(UNTITLED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85T00287R001101210001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 138
• Document Creation Date: January 12, 2017
• Document Release Date: August 17, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 23, 1984
• Content Type: MEMO

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Central Intelligence Agency
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
2 3 J P';
MEMORANDUM FOR: Ambassador Diana Lady Dougan
Coordinator, International Communications and
Information Policy
Department of State
Director, Office of Global Issues
SUBJECT High-Frequency World Administrative Radio
Conference: Update
in orma ion concerning countr
Conference.
prove e
and group positions at the
2. We intend to provide similar periodic updates as
necessary. Please direct any questions or comments
Chief, Third World Issues Branch
Attachments:
2 Country Positions
Copy ~,l of 4 I
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OGI/ECD/TW/
(23JAN84)
Distribution:
Copy 1 and 2 Ambassador Dougan
3 - Mr. Robert Hanson
4 Mr. Hugh Montgomery
5 Mr. Daniel Fendrick
6 Mr. Richard Shrum
7 The Honorable William Schneider, Jr.
8 Mr. William Salmon
9-13-NIC
14
NIO at Large (Hal Ford)
15
SA/DDCI
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ExDir
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ExReg
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ADDI
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DDI
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Ch/PES/DDI
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D/NESA
22
D/EURA
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D/ALA
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D/OEA
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C/DO/
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26 DD/OG , D/OGI, RD/OGI
27 Ch/ECD
28 Ch/ED/TW
29
ECD/TW
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ECD/TW
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31-38 OGI/Pub
39 C/PG
40 C/EXS
41 CPAS/ILS
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High-Frequency World Administrative Radio Conference: Country Positions
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Algeria
1. Planning Methods. State reporting and prior
experience all indicate that Algeria (especially Noureddine Bouhired) will
be a leading proponent of a priori planning at the HF-WARC. Algeria is
expected to be a floor leader for the nonaligned and argue that long term
assignment plans incorporating both present and future requirements are the
only equitable means for planning. Algeria is expected to favor program
requirements, a strong role for the IFRB, limitations on transmitter power,
limitations on the use of multiple frequencies, and a planning method which
gives special consideration to the domestic broad- casting needs of
developing countries - if necessary large broadcasters would be expected to
reduce their requirements. Algeria, for the June 1983 broadcast schedule,
submitted 16 requirements for at total of 169 hours of broadcast time.
Domestic broadcasting requirements occupied 58 hours of this time.
2. Jamming. According to VOA reporting, Algeria does not believe that
jamming is a topic which is within the competence of the HF-Wi,~RC. Algeria
believes that jamming is a bilateral matter that should be resolved by the
countries involved. In bilateral consultations Algeria has stated that its
broadcasts are not affected by jamming.
3. Political Issues. Delegates to the ITU Plenipotentiary conference in
Nairobi in 1982 report that Algeria (Noureddine Bouhired) led the Arab
struggle to oust Israel from the ITU. In bilateral consultations relating
to the HF-WARC Bouhired has been noncommittal on this topic.
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Argentina
1. Planning Methods. According to State reporting Argentina favors
planning method 1 (a priori planning). Argentina could accept a three to
five year plan, and opposes the purging of unused assignments. Bilateral
consultations indicate that Argentina would like to separate national and
international broadcasting, have less stringent technical standards for
national broadcasting, and believes that Method 3 (combined) could be used
to construct an acceptable compromise, if national requirements used the
lower frequency bands. Argentina is opposed to giving the IFRB the power
to develop broadcast schedules, favors the retention of frequency
requirements, and believes that excessive requirements will prevent the
Canadian method from developing acceptable schedules. Argentina opposes
any form of short-term planning, favors a limit on transmitter power, and
believes reductions in the requirements of large broadcasters may be
necessary. In June 1983 Argentina submitted to the ITU 22 requirements for
a total of 285.5 hours. The heavy majority of Argentina's broadcasting,
220 hours, was domestic.
2. Jamming. In bilateral discussions Argentina offered no support for
either the political or technical aspects of jamming, despite their prior
support of general resolutions condemning intentional interference
(COMCITEL for instance). Argentina did jam BBC broadcasts during the
Falklands/Malvinas conflict, although it has frequently denied doing so.
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3. Single Side Band. In bilateral consultations Argentina favored the
early introduction of single side band broadcasts. 25X1
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Australia
1. Planning Methods. In its proposr.ls for the Conference and in State
reporting, Australia has not indicated a preference for a planning method.
Australia has shown some sympathy for the developing countries and is
expected to play the WARC in a way that distances itself from the US
although we believe Australia would probably be satisfied with the status
quo. Australian submissions to the ITU on the WARC favor a limit on
transmitter power, limits on the use of multiple frequencies, and a minimum
cochannel protection ratio of 27db. In June 1983, Australia notified the
IFRB of 47 requirements totalling 212 broadcast hours, none of which were
for domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. According to State reporting Australia would probably sign a
resolution condemning jamming but would not be an active protagonist on the
jamming issue. Australia does not believe its broadcasts are jammed or
affected by jamming in any significant way.
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Austria
1. Planning Methods. According to embassy reporting, Austria is opposed
to rigid planning but will probably follow the European trend as long as
Austrian interests are accommodated. Austria wishes to retain specified
frequencies for its broadcasts and would probably oppose giving frequency
assignment authority to the IFRB. In June 1983 Austria submitted 22
requirements for 71 hours of broadcasting. Not more than 41 of these hours
were intended for domestic audiences.
2. Jamming. According to embassy reporting, Austria sees jamming as an
East-West political question and will avoid taking a position.
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Bahrain
1. Planning Methods. According to embassy reporting, Bahrain will
probably favor flexible planning methods. Embassy reporting also indicates
that Bahrain will follow Asian States Broadcasting Union (ASBU) guidelines.
Although Bahrain itself does no HF broadcasting, it will attend the HF-WARC
and is an important country since it chairs the Permanent
Telecommunications Committee (PTC) for the Arabian Gulf, membership
Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and the UAE. Saudi Arabia and Oman have applied
for membership and, when admitted, membership of the PTC and the Gulf
Cooperation Council will be identical. The policies of the six are
expected to be coordinated before and during the HF-WARC. These countries
are accustomed to flexible planning arrangements because they are required
in the region for TV and FM broadcasting due to natural phenomena - a heat
inversion layer and frequent dust storms. Third World political pressure
could reduce, or even eliminate, the Gulf states natural tendencies to
favor flexible planning for technical reasons.
2. Jamming. No reporting on possible Bahraini positions on jamming has
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Bangladesh
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting and Bangladesh submissions for the
HF-WARC reveal no clear preference by Bangladesh on planning methods.
Bangladesh has been willing to work quietly with the US in a behind the
scenes manner which does not publicly compromise its Third World status.
In its submissions for the Conference, Bangladesh favors a 250KW power
limitation, restricted use of multiple frequencies, and a 27db cochannel
protection ratio without additional variability margins. In June 1983,
Bangladesh submitted no HF-broadcasting requirements to the IFRB.
2. Jamming. Embassy reporting indicates that Bangladesh recognizes the
wasteful effects of jamming but is skittish about being dragged into a
super-power conflict. In its submission for the Conference, Bangladesh
proposes that man-made noise need not be considered in the calculation of
signal-to-noise ratio and minimum usable field strength.
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Belgium
1. Planning Methods. In bilateral discussions, Belgium has been
supportive of US interests and positions. In addition to agreement with
the United States on the fundamental need for a flexible planning method,
Belgium has contacted its embassies in Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi in an
effort to garner support for our common interests. Zaire and Burundi might
be influenced to support flexible planning, according to embassy reporting,
but Rwanda might back rigid planning. In June 1983, Belgium notified 26
requirements for a total of 68.75 broadcast hours, the majority of which,
in our judgment, is intended for international audiences.
2. Jamming. According to State reporting, Belgium believes that the
HF-WARC should address jamming only in a technical context. Although
Belgium's broadcasts are not jammed, Belgium recognizes and deplores the
impact jamming has on the broadcasting spectrum. According to US Embassy
reporting from Moscow, Soviet telecommunications officials were quick to
point out that Belgium ratified the 1936 League of Nation Convention on
Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace, a Convention the Soviets indicate they
will use to justify their sovereignty over the airwaves.
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Belize
1. Planning Methods. According to embassy reporting, Belize intends to
delegate authority to the U.K. rather than attend the HF-WARC. Belize does
only domestic broadcasting and has in the past been generally supportive of
key Western interests e.g. Israeli credentials i,i the ITU.
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Bolivia
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1. Planning Methods. According to embassy reporting, Bolivian positions
will generally favor US views, especially if Bustamente is sent from
Bolivia to Geneva for the Conference. If Bolivia assigns its Geneva
representatives this responsibility, Bustamente would write the initial
instructions, which would be favorable to US positions. But, the on-site
representative would probably be Carola Sanchez Pena who would be unlikely
to remain in close accord with the US..
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Botswana
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Botswana delegates
will be open to reasonable discussions of the US positions. Botswana is
reportedly heavily influenced by expatriate UK technicians and is presently
a VOA-host country for mediumwave broadcasting. In June 1983, Botswana
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,:' submitted 1 requirement for 8 hours of domestic broadcasting. 25X1
2. Jamming. Given its generally friendly attitude, we believe Botswana
will probably be supportive of or neutral to US interests on jamming.
Jamming is not k:.zown to be a problem for Botswana.
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Brazil
1. Planning Methods. In bilateral discussions, Brazil revealed a strong
similarity of views with the United States on short-term flexible planning
methods and on the use of frequency requirements. Brazil, however, would
favor a limit on transmitter power and special consideration for national
broadcasting services. Brazil sees the issue of national services as
similar to the US concern on jamming. The protection of Brazil's national
service is reported to be Brazil's primary conference objective. According
to State Department reporting, the combined method is currently seen by
Brazil as the one holding the most hope for a successful conference.
Brazil indicated that some developing countries feel that CCIR technical
characteristics are being used to justify higher powers and to create
difficulties for planning. Brazil expressed concern that if this feeling
were reinforced at the Conference there could be a ground swell in favor of
long-term restrictive planning. Brazil is among the heaviest broadcasters
in the world. In June 1983, Brazil notified the IFRB of 94 requirements
totalling 1088.25 hours. The majority of Brazil's broadcasting, over 1000
hours, is domestic.
2. Jamming. State reporting indicates that Brazil recognizes the harmful
effects of jamming, is opposed to it in principle, but remains unconvinced
that it is a worldwide problem. Noting Brazil's categorization of US
interests in jamming as similar to their own interests in national
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broadcasting, we believe that Brazil would be willing to work with the
United States on the jamming issue if there were an appropriate quid pro
quo.
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Bulgaria
1. Planning Methods. We believe Bulgaria will almost certainly follow the
Soviet lead on planning methods.
2. Jamming. Embassy reporting indicates that Bulgaria acknowledges the
jamming of Radio Free Europe but denies jamming Voice Of America. Bulgaria
has reserved the right to jam any transmission it finds anti-Bulgarian or
anti-Soviet.
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Burundi
1. Planning Methods. According to embassy reporting, Burundi is expected
to take Conference positions very much in line with those of Belgium and
the United States. In June 1983, Burundi notified the ITU of 2
requirements for 10 hours of domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. Embassy reporting indicates that Burundi has expressed
agreement with the US view that jamming constitutes a violation of
international agreements and human rights.
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Cameroon
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Cameroon concurs
with the need for flexibility and should be willing to work with the United
States, but that it will vote its national interests wherever they are
clearly at stake. According to State Department re-porting of bilateral
discussion with telecommunications officials from Cameroon, the officials
see the present planning procedure, Article 17, as a free for all and think
that the procedure needs more structure. These officials think that the
larger broadcasters enjoy an advantage over other broadcasters. They want
a new procedure that gives true equality and genuine equitable access to
all nations. In June 1983, Cameroon submitted 10 requirements totalling
100 hours of domestic broadcasting to the IFRB.
2. Jamming. According to embassy reporting, Cameroon usually abstains or
is absent when US/Soviet issues arise.
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Canada
1. Planning Methods. According to bilateral and multilateral discussions,
the United States and Canada are in very close accord on planning methods.
We believe in the heat and dynamics of the Conference possible differences
could arise on transmitter power limitations, the use of multiple
frequencies, and the procedures for short term modifications to the plan.
In June 1983, Canada notified the ITU of 72 requirements totalling 302.5
hours, at least half of which appear to be for domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. In its proposals to the Conference, Canada submitted a draft
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Chad
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Chad will probably
go along with the general African positions, and therefore be opposed to US
positions. According to State Department reporting, Chad is expected to
favor a transmitte?. power limitation.
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Chile
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Chile favors
flexible planning over rigid planning. However, Chile was opposed to the
use of excessive power (We believe Chile would favor a maximum power
limitation.) and broadcasting the same program on multiple frequencies (The
Government of Chile believes 2 frequencies per band should be the limit.).
Chilean telecommunications officials said that jamming does not justify the
use of multiple frequencies. They prefer a gradual (10 years or longer)
phase in of single side band broadcasting. In June 1983, Chile notified
the ITU of 68 requirements totalling 511.5 hours of which 462 hours were
domestic.
2. Jamming. We do not expect the Chileans to be willing to play a role in
the jamming issue despite US Embassy reports that indicate Chilean
broadcasts are affected by jamming. Chile sees a US-USSR confrontation
over jamming as one of the major issues of the Conference. Although the
Chileans have expressed a willingness to be cooperative where US interests
coincide, we believe that they want to avoid an East-West struggle and that
voting in favor of a resolution against jamming would be as far as Chile
would want to go.
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China
o Favors the use of a definition for requirement that covers all
broadcasts to one reception area of a single program no matter
how many sites, transmitters, or administrations are involved.
o ''avors limits on transmitter power (perhaps 300KW) and on the
us,- of multiple frequencies.
o Favors special consideration for domestic services.
o Believes the Conference-selected frequencies should result in
obligatory assignments.
o Favors seasonal planning, with multiple seasonal plans forming a
long range plan.
1. Planning Methods. China 25X1
will, at least initially, favor the round by round planning method which
they have proposed to the conference. In bilateral discussions, a number
of basic differences between the United States and China on HF planning
were clarified. China:
o Would permit adjustments in the seasonal plans, but would not
take future requirements into account until the season in which
they come into effect.
o Would give protection to transmissions of inadequate power as if
adequate power were being used.
China is itself a major broadcaster, having notified the ITU of 203
requirements totalling 1026.5 hours for the June 1983 schedule.
Approximately 780 hours of this is domestic, but China broadcasts to 49 of
the 75 rec:eptioa zones. We question whether China has made a careful
assessment of the affect of its planning method on its own broadcasts.
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2. Jamming. In bilateral discussions, China indicated to the United
States that it would support actions against jamming. China's broadcasts
are jammed be the Soviets. Embassy reporting from Yugoslavia, however,
indicates that the Chinese told the Yugoslavs that they would prefer the
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issue of jamming not be discussed at the Conference. 25X1
3. Political Issues. Based on reporting from US-Chinese bilateral
discussions, we believe the Chinese would support an anti- Israeli action
at the Conference, but see no indication that they would be the
instigators.
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Colombia
1. Planning Methods. We have little information on the positions the
Colombian delegation will support at HF-WARC. According to State
Department reporting, the Colombian HF-WARC delegation attended the
November 1984 CITEL meeting which centered on HF broadcasting. According
to a US Government Report, Bogota reported 33 shortwave requirements aqd
594 hours of transmissions in June 1983. We estimate that all of
Colombia's shortwave broadcasting is aimed at domestic audiences.
2. Jamming. We have no information on the Colombian position on jamming.
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Congo
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that the Congo will
probably support Non-Aligned planning proposals (a-priori) unless technical
arguments can be persuasive in demonstrating that this is not in their
national interest. Congo is reported to be an experienced broadcaster by
African standards and seldom puts politics ahead of national interests.
Approaches should be strictly technical since the USSR is the principal
arms supplier for this Non-Aligned nation. In June 1983, Congo notified
the ITU of 8 requirements totalling 73 hours. We estimate that at least 61
of these are domestic.
2. Jamming. State Department reporting indicates that is probable that
Congo will oppose the US position on jamming, seeing it as an East-West
political issue being raised to condemn the USSR. Congolese broadcasts are
not known to be affected by jamming.
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Costa Rica
1. Planning Methods. We have no information about Costa Riga's plans for
the HF-WARC. According to State Department reporting, negotiations are
underway between the United States and Costa Rica to place a medium wave
Voice of America transmitter in Costa Rica. Other State Department reports
indicate that in August Costa Rica hcsted a regional seminar on
telecommunications in connection with World Telecommunications Year. These
reports indicate that the Center for Telecommunications for the Third World
(CETTEM), located in Costa Rica, sponsored this event. Accurding to a US
Government report, Costa Rica reported 7 shortwave requirements and 117
broadcasting hours to the ITU in June 1983. Based on this report, we
estimate that all hours were targeted either domestically or to the local
region.
2. Jamming. We have no information Costa Rican support for the jamming
issue at HF-WARC. However, since it appears that Costa Rica will soon be a
VOA host country, we estimate that Costa Rican delegates will at least give
the United States mute support.
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Cuba
1. Planning Methods. In our judgment, the !'uban delegation will attempt
to combine Soviet and Non-Aligned positions as best it can. According to a
US Government report, Cuba reported 78 HF-broadcasting requirements and 430
hours of transmissions to the ITU in June 1983. The report also indicates
that Cuba does a small amount of shortwave broadcasting for the Soviet
Union, 2 requirements and 17 hours. From information in this report, we
estimate that 125 of these hours were. directed to the Caribbean region. In
late November, FBIS monitoring of Havana Television intercepted an
interview about shortwave broadcasting with an official from the Cuban
Ministry of Communications. The official stated that Cuba broadcasts 132
hours of HF-transmissions daily in eight languages and that 85 percent of
this programming is aimed at the American Continent. He also announced
that Radio Havana soon plans to increase its power to cover more areas.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, Cuba has refused to
discuss the interference it produces for US radio stations and it threatens
to create even more once Radio Marti (mediumwave) gets on the air. In
December 1981, the Cuban delegation walked out of the ITU Region 2
Broadcasting Conference in Rio de Janeiro over the Radio Marti issue.
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Cyprus
1. Planning Methods.. The United Kingdom should be able to provide a clear
picture of the Cyprus position on planning methods. The US Embassy reports
that Cyprus is normally supportive of Non-Aligned positions and that since
Cyprus itself does no HF broadcasting, it will probably align itself. with
the Non-Aligned at the HF-WARC. We are uncertain of this assessment since
Cyprus hosts the British Broadcasting Corporation. In June 1983, Cyprus
notified the ITU of 46 requirements totalling 139.25 hours on behalf of the
United Kingdom.
2. Jamming. We expect Cyprus to be supportive of the US and UK views.
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Czechoslovakia
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy officials in Prague predict that
Czechoslovakia will faithfully follow the Soviet lead at this Conference
and so we judge that Czechoslovakia will support a flexible, seasonal
approach to planning. According to a US Government report, Czechoslovakia
report 29 HF-broadcasting requirements, totalling 155 transmission hours.
Based on this report, we estimate that 52 of these hours were directed for
domestic or local-regional audiences.
2. Jamming. State Department reporting and past practice indicates that
Czechoslovakia will oppose a resolution on jamming. A glimpse of
Czechoslovakian views of US international broadcasts is seen in a press
report of August 1983 where the following appeared in Prague International:
"It is a generally known fact that the heckling American Radio Free
Europe sends out canards. It is also known that Voice of
America likes to twist facts to campaign against Socialist
countries."
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Denmark
1. Planning Methods. Denmark favors flexible planning according to US
Embassy reporting. The Danes, however, support the submission of program
requirements to the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) for
input to a computerized algorithm; the IFRB would then assign the resultant
frequencies to countries. Each country would be guaranteed a minimum,
regardless of its ability to use the frequencies assigned. Denmark,
although opposed to jamming, is also opposed to the methods used to
overcome jamming, i.e. multiple frequencies and increased power. In June
1983, Denmark notified 16 requirements totalling 14.5'hours, which it
spread over 25 CIRAF zones.
2. Jamming. According to embassy reporting, Denmark deplores jamming.
About 50 percent of Denmark's external service is reportedly affected by
jamming. It is believed that this jamming is usually aimed at broadcasts
on adjacent frequencies.
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Ecuador
1. Planning Methods. Reporting from bilateral discussions indicates that
Ecuador is in substantial agreement with the United States and will work to
foster common interests, but it should not be asked to take the lead in
controversial matters. Ecuador favors short-term flexible planning, no
increase in IFRB authority, and, at most, a 500KW limit on transmitter
power. A cautionary note was also present in the bilateral discussions,
the Government of Ecuador could support band segmentation to permit a
low-power national shortwave service and as a developing country had a
natural bent for planning and might be receptive to a longer range plan.
In June 1983, Ecuador notified 53 requirements totalling 228 hours, not
more than 91 of which were domestic.
2. Jamming. Ecuador will probably support the US position on the
technical consequences of jamming, according to bilateral reporting. The
reporting indicates that Ecuador will probably avoid any political debates
on this issue and, since it believes its broadcasts are not affected by
jamming, should probably be expected to be relatively passive in its
support.
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Egypt
1. Planning Methods. Egypt's position on planning methods is not known,
but given its current efforts to improve relations with its neighbors and
its position as only a moderate broadcaster, Egypt should probably be
expected to support Arab Telecommunications Union views. In June 1983,
Egypt notified the ITU of 37 requirements totalling 142.75 hours. We
estimate that not more than 70 hours of this time was intended for domestic
audiences.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, Egypt will be especially
supportive of any anti-jamming measures. Egypt's broadcasts are believed
to experience only minor difficulties with jamming.
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Ethiopia
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting from late
December 1983, the Ethiopian officials have not replied to copies of the US
positions for HF-WARC and have given no indication of their own positions.
US Embassy officials predicted, based on Ethiopias voting in the United
Nations, that Ethiopia will be on the other side cf the fence at this
conference. According to a US Government report, Ethiopia informed the ITU
of 5 shortwave-broadcasting requirements and 82 hours of transmission in
June 1983. We estimate that 80 of these hours were targeted for domestic
audiences.
2. Jamming. We have no information on the position Ethiopia will take on
jamming at the HF-WARC.
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Federal Republic of Germany
1. Planning Methods. Extensive bilateral discussions and past experience
indicate that the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) will be among our
staunchest allies on this issue.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, the FRG believes
that the best the antagonist of jamming can do might be to get a resolution
noting the ill effects of jamming and condemning the action.
3. Political Issues. State Department reporting indicates that the FRG
will work with the United States to avoid potentially damaging side issues
such as Israeli credentials, West Berlin representation, and the Falklands,.
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Finland
1. Planning Methods. Because of past Nordic coordination efforts, we
believe that Finland will adopt a position on planning methods which is
similar to Denmark's, i.e. short term but potentially favoring an
increased role fo>- the IFRB.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, Finland would not be able
to support a resolution directly attacking those responsible for jamming.
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France
1. Planning.Methods. Bilateral discussions have resulted in agreements to
pursue Method 5, the Canadian computer-based approach, in conjunction with
Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United
States at the outset of the Conference. France, however, believes that the
LDCs may find this planning method essentially no different than Article
17, the current planning method, and, therefore, unacceptable. France
favors short term, flexible planning. In,June 1983, France notified the
ITU of 79 requirements totalling 330 hours. We estimate that virtually all
of the hours were targeted for international audiences.
2. Jamming. According to reporting from bilateral discussions, France
recognizes the ill effects of jamming, views it as a political issue, and
suffers little from it since most French broadcasts are directed to Africa.
France was noncommittal on the issue during bilaterals, but we believe
France would support both the technical consideration of jamming and a
jamming resolution. It is unlikely, however, that France would be willing
to be outspoken on jamming issues.
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Gambia
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Gambia will almost
certainly follow a common African line at the Conference, i.e. favor a more
rigid planning scheme. Although Gambia has no HF broadcasting at present,
it wishes to assure itself of at least one frequency for the future and
will attend the Conference.
2. Jamming. Since Gambia has no HF broadcasting at present., Gambia will
almost certainly remain silent and follow the African lead on this issue.
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German Democratic Republic
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embassy reporting from East Berlin,
the head of the International Section of the GDR Ministry for Post and
Telecommunications stated that although he thought politics would polarize
the HF-WARC, he hoped that technical innovations might help overcome the
political ones, giving more space to developing countries without taking
away from the countries which now heavily use the HF bands. He also stated
that the GDR does not expect instant results from this session and would be
agreeable to stretching out the work of the Conference over several
sessions. According to a US Government report, East Berlin reported 63
HF-broadcasting requirements and 212.75 hours of transmission in June 1983.
Based on information in this report, we estimate that 68 of these hours
were targeted domestically.
2. Jamming. We have no direct information on how East Germany will stand
on jamming, but we believe that it will support the Soviet cause.
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Ghana
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, Ghana is
expected to follow the Third World, Non-Aligned lead at this Conference.
These reports indicate that Ghana lost eight frequencies because of an
equipment breakdown and it wants to reapply for those it lost. According
to a US Government report, Ghana informed the ITU of 15 HF-broadcast:'.ng
requirements, totalling 61.5 hours of transmission in June 1983. Based on
information in this report, we estimate that 40 hours were for domestic
broadcasting. US Embassy reporting indicates that until 1970, Ghana had an
extensive international service but it had to suspend broadcasting because
of equipment malfunctions. The Government hopes to provide more regional
coverage by 1985 through the aid of the German Frederick Eberh Foundation
and with help from Japan.
2. Jamming. Telecommunications officials from Ghana told US Embassy
officials that Ghana's broadcasts are not affected by. jamming but the
broadcasts experience interference from more powerful stations such ns
Radio Nigeria. The officials also thought some broadcasting problems were
caused by frequency overlap and atmospheric conditions such as the West
African Echo. However, they believed that these problems could be overcome
if their equipment were upgraded. (There has been no refurbishment of
equipment since 1967.) Furthermore, the telecommunications officials
stated that they felt jamming is a technical matter that should be dealt
with on a technical basis.
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Greece
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy reporting suggests that Greece is likely
to be passive and neutral at the HF-WARC and does not recommend a high
level approach for support. Embassy officials note that Voice of America
(VOA) facilities continue to operate under an agreement which expired in
1978 and that several related issues are internally sensitive for Greece.
Greece does international broadcasting of its own, in addition to that of
the VOA from Rhodes and Kavala. In June 1983, Greece notified the ITU of
98 requirements totalling 221.75 hours. These hours included VOA's share.
2. Jamming. US Embassy reporting indicates that Greece may see jamming as
an East-West political issue not properly addressed at a technical
Conference. Embassy officials suggest that demonstration of the harmful
effects of jamming on Greek broadcasts, if possible, might be effective in
altering this view.
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Guyana
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Guyr.na favors
special considerations for the developing countries and a long period for
the introduction of Single Side Band broadcasting.
2. Jamming. Guyana condemns jamming, according to US Embassy reporting,
but believes that there are times when it might be an appropriate action.
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Honduras
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embrssy reporting, Honduras will
probably favor flexible planning and be generally supportive of US views at
the HF-WARC. 25X1
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, Honduras is fervently
anti- Soviet and likely to favor any anti-jamming activity.
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Hungary
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embassy reporting from Budapest,
Hungarian Foreign Ministry officials, after studying the US positions for
HF-WARC, informed embassy officials that they agreed with some of the US
ideas but they would not specify which ones. The officials also indicated
that while presently (19 December) the government was submitting no
proposals of its own, discussions with other states were underway and they
were considering a joint proposal. In our opinion, Hungary will follow the
Soviet lead and support a flexible approach to planning which requires
seasonal submissions. According to a US Government report, Hungary
informed the ITU of 50 HF-broadcasting requirements, totalling 120 hours of
transmission. Based on information from the same report, we estimate that
84 of these hours were for domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. State Department reports indicate that Hungary can be
expected to favor a technical approach on the Conference issues. The
reports also states that Hungary does not jam Western radio transmissions
ant. is receptive to opportunities for bilateral dialogue with the United
States and ways to "demonstrate its international good citizenship
credentials" on technical multilateral questions. However, US Embassy
officials warn that it would be unrealistic to expect full support on
political issues such as jamming. They predict that Hungary give the
Soviets relatively restrained, but not necessarily loyal, support.
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Iceland
1. Plannirg Methods. We have no reporting on the positions Iceland favors
for HF-WARC. According to a US Government report, Iceland did not inform
the ITU of any HF-broadcasting requirements in June 1983. 25X1
2. Jamming. We have no information on the stance Iceland's delegates will
take on jamming at HF-WARC.
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India
1. Planning Methods. We expect India to be among the forefront of LDC
spokesmen touting long term (3-4 years), relatively rigid planning.
Reports from observers at the International Institute for Communications
meeting in Aruba that India's position was moderating are believed to be
reflected more in the vein of flexible modification procedures for use
during the course of the plan and in the definition of equity more along
the lines of equal opportunity than precisely equal shares. It should be
noted, however, that this view is in India's national interests since India
is a large broadcaster. India has consistently expressed the view, since
before the 1979 WARC, that LDC's should not be disadvantaged because they
are late comers. India has also expressed concern over the use of multiple
frequencies. We expect India to favor increased authority for the IFRB.
Although US Embassy reporting indicates that India will argue that domestic
and international broadcasting should be considered equally, we doubt. that
India will be consistent in this regard. In June 1983, India notified the
ITU of 171 requirements totalling 485.25 hours. We estimate that some 427
were for domestic use. India's national interests would be well served by
a planning method favoring national broadcasting and India is not known for
taking international positions which contradict its national interests.
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2. Jamming. According to reporting from bilateral discussions, India may
well be our most effective opponent on jamming. India appears to believe
that jamming is a political issue that should not be allowed to disrupt the
major focus and objective of the Conference. India does not believe that
its broadcasts suffer from jamming.
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Indonesia
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy reporting reveals no decisive action by
Indonesia on this issue but hypothesizes that Indonesia is likely to follow
ASEAN and Non-Aligned positions as discussed and promulgated in meetings in
Geneva just prior to the Conference. In our judgment, Indonesia may favor
a transmitter power limitation since it believes its broadcasts are
affected by interference from high-power Chinese broadcasts. In June 1983,
Indonesia notified the ITU of 72 requirements totalling 317 hours. We
estimate the majority were for domestic audiences.
2. Jamming. US Embassy reporting indicates that Indonesia will support
the United States on jamming issues. Indonesian broadcasts are not
believed to be affected by jamming.
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Iran
1. Planning Methods. We have no reporting on the positions Tian plans to
pursue at HF-WARC. Iran is a member of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting
Union. According to a US Government report, Iran informed the ITU of 9
shortwave-broadcasting requirements totalling 54.25 hours of transmission
in June 1983. Information from the same report suggests that 3 of these
hours were domestic.
2. Jamming. We do not know how Iran plans to react to issues dealing with
jamming at this Conference. Tehran International Turkish broadcast a
program in August 1983 about foreign radios. The broadcast put all
international broadcasts -- East and West -- in the same category:
"Although the method applied by Moscow Radio in constructing
sentences in its propaganda casts differs slightly from that of
western radios, the line it pursues is the same. That is to
say, they all hold the Islamic Republic of Iran solely
responsible for the prolonged war."
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Iraq
1. Planning Methods. We have no reporting o?i the positions which Iraq
plans to support at HF-WARC. Iraq is a member of the Arab States
Broadcasting Union and also participates in the Gulf News Agency which
includes the six Gulf Cooperation Council Countries plus Iraq. We have no
reason to doubt that Iraq would pursue an independent approach, at least
initially, to this Conference. According to a US Government report, Iraq
informed the ITU of 19 HF-broadcasting requirements and 142 broadcast hours
in June 1983. From information in this report, we estimate that 83 of
these hours were for domestic communication.
2. Jamming. We have no information on how Iraq plans to approach jamming
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Ireland
1. Planning Methods. We have no information on how Ireland plans to
handle this Conference. According to a US Government report, Ireland did
not inform the ITU of any HF-broadcasting requirements in June 1983.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, in late 1983, the Dutch
government approached Western signatories of the 1936 League of Nations
Convention on Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace with a plea to renounce
the Treaty prior to the HF conference. Embassy reporting indicates that
Ireland did not respond to the DutGn demarche.
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Israel
1. Planning Methods. We have no reporting on the planning methods which
Israel plans to support at HF-WARC. According to a US Government report,
Israel informed the ITU of 51 HF-broadcasting requirements and 133 hours of
transmission in June 1983. Based on this report, in our judgment, all of
this broadcasting was international.
2. Jamming. We have no reporting on Israel's proposed stand on jamming
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Italy
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy reporting indicates that Italy is
expected to be generally supportive of US positions on planning,
particularly where those positions are backed with strong technical
arguments. In June 1983, Italy notified the ITU of 110 requirements
totalling 188 hours. We estimate that well over half were Italian
broadcasts intended for domestic or regional audiences.
2. Jamming. US Embassy reporting indicates that Italy will probably avoid
the East-West political side of the jamming issue. We believe that Italy
is unlikely to be vocal on jamming issues but will probably vote with the
United States on most jamming issues. Italy's broadcasts are affected by
jamming which is intended for others, but Italy professes no knowledge of
the source of the jamming.
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Ivory Coast
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, the Ivory
Coast has met with several African organizations to prepare positions for
the HF-WARC-- Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricuenne, African Postal
and Telecommunications Union (UAPT), and the Panafrican Telecommunications
Union (UPAT). A Ministry of Post and Telecommunications official told US
Embassy personnel that LDC flexibility hinges on developed country
willingness to compromise. He said that the LDCs should be allocated
frequencies within the existing HF bands because most LDCs lack the
equipment to exploit the new bands. According to State Department
reporting, the PTT Minister told US officials that the interests of the
small and developing countries must be protected and that these countries
want a more equitable allocation of the existing frequencies. According to
a US Government report, Ivory Coast informed the ITU of 2 HF-broadcasting
requirements and 36 hours of transmissions in June 1983. We estimate that
all the hours were for domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, the PTT Minister
noted that Ivorian Radio transmissions are often subjected to heavy
interference, but he was uncertain of the source. We have received no
information on how the Ivory Coast will respond on the jamming issue at
HF-WARC, however, according to State Department reporting, the PTT Minister
expressed an interest in receiving the American position when available.
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Jamaica
1. Planning Methods. The Jamaican HF-WARC delegate told US Embassy
personnel in'Kingston that he will support those measures he believe
workable and profitable. The delegate appeared to be to have read Western
Conference proposals and remarked about their similarity. Jamaica is a
Non-Aligned nation and will probably, at least initially listen to BONAC
guidelines. According to a US Government report, Jamaica did not inform
the ITU of shortwave-broadcasting requirements in June 1983.
2. Jamming. State Department cables indicate that the Jamaican delegate
to HF-WARC agrees in principle to the US position in the area related to
jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, the British High Commission
told the US post that the Jamaican Foreign Minister would not object to a
proposal for installing VOA transmitters in the Cayman Islands.
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Japan
1. Planning Methods. Japan has submitted a planning method which is in
strong opposition to US interests for consideration by the Conference. The
plan is a computerized planning method which:
o Gives the IFRB frequency assignment authority.
o Is based on the principle of giving each country the same number
of frequencies.
o Calls for the submission of prioritized requirements (resulting
in the loss of frequencies and unsatisfied requirements for
large users)
o Fails to take jamming into account.
o On the positive side, is a'short term method, i.e. seasonal.
State Department reports indicate that in bilateral discussions with the
United States, the Japanese admitted to considerable flexibility in their
proposal to accommodate US objections. Tokyo
o Reaffirmed its intention to be counted in the Western Group as
well as its interest in coordinating its position with other
Western countries.
o Said that it would drop its plan'if the plan is opposed by
Western countries.
o Said that it doesn't really want to give the IFRB greater
authority.
o Indicated that it can accept flexible planning.
However, should the Conference, including Western countries, like all or
parts of the Japanese plan, we believe that the Japanese delegates would
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use this support to salvage as much of thir proposal as possible. Japan is
in the process of expanding its international broadcasting activity.
Agreements with Thailand, Panama, and Gabon to set up r charter relay
stations in the future have recently (summer/fall 1981) been concluded. In
June 1983, Japan notified the ITU of 71 requirements totalling 345.5 hours.
In our judgment, approximately 227 hours of the June submissions appear to
be for domestic purposes.
2. Jamming. In bilateral discussions, Japan stated that its planning
method did not take jamming into account because jar,ming is illegal.
Although Japanese actions on jamming at the Conference have not been
revealed, we believe the Japanese will probably support the United States
on this issue. State Department reporting indicates that not only are the
Japanese officials embarrassed by US and Japanese differences on planning
methods but also they have recognized the harmful effects of jamming,
conducted independent studies of same, and their own broadcasts suffer from
jamming. The Japanese government reports that the 11 and 15 MHz bands are
subject to jamming about 50 percent of the time over Japan. The studies
showed the source of the jamming to be the USSR and Eastern Europe.
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Jordan
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department cables, the General
Director of Jordan's Telecommunications Corporation stated that Jordan is
inclined to support the current flexible seasonal coordination process. US
Embassy personnel in Amman believe that Jordan will be heavily influenced
by the Arab States Telecommunication Union positions. The
Telecommunications Corporation official also he stated that Jordan plans to
expand its international broadcasting to the United States, South America,
and the Far East and negotiations are underway for financing three 500 KW
transmitters. Other State Department reporting points out that Jordan has
only a small HF-broadcasting service and it is not the primary means of
domestic broadcasting. A US Government report indicates that Jordan
informed the ITU of 6 shortwave requirements and 35.5 broadcasting hours in
June 1983. Based on information in this report, we estimate that all of
Jordan's HF-broadcasting is for domestic purposes.
2. Jamming. US Embassy cables report that jamming is not a problem in
Jordan. We have no indication of Jordan's stance on jamming for this
conference. According to State Department reporting, the Jordanian
Ministry of Information takes the lead in developing policy positions for
the conference, while people from the Telecommunications Corporation handle
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Kenya
1. Plannng Methods. During bilateral discussions with Kenyan Ministry of
Communications officials, the Kenyans told US Embassy officials that on key
issues the Kenyan stand will not be unsimilar to that of the United States.
During this discussion US officials perceived a note of developing world
skepticism, especially when the Kenyans stressed the need for openness by
developed countries, particularly the United States. According to a US
Government report, Kenya did not inform the ITU of shortwave broadcasting
in June 1983.
2. Jamming. US Embassy officials report that on questioning Kenyan
officials about jamming, they got a minimal response. The US personnel
predicted that Kenya will probably attempt to be neutral, however, they
thought the Kenyans might be prepared to discuss the technical aspects of
jamming.
3. Transmitter Power. According to State Department reporting, the
Kenyans support limits on transmitter power, but they mentioned no specific
limit.
4. Single Side Band. US Embassy officials stated that Kenyan officials
think that the developed world should take the lead in the introduction of
single side band broadcasting so that additional spectrum will be
available.
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Korea (South)
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Korea will favor
any of planning methods 1,4,6, and 7, i.e. all of which the United States
opposes. This reporting detailed many technical views of Korea, all of
which were in general accord with US views. We believe that Korea will
probably be generally supportive of the United States at the Conference and
that Korean views on planning methods might change.
2. Jamming. We expect Korea to side with the United States on most
jamming issues. Jamming is a problem for Korea. US Embassy reporting
indicates extensive interference by North Korea with South Korea's domestic
broadcasting. Korean willingness to support the United States on this
issue could be tempered by a fear of. enhanced jamming from the USSR.
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Kuwait
1. Planning Methods. According to reports from the US Embassy in Kuwait,
an official from the Kuwait Ministry of information stated that his country
will subscribe to the Arab States Broadcasting Union goal for the fullest
and most efficient use of the HF spectrum without hurting any country.
State Department reported that in October Kuwait planned to formulate
HF-WARC positions through the Gulf Coordination Council. According to a US
Government report, Kuwait informed the ITU of 9 shortwave broadcasting
requirements and 58 transmission hours in June 1983. Based on information
in this report, we estimate that 23 of these hours were for domestic or
regional audiences.
2. Jamming. We have no information on the amount of support Kuwait will
offer on the jamming issue.
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Libya
1. Planning Methods. We have no reporting on the positions Libya will
support at HF-WARC. Libya is a member of the Arab State Broadcasting Union
and, in our opinion, probably support the Union's goals. According to a US
Government report, Libya informed the ITU of 6 HF-broadcasting
requirements, totalling 56 broadcast hours. Based on informatio:Z in the
same report, we estimate that 55 hours were for domestic purposes.
2. Jamming. We have no Embassy reporting on the position Libya will take
on jamming at the HF-WARC, however, according to State Department cables,
both the Tunisian Director General of Telecommunications and the Tunisian
Ambassador in Washington informed US officials that Libya has jammed
Tunisian broadcasts from time to time.
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Madagascar
requirements for 56 broadcasting hours.
1. Planning Methods. In our judgment, Malagsy delegates will follow th-,
lead of the BONAC. However, US Embassy officials feel that a recent
improved bilateral relations with the United States will make Malagsy
officials more accessible to arguments for moderation. According to US
Embassy officials, Madagascar's approach to the -ipcoming conference is
likely to be more determined by ideological considerations and the
Government's self image as a "progressive" state than by practical
considerations. According to State Department reporting, Madagascar does
no international broadcasting and its plans in that direction are vague.
But Madagascar does use HF-frequencies for domestic use, a US Government
study indicates that in June 1983 Madagascar had 23 HF-broadcasting
2. Jamming. We have no direct information on the stand on jamming of
Madagascar. However, we think that Madagascar will look to BONAC for
advice, and most likely would view jamming as an East-West issue, unrelated
to its own broadcasting interests. 25X1
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Malaysia
1. Planning Methods. US State Department reporting from this summer
indicated that while Malaysia is generally satisfied with the current
system and would not want to see a shift to long-term planning, its
ultimate positions would be influenced by a desire to maintain ASEAN
solidarity and to a lesser degree to support LDC solidarity. In our
judgment, Malaysia will follow the guidelines established by the Asia-
Pacific Broadcasting Union.
2. Jamming. We have no direct information on Malaysia's position on
jamming. However, on this question we believe that the Malaysian
delegation will view jamming as largely an East-West issue but look to its
broadcasting union for guidance. According to US State Department
reporting, Malaysia will side with the mainstream in the interest of
solidarity.
3. Israeli Credentials. US State Department reporting indicates that the
Government of Malaysia places great value on its Islamic credentials.
While Malaysia prefers to avoid politicizing technical meeting, its
conference delegates can be expected to side with an Islamic grouping
should the Middle East situation become a conference issue.
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Malawi
1. Planning Methods. We have no information about Malawi's positions for
the upcoming conference, but FBIS reporting indicates that Malawi
coordinated its WARC positions with other South African countries.
2. Jamming. We have no information on Malawi's position on jamming. 25X1
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Mali
1. Planning Methods. !according to US State Department reporting, Mali
Ministry of Information officials stated Mali supports a flexible planning
method, an approach most conductive to world-wide cooperation as well as
Mali's future. Presently Mali does little HF broadcasting, but it hopes to
expands its capabilities. US Embassy officials warn that because HF-band
use remains an issue in the future for Mali, the government may choose to
side with African nations for which this is a current issue. Mali is
likely to follow the recommendations of The Union of National Radio and
Television Oraganizations of Africa (URTNA) and the African Postal and
Telecommunications Union.
2. Jamming. US Embassy reporting indicates that Malian officials claim
Radio Mali's broadcasts are affected by any strong signals frequenting
Mali's airwaves--particularly signals from Radio Angola and Radio
Congo--because Mali Radio's signals are so weak. Mali officials
acknowledge that planning the HF band is easier without jamming, but they
also add that the political aspects of jamming cannot be ignored. In our
judgment, Mali appears to be able to accept a technical approach a
discussion of jamming.
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Malta
1. Planning Methods. According to US State Department reporting from July
1983, L1alta may not attend the January meeting because of a lack of
professional personnel who would be available for the conference.
2. Jamming. We have no indication of Malta's stand on jamming.
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Mauritania
1. Planning Methods. State Department reporting indicates that Mauritania
uses short wave broadcasting for domestic service and does not engage in
international broadcasting. Furthermore, according to the reporting,
Mauritania has no immediate plans to expand its HF-broadcasting service.
In our judgment, the delegation from Mauritania will side with other LDCs
in advocating a planning method.
2. Jamming. US Embassy reports say that jamming is not an issue in
Mauritania. We believe that Mauritania will view jamming as an East-West
issue of little consequence to their broadcasting interests.
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Mexico
1. Planning Methods. Information from US bilateral talks with Mexican
officials in late October shows that Mexico would like to see some type of
detailed, a priori planning adopted by the conference. Although these
officials view long term planning as ideal, they realize that such a plan
may be difficult to adopt. They felt that the conference will probably
adopt a compromise or "mixed" method for planning including long term and
evolutionary elements of Article 17. According to reporting from tle
bilaterals, Mexico may propose a planning method at the conference.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, even though Mexican
officials acknowledge the technical effects of jamming on planning, they do
not support US views on jamming.
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Morocco
1. Planning Methods. In early December, Moroccan officials told US
Embassy personnel that Morocco had not formed its final positions for the
conference. State Department reporting indicates that Rabat will probably
support a fixed approach to planning. One official stated that the LDCs
will press hard for rigid planning because nothing has happened since 1979
in terms of available resources or technical capability to support a change
in their positions. The Morocco will meet with other Maghreb colleagues
and Arab states to coordinate its position. Morocco is a member of the
Arab States Broadcasting Union.
2. Jamming. Morocco is a Voice of America host country. Negotiations are
underway to expand the relay facility at Tangiers.
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Mozambique
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy officials in Maputo believe it unlikely
that Mozambique will support the US position. Mozambique uses shortwave
broadcasting for its domestic needs.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy officials, Mozambique is unlikely to
accept arguments for jamming decreases regardless of technical
considerations, because of Mozambique's close ties with the Soviet Union.
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Nepal
1. Planning Methods. Nepal, a moderate Non-Aligned LDC, according to
State Department reporting, is expected to follow the position of other NAM
moderates. The country has very limited experience in international
telecommunications issues, but US Embassy personnel believe that Nepalese
delegates will do what they can to ensure a useful, non-politicized
conference.
2. JFLmming. US Embassy officials in Kathmandu expect that the government
of Nepal will not endorse Soviet-style jamming, the justification for it,
or the view that foreign broadcasts infringe on a nation's sovereignty.
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Netherlands
1. Planning Methods. A US Government report indicates that in June 1983
the Kingdom of the Netherlands submitted 30 requirements which totaled
59.75 broadcasting hours to the ITU. The report shows that 49 of the
broadcasting hours are regional. According to official HF-WARC conference
papers, the Netherlands favors a flexible planning method that:
o Gives all countries equitable access to the HF broadcasting
bands.
o Is .sufficiently flexible to accommodate new requirements within
a reasonably short time.
o Leads to optimum efficiency in the use of the spectrum.
The Conference papers show that the Dutch approach includes:
o A procedure for drawing up seasonal plans based on a Master List
to be compiled during the second session of the conference. The
List would be based on broadcasting requirements and leave
assignment of frequencies to the IFRB.
o A statement that unless circuit reliability is below 90 percent,
a country should use only one frequency to broadcast the same
program to the same zone.
o A proposal that Single-Side Band (SSB) broadcasting should be
introduced with a transition of 7 to 20 years. The second
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session of HF-WARC would determine when all broadcasting
transmissions would be in the SSB mode.
A December 1983 State Department cable states that the Netherlands
wants to establish the year 2000 for the mandatory use of SSB.
2. Jamming. State Department reporting indicates that the Dutch have
submitted an anti-jamming resolution calling for the International
Frequency Registration Board to monitor the HF-broadcasting bands,
regularly publish its monitoring information, and submit a monitoring
report to the second session of the HF-WARC Conference. US Embassy
officials also report that the Netherlands has led a campaign to convince
signatories of the 1936 League of Nations Convention on the Use of
Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace to renounce their ratifications. So far
Sweden, Norway, Denmark and France have announced their intentions to do
so. Australia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom are considering the
action.
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New Zealand
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, New Zealand
sees rigid planning as having a negative effect on the efficiency of
spectrum use and can be expected to be supportive of US goals for the
HF-WARC. According to a US Government report, in June 1983 New Zealand
notified the ITU of 4 HF-broadcasting requirements and 20.75 transmission
hours, all of which were external broadcasts. US Emb4ssy personnel stated
that a year ago New Zealand had considered eliminating all of its
HF-broadcasting.
2. Jamming. State Department reporting predicts that New Zealand will
support the United States on jamming because it believe that jamming cuts
down on spectrum efficiency. All of New Zealand's broadcasts are subject
to interference, but officials believe that is is because of the low power
of its transmitters. They are not aware of any deliberate jamming.
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Nicaragua
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy officials in Managua believe that
Nicaragua will support any plan which allocates additional HF spectrum to
Third World countries at the expense of the West. A US Government document
indicates that Nicaragua did not notify the ITU of any H''-broadcasting in
June 1983. However, State Department reporting states that the Government
of Nicaragua operates five HF stations, at least one of which -- Voz de
Nicaragua -- is powerful enough to be heard in neighborir.g countries. US
Embassy officials in Managua predict that Nicaraguan delegates will do
nothing to preserve VOA frequency allocations, because they believe that
VOA broadcasts have a subversive domestic impact.
2. Jamming. State Department reporting indicates that while Managua is
concerned about the potential effects of jamming on its own broadcasts, it
will not actively oppose Soviet Bloc jamming. On 16 December, a Sandinista
paper attacked VOA as one of the most important, and mos. effective,
"vehicles of Yankee disinformation." US Embassy personnel believe the
article sounds like standard Soviet propaganda and may possible be Soviet
disinformation.
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Niger
1. Planning Methods. According to a US Government report, in "une 1983
Niger reported 5 HF-broadcasting requirements and 49.5 broadcasting hours
to the ITU. The document also indicated that all of Niger's
HF-broadcasting is for domestic purposes. State Department reporting
indicates that Niger will follow the lead of Ivory Coast, Senegal, and
Cameroon at the HF-WARC.
2. Jamming. US Embassy personnel in Niamey pointed out that Ninrr is
vulnerable to clandestine Libyan broadcasts. It currently has no problems
with such broadcasts, however, at the time the government looked into the
possibility of jamming anti-government transmissions. Therefore US Embassy
personnel believe that Niger will probably regard the right to jam unwanted
broadcasts as an important one.
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Nigeria
1. Planning Methods. The Government of Niger-.a has been taken over by a
strongly nationalistic military regime.
We do not know how this change
of leadership will affect Nigeria's positions at the HF-WARC.
Nigerian
officials have been noncommittal with US representatives in describing the
Nigerian approach to planning methods for the Conference. However, State
Department cables indicate that the Nigerians consider themselves have-nots
and an African leader and spokesman. Nigerian telecommunications officials
stated that Article 17, the current method of HF-planning, does not work
well and needs more structure.
Although a US Government report indicates that Nigeria did not notify
the ITU of any HF broadcasting, State Department reporting says that
Nigeria is a major African broadcaster, using the HF spectrum for both
domestic and international transmissions. The reporting indicates that
Nigeria broadcasts over 18 hours daily to all of Africa, Europe, the Mid
East, Australia, and North America.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, Nigerian broadcasts
are jammed by South Africa, but Nigerian officials have chosen to ignore
the South African effort. US WARC representatives reported that Nigerians
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officials indicated that they may support a conference resolution dealing
with jamming.
3. Transmitter Power. State Department reporting indicates that Nigeria
uses five 500 kilowatt transmitters in its HF broadcasting. F- -1 25X1
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Norway
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, the
government of Norway supports US positions for the HF-WARC. A US
Government report indicates that in June 1983 Norway notified the ITU of 96
HF-broadcasting requirements and 94 transmitting hours (26 hours were
regional). According to US Embassy reporting, Norway broadcasts to
Norwegians abroad. Its transmissions go to Africa, North America, the
Middle East, cud ships. State Department reporting indicates that Norway
plans to upgrade its shortwave broadcasting capabilities in the next five
years. As part of its improvement plan it would open another station.
Currently, Norway uses five transmitters from one location for its HF
broadcasting.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, Norwegian shortwave
broadcasts are affected by strong Soviet jamming. However, the Norwegians
believe that the jamming is the effect of spill over from the jamming of
other frequencies and that their transmissions are not the principal
target. In 1981, Norway raised the issue with the Soviets, but the problem
continued. In the spring of 1983, the Norwegian Telecommunication Union
and the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions complained to their Foreign
Ministry. Apparently elements of the Norwegian government have raised the
issues with Moscow.
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Oman
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embassy reporting, Oman will follow
the lead of the Arab States Broadcasting Union on conference issues and it
is also coordinating its positions with the Permanent Telecommunications
Committee of the Gulf States. Oman supports increased assignments for
smaller countries. We believe that Oman will be friendly toward US views
on planning, but are uncertain of their potential reaction to political
pressures to go along with other Arab states on a joint position. Oman is
a host country for U.K. broadcasting. In June 1983 Oman notified 6
requirements totalling 41 hours of broadcast time for its own use. A US
Government report indicates that all of Oman's transmissions are targeted
for the local region. State Department reporting indicates that in
addition to its domestic broadcasting, Oman broadcasts to South Yemen and
other Gulf States. The Oman government wants to put in a 100 KW
transmitter to enable broadcasting to North and East Africa.
2. Jamming. Embassy reporting indicates that Oman was sympathetic to our
concerns about jamming, but that Omani broadcasts were not affected by
jamming. However, Radio Oman does experience some side band interference
from Irani, Chinese, and Soviet broadcasting.
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Pakistan
1. Planning Methods. We believe that Pakistan will be generally
sympathetic to U.S. views on planning methods. However, US Embassy
officials warn that the United States will not win Pakistan's across the
board support, because Pakistan shares LDC concerns about the ITU. Embassy
reporting states that Pakistan is dissatisfied with the current
administrative arrangements for use of the spectrum and favors more
discipline and ground rules for dealing with violators. It is possible
that these sentiments could translate into expecting large users to cut
back on the number of requirements submitted. In June 1983 Pakistan did
not notify the IFRB of any broadcasting requirements. However, State
Department reporting indicates that Pakistan's shortwave broadcasting is
primarily domestic with 10 percent of the transmissions targeted for
emmigrant Pakistani workers in the Gulf Region.
2. Jamming. Pakistan is expected to be a strong supporter of the US
position on jamming. At the 1979 WARC Pakistan spoke out, on its own
initiative, against jamming. Embassy reporting this summer confirms the
Pakistani attitude and notes that Pakistan believes that its broadcasts are
indirectly affected by Soviet jamming.
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Panama
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department from July 1983, a
Panamanian telecommunication official was unsure about his country's
participation at the HF-WARC because Panama does no shortwave
broadcasting. The official said that earlier in the year the country had
considered expanding its broadcasting outside of the country using the HF
bands, however, he had recommended against such an expansion.
2. Jamming. We have no information on the Government of Panama's attitude
toward jamming.
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Papua New Guinea
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Papua New Guinea
believes that a flexible planning approach is the only sensible way to
proceed. Papua New Guinea's proposals for the HF-WARC indicate that it:
o Wants a distinction between national and international
broadcasting and assured protection for domestic service.
o Supports 9 KHz channel spacing.
o Support adoption of a 27 dB co-channel protection ratio for use
in national broadcasting.
o Wants the Conference establish minimum transmitter power levels
and thinks that an overall maximum power level would be
desirable.
o Believes the maximum number of frequencies per program to any
one zone should be restricted to one. However, it realizes that
due to "propagation difficulties", the use of several
frequencies in different bands is required for reliable service.
o Welcomes the eventual introduction of Single Side Bands
transmissions, but would like to see a gradual changeover with a
transition period to allow for the existing Double Side Band
equipment to reach the end of its useful life.
A US Government report indicates that in June 1983 Papua New Guinea
notified the ITU of 7 HF-broadcasting requirements totalling 63 hours of
broadcasting. According to State Department reporting, Papua New Guinea's
HF broadcasting is limited to domestic use of the tropical bands. However,
Papua New Guinea's proposals submitted to the ITU indicate that it plans to
move into international service.
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2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting Papua New Guinea will
support the US position on jamming. Papua New Guinea broadcasts are not
known to be affected by jamming.
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Paraguay
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting of July
1983, Panama had not yet decided about HF-WARC participation. A US
Government report indicates that in June 1983, Paraguay notified the IFRB
of 22 requirements totalling 149 hours of transmission. Of the total, 119
hours were broadcast to the local region.
2. Jamming. We have no information on Paraguay's position on jamming.
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Peru
1. Planning Methods. According to a report by US State Department
officials who attended Conference of Inter-American Telecommunications
(CITEL) meetings with Peru in November, Peru appears to favor long term a
priori planning. The reporting also indicates that Peruvian officials want
to differentiate between national and international broadcasting and
believe that national broadcasting should be protected from the
interference of international broadcasting. Furthermore, Peruvian
officials think that a country should be allowed to specify the frequencies
it plans to use for broadcasting when it submits its requirements to the
IFRB. A US government document shows that Peru did not notify the ITU of
any HF-broadcasting in June 1983.
2. Jamming. According to US State Department reports of the CITEL meeting
in November, Peruvian officials support more monitoring and reporting on
jamming. They believe that there should be increased coordination within
Region 2 -- the America:;.
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Philippines
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that the Philippines
will be fully supportive of US positions on planning methods. The
Philippines is a VOA host country. In June 1983 the Philippines notified
129.requirements totalling 339 hours, not more than 10 of which were
domestic.
According to ITU documents, the Philippines HF-WARC conference proposal
includes the following:
o The Conference should develop the concept of "required service
area" which might be defined as an area within which an a
country meets required technical criteria.
o The subdivision of a reception zone should be precisely defined
with geographic coordinates of a reference point.
o Transmissions may not be classified as "National" and
"International" but to facilitate planning may be classified as
short distance (0 to 2,000 km) and long distance (beyond 2,000
km).
o The Conference should adopt a 27 dB protection ratio.
o Normally one frequency should be used for transmitting one
program to the same area, however, two frequencies may be
permitted when it is justified by the size of the service area
or changes in ionospheric conditions. The Conference should
support the use of synchronized transmissions to achieve
extended area coverage.
o Planning must be on the basis of equal rights of all
administrations.
o Sites and criteria developed during this Conference must be
based exclusively on Double Side Band emissions as specified by
the 1979 WARC.
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o The planning method adopted must recognize factors of large
numbers of requirements for a limited spectrum, the existence of
jamming, and equal treatment of all requirements. The method
should use the computer as much as possible.
2. Jamming. Embassy reporting indicates that the Philippines will be
fully supportive of US positions on jamming. National Telecommunications
Communications officials told a US representative that China and Burma had
expressed concern about broadcasts eminating from the Phillippines.
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Poland
1. Planning Methods. We believe that Poland will follow the Soviet line
-- adherence to Article 17 -- at the HF-WARC. A US Government report
indicates that Poland notified the ITU of 115 HF-broadcasting requirements
and 290.5 transmission hours in June 1983. The report also indicates that
211 of these transmission hours were domestic/regional.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, in light of the current
controversy over Radio Free Europe and Voice of America Polish language
broadcasts, the United States cannot expect any support from Poland on the
jamming issue. The reporting also states that Poland is likely to support
any measures that might limit US ability to continue such broadcasts.
According to information from Voice of America, Poland interfered with
British medium wave broadcasts when Walesa was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize by counter-broadcasting on the same frequency. This is the second
instance of such interference (the first occurred during the imposition of
martial law). In both instances, Polish officials insisted that a
transmitter malfunction caused the interference.
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Portugal
1. Planning Methods. Embassy reporting indicates that Portugal will be
generally supportive of US positions, but it will go with the West only as
long as its own interests are protected. The reporting also states that
Portugal will avoid a vocal or out front role in the Conference.
US Embassy cables state that Portugal prefers the Canadian planning method
but also sees merit in the Chinese round by round approach. Portugal, a
host country for RFE/RL broadcasting, notified 143 requirements totalling
619.75 hours in June 1983. Not more than 44 of these hours were for
domestic broadcasting. According to State Department reporting, Portugal
now uses four frequencies for its own broadcasting, but would like to
obtain a fifth through this Conference.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, Portugal is expected to be
fully supportive of US positions on jamming. It proposes that the
Conference develop sanctions against jamming. Embassy officials state that.
Portugal agrees with the principle of free-flow of information and has
antipathy for the manipulation of communication as practiced by the Soviet
Union.
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Qatar
1. Planning Principles. We have no direct information on Qatar's position
on planning principles, but we believe that it will follow the lead set by
the Arab States Broadcasting Union and the Permanent Telecommunications
Committee of Gulf States. According to a US Government report, in June
1983, Qatar notified the ITU of 5 shortwave-broadcasting requirements
totalling 38 transmission hours. We believe that 31 of these are directed
regionally.
2. Jamming. We have no direct information on Qatar's position on jamming.
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Romania
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, Rc--:aania has
pretensions of solidarity with the Third World. We believe that Bucharest
will follow the Non-Aligned States positions on planning methods. US
Embassy officials point out that politicizing HF issues will drive Romania
toward LDC consensus and subject Romanian delegates to Warsaw Pact
pressure. According to a US Government report in June 1983, Romania
notified the ITU of 375 HF-broadcasting requirements and 777.25
transmission hours. We believe that 116 of these were broadcast
regionally. According to US Embassy reporting, most of Bucharest's
shortwave broadcasting is targeted internationally.
2. Jamming. Romania does not jam broadcasts, but US Embassy officials
believe that Romania would be pleased to see others put the clamps on
Western broadcasts.
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Rwanda
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy reporting indice..es that Rwanda will most
likely favor a priori planning and follow any LDC lead. According to a US
Government report in June 1983, Rwanda notified the ITU of 21
HF-broadcasting requirements and 54.25 broadcast hours. We believe that at
least 27 of these hours were for domestic broadcasting. State Department
reports tell of shortwave broadcasts on two frequencies using two
transmitters -- one 50 KW and a lower powered one.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy reporting, officials in Kigali
believe that their transmissions are not effected by jamming.) 25X1
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Saudi Arabia
1. Planning Methods. According t3 State Department reporting, after the
December meeting of the Arab States Broadcasting Union, Saudi
representative All Babtain said that the Union rejects planning methods Two
(the current method) and Five (the Canadian computer-based method) because
they are to close to the present method. He said that Method Five is too
loose in limiting additions to the initial catalogue of frequencies and in
controlling reallocation of frequencies once the initial catalogue is
established. US Embassy officials warn that the Saudi delegates may let
political considerations overpower technical aspects of the Conference.
According to a US Government report, in June 1983 Saudi Arabia notified the
ITU of 46 shortwave broadcasting requirements and 171.5 hours of
transmission. The report indicated that 105 of these hours were to the
local region. However, State Department cables indicate that 90 percent of
Saudi shortwave broadcasting is international with broadcasts to North
Africa, the United States, and Muslim States as far east as Indonesia. The
cables also say that the Saudi Government has plans to expand its HF
broadcasting over the next two years.,
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, the Saudis
experience some unintentional interferei:ce with their broadcasts. The
reporting says that Saudi officials believe that nations should be
encouraged not to jam, but these officials are not sure how to incorporate
such measures in a planning method.
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Senegal
1. Planning Methrds. State Department cables say that Senegalese have a
legalistic approach to international problems and Conferences and will try
to avoid confrontations. The cables indicate that Senegal will support the
common LDC views and although an African consensus had not been reached in
early December, a Senegalese delegate felt that the African nations would
probably support a priori planning. In June 1983, according to a US
Government report, Senegal notified the ITU of 5 shortwave broadcasting
requirements totalling 46 hours of transmission. We believe that all of
these hours were for domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. We have no information on Senegal's views on jamming.
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Seychelles
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy cables indicate that the Seychelles does
not plan to participate in the HF-WARC. US Embassy officials report that
the British have been negotiating with Seychelles officials for a BBC relay
station on the island. A US Government report indicates that in June 1983,
the Seychelles reported 23 shortwave-broadcasting requirements totalling
27.75 hours to the ITU. We believe 12 of these hours were for domestic
broadcasting.
2. 'Jamming. We have no information on the Seychelles Government's
position on jamming.
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Sierra Leone
1. Planning Methods. We have no information on the planning method which
Sierra Leone would support. US Embassy cables of Summer 1983 indicated
that adequate funds for delegates from Sierra Leone to attend the HF-WARC
may not be available. A US Government report. indicates that in June 1983
Sierra Leone reported 2 HF-broadcasting requirements and 16 hours of
transmission. All of the broadcasting was for domestic purposes.
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2. Jamming. We have no information on the position of Sierra Leone on
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Singapore
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embassy reporting, Singapore will
follow the lead of the Asian Broadcasting Union. According to a US
Government report, in June 1983 Singapore reported 8 shortwave broadcasting
requirements and 150 hours of transmission for its shortwave broadcasting
to the ITU. We believe 135 of these were for domestic communications. In
addition, Singapore reported 47 requirements and 130 transmission hours of
British broadcasts. The British directed 69 of these hours to the local
region. According to State Department reporting, Singapore wants to
expand its shortwave broadcasting overseas, but the Government has set no
time table for the expansion program.
2. Jamming. State Department reporting says that the Government of
Singapore has an anti-Soviet stance, however, it will balance this factor
with a desire to control airwaves directed to Singapore. The reporting
also indicates that Singapore experiences no jamming of its broadcasts.
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Somalia
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department cables, at the ?979
WARC, Somalia favored long term rigid planning that would conserve
management and planning resources. The State cables predict that Somalia
is likely to take a similar approach at the L984 conference. According to
a US Government report, in June 1983 Somalia notified the ITU of 2
HF-broadcasting requirements and 36 hours of transmission. We believe all
of Somalia's shortwave broadcasts are domestic.
2. Jamming. US Embassy cables say that jamming and interference from
transmitters in Addis Ababa presents a problem for Somalia. However, US
Embassy officials in Mogadishu believe focus on the technical problems
posed by jamming with offers of technical assistance in overcoming the
problem would be a better approach to gain Somalia's support than
arguements for the free flow of information.
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South Africa
Although South Africa will not be a voting parti':ipant of the HF-WARC,
State Department reporting indicates that a representative from the South
African Broadcasting Corporation will be in Geneva to follow Conference
developments. According to the representative, South Africa has a great
deal of interest in following the conference. FBIS reporting from December
says that the South Africans coordinated positions for the WARC with other
South African nations.
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Spain
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, Spain will
ally itself with the West on issues of broad consensus. But, if the
Europeans are split, Spain could be pulled toward the positions of Latin
America and the Arab world. The reporting also indicates that Spain is
interested in the efficient and fair use of the HF-bands and thinks that
there is need for a regime for transnational broadcasting. According to a
US Government report, in June 1983 Spain notified the ITU of 67
requirements and 431.75 broadcasting hours. We judge that 87 of these
hours were domestic. State Department reports that Spain broadcasts to
Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and the United States and presumably
wants assured access to HF-bands. In addition to its own broadcasts, Spain
allows Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty to transmit from its territory.
2. Jamming. State Department reports that Spain's shortwave broadcasting
is not jammed, but Spain is concerned about the problems of jamming.
During bilat':rals with US WARC officials in late 1983, Spanish
representatives appeared anxious about how the WARC would address jamming.
(According to US Embassy officials in Moscow, Soviet WARC delegates pointed
out that Spain and Belgium have ratified the 1936 Broadcasting in the Cause
of Peace Convention.)
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3. Israeli Issue. Spanish WARC officials told US WARC representatives
that they would join the US in responding to an Israeli credentials issue.
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Sri Lanka
1. Planning Methods. We have no direct information on the planning method
which the Government of Sri Lanka plans to support. State Department
reporting indicates that Sri Lanka will-be concerned with holding on to its
present frequencies. The reporting says that the best the United States
can expect from Sri Lanka at the conference is quiet support, if the US
delegates show concerns for Sri Lanka's spectrum needs. Both Voice of
Amr. ica and Deutsche Welle have transmitter sites on the island. US
Embassy cables indicate that the United States is currently negotiating
with the Sri Lankans for expanded transmitting facilities. A US
Government report indicates that Sri Lanka notified the ITU of 38
requirements and 140.5 transmitting hours in June 1983. In our opinion,
all of these hours were for domestic broadcasting.
Jamming. US Embassy officials in Colombo report that Sri Lankan broadcasts
are not now affected by jamming, but they no not know if jamming affects
Voice of America or Deutsche Welle broadcasts from the island. According
to State Department reporting, during negotiations for the expansion of VOA
facilities, Sri Lanka showed some concern about control over the content of
broaL'cast .
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Sudan
1. Planning methods. According to State Department reporting, Sudan is
eager to reserve HF-bands for future use and will support LDC positions at
the conference. In June 1983, according to a US Government report,
Khartoum notified the ITU of one shortwave requirement and 18 hours of
broadcasting. Although all 18 hours were primarily directed domestically,
the transmissions were directed throughout Africa and the Middle East.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, the Director of the
Sudan Telecommunication Corporation believes that his government will
support the US stand against jamming.
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Suriname
1. Planning methods. We have no information about Suriname's positions
for the upcoming conference. According to a US Government report, Suriname
did not notify the ITU of any shortwave broadcasting in June 1983.
2. Jamming. We have no information about Suriname's stand on jamming for
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Swaziland
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, the Sw'Lis
usually support LDC goals, however, as Swaziland is part.of the British
Commonwealth the United Kingdom does have some influence with Swaziland
officials. We have no direct information about the positions Swaziland;
will support at HF-WARC. But in mid-December 1083, the Swaziland
Broadcasting Service, according to FBIS monitoring, announced that the
Swazi officials met officials from Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and
Zambia to coordinate positions for the ITU. According to a US Government
report, Swaziland reported-22 shortwave requirements and 67 broadcasting
hours to the ITU in June 1983. We believe that 58 of these hours were
domestic broadcasting.
2. Jamming. We have no information about Swaziland's stance on jamming.
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Sweden
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department irormation, Sweden
favors Article 17, the current method for planning. US Embassy cables from
Stockholm point out that Sweden, because of its neutral political posture,
will limit open advocacy and support for US positions at the Conference.
The cables also report that Sweden can be expected to be highly sensitive
to Third World views on HF allocations as they are on'other global issues.
According to a US Government report, Sweden informed the ITU of 76
shortwave requirements and 76 broadcasting hours in June 1983. The report
infers that all Swedish shortwave broadcasting is for international
audiences.
2. Jamming. US Embassy officials in Stockholm indicate that Sweden
prefers to treat jamming at HF-WARC only through a Conference resolution.
State Department reports that Sweden has a firm position against jamming
and agrees that it interferes with, if not precludes, reasonable HF
planning.
3. Single Side Band. According to State Department reporting, Sweden
wants the HF-WARC to specify a date for the introduction of Single Side
Band broadcasting.
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Switzerland
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embassy officials in Bern, Swiss
telecommunication officials stated their preference for the current
flexible system of HF planning. The Swiss officials said that they would
.fully'support the US position at HF-WARC. According to a US Government
report, Switzerland notified the ITU of 42 of its own shortwave
requirements and 28 requirements for HF broadcasting by the International
Red Cross. Swiss transmission hours totaled 140.75, we judge that 38 of
hours were local/regional. The International Red Cross notification was
for 24 hours, 16 of which were local/regional.
2. Jamming. We have no information on how Switzerland proposes to treat
jamming at the Conference. However, US Embassy officials in Bonn are
concerned about politicization of the HF-WARC.
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Syria
1. Planning Methods. According to US Embassy reporting from Damascus,
Syria usually follows the LDC lead at international conferences and is
likely to have a low-profile in such fora. A US Government report
indicates, Syria reported no shortwave broadcasting requirements to the ITU
in June 1983.
2. Jamming. According to US Embassy officials in Damascus, they believe
that Syria is likely to advocate jamming and will follow the Soviet lead on
this issue.
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Taiwan
Taiwan is not a member of the ITU and, therefore, ineligible to
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Tanzania
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, Tanzania
supported a long term a priori planning at the 1979 WARC and is expected to
maintain this position at HF-WARC. The reporting states that Tanzania is
one of the most vocal African members of the Non-Aligned Countries
Broadcasting Union. A US Government report indicates that Tanzania
notified the ITU of 9 shortwave requirements, totalling 48.25 broadcasting
hours in June 1983. We estimate that all of Tanzania's HF broadcasting is
primarily for domestic audiences.
2. Jamming. US Embassy officials in Dar Es Salaam believe that the
Tanzanians would be against jamming in principle. And Tanzania might be
supportive of the US view if the issue is presented on the technical
grounds that planning would be facilitated if jamming were reduced. These
officials warn that if the jamming question becomes an East-West
confrontation, Tanzania will most likely refrain from getting involved.
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Thailand
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, Thailand is
concerned about access to the HF-broadcasting bands for itself and other
LDCs. Thailand rejects what it calls the "extremist" views of the
developed nations -- first come, first serve principle --. and the "radical"
views of the LDCs. State Department reporting indicates that Thai:'.and
considers itself a good friend and ally of the United States and will
attempt to mediate a compromise between the United States and the LDCs.
According to a US Government report, Thailand notified the ITU of 10
requirements and 45.5 broadcasting hours in June 1983. The report
indicates that 48 of the hours were broadcast to the local regional. State
Department cables confirm that Radio Thailand does operate an external as
well as domestic service. The cables also indicate that the United States
and Thailand recently signed an agreement extending the operation of a
Voice of America relay facility.
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting in December '.983, the
Director General of the Thai Post and Telegraph Department of the Ministry
of Communications said that Thai and US views on jamming overlapped and
that his government would be supportive of the US position at HF-WARC.
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Togo
1. Planning Methods. US Embassy reporting from Togo indicates that it
will follow the LDC majority at the HF-WARC. A US government report shows
that Togo notified the ITU of 2 HF-broadcasting requirements and 18 hours
of transmission in June 1983. The report and Embassy cables confirm that
all of Togo's shortwave broadcasting is for domestic audiences. F__] 25X1
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, Togo officials
believe that jamming does not affect its broadcasting or other broadcastir
coming into the country. US Embassy officials believe that Togo will not
get involved in an East-West debate.
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Tonga
We have no indication that Tonga plans to participate in the HF-WARC.
A6
It is a member of the ITU, but according to a US Government report, Tonga
did not notify the ITU of any shortwave broadcasting in June 1983.
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Trinidad and Tobago
We have no indication if the Government of Trinidad and Tobago plans to
participate in the HF-WARC. The Government is a member of the ITU, but
according to a US Government report, it did not notify the ITU of any
dl~ shortwave broadcasting in June 1983.
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Tunisia
qL
of these hours were broadcast to Northern Africa.
1. Planning Methods. According to State Department reporting, Tunisian
officials say they support flexibility. We believe that Tunis will follow
the lead of the Arab States Broadcasting Union. During bilaterals with
Tunisian officials, the Tunisians suggested a frequency bank so that LDC
--ountries could apply for available HF-frequencies. According to a US
Government report, Tunis reported 2 HF-broadcasting requirements and 39
broadcasting hours to the ITU in June 1983. The report indicates that all
2. Jamming. According to State Department reporting, the Director General
of Tunisian Telecommunications said that Libya jams Tunisian broadcasts
from time to time. But he would not say if Tunisia plans to publicize
this. US Embassy officials believe that the Tunisian delegation will be
sympathetic to the US position on jamming, but they will not give open
support.
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Turkey
1. Planr..ing Methods. According to State Department reporting, Turkey -- a
"sympathetic to the political dimensions" involved in shortwave broadcasts.
The reporting indicates that Turkey generally tries to be helpful when
asked to support US positions, particularly when its own interests are not
directly affected. According to a US Government report, Turkey notified
the ITU of 24 HF-broadcasting requirements and 105 broadcasting hours in
June 1953. In our opinion, some 23 of those hours were for domestic
broadcasting.
2. Jamming. We have no direct information on the position Turkey will
take at the HF-WARC on jamming, but US Embassy statements suggest that
Turkey
will support the United States on jamming.
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Uganda
We have no information on Uganda's plans for the Conference. According to
a US Government report, Uganda did not inform the ITU of any shortwave
broadcasts in June 1983.
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United Arab Emirates
1. Planning Methods. We have no direct information on planned UAE
positions for the Conference. In our judgment, if the UAE sends delegates
to the HF-WARC, they will follow the lead of the Arab States Broadcasting
Union and the Permanent Telecommunications Committee of Gulf States.
According to a US Government report, the UAE informed the ITU of 21
shortwave broadcasting requirements and 74.25 transmitting hours in June
1983. From the government document, we estimate that 65 of these hours
were for domestic/regional broadcasting.
2. Jamming. We have no information on the UAE's position on jamming.
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United Kingdom
1. Planning Methods. The British proposal as submitted to the ITU calls.
for adoption of a composite flexible method based the Canadian computer
based proposal and the Chinese round by round approach.
According to a US Government report, the United ;