SELECTED TRANSLATIONS FROM 'VOYENNAYA MYSL',' NO 8, AUGUST 1965

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• Document Page Count: 98
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 12, 1999
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: April 22, 1966
• Content Type: TRANS

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SELLC ' ~ D 'PRANSLATIONS FROM VO~YENNAYA MYSL' ,
No ,august 19 5
VoYe_ nnaya N~rel'' (Mil~.tary Thought) ie a monthly organ of the USSR
Ministxy of Defense, primted by the ministry's Military Publishing House,
Moscow. The art3.cl~es translated below are from Issue No 8, August 1965
which was signed for the press 26 July 1965.
TAELE OF CON~TTS
Modelling in Military Science Research,
bu Mai A. Dmitriyev
Economic Criterion in Research on the Effectiveness
of Arnnament, by Col B. Kalerin
7~pes and Forms of Combat Operations
The Moral-Political Factor in Modern War,
.by Col S . Il' in
Airborne Landings and the Struggle Against Them
in Modern War, by Mai Gen G. Kubla,~ov
The Victory of the Soviet Armed Forces in the
Far East, by Mar S~J M. Zalshamv
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Diodcll.in~~ in I~fi.l.itary Sci.encr IZ~gr,~rch
CPYRGHT ~ by Major A. Dmitriyev
Scientif~,c drvolopmerits hove brought about profound changes in military
science research rn~3thods. D}ethods and equiprnonts using mat}tematics and theor-~
. etical and technical cybernetics are coming into taso more and morn. Problems
concerned with research methods are more and morn frequently topics of discus~rion
on the pages of our press. A nunibor of Soviet, and i;canslatad, boolcn and articl~b
explaining mat'~xenu~tical mothods of operations research and tho use of computers ~
in military affaix?:s havo been published.
So it is tirnc:ly and fruitful to discuss the problem of mathematical rirethods ~
~f research in military affairs?as this question has been posed on the pages of
"Military Thought,," fora good many years now. Of definite interest have been
the articles oxlaining methods of preparing operational axrd tactical problems for
solutivu Ity LV1~1 (comput:er), nrticlos dealing with the use of cybea~n~l.~~~~ in mill=
tary affairs, and others. 1 At the same time, it would be desirable to discuss
certain other questions concerned with modelling. in military science research.
Most Soviet and translated works on military cybernetics and operations
research theory raise the question of modcllin?, in one way or another. This
is, as a rule, done in passing in connection with consideration o:C the problem
of military ryberrietics, or when constructing and analyzing some special model
of combat actions. Yet it is not usual to advance the analysis of the modelling
itself as c~ method for obtaining knowledge. Xet it is obvious that, along with
the development of special theoretical and tec}u~ical problems of rnodolling, we
are also in need of an overall, methodological analysis of modelling, a deternrin_
ation of the place, and the role, of modelling as a method which can be widely
used in military affairs. Among the problems demanding a solution is that of
defining more precisely the original concepts of models, and of modelling, the
classification of models, the clarification of the objective prerequisites for
modcllir~g, and the nature of tho knowledge obtained, a determiization of the place
of modealing among the other rr~ethods of obtaining knowledge.
1~'e will, irr this article, touch on some ?of t}xe problems wee havo? named, and
which have, in our opinion, an. important theoretical and practical significance
for military science research.
The concepts "mode" and "modelling" are used in different, often contra-
dictory, meanings. In one case models are objects and processes used as sub-
stitutes for other olijects and, processes for practical purposes. In this sense
we are speaking of the model a.s a sample of a Part, of a template model, or a
mockup model, etc. But models are most often spoken of in those cases when the
cognition process is carried aut, in one way or another, and when the model
fulfills cognitive, gnosiological functions, .rather than practical ones. In our
view it is only in such cases that the concepts indicated have an independent
meaning, and hence cannot be replaced by synonyms as "specimen," r'templatE,rr
"morkug."
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13y limiting consid~~r~ztion of the concepts oi' "model" and "modelling" to the
cognition area we must bear in mind that even here their u:zo ~.s possible in
1>roader and narrower meanings. Sarnetimes any proross involving tha finding, or
the ar^tificial construction, of a phenomenon which .is similar to anothor can bo
c:onsiciered to be modelling, while any phenomenon reserrrbling anothor (including
ideal examples, such a?s i:hose occurring in ?L?ho reflection process) can be talcen
a;:r a model for the corresponding hold of activity. In other caseA models moan
artif:ically constructed physical objects and processes, research on which is
~u;sual:ly done under la>:;oratory conclitiorrs rather than using natural (full-scale)
objects.
~ It is obvious tl?rat in the first instance there is an expanded interpretation
of the: concept, as a result of which the specifics of modelling as a special case,
as ono of the cognition methods, vC~nish. In the second of the instances the spec-
ifics are celled for in a much naarrower sense. So not on ].y artificial physical
conceptsc can function as madel.s, as can natural objects and mental structures of
graphic presentations and systen-a of symbols.
,~for?e correct is the pas it ion of those atrtltor-s wl~o, t'vithout limiting either the
field, or the possib]e mear-s for modelling, cu:plr~latir, the !'net that just simjrlca rp..
acml,lru-c:e bvtwuc;n two pl?renonrana :ts not enough Lo qualify them as modal and original,
that not every i.mita.tion is modelling, that the similar phenomena, including spec_
leans (ideas, tl?roorices) can be t:~lc.en as models only so long as they themselves have
become objects of investigertion and serve as a means for obtaining knowledge of
other phonorrrena. 2 T}~e definition of model cannot rest solely' on t}ze concept of
resemt~lctnce; it: must, and this is mandatory, ir?rcludc &n indication as to the funet_
ion of t:he model, as to its place and role in thc~ cognition process; that is, it
rests err a correct und.crstanding of the essence of the model rela?~ionst~ip.
Thc: model relationship is not arelationv.;ip between two elements -model and
original. It has tliree elements
connected by a closed circuit. 'The most importauL part here belongs to the
system which is being modelled (Stil), to the human yr ;l;he cybernetic device which
i5 fulfilling the hurrah function. The necessary cz?iterion for t:he model relationship
(other than the objective resembla.;zce be?twcen modu.l and original) is that the model
carry out a definite function with respect to the sys-t;c:m being modelled; the record-.
ing of information lcnot~m about tha object far co~-~ition and the obtaining of some
new information on it. Proceeding :from thi:~, we c~~trt characterize the mode, as object
A, which has a resembl~u-zce to object i3 in definite relationships, and which serves
as a means for some trrird object -the system being rrradelled (SM;I _ to record and
obtain information about object B. ?
2. A. A. Zinov'yev, I. I. Revzin. The ].odic model as a means of scientific
research. "Questions of Philosoph;y," No. 1, 1960.
Yu. A. Zhdanov. Modelling in_?orc]anic chemistry "Questions, of Philosophy,rr
No. 6, 1963.
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Accordingly, modelling can b.: considered as a process consiz~ting of the follow..
ing main :stages
establishmer(t of the model relationship; that is, the ~vhoreabouta, or the
artificial construction, of object; A resembling the object: under study, B', on
the basis of the 'initial information on each of them; ,
investigation of the model (doing the model experiment), that is, obtaining ~
some naw information f~boui: object A ( the model);
the transfer of i:ho information obtained from object A to object B (from t}ie 1
model to the original) according,~to rules of logic.
lJhat this means with reference to the military field is that no imitation of
'combat actions can be considered to be modelling. Combat actions are not modals,
either in their reflection in military theory, or as maps with situations plotted
on them, or as games and exercises, if they are considered as abstract images, re.~
gardless of the functic>ns they fulfil in the cognition process. It is only when they
themselves are replacing actual combat actions, when they a're inserted as inter.
mediate Gocnitive objE;cts making it possible to obtain new information on concrete
comba~c processes that: they can carry out the function of models, and then only in
this regard. ?' ,
The characteristics of the basic types of models used in military science ?
investigations are connected with. their Claysilio.7ti0118. It should be noted
that t}iere is, as yet, no gener.:rlly accepted classification for models. T}~is
can be explained, in part, by .the fact that modelling is used in the most varied
fields of _C;ogniti.on ::.,.,; that models have their own. specifications and their own
bases for class}.fication in each of t}lose fields.
Military science, since it is at the jr.rnction between ;`.he social and the nat-
ural sciences,, not only makes widaspread use of the achievements and methods of
these sciences, but even penetra~~ces into their fields, investicdating marry of their
phenomena from the military poin~c of view. Consequently, m~,li.tary science makes
use of .virtually all known methods and types of modelling. We can distinguish
among ,them the types of models u:s.ing the general classification system suggested
by V. .A. Venikov. 3
Since the main function of ?t.he model is to record available information and
to obtain new information about tl,~ ~u?ect of cognition, the main classifications
cart be suggested on the basis of, first, the content and the nature of the inform-
ation being reproduced, and, secs;end, on the form in which this information is pre_
sented. The first criterion is raised for the general characteristic of ,the model,
and to show specifics?of model construction, for the investigation and the evaluat-
ion of results ,obtained. This i::: the basis on which model structures and functions
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3
 differ, res do mixad, struct?uraa-:[unct.iur-a.l u,c,dc~la. 1~'~~ ;rlrccclc of rzirrtllc;..valur.d-
detarminance mode l3 ,in which r:.-n-}om effact?s arc clir;t?~!llnr?rfarl turd of stochcrs?~tic
(probability) model: which sort out tha action of randanrrass and tho rzo-~-lineear
nature of the cotir-ection batween plter~on-ana, dapar~dirzg orr tha nature of the processes
under study and on the informa?tiun wo have+ on thi~t!~.
Anothar basis :fur class ificrrtion is the form in which the in.form?-tion i:s p: ~-
santad; that iy, the substratum ar,d the pr?incipla of oparation of t.hc model itself.
r On this L?~asis, al? ~ models can be divic]ad ir-to two c.l~~zsses : Taal and imaginary.
Real rnodels, in turn, can be (a) natural (fu.l l-.:icalc) , used ns modals becc-use they
.project somo group of pkzezromerza by typical representations, and ~(b) artificial mod-
, els, specially created for the research, the resemblance of which to the phenomenon
under study is imparted by the: researcher in rxccoz"dance with the available, initial
data.
Past combat acl;ions can be used as nati.rr?~:c1 rnodels of comliat actions. It is
usual to turn to a i;ypical case when developiracl a t}zeory fora definite type of
combat action. The analysis of the action permits generalization with respect to
the particular type of action a;r a whole, but such gc:nerali?.~ation is in need of
refinement and augmentation by cell the means of theory and prrxctise.
Artificial -nodE!],::- can be tc!chni.cal installations, or the-_y Cara be systems of
a coanplex nature (soc.i.al systeuL~, for eaarnple). btodc]. c~anu;;s rix^~ included in this
latter category and includo t:z?oo}.) axercisc,~s .Zile} mrulc!r.-var;r, comnuucd and staff exer-
cises, games on map:r, 'fleet is, thos~~ nroccas~c;:-;, t,lv: ,nr.;n~).,rtax?y criteria of which are
direct participation ui' arg.arz:izcd c]ruups of peupl.c: ::tr,cl i;he reproduction of situat-
ion~ which are in can:flict .in i:Yu; cau.rse o~f :loch 1)rvc?.c~s~,~~y. So fa.r as technical
models are concerned, they br-..iorig to a wide-?rarlyit~cl croup of devices, from the
simplest of moc}cults to the compl.c:x e:lectric:.cl curd clec?trorric f.-yr3terr-s.
Technical models can r.-sualLy i.x: sc.-hdiv.iclec} into i;wo b,lsic types: "physiral,'~
and "m.~thamntical." ~'Thesc dc.?;i_l~;nrttiuns ~~zrr cli+it:~, cc~rr.r.utio.aal. On t:hc one hanc},
in so far as we can i;.allc tcchir.i.c~~l nu>d1~~:5, i:l)ar:}u,recxs, un the pt;lA~~r? lr.?u~id, the "matharuatical" rnod-
els include not only the t;r.c}inic?,a'l ones, but the: .irn;~,7 incrry ones as well, those
represented on paX>er, foz" E!xamplr";, :in the form c, l' a. system of equations, algorithms
for processing i.nform;-tiurr, a+;~J ~:he l i.lce. 1?e t: t}7e desicrnatiuns given have quite
firmly entered everyd.?.cy uc,t ~cn~:.l c;c-r- be z-etair-ed with corresponding refinements.
Tn this casE: we should un,ic:,r:rl:rrnc] plzys i.r.ti.l. i:;ocle l r't to mer)n models created on
the basis of gaomc:tr.ic c rLre no absolutely different phenornenn in Clio world. Amore or lcyv profound
similarity exists bot?woarr phc:namc-na, and this makes possible the ror'-~cernent of ono
phanorneno,n by another, within predetermined relationships. 1'ho most common example
of the similarity is expressed irr the similarity of the rnathemat?ical ecluat?ions which
describe various of t?he phonornctnt- in nature. Noting this fact, V. T. Lenin wrotr3,
"The unity of natur?o appears in 'the renucrkablc similarity" of the differential
equations which nro related to tl?re variou:~ fielc:y of phonontena. rr (Complr_tr. Collect..
ed Works, Vol. 1f3, p. ~~~~), TI?,e circumstance noted serves r,s the methodologically
departure paint for cognition of complex phenomena using models or some physical
nature.
But it must be borne: in mind t?hr.t similarity in certain properties and r~~iation-
shi
s of
h
p
a p
enomenon do not automatically lead to a similarity wit} other p;?opertios
and relationships. The world has neither abvolutely' different, nor absolut^ly i-
dentical, phenomena, so we cannot rule out the fact that symbols detected in a model,
and related to the original, are actually absent in it, or are greatly modified.
What this means is that, in the general case, the 1urowled(}e bused on the ana:.ogy be?-
twcen phen ~:. one, obtained by rncans of inference from the analogy, only has a prob-
ai)ility characteristic. The possibility of obtaining reliable conclusions by anal-
ogy exists in concrete cases, but such possibility is very much dependent upon the
nature of the object oi' cognition, on the possibility of describing it matl~emr-t-
i,~ally, and on the level of development of the tl)c:oretical bases for the modelling.
What can be said in this r,~gard concerning armed struggle as an object of modelling?
Armed struggle is, by its nature, an extremely complete social phenomenon,
tt-c development of which is influenced by economic, politic~il, ideological, psychic,
physical (natural), and inherent military factors. In their totality, these form
a combination, a complex model which determines the dependency of causes and con-
sequences, one with the other. Hence, the processes of the armed struggle as a
whole have a prob~.bility (stochastic) character. Further, armed struggle is a
typically conflicting situation, in which opposing forces and intentions collide,
while the actions o.f one side are not only determined by objective factors and own
pl.ar,s, but by the: plans of the other side as well camouf1 them and conscious-
ly strivinAg>'pb'ov~~lftgl-oR~}~s,~/08/09 :CIA-RDP85T00>'~75R00030t~~t~6-9-
 It frr quite nppar?vnt: that' no model can reproduce t}pis typo of ~)lrcnonu~non
with n~irc}unto! co-npletenosr~ and rirtivvr?rrnliLy. 'l'lte rnodnl will, of ruacassity, con-
tain many simpl~fiattione. Alt?houph tho erituation oxig~tinp in combat can bo ap-
pro,~chc~d in troop u:carcisas, Churn can bn no arpurnent LhaL? axnrcisas and
t
l
nc
ua
cc+ml)n4 actions ara not tha soma thin{}. A different ty})o of r+implific~tion is avan
mc+ra inavitably in r,}te cases when combat nct?ionrr arm invanLi~7r~tod using mathematics.
T1'+is .flows not only lrom the inq-o:Jr~ihility (particularly today) of accurately ex-
~ pra:rs inq car,tain fac;tors, such nH t}tn moral spirit of troops, their degree of train-
inp, Cho abilitias cif tho conunandarr3. c)tc., for oxamplo, by messes of mathematics.
T}?u:,y aro also ~novit;ablo as a runult of Cho fonsibility of Cho mat?homatical calcu-
lations.
Doss all of this rnaan that modal ling of combat actions, and tha conclusions
ot?+tainad from modollinp, aro of vary alight cognitivo value? Dy way of answarinp
t}sir! quoation, wo will put ono. xs it pnssibla, in ponaral, to ponotrato to Cho
care of a phonomonun if the attc+mpt is made to 'encompass L?ho phenomenon in all of
its multi,tudo of properties and relationships all at? ones? Ol courses not: Cop-
ni lion is a procass in which movement is from Cho surlace of a phenomenon to its
corn, from a Cora of ones order i,o a coca which is deeper within the phanomanon.
And a necessary stt~{ia is the advancement of cognition from individual facets and
outlines of n phenomenon in the course of abstraction to others, movement from the
cancrr;te to the ab:~l:ract. Simplification of Cho phanomanon along the way is inav-
it~ablr;. Knowla~ige?,pained in this way is incomplete, ono-sided, yet at the soma limo
morn })refound, and t}~is natural path to cognition of the essence of a 1)}ienomenon
then makes it possible to arri.va an an all-round knowledge of the phenorncrton. D{od-
ellinr~ is at the root of this procass, exercising the function of t}te link between
the abstract and tYrc! concrete i.rr the cognition process.
'.Che probability character of the knowledge transferred from the model to the
oripinrtl is ordinarily explained by the fact that, conclusions based on analogy,
just like inductivc+ conclusions, have no evidential force, and arc, logically, prob-
ability conclusion. This is actually so. Dut we must not overlook t}t~ fact that
analogy, induction, and deduction are not isolated from each other, and that taken
all together, they have their t+ases for the social practise of people. Tt~e trans-
ition from the mode+l to the original, according to the form as a whole, is a con-
clusion by analogy when, from the community of certain properties and and relat-
ionshipsof two phenomena, conclusions are made concerning the community of certain
other properties arrd relations for these same phenomena. Yet this conclusion can
contain inductive aspects as we+11, aspects garnered from the data obtained during
repeated experiments with the r.;odcl. The conclusion can also contain deductive
' premises, general 1-rinciples, and rules for the construction of the model sand for
the transfer of the knowledge obtained to ?the original, as developed in the simil-
arity theory, for example. As a result, the knowledge gained frum the model car-
be evaluated over a wide range from only slightly probable to entirely trustworthy.
What are the factors which increase the probability that the conclusions are
trustworthy? The following of the most common conditions can be named: the prob-
ability of the reality of the conclusions will be greater the richer the initial
information concerning the recesses and th ru
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mo~l~tllc:rl. Tl~iu cir~cunr:rtnueu c~.~r.rec;tly r?ullaet: t:hey will not all flaw from tha conditions accapted or from Lha initial t:haor_
etical circumstanrer3. This dons not moan that those conclu:riona can ba proven to
' ba false knowingly, but tho probability that that' will ba valid ins, of couraa, alight.
On the other hand, if tho tran:ritioa~al characteristic (tire level of radioactive
contamination of rin urea, for rrxamplo) is taken rug the consequence of thr, cau:~e,
from the general aharacteri;rtirs of model and original (from tha accepted siie
of the ammunition rind the rratur?e of the explosion, for examplo), the conclu:~ion will,
practically spealc.ing, have a trustworthy struu}ing.
Of course, t)trr prol:-abilil:}- of tho reality oC tare conclrr:rionrr will beryreatar '
tha more ,deneralizc:d in charact:or the cancltr:ciun:a aro, .rr,c} the les:r they arr. triad
to t.hn r+prrciC~c, rlat;a for tl~o mc,rin.l. whir;h di.rrr.intJuirUr~ur tlu-t conplur,l.un from onr~
stemming from actual combat actions. Tor ex~-mple, if Che conclusion is a detailed
characteristic of the antire progress of possible combat actions, the probability
that events will accurately coincida with that conclusion turn out to ba uncommon-
ly low. IIut if tha con::lusia~r is related to sharply drawn lines and is sufficiently
gcrreral in character (tri a determination of the effectiveness of tt particular type
of weapon, a part:i.cular type of fire and maneuver, a particular system of control,
etc. , for axamplo.r, it will bc: close to the actual fact.
A completely raliable conclusion is possible in those cases when tho pherome-
non under study is sufficic;ntl.y simple acre can be described mathematically, when
the transitional characteristic is linked with the cause-.;onsecluence tie and tha
common characteri:ttics of model grid ori;Jinul, and can be transferred to the orig-
inal by recr,,lcu.latirrg using t}~.e similarit;y tf~eory formula. This type of case is
possible only in i;he investigation of the most elementary of the processes involved
in the armed 5trrt{Idle. Accordingly, there is, on the one hand, the problem of a
further development and generalization of the similarity :theory and of the methods
of mathematical description oi' complex processes, and, on she other, the conscious
utilization in military science investigations of rules for improving the probabil-
ity of the truth of conclusions from analogy.
In speaking of modelling as a ^tethod for conducting military science research,
i r. is important to correctly F-ose the area and limits of its effectiveness of util-
.,
t
i...a
ion, and to f~.x the tasks which can not only be successfully resolved by mod-
elling, but also^t;hose requiring a different ^approach,~other~perceptional methods
 11
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Ar? tt n~~r, r, f, b.. ~.:.... ... .. .. ~. ..
_ --- __. _. .~ ~,......;..?,alo utnn.tF ULUUy) (11r(r Llllrl,
in tUr?n, clernatlds Known fllnll)111.11;C1tiUn:3, llinitlltlOn:3 t;0 the tiU:J invr~:rti{irltucl, a,tcl
rnlationahips witl?1 only tho man r, nec~dud, mnterin1. IcnowleclUe, from tiro lroirlt of view
of the purposo involved. 14itYlout abstrrlction and L?hn quantitativo approach (as
wall ns tho qu~~litativa) t;bore :is no modalli.ng.
'1'I3~ problorn involvr.~:r tho dcrt:orminat?ion of ju3t how ahuil:nble the pcrmi:i:~ible
abst;ractious and simplificution:r arc:. Tf, durin{} err evalunl. inn of the tactical and
trrclrnical char?actcristi,cs ,of a ~:eapon, it is oquitabin to malco abstractions, in
ninny cases; from factors offoctird tho mcsthods of utilifatiori of tho woapon, such ?
fclci:ors as tho political aims oi' t}ra war, tho moral spirit of the L?roops, the por..
Fc~r~'~: qualitios and tho ability of individual calculations, crows, otc., thon, in ,
t}re courso of investigating tl~e most goneral laws of arrrred st?rugglo and the prin-.
cipl.os o,f military scionco, it kss necessary to considor tho effects of economic,
~oli.tieal, idoological, and many other, factors.
In determining the main arcras and the limits of the effective use of nrodolling,
it is expedient to distinguish ,roveral amoral levels on which the processes in-
volved in the armed struggle can bo considered, and at which it is permissible to
make different distinctions in clbstraction with rosp~ct to the factors influencing
the processes.
The first level is thtrt for? processes which are organically inclr~ded in- the
armed struggle, which form its rrplrysical'r appearance, but w}lich, in nature, aro
Wert specifically milita:,?y processes. Those examples we can note include the dis- -
pl.acement in space a:~d t ~,me o# individual objects (bullets, shells, bombs, missiles)
d~?rrc;uric, chemical, and radiation activity of destructive means on targets, tl~c
o}rer?atior; of rnechanisms, instruments, processes of transrnittin{;, receiving, re-
processing, loss of irrforrnatiorr, and others. These processes flow in accordance
wi.tl~ certain particular natural laws. 1Jhen investigating them it is equitabl.c .
to make abstractions from many factors, sometimes even including military ones
(the nature of the enemy~s counteractions, for example). Various of the mathe-
matical method are widely used in these abstractions. Modelling, physical as well
as mathematical, rests on the the similarity theory which has developed and has
a rich tradition; tl~e effect is good.
The second level is that for Processes tirhicl~ are specifically military ones;
the actions of organized?armed groups of people using weapons and eclui~ment for
milit.lry purposes. ]3ut at tlii:3 level the subject of consideration is particular
processes, those structural elc.menta of which the armed struggle is composed.
These include the v1:-rious stages irr the planning of combat actions and of their
control, troop rrrovenrc:nts, i}roel~irrg troops for combat actions, maneuvering foz?ces
and fire power on the battle field, the gradual increase and reduction of forces
during combat actions , etc.
p i si c,. For example, when defs,ning the standnrdq ~'or d,~.spersin~ trop
n.-'-'--'---t ~-'- - ---- - mn Wawa
Specific 1~>.ws of armer9 strungl.e act in this particular case. Many factors,
objective, as well as subjective, in nature, play a material part in these laws.
Yet even here know; simplifications and abstractions of certain of the factors aro
erm's ?bl'
 CPYRGHT gpproved For Release 2000/08/09 :CIA-RDP85T00875R000300090016-9
d~rpth of combat miyrrionr~, or dutermini.ng th~~ optimum wayu in which for?carr and r_rluip-
rn~:nt corn bu dir3tril;utcrd, the nl:rrt-ract iy usi11~ ti~at criterion 1t i~ po:~uiblo to uuce:rtain l;llc qualitic:a
inllernnt in that: typo of wcrapon which uro not posser~aed by its competitor.
GLviously, the preference will bo ~?iven to that m~?ans (or cornpl~:x oi'
mer:ns) by which the tusk given can bn executed with the least expendituroo.
:[n addition to the crit~sria rnvcalirlL thc~ combat opportunities
and oconomicalit,y of the means beind?compared, another index determining
tl?IC desirability of udoptin~ particular mcan3 of cornb~It quality of armaments, but to the content of the arm-
ed struggle and to the nature of the basis contradiction of war.
In war the opposing sides strive to ati:ain the goals which express the basic
interests of definite dlasses.. The principle insane for achieving those goals is
the armed strugglc, between twa warring sides, each of which strives for the victory .
by maximum destruction of men Find materials belonging to the enemy, while taking
the least losses, of his own. (lne of the most important objective laws of armed
struggle finds its expression in this way.
1. Edited by Marshal of the Soviet Unior? Sokolo~rskiy, V. D. Militairy Publishing
House, 1963, p. 371.
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 Appro~~tlbF~udZedd'a~f,3'@'~Q/Ar$,1~,9 ~}l~~P~,8~~d5~0o~0o3r0y09mo~~-ode of armed etrugglo .-
offense and defonso - is cond4,tioncd by the action of the law of maximum destruct.
ion of enemy men and materials r while taking ),on~rt loseos on ono is own side r and
is in the nntlare of the armed struggle itself. In so far as now armaments are
concerned, they have a decisive crffect on the appearance of qualitatively new meth
now ways, of, carrying on the offE~nse, as well as ? the defonso.
A third reason for the rejecting of strategic defense is insufficient conside
anon of the capacity of modern e-rnramonts for the organization of a new defense,
qualitatively speaking.
The strat:e ~ ~ ~`
gic defen,;e will, at this time, be made fi}^st pf all in the ?courso~
of 1;he strategic offensive, conducted by the strategic mir~sile forces. Delivering
crushing blows against the enemy~s missile, and other, triigp~?r destroying his i>=~
dustrial and administrative centers, the strategic missile 1?orces are called upon~?
to carry out two missions simultaneously; one is the strategic offensive, that .ie
tt~e decisive rout of the enemy, while the other is the strategic defense, in th?
course of which 'oho strategic missile forces, by their strikes will, to a very lar4
degree, underminethe enemy's capability to deliver strikes against our missile, anc
other, forces, our political, economic, and administrative centers.
' It is impossible to overlook the fact that the means for the strategic offensi
mounted by the probable enemy are quite numerous, and arc increasing steadily. The
are dispersed, some of them located undergrounds in special, covered positions, or
under water, covered by.anti-missile and antiair defenses, as well as by a whole
system Liir the dissemination of false information. Consequently, the strategic of-
fensive by the missile forces,' ?the land forces, the air force, and the navy, cannot
eliminate entirely the threat of enemy nuclear missile and air stri}cos. I~'rom this
floc, the objective need for an~t:icosmic, antimissile, and antiair defenses.
Present day PVO forces as a whole represent a force which is specially designe
to carry on the strategic deferr:ae. Rejection of the need for the strategic defense
casts doubt on the strategic si;}nificance of present day PVO forces, something whic
is fraught with the most seriou:~ of consequences.
Even a slight; weakening of the antimissile and antiair defenses can result
in lack of capability to carry crut the strategic offensive, for there would be
nothing,.?or nobody, to carry it oirt. It is, therefore, impossible to underestimate
the value of civil defense, w}iic:h, given present day conditions as a whole, has,
beyond doubt, tak~:rr on a strategic significance.
A, fourth rea:~an 'for the rejecting of strategic defense is its non-dialectical
view with respect t:o the interconnection and interaction of the strategic offensive
and strategic defense. ~'
Offense and c}efense are c~ dialectical unity of opposites which r~c?e mutually.
exclusive and sim~il.taneously fire mutually dependent upon each other.? They are
not only connecter}, one to thE~ other, but are also mutually interwoven, one 'with
the other, and they cannot exist apart. ?
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 When armed forcos aro att:acicing they aro, at the same time, and to samo
degree, dofonding am well. During the years of t13o last war tl~o, Soviet Ar?mod
i~'orcoa, attacking or curtain i'ronta, worn dofonding on c*_?i~ore and wora eonduct;ing
a continuous antit~ir defense crf the country and of the troops which were protect-
ing the flanks of the offonsivo groupings and warding off counter blows. When '.
armed forcos aro defending thety a:ro, at the samo time, and to sorno degree, attack-
ing as well. During the ,initial period of the war, in the course of the defensive
.battles against the German raa~cist forces, the Soviet Armed rorces went over to
the counteroffensi.vo along various sectors of a, vast front, stri1cing deep in the
rear of the enemy, including .strikes against }3erlin, and gathering strength for
. a decisive, genere~l offensive. I:f the t>