these grounds, although there
is always the more general concern of the
academic world that governmental funds and
governmental projects must not be accom-
panied by unwelcome controls or commit-
ments. On the whole, patriotic citizens in
all walks of life are glad to work with us in
serving the national-security interest. The
Intelligence community finds this very grati-
fying. because It helps us give the President,
the executive branch, and the legislative
branch the very best judgments that the
best minds in this country can arrive at.
"UNDER FULL SCRUTINY"
Question. Is there any other Administra-
tion control of your operations besides the
special National Security Council committee
you mentioned?
Answer. The CIA and its activities have
been reviewed in detail in the past by Hoover
Commission task forces, the Doolittle Com-
mittee, the Clark Committee, and several
special investigating bodies for specific pur-
poses. On a permanent basis, the ?entire
intelligence community is under continuing
and full scrutiny by a most knowledgeable
and distinguished board of private citizens
appointed by the President. This is the
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board, first established in January of 1956 as
the Ifillia.n Committee, and now under the
chairmanship of Mr. Clark Clifford. The
present membership includes Dr. William 0.
Baker of Bell Telephone Laboratories; Mr.
Gordon Gray, former Special Assistant to
President Eisenhower and onetime president
of North Carolina University; Prof. William
'Langer of Harvard; Gen. Maxwell Taylor; Am-
bassador Robert Murphy, former Under Sec-
retary of State; Mr. Frank Pace, Jr., former
Secretary of the Army and former Director
of the Bureau of the Budget; Dr. Edwin Land,
head of the Polaroid Corporation; Adm. John
Sides, USN (ret.); and Mr. Augustus Lein,
formerly the top executive of the Texas
Company.
This Board meets in full session about
every six weeks, to examine in depth and
detail the work and the progress of the entire
U.S. intelligence program. The meetings
last two or three days and include compre-
hensive discussions with the Director and
."this senior officers, heads of other intelligence
components, and senior officials of the Gov-
ernment who are our "customers."
Upon completion of each such session, the
Board reports to the President and makes
'recommendations for,the improvement of
the intelligence effot. In addition, the
Board has a number of two-man' or three-
man panels and subcommittees to delve more
deeply and on a full-time basis Into-specific
aspects and categories of Intelligence work.
Question. What about' control of yciiir
fluids? .
QuestlOn. Do you have any counsel Or ad.,'
vlsers outaide the Government?
Answer. We have several panels of tech-
nical experts, both inside and outside the
?
Answer. The Central Intelligence Agency
budget is reviewed fully by the Bureau of
the Budget, which requires the same assur-
ances and justifications for expenditures by
Intelligence agencies that It requires from
any other part. of our Government. We are
not immune from detailed examination of
our requests by the Bureau, nor are we ex-
empt from its skillful pruning knife.
? We have to go to Congress for our funds,
just like other agencies. The only differ-
ence is that, after our requests have been
approved by certain special congressional
subcommittees, the specific appropriations
are then lumped in for passage with other
appropriations, to deny hostile intelligence
services information about our activities
which would be very useful to them. We
'have meticulous auditing procedures to in-
sure the tightest possible control over the
expenditure of funds entrusted to the CIA.
Question. In light of the recurring argu-
ments about a so-called "watchdog commit-
tee" for CIA, how much information does
Congress actually get?not your intelligence
reports, that is, but information about your
activities, your budget, and so on?
Answer. Ever since CIA was first estab-
lished, the Director has been authorized
and in fact directed to make complete dis-
closure of CIA activities 'to special subcom-
mittees in both the Senate and House. .
In the House, the Appropriations Com-
mittee and the Armed Services Committee
each have a special subcommittee for this
purpose.
In the Senate, there are corresponding
subcommittees which usually meet jointly.
In addition, the Director reports regularly
to the Joint Congressional Committee on
Atomic Energy on intelligence matters in
that field.
Now, when I say "complete .disclosure," I
.mean complete?and frequent. The CIA Is?
completely responsive to their questions, no ?
matter how sensitive. I have discussed mat-;
tors with these special subcommittees whieh
are so sensitive that only a small percentage
of the personnel in CIA have access to them.
And in case there is any suggestion that
. these meetings' aro sporadic and casual: In.
my first 12 -weeks as Director I found that
?I was called to 17 meetings with these con-
gressional committees. Our legislative log
? for the year 1965 shows that the Director or
his senior aides meta total of 34 times with'
'the four special subcommittees.
Question. Are they the only Co?tresamen
who receive information from CIA'? Intern-
.
gence, that is, as opposed to. operational
?matters?
Answer. No, there were also 19 other corn- ?
mittee 'hearings in 1965, for instance. to ob-
tain Substantive intelligence from CIA?and ?
some of these hearings ran as long as three
full days to cover the intelligence apprecia-
tion of the global situation. We also fre-
quently brief Individual members of 'Con- '
gre.ss. ? ?
.. Let me make this distinction clear: /
had authority to brief, any congressional
committee having a jurisdictional interest
on' substantive global intelligence. But dis-
cussion. of CIA activities, methods, and
sources is another. matter. Public Law 80-
253 of 1947?that's 'the National Security
Act?makes the Director of Central Intelli-
gence exclusively responsible for protecting
the security of the sources and'rnethods of
the entire intelligence community. I was
authorized by the President and by National
Security Council directives to discuss such
matters only with the special subcommittees
designated for this purpose, not with any
Others, . .
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i? -? ? I ,
?
4 942 ? CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
PROTECTING CIA AGENTS
Question. What is the reason for this Brat-.
tat:on?
Answer. It is not arbitrary or bureau-
cratic?ore are safeguarding the lit= of
trusted agents and our own staff people all
over the world who contribute to our OeV.,
ertiftiellt'S MO1118180 Ohjeetives.
We owe It to them to take every precau-
tion to protect them?arid we owe it to our
Government to deny hostile intelligence
services even indirect hints or the slightest
clues which might enable them to take steps
to blunt our intelligence operations, methods
and sources.
Question. Do you Mean it is a question of
.:..-curity leaks?
Answer. I prefer to say inadvertent dis-
.
closure. Even a professional intelligence of-
:Ice: has to be alert to draw the line between
:Lie:motion which helps to evaluate or au-
lhenticate a piece of raw intelligence, and
information which might point to the source ?
or the method we used to obtain it. The
?
more people who have both types of infor-
:nation, tho more you multiply the chance'
that somebody will overstep that line by .
accident.
Question. How damaging can such dis-
closures be? ?
Answer. Well, the minute you even hint
that you have information the other fellow
"-.as been trying to keep secret, it is one of the
principles of the art that he will do
everything possible to locate and destroy your
Lource, or disrupt your method of operation.
If the opposition is given any clues to help
21npoint the source, the counterintelligence ?
joh is that much easier.
INFORMATION FOR CONGRESS
. Question. Have the special CIA subcom-
mittees in Congress expressed any dissatis-
faction over the years that they were not?
getting enough information?
Answer. We have never withheld any in-
formation, substantive or operational, from
the four special subcommittees. On some
occasions, in fact, they have asked us not to
give them the identities of very sensitive
sources, because they did not wish to know,
and we have complied. If you refer to dis-
satisfaction with the amount of information
? which we have?rather than the amount we
give them?no professional intelligence oper-
ation anywhere in the world is ever satisfied
with the extent of its knowledge, and these
gentlemen have been working with us long
enough so that they have probably acquired .
this same professional dissatisfaction. ?
Question. What about the effect 'of the
? criticism on your own personnel?
? Answer. I think it is an eloquent testi-
monial to the dedication of the people in
CIA that the criticism has not affected their?
morale. Bear in mind that, by our rules,
.
they cannot answer, deny, or refute the ad-
verse comment, even when it is patently and
sometimes viciously false. Add to that the
grave responsibilities for the nation's secu-
rity, the pressure, the anonymity of achieve-
ment, and the constant need for security
alertness?it is a source of pride, and noth-
ing Short of amazement, that we keep our
people, and keep getting more good ones.
I asked recently for some statistics on how
? long our personnel had been with us. The
answers showed that more than a quarter of
our professional personnel?as differentiated
from the clerical?had been with CIA more
than 15 years, and that an astounding 77 per
cent had 10 years or more of intelligence ex-
perience. About 15 per cent have graduate
degrees; 5 per cent have the doctorate.
When you consider only the analysts who
have the direct responsibility in headquar-
ters for analysis of a foreign area, six Out of
10 of them had lived, worked or traveled
abroad even before they came to CIA. When
you combine all the years required for gradu-
ate study. foreign experienco, and then 10 to
15 years of Intelligence wor::. It adds up to
ar_ impressive depth of kno-,vledge, compe-
tence and expertise at tha s,,rvice of the na-
tion.Ihave been careful to stick to percentages.
but in actual numbers, we could easily and
adequataly staff the fhetlity of h UniVereity
with our experts. In a way, we do. Many of
those who leave us join the faculties of uni-
versities and colleges. Some of Our person-
nel take leaves of absence to teach, and renew
their contacts with the academic world. I
SUppOso this is only fair; our energetic re-
cruiting effort not only looks for the best
young graduate students we can find, but
also picks up a few professors from time to
time.
Question. What about the criticism that
the CIA uses "dishonorable" methods? Do
you operate on the principle that the CIA, as
a participant in the cold war, is justified in
adopting any measures that may be used
by the opposing governments?"fighting Sire
with fire"? ?
Answer. Let's be quite clear in our minds
that an adversary does not go by the Marquis
of Queensberry rules. It is a rough fight,
and the CIA may have to be clandestine from
time to time, but I emphatically reject the
? word "dishonorable."
The men and women in CIA are, after all,
Americans with the same ideals, the same
ethics, the same moral codes as the rest of
the nation. I have with me a copy of a re-
mark Secretary Rusk made to a press con-
ference last winter, which I would like to
read into your record if I may:.
July 14, 1966
Arm DOMINICAN crusts
Question. Why are you leaving now?
Answer. When President Johnson called
me out of retirement from Government serv-
ice, I asked him first how long / would be
'needed. He told me I could serve six months.
or a year, or as long as he was in office or
Until waa satistiet1 with eertAiri achniais?
trative tasks, including, in particular, long-
range planning.
I'm taking the fourth option, but I also
came close to the one-year hitch. Actually,
the President had had my resignation in
hand for about three weeks when he an-
Uounced it. I came in with the Dominican
crisis; and you might say it behooved me to
stay until peaceful elections brought a duly
constituted- Government into being.
Question. Admiral Reborn, what are you
going to do now?
Answer. I plan' to take a short rest and
then return to American industry with the 1
Aerojet-General Corporation.
. "I would emphasize to you that CIA is not
engaged in activities not known to the senior
policy officers of the Government. But you
should also bear in mind that beneath the
level of public discussion; there is a tough
struggle going on in the back alleys-all over
.the world. It's a tough one, it's unpleasant,
and no one likes it, but that is not a field
which can be left entirely to the other side.
And so, once in a while, some disagreeable
things happen, and I can tell you that there
is a good deal of gallantry and a high degree
of competence in those who have to help us
' deal with that part of the struggle for free-
dom."
? And President Johnson, when he swore me
In as Director of Central Intelligence on
April 28, 1965; put it-this way:
-"We have committed our lives, our prop-
? erty, our resources and our sacred honor to
the freedom and peace of other men, indeed,
to the freedom and peace of all mankind.
We would dishonor that commitment, we
would disgrace all the saCrifices Americans
have made, if we were not every hour of every
.day vigilant against every threat to peace
and freedem. That is why we have the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency."
Question. Just what are the duties of the
Director of CIA?
Answer. The National Security Act of 1947
created the position of Director of Central
Intelligence, or DCI, for short. The DCI
is not only the Director of CIA?he is also
. first and foremost the principal adviser on
foreign intelligence to the President and the
National Security Council. And he is also
chairman of the *United States Intelligence
Board, or IISIB, which brings together the
entire intelligence community.
Question. Now'that you have just left the
Central Intelligence Agency after more than
14 months as Director, what is your Opinion
of the Agency?
Answer. Excellent. It is the finest organi-
zation I have ever been associated with. The
? people at CIA are dedicated, loyal and highly
? capable. I found the Agency well up to its
? exacting requirements as our first line of
national do'! ease.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AND RELATED AGENCIES APPRO-
PRIATIONS, 1967?UNANIMOUS-
CONSENT AGREEMENT
? Mr. MANSFIELD-4. Mr. President, I am,
about to make a unanimous-consent re-
quest which has been cleared with the
other side and with the chairman .and
with the ranking minority member of
the subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations.
I ask unanimous consent that, begin- -
ning at 12:--ff orrowaternoon, when
the agriculture apPropriation bill be-
comes the pending business under order
of the Senate, there be a time limitation
of 1 hour on each amendment, 30 min-
utes to be allotted to the distinguished
chairman of the subcommittee, the senior
Senator from Florida, and the other 30
,minutes to be allotted to the proponent
of the amendment, and that there be 1
hour allotted on the bill.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
'objection? The Chair hears none,. and
'it IS so ordered.
The unanimous-consent agreement
.'was subsequently reduced to writing, as
follows:
UNANIMOUS-CoNsENT AGREEMENT
Ordered, That, effective on Friday. July IS,
1966, at the hour of. 12:15 p.m., during the
further consideration of the bill (H.R. 14596)
snaking appropriations for the Department of
Agriculture and related agencies for the fis-
cal year. ending June 30, 1967, and for other
purposes, debate on any amendment, mo-
tion, or appeal, except a motion to lay on
the table, shall be limited to 1 hour, to be
equally divided and controlled by the mover
of any such amendment or motion and the
Senator from Florida [Mr. HOLLAND]: Pro-
vided, That in the event the Senator from
Florida (Mr. HOLLAND) is in favor of any such
. amendment or motion, the time in opposi-
tion thereto shall be controlled by the minor-
ity leader or some Senator designated by
him
Or ed further. That on the question of
the fi al passage of the said bill debate shall
bo 11 ted to 1 hour, to be equally divided
and c ntrollcd, respectively, by the majority
and minority leaders: Provided, That the said
? leaders, or either of them, may, from the time
under their control on the passage of the said
? bill, allot additional time to any Senator dur-
ing the consideration of any amendment, mo-
tion, or appeal.
?
?
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