PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN SUPPORT OF SOVIET LONG-DURATION MANNED SPACEFLIGHT

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August 1, 1982
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Intelligence Psychological Research in Support of Soviet Long- Duration . Manned Spaceflight SW 82-10070 August 1982 Copy 3 5 6 Directorate of -SeeFiA Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Directorate of Secret Intelligence Psychological Research in Support of Soviet Long- Duration Manned Spaceflight Chief, Military Technology Branch, OSWR, queries are welcome and should be directed to the The author of this report isl (Office of Scientific and Weapons Research. Comments and Intelligence Council. This report has been coordinated with the National Secret SW 82-10070 August 1982 25X1 25X1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Psychological Research in Support of Soviet Long-Duration Manned Spaceflight Secret Summary The Soviets learned from the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) with the United States that cosmonauts could do much more than they had been called upon to do during previous spaceflights. The recent Soviet successes with extended manned missions aboard Salyut-6 illustrate their finding. The Soviet manned space program, like that of the United States, has both military and civilian-scientific components. While the driving component is the military, the program incorporates and benefits from advances in the iiliiifi cvan-scentc sector. Early Soviet manned spaceflights were almost entirely automated and demanded little of the cosmonauts. In recent years, the flights have been longer, have carried several crewmembers, and have called upon the d cosmonauts too numerous critical tasks. The Soviets have concomitantly developed a substantial program of psychological research-"human factors engineering"-for manned space- flight. This psychological research seeks to help Soviet cosmonauts improve their performance. Its studies reach into several areas: cosmonaut selection, testing, training, in-flight monitoring, and morale. Several research insti- tut~s participate in the program. It is conducted as part of a substantial biomedical research program and is coordinated through the Institute of Biomedical Problems, USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow. The Soviets have established specific psychological criteria as a part of their selection standards for cosmonauts. However, these criteria and the associated testing probably are not useful in the selection process. First, the Soviets lack know-how in establishing and using psychological tests: most of their tests originated in the United States and have not been modified for the Soviet population; nor do the Soviets have the expertise to interpret test results. Second, the tests do not have much predictive validity. Third, the applicant pool is saturated with successful professionals (pilots, physi- cians, scientists, and engineers), and psychological tests do not have the precision that would furnish a basis for discriminating between such individuals. Information available as of] July 1982 has been used in the preparation of this report. 111 Secret SW 82-10070 August 1982 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Soviet biomedical specialists and psychologists are developing techniques to enhance and assess the "operational status" of their cosmonauts during spaceflight. Their research in this area is exploring three distinct approaches: ? The development of techniques to detect psychological stress by the evaluation of biomedical (electrophysiological) signals and/or voice patterns. ? Exposure to "high stress" during flight training in aircraft; the use of bio- feedback and autogenic training exercises during spaceflight. ? The development of mathematical models of cosmonaut perform predict more accurately the probability of cosmonaut error. The Soviets are conducting, largely during spaceflight, psychological studies of the sensory, cognitive, and psychomotor alterations that may occur during weightlessness. The studies include: ? Visual acuity and depth perception experiments that describe alterations in eyesight that may occur during long-term weightlessness. A knowledge of such alterations would be relevant to such tasks as visual reconnais- sance and detection, aiming, and tracking of targets in space. ? Circadian (24-hour periodicity) studies that quantify daily fluctuations in bodily systems that can affect a cosmonaut's adaptation to weightlessness and influence optimal scheduling of tasks during a given 24-hour cycle. ? Cognitive experiments that measure the ability to perform mental operations while subjected to weightlessness. ? Subjective questionnaires that ask the cosmonauts to evaluate their living conditions in space. Such experiments can have a positive psychological impact by providing useful information on the psychological environment and ways in which to improve it. ? Time estimation experiments. ? Hand-eye coordination experiments Soviet spacecraft design, to a much greater extent than US design, emphasizes simplicity of man-machine interaction. The design process is also continuing to refine the allocation of tasks (among crewmembers and between man and machine) for long spaceflights. Areas that have received attention in this allocation include: the influence of circadian rhythms; work, rest, and sleep schedules; the necessity for a period of adaptation to weightlessness; variety of tasks; and redundancy of crew duties. Secret iv Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret In the near future, with the expansion of crew sizes and the permanent manning of larger space stations, crew compatibility will assume greater importance. Soviet psychological research in this area has drawn on the psychological study of individual (one-to-one) interactions in groups during extended isolation such as in polar expeditions and submarine patrols. In addition, the Soviets are searching out those important psychological variables that affect group performance. Finally, we believe that the Soviets will continue their biomedical research program-including its psychological component-dedicated to the sup- port of their manned space program. This research will; we believe, contribute considerably to their cosmonauts' achieving high duty cycles Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Summary Psychological Criteria for Selection of Cosmonauts Psychological Testing Assessment of the Soviet Psychological Testing Program 2 Vestibular Research and Training Program 3 Vestibular Testing Vestibular Training Continuing Vestibular Research Psychological Preparation for Spaceflight Psychological Training Program Flight Training Parachute Training Survival Training Psychological Support, Crew Compatibility, and Research Into Group Dynamics Techniques for Monitoring the Condition of Cosmonauts in Flight Psychophysiological Recording 6 Voice Analysis 7 Biofeedback Research 7 Sensory, Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Psychological Alterations 9 During Spaceflight Ergonomic Input Into Soviet Manned Spacecraft Design 9 Design for Man-Machine Interaction 9 Allocation and Scheduling of Crew Tasks 1 1 B. Psychological Tests Used by the Soviets and East Europeans for 19 Selecting Cosmonauts Psychological Experiments During Soviet or Interkosmos Spaceflights Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Recent Psychological Experiments During Soviet or Interkosmos Spaceflights Barany Chair 4 Main Instrument Panel in the Salyut-6 Space Station 11 Main Instrument Panel in the Soyuz Spacecraft 12 Center Console-Main Instrument Panel, Soyuz Spacecraft Left-Hand Command Signal Device (KSU) Monitoring 16 14 Subsystems-Main Instrument Panel, Soyuz Spacecraft 6. Main Instrument Panel in the Soyuz-T Spacecraft 15 7. Main Crew Compartment in the Salyut-6 Space Station 16 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Psychological Research in Support of Soviet Long-Duration Manned Spaceflight Early Soviet manned spaceflights (which started in 1961) were almost entirely automated and demanded little of the cosmonauts. In recent years, Soviet manned spaceflights have been longer and longer, have carried several crewmembers, and have called upon the cosmonauts to do numerous critical tasks. Psychological problems inherent in long spaceflights have, accordingly, taken on increasing importance in the Soviet manned space program. Research into the psychological aspects of the selection, testing, train- ing, in-flight monitoring, and morale of cosmonauts has become extensive. In scientific exchanges with NASA scientists the Soviets have stated that, from the beginning, Soviet biomedical standards for the selection of cosmonauts have included psychological criteria (also applicable to their Interkosmos-non-Soviet-cosmonauts). These criteria include five specifics. First, the examiners identify individuals who possess "high mental efficiency." This objective is accom- plished primarily by administering intelligence tests. Second, they describe each applicant's personality. The emphasis is on detecting "borderline" psycho- pathological personality traits that might surface under stress. In addition, they measure, primarily by standard personality tests, an applicant's motivation for spaceflight. Third, they determine which individuals work effec- tively in a group. To this end, they study actual "group activity," assess crew compatibility, and look at the "social background" of applicants. Fourth, they measure psychomotor coordination, by administering hand-eye coordination tests and tests that measure "the ability to shift attention" from one task to another. spaceflight. Fifth, they quantify the "central nervous system (CNS) reserves under stress." ("CNS reserves" is a Soviet term for "individual response stereotypy" (IRS)-see appendix A.) They do so by measuring various electrophysiological channels (for example, an electrocardiogram-EKG) when the individual is un- der physiological or psychological stress. These meas- urements can be correlated with the real-time assess- ment of the same individual on duty during actual To apply these five criteria, the Soviets include a psychological testing program in their biomedical examination of cosmonaut candidates. 25X1 25X1 Psychological Testing Oleg G. Gazenko, director, Institute of Biomedical Problems, USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow, has described the biomedical examination for selection of 25X1 cosmonauts. The physical examination is done in three stages. The first or primary examination-the polyclinical stage-is conducted at various clinics and reviews all major physiological systems. At this stage, one of two recommendations is made: "suitable for 25X1 physical examination" or "not suitable for physical examination." Those who pass take a second medical examination at "specialized clinical facilities." Dur- ing this part of the medical procedure, specialists psychologically evaluate cosmonaut applicants. After this second medical examination, they categorize the applicants as "suitable," "unsuitable," or "temporar- 25X1 ily unsuitable" (where brief treatment-not more than one month-should alleviate any discovered deficiency). The third medical examination is given 25X1 during training at the Yuri A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center near Moscow. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Through a review of the scientific literature and presentations made at scientific conferences, we have evidence that the Soviets coordinate the use of psycho- logical tests with other East European psychologists. These include scientists from the Psychology Insti- tute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; the Psycho- diagnostika Institute, Czechoslovakian Ministry of Education; the Czech Research Institute of Psychia- try, Prague; and the Polish Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw. We do not know the exact nature of the psychological criteria for the Hungarian and Czechoslovak cosmonauts. However, S. Baranski, Z. Gierowski, and K. Klukowski have described the psychological input into the preliminary selection of Polish cosmonaut candidates. Their de- scription of the Polish psychological tests parallels closely that of the Soviet tests. They measure "mental efficiency," rate of intellectual work, sensory capabili- ties, "emotional resistance to stress," "individual psy- chophysiological reactivity to stress" (CNS reserves under stress), personality traits, and motivation for spaceflight. Both the Poles and the Soviets have listed similar psychological criteria. These include a "low manifest anxiety," high intelligence, good memory and attention, and "resistance to mental fatigue." Both also state a preference for "extraverted" (social- ly outgoing) individuals. The Soviets depend largely-to a surprising degree- upon Western (primarily American) psychological tests in this portion of the cosmonaut selection proc- ess. Assessment of the Soviet Psychological Testing Program The program evidently has several shortcomings= First, Western experience in the difficulties of test development suggests that the Soviet psychological testing program, which has adopted Western (mostly American) tests without modifying them for the Sovi- et population, may be of limited utility. This problem may exist more for personality tests than for intelli- gence tests. The Soviets-and, to a lesser extent, the Poles, Czechoslovaks, and Hungarians-lack experi- ence in psychological testing. Since 1936 there has been an official ban on the use of psychological tests within the Soviet Union. This ban has only recently been lifted for isolated applications (to include the Soviet manned space program). But psychological testing demands a high degree of expertise, especially in interpreting test results. We believe that, because of their lack of know-how in establishing and using tests, the Soviets derive only limited and even dubious benefit from their test results. Second, there is the question of test "validity" and test "reliability." These terms describe whether a psychological test actually measures what it is sup- posed to (validity) consistently (reliability). In particu- lar, the test should possess both "construct" and "predictive" validity. Construct validity refers to how well the test actually measures the psychological construct of interest (for example, intelligence, anxi- ety, extraversion). Predictive validity, especially im- portant within the present context, refers to the ability of a test to predict performance accurately (so that those applicants who score high should perform cos- monaut activities well, while those who score poorly should not). Soviet psychological tests do not have much predictive validity. From a review of recent Soviet scientific literature, we have preliminary evi- dence that the Soviets are engaged in a research program to establish the predictive validity of at least one of their tests (the MMPI) but not of the psycho- logical test battery as a whole. In one important area-the optimal selection of multimember crews-there is no Soviet data base for correlating psychological test results with readier compatibility or enhanced performance of crews. As- suming, however, that such a data base is being built up during the evolution of ever-longer Soviet manned spaceflights, the practicality of psychological testing for these cosmonauts could become substantial within the next decade. Third, the Soviet applicants are successful, high- caliber individuals (military pilots, engineers, physi- cians, and scientists). Psychological tests do not have the precision that would furnish a basis for discrimi- nating between such individuals. While individual differences in applicant scores on these intelligence and personality tests do exist, we believe that the tests have little utility in the selection of cosmonauts. 25X1 25X1 25X1 25X1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Vestibular Research and Training Program The Soviets admit that between 30 and 40 percent of their cosmonauts have had motion sickness during spaceflight. This percentage range is similar to that in the American experience. Scientific exchanges and conferences indicate that Soviet scientists are continu- ing research into the development of space motion sickness in order to reduce or eliminate it. Because space motion sickness has both physiological and behavioral consequences, the Soviet research is inter- disciplinary. Present theory, concentrating on the interaction of various sensory systems, holds that visual and vestibular systems send conflicting infor- mation to the brain during weightlessness. Visually the spacecraft presents "up" and "down" signals, but vestibularly it does not. The brain is confused. Conse- quently, the cosmonaut experiences the symptoms of motion sickness. Because their cosmonauts continue to experience mo- tion sickness during spaceflight, the Soviets have recently stated to their NASA counterparts during scientific exchanges that they continue to emphasize vestibular testing. These tests seek to determine the susceptibility of cosmonaut candidates to vestibular stress. In addition, individualized vestibular exercises are given to the cosmonauts during training. Vestibular Testing Vestibular testing is done during the second medical examination in the cosmonaut selection process. Ves- tibular function is examined during the otolaryngolog- ical investigation. Tolerance to vestibular stress is then determined by 15-minute tests on parallel Khilov swings, by exposure to Coriolis (cross-coupled) accel- eration for 10 minutes, and by centrifuge testing: acceleration of plus 5GZ for 30 seconds, and accelera- tion of plus 8GX for 40 seconds (see appendix A). The Soviets have told NASA scientists that cosmo- naut candidates are categorized as exhibiting a "sharply pronounced degree of sensitivity" (that is, as susceptible-about 30 percent of the candidates), an "average degree of heightened sensitivity" (that is, as partially susceptible-about 50 percent), or a "slightly increased sensitivity" (that is, as not susceptible- about 20 percent). The 30 percent who are susceptible fail the selection process. Those who are partially susceptible are scheduled for an individualized vestib- ular training program aimed at increasing vestibular tolerance. Those who show little susceptibility to motion sickness undergo a minimum of vestibular training. Vestibular Training Oleg Gazenko told NASA scientists that vestibular training for Soviet cosmonauts is individualized, being based on the results of vestibular testing. Training is both "active" and "passive." "Active" training con- sists of rigorous physical conditioning through such activities as swimming, jogging, and gymnastics. The philosophy behind it is that excellent physical condi- tion contributes to vestibular tolerance. The "passive" training program involves habituation exercises in a 25X1 Barany chair (figure 1), Khilov swings, and vertical oscillators. It continues exposure to vestibular stimu- lation until some disorientation is felt. The Soviets claim that these brief exposures increase a cosmo- naut's ability to withstand vestibular stimulation. (Stanislaw Baranski, Polish Institute of Aviation Medicine, describes a similar procedure for vestibular training of Polish cosmonaut candidates.) The Soviets define improvement in tolerance to vestibular stress as improved tolerance to Coriolis acceleration Continuing Vestibular Research A review of the scientific literature shows that vestib- ular research continues within the Soviet manned space biomedical research program, primarily because space motion sickness remains difficult to prevent. Several lines of research are continuing. They include: ? Centrifuge research (under Ye. B. Shul'zhenko of the Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow). This research is studying the possibility of produc- ing artificial gravity by slow rotation of a short-arm centrifuge within a space station (which would also subject a cosmonaut to a Coriolis force). ? Weightlessness studies using long-term bed rest, long-term head-down tilting, and water immersion. 25X1 25X1 LOA I Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Figure 1 Barany Chair ? The use of certain drugs to relieve motion sickness. ? The use of biofeedback and autogenic training So far such efforts have met with only limited procedures to help a cosmonaut handle any per- success. Drugs have produced relief principally by ceived disorientation. their tranquilizing effect. This result may be unsuit- able, especially during a period when operator per- formance is required. Psychological Preparation for Spaceflight ? Restriction of movement during the initial adapta- Soviet biomedical specialists and psychologists pro- tion stage of spaceflight, since increased movement vide psychological training to prepare their cosmo- will accentuate any experienced motion sickness. nauts to handle possible life-threatening stresses and Secret 4 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret unforeseen accidents. With long spaceflights becom- ing increasingly frequent, we believe that such train- ing will continue. 25X1 isolation that they would experience in space. The Soviets have said that this procedure has been discon- tinued. Psychological Training Program Soviet psychological training exposes cosmonauts to "real life" dangers to develop coning behavior. Soviet scientists have continually stated that only exposure to actual stress can adequately develop the psychological motivation, physiological conditioning, and behavioral strategies that, when combined through training, can help the cosmonaut cope with danger. The Soviet psychological training program has been modified over time, primarily on the basis of experiences on earlier spaceflights. The following procedures have been used. Flight Training. Flying is used because of the obvious similarities between spaceflight and aircraft-flight skills. In addition, flying can present crises that call for pilot resourcefulness. Former cosmonaut Maj. Gen. A. A. Leonov has stated that MIG-21 Fishbed fighters, L-29 Maya jet trainers, helicopters, and VTA (believed to be high-altitude) aircraft have been Parachute Training. Though once a vital part of cosmonaut training (for example, over 40 jumps per year were required of each trainee, according to Leonov), parachute jumping has been deemphasized. However, Lt. Gen. Georgiy T. Beregovoy, chief of training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Star City, and a number of psychologists from the Institute of Psychology, Moscow, continue to specify parachute jumping for cosmonaut stress research. In such jumping, the cosmonaut is required to perform various perceptual and cognitive tasks during free fall. With continued practice, performance at these tasks improves measurably as the cosmonaut becomes ha- bituated to the perceived stress. Indications are that parachute jumping for cosmonauts is now used pri- marily to test psychophysiological monitoring tech- niques that are being developed to assess psychologi- cal stress and related performance. Isolation. Isolation of cosmonauts prior to a space- flight was a procedure used early in the Soviet manned space program to prepare them for the Survival Training. The Soviets continue to incorpo- rate survival training exercises as a part of the training of their own cosmonauts, but not for their Interkosmos counterparts. The Soviets have stated that this survival training was invaluable for the survival of Soviet cosmonauts on two occasions: the attempted Soyuz-18 flight of Vasiliy Lazarev and Oleg Makarov in April 1975, when they landed on a slope of snow-covered mountains; and the Soyuz-23 flight of Vyacheslav Zudov and Valery Rozhdest- vensky in October 1976, when they landed on a partially frozen lake. In both instances, rescuers were several hours in coming to their aid and were fearful for the cosmonauts' lives. General Beregovoy stated that on both occasions the cosmonauts had survived primarily because of the skills that they had learned during their psychological training. The Soviets describe three scenarios for survival training. All three involve transporting the cosmonaut trainees into a physically hostile environment. One consists of removal to an isolated arctic location where temperatures may fall to -40 to -45 degrees Cel- sius. Another scenario uses the desert. A third uses mountains. In all of these scenarios, the cosmonauts are expected to survive as long as possible-typically a couple of days-with the supplies normally carried in their Soyuz spacecraft. Beregovoy states that one skill taught to their cosmo- nauts is body temperature control through biofeed- back. Another skill is reduced oxygen consumption, taught by techniques very similar to transcendental meditation. Beregovoy stated that reduced oxygen consumption was the primary reason for the survival of cosmonauts Zudov and Rozhdestvensky. Their Soyuz spacecraft had only a four-hour air supply, because the air vents of the craft stayed locked shut for the 12 hours before rescuers arrived. Psychological Support, Crew Compatibility, and Research Into Group Dynamics The Soviets, in discussions with NASA officials, have stated that the biggest problem they envision for long spaceflights will be psychological. A major factor in ocvi 25X1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 this problem continues to be boredom and isolation. Under the auspices of the "Psychological Support Group" (located at the Flight Control Center) of the Institute of Biomedical Problems, the Soviets have initiated measures to cater to the psychological needs of their cosmonauts in flight. The measures, which the cosmonauts have praised, include: ? A varied diet (to include fresh fruit). ? Videotaped television programs. ? Recorded music. ? Reading materials (requested and "surprise" selections). ? Communication with family members, Soviet celeb- rities, and friends. ? Scheduled free time. Visits from the Interkosmos crews, also, are said to be very rewarding psychologically. Of increasing concern is the need for better specifica- tion of crew compatibility requirements. Soviet bio- medical and behavioral scientists see crew compatibil- ity as a major variable in the success of long spaceflights. The Soviets are devoting substantial research to it. One approach is to form crews on the basis of individual psychological profiles and of as- sumptions about interaction between certain personal- ity types. The Soviets state that this approach has not been entirely successful. Currently their approach is to study compatibility during training and match those cosmonauts who interact best with one another. The Soviets are also conducting research on the effects of group dynamics on the behavior of individ- ual cosmonauts. This research is most applicable for long space missions involving several crewmembers (for example, a permanently manned Earth-orbital space station). The psychological dynamics of a large group in space is currently an area in which no actual experience exists. Therefore, Soviet scientists have studied the group dynamics of isolated multimember crews in submarines, on board naval surface ships, on polar expeditions, and in long-range bombers. Positive correlations between the psychological environment of spaceflight and these other group situations are well known and should provide heuristic information con- cerning group and individual, behavior in long space- flights. Techniques for Monitoring the Condition of Cosmonauts in Flight Manned spaceflight demands that cosmonauts main- tain an acceptable level of in-flight performance. This performance will tend to decline within hours or days, especially as spaceflights become longer. The Soviets, in response to this problem, have had an extensive research program to develop techniques to remotely monitor their cosmonauts, to detect physiological and psychological stresses, to assess the impact of such stresses upon performance, and to cope with stress. Psychophysiological Recording Beyond an "optimal" level of psychological stress (some stress is desirable), performance will decrease as stress increases. Ideally, the ground support personnel would be able to detect this stress before any perform- ance decrement went very far. They could then intervene and maintain the cosmonaut's working effi- ciency at, or restore it to, an acceptable level. While the exact relationships have not yet been well speci- fied anywhere in the scientific world, Soviet scientists are aware that any psychological stress is accompa- nied by simultaneous physiological changes. Accord- ingly, they are developing techniques for monitoring their cosmonauts physiologically, and for thus detect- ing psychological stress, in real time. One such tech- nique is the use of electrophysiological (Soviet term: "psychophysiological") signals. Some major types of signals are already being monitored by means of the following records: electroencephalogram (EEG), gal- vanic skin response (GSR), electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram (EKG),' and rheographic analysis (the study of the distribution of body fluids, which is altered under weightlessness). This technique has several advantages. One is that electrophysiological signals, already collected for bio- medical evaluation, can be used without any addition- al equipment. Psychophysiological research only re- quires access to these signals by different scientists (that is, those primarily interested in the relationship between psychological stress and physiological reac- tivity). In addition, these electrophysiological signals Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret are quite large, easy to detect and record with present instrumentation, and amenable to computer analysis. Recording for psychophysiological research does, however, present several problems. Some techniques may be invasive and unpleasant even for short periods. Even for noninvasive psychophysiological monitoring, recording for extended periods may be confining and uncomfortable. There are, in addition, two major theoretical problems that may be difficult to over- come. The first is "individual response stereotypy." This term denotes an individual's specific pattern of physiological responses to different stressors. To be fully valid, a psychophysiological assessment would have to be based upon the completely developed pattern of a cosmonaut's physiological responses so that the appropriate physiological channels could be monitored (these channels will differ for each cosmo- naut). The second and probably more difficult prob- lem is the lack of any well-established correlations between psychological states and physiological re- sponses. We believe that until those relationships are well defined, the value of psychophysiological moni- toring to predict cosmonaut performance will be that have input into the Soviet manned spaceflight During a Soviet/East German Interkosmos space- flight, the cosmonauts conducted the Rech' (speech) experiment. This was a psychological study of the connection between a cosmonaut's speech and his emotional (that is, psychological) condition. In this experiment, scientists analyzed (with results unknown to us) a single phrase said repeatedly by the crew throughout the flight. Voice analysis has advantages over psychophysiologi- cal monitoring. It can be used without the knowledge or consent of a cosmonaut, and can be used to study a variety of voice characteristics. Deception by the cosmonaut is almost impossible. In addition, voice analysis need only use already-recorded voice tele- communications. As with psychophysiological moni- toring techniques, however, the correlation between voice characteristics, stress, and future cosmonaut performance is not well defined. As the Soviets con- tinue their work in voice analysis, they should improve such correlation. 25X1 25X1 uncertain. Voice Analysis Deviations in voice characteristics are also widely credited with being an indication of speaker stress. Consequently, a second Soviet psychological assess- ment technique being explored is voice analysis. Voice monitoring analyzes a speaker's voice characteristics during both calm and stressful periods to determine changes that occur during stress. The voice/speech characteristics that the Soviets study include changes in pauses (both length and number), vocabulary, voice spectrogram analysis (volume and pitch), and the introduction of stuttering. The Soviets have a long history of research in the area of voice analysis. At a USSR Academy of Sciences all-Union conference entitled "Speech, Emotions, and Personality" held in Leningrad in 1978, several researchers associated with the Soviet manned space program presented papers. In addition, the Institute of Psychology, USSR Academy of Sciences, in holding a symposium in 1979 on the psychological aspects of manned spaceflight, included a presentation on voice analysis. Biofeedback Research Soviet and East European psychologists and physiolo- gists have a long history of exploring the use of biofeedback for the management of certain stresses. Among these stresses are motion sickness, sleep dis- turbances, and strains on crew compatibility due to confinement. The Soviets have been interested for several years in the applicability for their cosmonauts of biofeedback and of responses to it: autogenic training, habituation, and relaxation techniques. Biofeedback and related responses are an alternative to psychopharmacological approaches (which often produce undesirable side effects) for stress management. Biofeedback develops the ability to consciously con- trol one's physiological reactions. Biofeedback train- ing involves connecting a person to electrophysiologi- cal instrumentation that monitors some specific Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 physiological channels, amplifies the signal from each, and conveys it back to the person visually or aurally. As the signal (for example, the heart rate) fluctuates, so will the feedback. Simultaneously with this feed- back signal, the person is taught mental and physical exercises to achieve relaxation and thereby alter the physiological reaction. The display will immediately reflect the altered reaction. For instance, a person can, with the aid of biofeedback, increase or decrease his heart rate or raise or lower the temperature of specific parts of the body through vasodilation or vasoconstriction. The exact mechanism of this phe- nomenon is unknown, but biofeedback procedures have been well demonstrated (especially within clini- cal settings) for many years. The chief Soviet proponent for the applicability of this research to astronautics has been Pavel V. Simonov, chief of the Physiology of Emotions Laboratory, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysi- ology, Moscow, in collaboration with several biomedi- cal specialists from the Institute of Biomedical Prob- lems, Moscow. These scientists have occasionally met with NASA scientists who also are working on bio- feedback research applicable to astronautics. They have told NASA scientists that they and their cosmo- nauts have used biofeedback successfully to combat motion sickness and accompanying vestibular disturb- ances-which remain major complications of space- flight, especially during the initial adaptation period (the first seven to 10 days). Dr. Aleksandr Romen, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Department of Biophysics, Kazakh State University, has engaged in a related research project, one on the development of "psychical self-regulation" (PSR). Ac- cording to Dr. Romen, PSR techniques were original- ly developed to train cosmonauts in "self-regulatory skills." In addition, Hungarian psychologists from the Institute of Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, have been exploring the possibility of using biofeedback to counter the stressful effects of weight- lessness and hypokinesia. Biofeedback and related autogenic training for stress management have potential advantages over other techniques. Although electrophysiological instrumen- tation is required during biofeedback training, it would not be required after the procedure has been learned (that is, during spaceflight). Biofeedback and related responses can produce a sense of mastery for the cosmonaut and reduce the feeling of helplessness that is common during stress. Sensory, Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Psychological Alterations During Spaceflight Spaceflight imposes a unique environment of micro- gravitation, hypokinesia, and physical isolation for increasingly long periods. The Soviets, under their basic biomedical research program, have conducted a series of experiments to detect and quantify any alterations during spaceflight in sensory capabilities, cognitive functioning, psychomotor skills, and psycho- logical well-being (table 2 and appendix Q. In doing so, they have worked with East European and Cuban scientists brought in through the Interkosmos pro- gram, coordinated by the Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow. Experience with shorter spaceflights suggests that sensory alterations may occur in flight. For example, Lyakhov and Ryumin noted an "intensification of smell" upon their return to Earth after their 175-day mission in 1980. Other cosmonauts have mentioned an "intensification of taste and smell" during their spaceflights. A. Yeliseyev, a cosmonaut on board Soyuz-5, -8, and -10, commented on a fluctuation in his visual acuity during spaceflight: acuity decreased during the initial adaptation period but steadily im- proved until it was normal after two months in space. Lt. Gen. Georgiy T. Beregovoy has stated that his perception of time was altered during spaceflight. Ergonomic Input Into Soviet Manned Spacecraft Design Design for Man-Machine Interaction The Soviets have a good understanding of human factors principles (ergonomics), which assume great importance in complex man-machine systems, such as the Soyuz and Salyut spacecraft. The Institute of Psychology, USSR Academy of Sciences, has a major interest in human factors aerospace research and is a known consultant institute for the Soviet manned space program. It is to be expected that this expertise actually enters into task analysis, spacecraft and equipment design, controls and displays layout, and work configuration. Given this Soviet expertise, and a limited knowledge of actual Salyut and Soyuz control panels, a preliminary hypothesis can be entertained that their layout may give clues to Soviet philosophy An example of control panel design is available from an examination of the Salyut-6 space station at the 1979 Paris Air Show (figure 2). Some standard human factors design features have been incorporated into the panel. They should aid ease of operation and reduce errors. They include "switch guards" to pre- vent inadvertent switching, "boundary enclosures" for groups of switches with similar function, and other such features. Control panel arrangement is not opti- mized, however, and much "dead space" exists be- tween many control panels, at least in this Salyut-6 The main control panel in the Salyut-6 space station is an exact replica of that in the Soyuz spacecraft, and so facilitates transfer of crewmembers between the two. It differs substantially, however, from the new Soyuz-T main control panel. (We do not know wheth- er the main control panel of the new Salyut-7 space station will assume the new Soyuz-T configuration to make the transfer of crew from Soyuz-T to Salyut-7 that much easier.) See figures 3 through 7. Compared Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Table 2 Recent Psychological Experiments During Soviet or Interkosmos Spaceflights Description Cosmonauts Involved e Sensory Neptun Visual acuity and depth perception Soviets, Romanian, and Mongolian Guler/Vorotnik Development of motion sickness Soviets and Romanian Ancheta Description of vestibular system symptomology Soviets, Romanian and Cuban Vospriyatiye Measurement of several sensory functions (for exam- Soviets, Cuban, and Mongolian ple, touch and "resistance to geometric illusions") Vremya Time estimation Soviets and Mongolian Audio Auditory thresholds Soviets, East German, and Hungarian Vkus Electrical taste Soviets and Pole Vision Functional state of the visual system Soviets and Cuban Cognitive Operator Psychophysiological measurement of cognitive func- Soviets, Bulgarian, and Romanian tioning Rabotosposobnost' Psychophysiological measurement of intellectual Soviets, Hungarian, Cuban, and Mongolian working ability Reflex Cognitive functioning Soviets, Romanian, and Hungarian Psychomotor Antropometria Motor function after body fluid redistribution Soviets and Cuban Coordination Motor functioning under weightlessness Soviets and Cuban Psychological Well- Being Soviets, Hungarian, Pole, and Mongolian Dosug Evaluation of TV programs Soviets and Pole Relax Relaxation through biofeedback Soviets and Pole This table was compiled from various open-source publications (newspapers, magazines, and scientific journals.) n Only one non-Soviet cosmonaut was aboard any given Interkosmos flight. Some of the flights handled more than one experiment; some of the experiments were performed on more than one flight, including some all-Soviet flights. with the American Apollo and space shuttle control ground controllers or will remain highly automated, panels, the Soviet control panel seems uncomplicated. whichever is now the case. Only minimal displays and control devices are evi- dent. Such panel design most probably is based on an analysis of those cosmonaut tasks that are unavoid- ably necessary during orbit, spaceflight, and deorbit. It supports our impression that many of the required commands during maneuvers either will remain with Soviet spacecraft design engineers have stated that the new Salyut-7 space station will be reconfigured to improve accessibility of various equipment and system components and for ease of maintenance and repair. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Figure 2 Main Instrument Panel in the Salyut-6 Space Station Note the similarity between the Salyut main instrument panel and that of the Soyuz tfieure 3). and compare with the changes made in the Sovuz-T panel ( lipIll re h ). Allocation and Scheduling of Crew Tasks We believe that the tasks for Soviet cosmonauts are planned to meet six needs: ? Scientific experimentation (materials processing un- der weightlessness to obtain highly specialized sub- stances of a purity and composition, or of a size, unobtainable by Earth-based processing; biomedi- cal, botanical, and life support system development). ? Reconnaissance (natural resources, military, and astronomical). ? Equipment and space station maintenance/repair requirements. ? Medical monitoring of crewmembers. ? Psychological factors-to include rest, relaxation time, and recreation. ? Physiological requirements-eating, personal hy- giene, sleep; physical exercises (primarily to control the adverse physiological effects of prolonged weightlessness). The Soviets appear to have refined their allocation and scheduling of tasks satisfactorily to meet these needs. Drastic changes should not be expected for their future manned spaceflights, but there may be further "fine-tuning," especially to enhance the psy- chological climate of long spaceflights. The Soviets have shown that man, at least for the present, is not the limiting factor for long manned spaceflights. We believe that the Soviets will continue their biomedical research program-including its psy- chological component-dedicated to the support of Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Figure 3 Main Instrument Panel in the Soyuz Spacecraft their manned space program. Soviet space officials have stated that they foresee permanently manned space stations. We believe that their cosmonauts will stay in space for approximately three to four months and be replaced individually in a staggered sequence. During such a long stay in space, a cosmonaut can set aside time for adaptation to weightlessness, devote the greater part of his time to necessary tasks, and endure the limiting effects of isolation, hypokinesia, sensory deprivation, and boredom. Finally, we believe that the Soviets' biomedical research will contribute consider- ably to their cosmonauts' achieving high duty cycles and high performance levels. Secret 12 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Figure 4 Center Console-Main Instrument Panel, Soyuz Spacecraft 0 LANDWO NOSE FLIGHT TIME ?F.. ?es(y,~, 1 TIMER 0 0 BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST Kf/- TV /ON, onw SYSTEM PARAMETER OISPEAY RANGER RANGE RATE GAGES-IRS ON LEN UNIT ON ,EFT TssI~IINPUT REGISTER W/NOOWS N -0 :011 KNOBS 0 END -0 ~aaoM~ vs--~~`.L"wlJ PERISCOPE DISPLAY VSK Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Figure 5 Left-Hand Command Signal Device (KSU) Monitoring 16 Subsystems- Main Instrument Panel, Soyuz Spacecraft Light-up windows Buttons OFF ON Ml~RRE f011 COMM. HOOFS R/RROM: MOO[ MCI 0' COMM HOOFING LRNOING AIR ?C 200 N[?T 150 ( 250 ` G[N ER O v soz LIDUID ?C 5. 7" GRTM[RR I^1O0? 9 0 SCME ?LRRGE !HR yEFIwLr " ITFR LIGN.OENlE FRFRRRE OF[CENT ORIENT MOdIIMG NGNt ORIENT INO[R SETTING GGC.- OGR NTRAST {RFDpCRING EElRVF UNIT NFO Nif DRR VRO VNFF vNFe RFORV "NO , -NIAI RESERVE UNIT O 00 ~ . .cT RH G cNRNIU NR MISSION LEM DENLSh I inR RFI Crew's quarters Instrumcnt compartment Combined electron-beam indicator Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Figure 6 Main Instrument Panel in the Sovuz-T Spacecraft Note that a cathode ray tube computer display (A) has been added and the world drive scope on which spacecraft position over the f_arth can he determined (13) has been moved from the tell to the right side ol'the panel. Boy-like analog sequencers formerly positioned at (C), which drove mane spacecraft functions, have been removed entirely from the Soyuz--l . Seeerd dials lane horn removed Isom the panel and replaced by ncairls triple the number of buttons or annunciator panels (1)) as in the older Sov ty desien. Hie new Soyu,-T still provides the cosmonauts very little information and piloting control compared to earlier t'S Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. I he Suyu/-1 is still not (quipped with an eight-hall attitude indicator, and the cress must determine attitude by looking throi!,h their periscope 11-). Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Figure 7 Main Crew Compartment in the Salyut-6 Space Station Secret 16 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Autogenic training Cattell 16-PF Coriolis acceleration Electrocardiogram (EKG) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electromyogram (EMG) Galvanic skin response (GSR) Appendix A Glossary A self-regulatory technique in which subjects are taught a series of self-suggestion exercises. Each exercise is designed to induce some specific bodily sensation that ordinarily is the product of a specific physiological response. The subject is then taught to gain control of such previously involuntary responses, thereby reversing the ordinary cause-and-effect sequence. A chair (named after the Swedish physician Robert Barany) in which the occupant is revolved, with or without simultaneous tilting, to test his susceptibility to vertigo. A technique by which a person can be taught to change and control internal body processes formerly believed to be involuntary (for example, blood pressure and brain waves); it involves giving the subject immediate feedback or knowledge of the bodily changes as they occur. A nonprojective psychological test that measures 16 personality characteristics to create a personality profile. Cross-coupled acceleration; occurs when a person is subjected to angular accelera- tion in two planes simultaneously. An electrophysiological signal that records the changes in electrical potential that occur during the heartbeat. An electrophysiological signal that measures brain waves. An electrophysiological signal that records the change in electrical potential associated with the activity of skeletal muscles. An electrophysiological signal that measures the change in electrical resistance (or conductance) for an electric current through the skin between two electrodes. 17 Secret Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Individual response stereotypy Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (RPMT) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Acceleration along the x-axis. Acceleration can be either positive or negative. Positive GX acceleration is "forward" with a resultant inertial force from the chest to the back. Negative GX acceleration is "backward" with a resultant inertial force from the back to the chest. Acceleration along the z-axis. Acceleration can be either positive or negative. Positive GZ acceleration is "headward" with a resultant inertial force from the head to the feet. Negative GZ acceleration is "footward" with a resultant inertial force from the feet to the head. A pattern of electrophysiological responses that is characteristic of an individual under a specific stress. A four-support swing in which the occupant (seated) moves parallel to the ground when swinging back and forth. A nonprojective psychological test that measures for 10 specific psychopathologies. A nonverbal intelligence test that requires the subject to manipulate various patterns (matrices) according to a specified rule. A projective technique in which the subject is asked to make up a story about each of a series of pictures. The theme of each story is then analyzed for the existence of sources of motivation. A psychological test that measures the level of anxiety in a person. An intelligence test that contains both verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Appendix B Psychological Tests Used by the Soviets and East Europeans for Selecting Cosmonauts Table B-1 Summary of Tests Raven's Progressive Matrices Test Intelligence Multiple choice Soviets, Poles Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale Intelligence Multiple choice Poles Kraepelin Test Intelligence Arithmetic Poles "Bourdon" Test Intelligence Unknown Poles Thematic Apperception Test Personality Projective Soviets Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale Personality Nonprojective Soviets Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Personality Nonprojective Soviets Inventory Cattell 16-Factor Personality Personality Inventory Eysenck Personality Inventory Personality Nonprojective Soviets Poles "Paired verbal" Test Personality Projective ('?) , Soviets Visuomotor Coordinometer SMA-3 Psychomotor Unknown - Poles Cross Support Psychomotor Unknown Poles Chronometer Psychomotor Unknown Poles Test using the "Apparatus of Psychomotor Unknown Poles Piorkowski" Intelligence Tests Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (RPMT) is a Brit- ish nonverbal intelligence test used by both the Sovi- ets and the Poles. It was first developed in 1938, but has been revised and updated many times. It consists of a number of multiple-choice tasks. Each task consists of a geometric design or "matrix" and four possible answers (that is, each answer is a different matrix). The correct answer depends on the required task (for example, complete a pattern or analogy, systematically alter a pattern, or resolve a figure into its parts). The test manual states that this test meas- ures the capacity to form comparisons, analytical and logical reasoning, and, when timed, "mental efficien- cy. The Poles use three additional intelligence tests from Western countries: the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Kraepelin test (mental arithmetic), and the "Bourdon" test (unknown format). One of the three tests, the WAIS, is American. It is a highly regarded intelligence test, first developed by David Weschler in 1955. It consists of two subtests (verbal and performance), each containing several sections. No details are available on the other two tests. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Table B-2 The Subtests of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) General information General comprehension Arithmetic reasoning Similarities Digit span Vocabulary Digit symbol Picture completion Block design Picture arrangement Object assembly Personality Tests Again through NASA scientific exchanges with their Soviet counterparts, we have identified six personality tests that Soviet (and, in two cases, Polish) psycholo- gists give their cosmonaut candidates. These are the Thematic Apperception Test, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Cattell 16-Factor Personality Inven- tory, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and a "paired verbal" test. Five are Western (four American and one British). The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was devel- oped by Henry Murray at Harvard University in the 1930s. It is a "projective" test (see appendix A) consisting of eight to 10 pictures given to the subject one at a time. The person tells a story about the main characters in each picture. Theoretically, the person "projects" himself into the story. A skilled psychome- trician can then gain insight into the specific personal- ity characteristics that have been "projected." Mur- ray developed the TAT to measure the "achievement motivation" of an individual, but it is commonly used to measure other psychological aspects as well. The Soviets may use the TAT to measure "motivation for spaceflight"-one of their stated aims in psychologi- cal testing-by this "achievement motivation" score. Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) also is used by the Soviets. It is an American psychological test developed by Janet Taylor Spence in the 1950s to measure anxiety. Spence, an American experimental psychologist, was concerned primarily with the rela- tionship between anxiety and learning ability. The TMAS was developed to measure "anxiety" so that this relationship could be quantified. While the TMAS has been widely used to measure anxiety (usually within a clinical setting), its utility in this regard is not well established, even in the United States. The Soviets use the Minnesota Multiphasic Personal- ity Inventory (MMPI), a 565-question true-false test. It was developed at the University of Minnesota to discover the presence of severe psychopathology (that is, neuroses or psychoses). It consists of 14 "scales," of which four (called the "validity" scales) measure the accuracy of the test for the specific; individual being tested and the other 10 (the "clinical" scales) identify the type and magnitude of any psychopathology pres- ent. The Soviets and Poles also use the Cattell 16-Factors Personality Inventory (16-PF). The 16-PF was developed by Raymond Cattell at the University of Illinois. It contains 187 multiple-choice questions and measures 12 "source traits" and four "2nd-order factors" (introversion versus extraversion, high anxiety versus low anxiety, emotionality versus poise, and subduedness versus independence). The Soviets and Poles both administer the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), which is a 1963 British modification of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), a British personality test. This test contains 57 yes-no items that measure introversion ("I" scale) versus extraversion ("E" scale), neuroticism (high "N") versus stability (low "N"), and degree of psycho- ticism (severe psychopathology). The three lettered scales and their interpretations are given in the fol- lowing table. The EPI (as well as the MMPI, TAT, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Table B-3 The Validity Scales and Clinical Scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Validity scales "Cannot say" scale if high, may indicate evasiveness. Correction scale Clinical scales Hypochondriasis Depression Measures the tendency to present oneself in an overly favorable or highly virtuous light. w u?~ u au,wci I. I mgn score suggests carelessness, confusion, or claiming an inordinate amount of symptoms. Random responding also will elevate the F score. Measures defensiveness of a subtle nature. High scorers are described as cynical, defeatist, preoccupied with self, complaining, hostile, and presenting numerous physical problems. High scorers are described as moody, shy, despondent, pessimistic, and distressed. Frequently elevated in clinical patients. ~?s?~~~~~~~ a,c vucn !eumuous, Impulsive, hedonistic, and antisocial. They often have difficulty in marital or family relationships and trouble with the law or authority in general. s ???6?? ~c~c iucu as sensitive, aesthetic, passive, or feminine. Females scoring high on M are described as aggressive, rebellious, and unrealistic. Elevations on this scale are often associated with being suspicious, aloof, shrewd, guarded, worry prone, and overly sensitive. High scorers may externalize blame. ' 'y` ? a ncwa Y t High scorers are tense, anxious, ruminative, preoccupied, obsessional, phobic, and rigid. They frequently are self-condemning and feel inferior and inadequate. n.uu~ awu, soy, unusual, or strange and have peculiar thoughts or ideas. They may have poor reality contact and in se- vere cases bizarre sensory experiences-delusions and hallucinations. ? ~?~ ~u?~~ --u!c, outgoing, Impulsive, overly energetic, optimistic, and in some cases amoral, flighty, confused, and disoriented. High scorers tend to be modest, shy, withdrawn, self-effacing, and inhibited. Low scorers are outgoing, spontaneous, sociable, and confident. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Table B-4 The Source Traits and 2nd-Order Factors of the Cattell 16-PF Personality Inventory Source traits A 2nd-order factors QI "Sizothymia": reserved, detached, critical, aloof, stiff Low intelligence: dull Lower ego strength: affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset, changeable Submissiveness: humble, mild, easily led, docile, accommodating "Desurgency": sober, taciturn, serious Weaker superego strength: expedient, disregards rules "Threctia": shy, timid, threat-sensitive "Harria": tough, self-reliant, realistic "Ataxia": trusting, accepting conditions "Praxernia": practical, "down to earth" concerns Artlessness: forthright, unpretentious, genuine but socially clumsy Untroubled adequacy: self-assured, placid, secure, complacent, serene Conservatism of temperament: conservative, respecting traditions Group adherence: group-dependent, a "joiner" and sound follower Low self-sentiment integration: undisciplined self- conflict, lax, follows own urges, careless of social rules Low "ergic tension": relaxed, tranquil, torpid, unfrustrated "Affectothymia": outgoing, warmhearted, easygoing, participating High intelligence: bright Higher ego strength: emotionally stable, mature, faces reality, calm Dominance: assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn "Surgency": happy-go-lucky, enthusiastic Stronger superego strength: conscientious, persistent, moralistic, staid "Parmia": venturesome, uninhibited, socially bold "Premsia": tender, sensitive., clinging, overprotected "Protension": suspicious. hard to fool "Autia": imaginative, bohemian, absentminded Shrewdness: astute, polished, socially aware Guilt-proneness: apprehensive, self-reproaching, inse- cure. worrying, troubled Self-sufficiency: self-sufficient, resourceful, prefers own decisions High strength of self-sentiment: controlled, exacting willpower, socially precise, compulsive, following self- image High "ergic tension": tense, frustrated, driven, over- wrought Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret The Psychological Scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) Extraversion E High scorers are outgoing, impulsive, uninhibited, having many social contacts, participating in group activities. Introversion I High scorers are retiring, distant, well-ordered, avoid excitement Neuroticism N . High scorers are unstable and overreactive, emotionally overresponsive, have vague somatic complaints; low scorers are better adjusted and emotionally stable. Note: The "E" scale and "I" scale are at opposite extremes of a common dimension. Therefore, high scorers on the "E" scale will be low scorers on the "I" scale, and vice versa. The "N" scale is independent of this dimension. Table B-6 Soviet and Polish Psychological Tests Used for Selecting Cosmonauts, but Whose Function Is Unknown Scale of reactive and personal anxiety (Spilberger method) Questionnaire (Strelyau's method "SAN") Method of corrective tests Frustration test of Rosenweig a O-Sort test Homeostatic procedure a a May be tests for group compatibility. 23 Secret Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 and the 16-PF) is used in the West primarily in clinical settings to aid or confirm a psychological diagnosis. The Soviets also describe the use of a "paired verbal" test. We do not know its exact nature, but it may resemble "word association" testing. Psychomotor Tests Although we believe that the Soviets use psychomotor (for example, hand-eye coordination) tests, they have not given any specifics on them. However, Polish scientists have. They have mentioned four, namely, the "Visuomotor Coordinometer SMA-3" (probably a hand-eye coordination test), "Cross Support," "Chro- nometer" (probably a reaction-time test), and a test using the "Apparatus of Piorkowski." The specifics of each test are unknown to us. Other Psychological Tests-Function Unknown In addition to those psychological tests already enu- merated, Soviet and Polish scientists administer some tests whose function is unknown to us. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Guler/Vorotnik Appendix C Psychological Experiments During Soviet or Interkosmos Spaceflights Sensory Experiments Concerned with the measurement of visual acuity and depth perception during spaceflight. We do not know the details of this experiment. The cosmonauts who have performed the Neptun experiment were Soviets, a Romanian, and a Guler is described by Romanian scientists, and sounds very much like the Vorotnik experiment described by the Soviets for the Joint Soviet/Romanian Interkosmos spaceflight. Guler/Vorotnik studied the evolution of space motion sickness. This sickness continues to be a major biomedical problem, especially during the initial Ancheta (Questionnaire) Consisted of a description of vestibular system symptomology that occurs during spaceflight. The cosmonauts who have performed the experiment were Soviets, a Vospriyatiye (Perception) Vospriyatiye measured a variety of sensory functions such as tactile sensation, visual acuity, and "resistance to geometric illusions" (we do not know what specific illusions were presented). The Kontakt instrument, manufactured by Cuban specialists, was used in this experiment. The cosmonauts who have participated in the experiment were Soviets, a Cuban, and a Mongolian. Vremya (Time) Concerned with accuracy in estimating time. In a description of the Vremya experiment, the Mongolian cosmonaut, Jugderdemidiyn Gurragcha, was said to have estimated an interval of 10 seconds without error (another of his estimates was 1 1 seconds). We have no idea why such a short interval was chosen for an esti- mate; gross errors would be highly unlikely for it. The cosmonauts who performed the experiment were Soviets and a Mongolian. Audio To determine the sensitivity threshold of human hearing in spaceflight conditions. The Ehl'ba instrument was used. The cosmonauts who have performed this experiment were Soviets, an East German, and a Hungarian. "?""J `_ uol. o-31 LIVID' 111 Wclg,luessness; conauctea Curing the point Soviet/ Polish spaceflight. The equipment used was a small electrode which was clipped onto the cosmonaut's tongue and through which an electrical current was passed. Vision Studied the functional state of the visual system during spaceflight. It was conducted during the joint Soviet/Cuban flight. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Cognitive Experiments Operator Examined psychophysiological processes that reflect cognitive functioning (in this case, while solving arithmetic problems). The experiment used the Sedrets device, developed by Bulgarian specialists. The cosmonauts who have performed the experiment were Soviets, a Bulgarian, and a Romanian. Rabotosposobnost' Designed to measure any deviations in intellectual working ability during space- (Working Ability) flight. Typically, it involved preflight, in-flight, and postflight testing. The experiment used the Balaton device developed by "Medicor," a Hungarian research institute, in collaboration with the Hungarian Military Flight-Medical Examination and Research Institute at the request of the Soviet Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow. The Balaton device can be connected to the Salyut telecommunications system for transmittal of results back to Earth in real time. During Rabotosposobnost' the cosmonaut was to choose one answer from four as quickly as possible based on the detection of a "signal" displayed by the Balaton device. The signal reportedly contained information about the correct answer (information measured in "bits," the commonly used unit of information). The cosmonaut's reaction time was measured by Balaton, and his "intellectual work capacity" was displayed in "bits/second." In addition, the Balaton device meas- ured his GSR (see appendix A) and pulse rate. It appears that. deviations in intellectual functioning were compared with deviations in these physiological responses for any possible correlations, a standard Soviet psychophysiological research theme. Wrong answers also were counted. The cosmonauts who have performed this experiment were Soviets, a Hungarian, a Cuban, and a Mongolian. Hungarian. Designed to measure cognitive functioning. It also used the Balaton device. The cosmonauts who have performed the experiment were Soviets, a Romanian, and a The cosmonauts who performed the experiment were Soviets and a Cuban. Korteks instrument, which was developed jointly by Cuban and Soviet specialists. Designed to study the "bioelectrical activity of the central nervous system." It was said that Cortex involved "new methods for examining the level of alertness, attentiveness, fatigue, and also signs of possible impairments of the function of certain sensory systems" (in the form of brain electrical voltage shifts-known as evoked potentials-that occur as a result of stimulation). This experiment used the Psychomotor Experiments Antropometria Weightlessness redistributes blood toward the upper half of the body. One result is a change in the anthropometric measurements of the body. Another is a decrement in psychomotor coordination. This experiment was designed to measure this "psychomotor activity" during adaptation to weightlessness. The Koordinograph apparatus, developed by Cuban scientists, was used. The cosmonauts who performed the experiment were Soviets and a Cuban. Secret 26 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Coordination This experiment (separate from the Antropometria experiment) was mentioned during the joint Soviet/Cuban spaceflight. It studied the effects of weightlessness on voluntary motor function. Preflight and in-flight results of a task were compared in which a cosmonaut, by turning two cranks simultaneously, sought to guide the point of a pen between the double outline of a geometric figure without Experiments Concerned With Psychological Well-Being Opros (Interrogation) Concerned primarily with the influence of spaceflight on psychological well-being. The cosmonauts were required to answer nine questions, developed by Polish specialists, on such factors as sleep, appetite, cognitive functioning, leisure activities, and need for medication. Facial expressions also were studied. The cosmonauts who have participated in this experiment were Soviets, a Hungarian, a Dosug This experiment evaluated TV programs prepared as entertainment. The cosmo- nauts who conducted the experiment were Soviets and a Pole. Relax The GSR and pulse rate were monitored by the Balaton device. This time, however, the cosmonauts tried to achieve relaxation. The cosmonauts who performed the experiment were Soviets and a Pole. Pruzkum Used a questionnaire, the Supros 8, developed by a Czechoslovak behavioral scientist, Oldrich Miksik, of the Research Institute of Psychiatry, Prague. Its application to spaceflight was coordinated with the psychological support group of the Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow. Supros 8 asks for subjective evaluations and measures eight psychological parameters: (1) "P" (psychological well-being), (2) "E" (feeling of strength and energy), (3) "A" (desire for action), (4) "0" (impulsive reactivity), (5) "N" (psychological unrest), (6) "U" (fears or anxieties), (7) "D" (depression or psychological exhaustion), and (8) "S" (dejection or grief). The questionnaire was applied to Soviet cosmonauts, to a Czechoslovak cosmonaut, and possibly to a Mongolian cosmonaut, on four separate occasions: three days before spaceflight, the third day of spaceflight, and one day and eight 27 Secret Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Iq Next 6 Page(s) In Document Denied Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5 Secret Secret Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/01/12 : CIA-RDP84M00044R000200030001-5