INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM SOVIET FISHERIES AID TO THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85T00875R001700030108-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 18, 2011
• Sequence Number: 108
• Publication Date: July 1, 1972
• Content Type: IM

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Secret
DIRECTORATE OF
INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence Memorandum
Soviet Fisheries Aid to Third World Countries
Secret
ER IM 72-108
July 1972
Copy No. 71
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WARNING
This document contains information affecting the national
defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title
18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended.
Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re-
ceipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Directorate of Intelligence
July 1972
INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM
SOVIET FISHERIES AID TO THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
Summary
1. As Soviet fishing vessels have expanded their areas of operation,
Moscow has increased its fisheries aid to less developed riparian countries
in these areas. Since 1960, the USSR has extended at least US $123 million
in aid for fisling ports, processing plants, ships, and technical services.
Twenty countries, led by Chile, Ghana, Iraq, and Peru have received this
aid, some $50 :rilllion of it in 1970-71. Although fisheries aid is only a
small part of the Soviet foreign aid program, its repayment in the form
of services to the Soviet fishing fleet serves to extend the fleet's range and
operating time. Soviet fisheries aid is likely to grow in the next few years,
particularly in the waters off Latin America and in the Indian Ocean.
Introduction
2. One part of Moscow's economic aid program benefiting the Soviet
Union about as much as the recipient is fisheries assistance. With a growth
during the 1960s from 1.8 million to 5.1 million gross register, tons, the
Soviet fishing fleet has expanded its operations to all the world's oceans
(see Figure 1). This has strained Soviet support resources, however, forcing
Moscow to seek more ports of call for servicing and resupply. Recipient
countries commonly grant such services in repayment for fisheries assistance,
thereby greatly increasing efficiency by permitting Soviet vessels as much
as two additional months of fishing per season.
Note: This memorandum was prepared by the Office of Economic Research
and coordinated within the Directorate of Intelligence.
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25X1
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Soviet Fishing and Fisheries Aid-
Areas currently fished extensively
by the Soviet Union
Countrieswhich have urepfed Soviet
Figure 1
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Magnitude of Aid
3. Since 1960 the USSR has committed at least $123 million for
fisheries development to 20 less developed countries (LDCs) (see Table 1),
although only about ',340 million has been drawn. Small amounts of such
assistance have also been provided by the USSR to many other countries
through commercial arrangements or by participating in projects sponsored
by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization.
Soviet Aid Commitments
for Fisheries Development
in Less Developed Countries
1960-71
Million US $
Total
123.1
Peru
25.5
Chile
17.0
Ghana
11.2
Iraq
11.0
Yemen (San' a)
7.8
Egypt
7.0
Guinea
6.3
Iran
6.3
Yemen (Aden)
5.6
Mauritius
5.0
Senegal
4.7
Algeria
4.5
Somalia
4.2
Others a/
7.0
a. Including Ceylon, India,
Indonesia, Kenya, Pakistan,
Sudan, and Tanzania.
4. The first fisheries assistance commitment was made to Ghana in
1960, shortly after the Soviets began extensively exploiting the world's
richest sardine stock off West Africa. Similar aid for Guinea and Senegal
soon followed. During the mid-1960s, the program was expanded to include
Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen (San'a). By 1966, Soviet fisheries research
vessels were operating around Latin America and throughout the Indian
Ocean. Aid was offered to many countries in those areas, and agreements
were concluded with a number of them.
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Character of Soviet Aid
5. Soviet aid usually covers technical assistance, fishing equipment,
or trawlers, and often an entire fisheries complex (see the Appendix). The
complex includes surveys of adjacent fish resources, trawlers, and
construction of ports and other facilities, as well as technical assistance
and training. About $42 million has been extended for ports and facilities
directly related to fisheries,* some $52 million for fish processing and ship
repair facilities, and more than $29 million for trawlers (see Table 2). Almost
all commitments include some type of processing facility. Agreements with
Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and both Yemens included fish drying plants
and canneries, usually with 1,500 metric tons of capacity. Peru, with one
of the world's largest fishing fleets, will receive a plant designed to process
100,000 tons of fish products annually.
6. Agreement to develop a complex facility normally is preceded
by a resources survey, which often includes study of fishing potentials in
coastal areas by a Soviet research ship. Survey costs usually are absorbed
by the USSR. Another team of Soviet specialists usually conducts feasibility
studies for on-shore facilities.
7. The Chilean aid package, for example, involves constructing a large
fishing complex and modernizing at least two other fishing ports. Some
25 Chileans will study navigation and fishing techniques in the USSR this
year. The Soviets also ree' ntly completed the initial design for a Sea
Resources and Naval Construction Institute in Chile. Earlier this year, at
least three Soviet research ships conducted a three-month survey, of Chilean
fish resources. This is the second such survey; the first was in 1968 in
connection with Moscow's original aid offer.
8. Moscow also has agreed to build or expand port facilities in eight
other countries. This includes dredging ports and harbors, constructing
wharves and repair facilities, and providing related equipment.
9. The USSR has agreed to provide 86 fishing vessels worth more
than $29 million to 11 countries (Table 3). While these vessels have included
the 2,555-ton BMRT-class stern trawler (see Figure 2), they generally are
smaller and older and of less efficient design. The Soviets also have provided
some ships as gifts and on loan totaling around $1 million.
* Many Soviet-aided ports obviously have multipurpose use, and some fishing ports
can service other kinds of maritime vessels. This memorandum, however, is co.'Icerned
only with aid projects that are solely or largely for fisheries.
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Soviet Aid Extended for Fisheries Development
in Less Developed Countries
1960-71
Million US $
Port
Processing,
Repair, and
Miscellaneous
Country
!otal
Facilities
Trawlers
Facilities
Total
123.1
41.6
29.3
52.2
Africa
38.8
2.5
17.5
18.8
Algeria
4.5
N.A.
4.5
--
Ghana
11.2
2.5
4.5
4.2
Guinea
6.3
--
2.5
3.8
Kenya
N.A.
--
?--
N.A.
Mauritius
5.0
--
2,4
2.6
Senegal
4.7
--
3.6
1.1
Somalia
4.2
--
--
4.2
Sudan
2.0
--
--
2.0
Tanzania
0.9
--
--
0.9
Middle East
37.7
6.6
9.9
21.2
Egypt
7.0
--
2.8
4.2
Iran
6.3
1.1
3.0
2.2
Iraq
11.0
5.5
--
5.5
Yemen (Aden)
5.6
--
1.6
4.0
Yemen (Satz' a)
7.8
--
2.5
5.3
So
uth and East
Asia
Ceylon
India
N.A.
2.2
N.A.
N.A.
N.A. N.A.
2.2
Indonesia
0.3
--
0.3
N.A.
Pakistan
1.6
N.A.
1.6
--
La
tin America
Chile
17.0
17.0
-
N.A.
Peru
25.5
15.5
--
10.0
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Soviet Credit Sales of Fishing Vessels
to Less Developed Countries
1960-71
Value
Number of Vessels
Country
of Credit
(Million US $)
Purchased
Delivered
Total
29.3
86
50
Algeria
4.5
18
N.A.
Egypt
2.8
10
10
Ghana
4.5
18
18
Guinea
2.5
4
4
Indonesia
0.3
N.A.
1
Iran
3.0
6
6
Mauritius
2.4
2
0
Pakistan
1.6
8
8
Senegal
3.6
10
3
Yemen (Aden)
1.6
3
0
Yemen (San'a)
2.5
7
N.A.
Terms of Aid
10. Nearly all Soviet fisheries assistance is provided under 12-year
credits at 2.5% interest. Although repayments originally were made only
in goods, Moscow increasingly accepts payment in services and access to
port facilities. Bilateral commissions meet periodically to determine when
repayment in services will be made and their value. Such services include
the use of storage and repair facilities, food and fuel supplies, and shore
privileges for Soviet crews. In some cases, Aeroflot is allowed to fly in
relief crews.
11. Mauritius, for example, will pay for Soviet-provided fishing vessels
by covering bunkering and all other port costs for 50 Soviet fishing ships
annually and by allowing Moscow to fly in relief crews as necessary. Egypt
also allows Moscow to use Cairo's communications facilities for directing
Soviet fishing activities in the Red Sea and the northwest part of the Indian
Ocean.
12. Soviet fisheries assistance agreements have not required that the
recipients provide assistance or facilities for Soviet naval ships. However,
such agreements do increase the entree of the Soviet Union in the maritime
nations of the world and could open the way for naval cooperation.
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Soviet Fishing Vessels Supplied to Third World Countries, by Class
Vessel type Seiner
Vessel class RS-300
Length overall 95-98'
Deadweight 60-50 tons
Gross tonnage Unknown
Endurance 14 days
No. In crew 15
Vessel type Tuna Long Liner
Length overall 142'
Deadweight Unknown
Gross Tonnage 311 tons
Endurance Unknown
No. In crew Unknown
Vessel class Mayak
Length overall 178'
Deadweight 307-239 tons
Gross tonnage 929 tons
Endurance 33 days
No. in crew 30
Vessel class
Pushkin
Length overall
277'
Deadweight
1,230-1,242 tons
Gross tonnage
2,472-2,555 tons
Endurance
60-80 days
No. In crew
90-125
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Figure 2
Vessel type Stern Trawler
Vessel class Atlantik
Length overall 270'
Deadweight Unknown
Gross tonnage 2,760 tons
Endurance 60 days
No. In crew 80
Vessel type Stern Trawler
Vessel '.lass Tropik
Length overall 262'
Den_'lweirht 793 tons
Gross tonnage 2,435 tons
Endura, :n 60 days
No. in crew 76
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13. All package aid agreements carry provisions for extensive services
to the Soviet fishing fleet including use of repair, supply, and storage
facilities. This enables Soviet trawlers and seiners to operate for longer
periods before returning to their home ports. Catches are transferred to
factory ships or stored in the aid recipient's facilities for eventual shipment
to the USSR or its customers, and relief crews are flown in by plane. The
Soviets now have such access in Chile, Peru, Senegal, Guinea, Algeria, and
Egypt. Soviet vessels also are serviced in the Indian Ocean and the Arabian
Sea ports of Ceylon, Iran, Iraq, Yemen (San'a), Yemen (Aden), Somalia,
Tanzania, and Mauritius. Aid agreements with Chile, Mauritius, and Yemen
(Aden) also provide for joint fishing operations. These may simply combine
activities of the two fleets or may entail the use of mixed crews. Sardine,
crab, and hake presently are the principal seafood caught on these
operations, which until recently were conducted close to the recipients'
shores.
14. Commercial arrangements recently have been made for servicing
the Soviet fleet in countries where fisheries aid agreements do not exist.
In the Madeira, Canary, and Azore Islands a joint Spanish-Soviet company
services the 200-300 Soviet fishing vessels a year that call for repairs and
supplies.. Moscow recently concluded an agreement with Singapore for
periodically overhauling whaling ships.
15. Some agreements also carry provisions for selling fish and fish
products to the assisted country. Such sales are not entered in trade
statistics. Although their magnitude is not known, they are already
increasing. Beginning in the mid-1960s the Soviet Union contracted to
provic.; Egypt with increased amounts of fish and fish products, much of
which is caught on joint fishing expeditions. In Chile, Soviet ships also
deliver fish for local markets. In 1972 they probably will supply 30% of
Chile's total consumption.
Prospects
16. Soviet aid probably will continue to grow in the next few years
as LDCs develop their fishing industries and as Moscow's fishing grounds
expand further. Additional Latin American countries and some bordering
the Indian Ocean are likely to be the next recipients. Feelers have been
noted recently in India and Ecuador, and Bangladesh has accepted Soviet
technical aid and ten fishing vessels for rehabilitating its fishing industry.
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Soviet Assistance to the Fishing Industries of Less Developed Countries
Year of
Country Commitment
1968 Included under a $100 million line of credit extended in
October 1963 were the following: (1) sale of 18 traw-
lers; (2) ports to be constructed after feasibility
studies were undertaken; (3) the training of Algerians
as fishery specialists; (4) oceanographic research as-
sistance.
'1966 Under a credit of unknown magnitude, a private Ceylonese
firm took delivery of a Soviet trawler that was to be
operated for one year by a mixed Soviet-Ceylonese crew.
The ship was originally offered as part of a fisheries
agreement under negotiation in 1965.
1971 A fis::sries assistance agreement signed in August in-
cludes provisions for: (1) technical training and
development of a training center in Ceylon; (2) a joint
fisheries operation; (3) possible future sale or rental
of Soviet fishing vessels.
1968 Following surveys by Soviet fisheries experts, the USSR
agreed to establish a fishing port and a king crab
plant under $55 million worth of credits extended in
1967.
1971 A $17 million fisheries agreement concluded in September
calls for the Soviets: (1) to build one or more fishing
ports with complementary ir.dustrial installations; (2)
to train Chilean fishermen on Soviet vessels; (3) to
create a training center for middle level fishery
technicians;(4) to rent Soviet fishing vessels.
1964 The USSR agreed to provide an estimated $7 million of
assistance to Egypt's fishing industry. This was to
include: (.1) ten Soviet ships for deep sea fishing and
research; (2) Soviet technical and research assistance;
(3) training of Egyptian personnel; (4) Soviet assist-
ance in developing a fishing center at Ras Benas on the
Red Sea.
~p 1967 In a mixed commission meeting it was decided to raise
the number of Egyptian students receiving fisheries
training in the USSR from 200 '_o 300.
Status as of April 1972
Fishing port at La Calle under construction;
Soviet specialists studying general develop-
ment of the industry.
Another trawler was delivered in 1967 and
both are currently in operation.
An oceanographic research survey began in
February 1972.
Allocations have been made to construct a
fishing port in the Bio-Bio area and for
renovating at least two other ports. Three
Soviet hake trawlers, rented to a Chilean
firm, are landing their catch in Santiago.
A research fleet conducted a survey between
January and March of 1972.
Several Soviet research-mission-conducted
studies in the Red Sea and the Mediterran-
ean; and, in 1971, joint Soviet-Egyptian
fishery operations. The ten trawlers have
been delivered.
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Year of
Country Commitment
Egypt
(Continued)
1969 At the fifth mixed commission meeting, the USSR agreed
to train an additional 110 Egyptian students in fishing
subjects in the USSR.
1971 Under an agreement signed at the seventh mixed commis-
sion meeting the USSR agreed to provide the Egyptians
12,000 tons of fish an.xually, to undertake a joint
fisheries survey, and to provide additional assistance
to develop the potential of Lake Nasser.
1972 Under a 1972 protocol to the agreement the Soviets will
continue to supply equipment and technical assistance.
They will train 22 Egyptians in the USSR, construct
a wharf on the Red Sea, and conduct another fisheries
survey there.
1960 A fisheries agreement was concluded to construct a
fishing cor-lex at Tema, including port and drydock
facilities, a -old storage and icc plant, a workshop
to produce fishing gear, and several fish processing
plants. Financing for the projects came under a $40
million credit extended in 1960.
1960-61 Contracts signed . der credits extended in 1960 and
1961 provided for delivery of 18 fishing vessels,
valued at $4.5 million.
1963-64 In a protocol to the 1960 agreement the USSR agreed:
(1) to supply temporary facilities including a floating
dock with ship repair, workshop, and refrigerator units
to be used until the shore facilities were completed;
(2) to train 100 Ghanaians in fishing techniques; (3)
to send equipment for fishery schools to be set up in
Ghana; (4) to undertake joint scientific investiga-
tions.
1960-61 The USSR allocated $2.3 million of a $35 million credit
extended in 1959 for a cold storage plant at Conakry.
1966 Under a 1962 credit of $13 million the USSR allocated
some $4 million for developing Guinea's fishing indus-
try, including ten fishing seiners, three years of
technical training for 60 students in the USSR, and a
slip and a dock for repair of fishing boats in the port
of Conakry.
About 400 Egyptians have received training
in the USSR.
Work was suspended on the fishing complex
after the 1966 coup. By that time about
100 Ghanaians had been trained as fisheries
experts in the USSR. The drydock facil-
ities at Tema were completed i,: 1967 with-
out Soviet assistance. In May 1968, the
USSR agreed to send a mission to Ghana to
study resuming work on the projects but no
agreements have been concluded.
All 18 vessels were deli,.ared before the
coup.
The plant was completed by mid-1963 and
expanded in 1968. Technical training also
was provided.
In 1966 the USSR delivered four of the seiners
to be operated by Soviet and Guinean person-
nel, and Guinea, during 1969, rented two
refrigerated trawlers while canceling the re-
maining six seiners. Thirty Guineans were
accepted for training in the USSR during
1971-72.
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Year of
Country Commitment Maracter of Assistance Status as of April 1972
India 1966 Included in a 1966 development credit was a provision
for $2.2 million worth of deep sea fishery assistance
including the use of two trawlers and the construction
of a shipyard for fishing vessels.
Indonesia 1964 An agreement was signed to establish a fishing complex One trawler was delivered in 1965.
using part of a $90 million credit extended in 1956.
The complex was to include processing facilities and
fishing trawlers.
1963 An agreement was signed for Soviet assistance in devel- The first section of the hatchery and the
opines the Caspian Sea resources including equipment for cold storage plant were completed in 1959.
a large fish hatchery, a marine resources survey, re- Port equipment has been arriving sporad-
clamation work and technical assistance. Financing ically since 1968. Late in 1971, Iran re-
arrangements are unknown. ceived the six fishing vessels.
1966 As part of a $17 million trade credit, the USSR agreed
to assist in port expansion and to construct a cold
storage plant.
1969 Iran and the USSR concluded an agreement for the supply
of a trawler and five seiners worth $3 million.
Iraq 1969 Under a $5.5 million fisheries agreement the USSR agreed A fishery survey was conducted in 1970-71.
to construct processing plants and refrigeration facil- Other projects were under survey in 1971.
ities.
1970 A protocol to the fisheries agreement was signed; it in-
cluded provisions for Soviet aid in developing market-
ing facilities and two technical training centers to be
financed under a $222 million credit extended earlier.
1972 Iraq announced a $139 million fisheries development pro-
gram to be implemented in three stages over the next
eight years. As part of the program the USSR agreed to
build a port in the northern sector of Um Qasr and cold
storage plants. Iraq will rent two Soviet fishing boats,
and 50 Iraqis will study in Soviet fishery institutes
beginning in 1973. Presumably these projects will also
be financed under the 1971 credit.
Kenya
1964
The USSR agreed to construct various facilities includ-
ing a fish cannery under a $44 million credit.
No progress has been made,
Mauritius
1970
The USSR extended a $5 million credit for the sale of
two SRTM trawlers, marine equipment, and the services
of Soviet fishery specialists.
No action has been taken on the trawlers. A
shipment of marine equipment arrived in 1971
but it is unclear `f this was the first con-
signment of the credit shipment. A survey
was completed during 1971.
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Year of
Country Commitment
1966 Pakistan purchased Soviet trawlers valued at $1.8 mil-
lion, of which $1.6 million was covered by Sr.viat cred-
its.
19%;Z: An offer of Soviet assistance for fisheries development
was made in 1967 under a 1966 credit, and a Pakistani
team went to study Soviet fisheries. In '968 a memo-
randum of understanding was signed and the USSR agreed
to conduct oceanographic research, design a fishing
port, and train Pakistani fishermen.
1971 Under.a 1970 credit for $26 million, the USSR agreed to
establish 'a large fishing complex at Paita, including
expansion of port facilities and cc struction of a re-
pair yard and processing facilities.
1965 The USSR extended a $u?.7 million credit to establish a
tuna fishing complex, including ten fishirq vessels,
a fish cannery, a workshop and repair facility, and
cold storage plants.
A team of four Soviet experts studied land
facilities in 1968. In January 1469, three
trawlers arrived to train fisheries person-
nel and to conduct a two-year fishing sur-
A joint fishing operation and ichthyological
survey were undertaken in 1971.
Soviet experts submitted their report on the
proposed project in 1966. Because the re-
port failed to establish the feasibility of
the plant, the cannery and cold storage
facilities were canceled, reducing the cred-
it to $4.7 million. Three boats arrived in
1970. A fishery survey and training program
were undertaken in 1971.
1968 In a protocol to the 1965 agreement, the USSR agreed to
undertake a study of deep-sea fish resources.
1963 In a protocol to a $44 million credit of 1961, the USSR The plant was completed in 1970. Somali
agreed to provide equipment valued at $4.2 million for students are being trained as navigation
construction of a fish canning plant at Las Khoreh with officers and ships engineers in Soviet
an annual capacity of 6 million cans. schools.
1961 The USSR agreed to survey the fish potentials of the Red The surveys were completed in 1964. A feas-
Sea and Nile River and establish a fish cannery at ibility report on the cannery was prepared
Jebel Aulia. in 1965, but no subsequent activity has
been reported.
1966 The USSR, under a 1966 credit for $20 million, agreed to The cold storage and fish-drying plants were
construct a fish-drying plant at Kigoma and four cold canceled.
storage plants and to provide $900,000 of marine
equipment.
1969 The USSR and Yemen signed a fisheries agreement that in- Seiners, engines, and nets were delivered in
cluded a $5.6 million credit for research, marine 1970, and a training center was established.
equipment, construction of a training center, a fish- The cannery design was completed in 1971,
ing boat, and feasibility studies for canning and cold and the Soviets will supply an oil and flour
storage facilities. It also included grant aid of unit for it. Nearly 30 students are training
two completely equipped seiners. in the USSR, and the two countries have
jointly conducted fishing operations.
C1)
71
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Year of
Country Commitment
Yemen (San'a) 1964 Approximately $7.8 million was allocated for fisheries The workshop and a cold storage plant, part of
and related projects, including two repair workshops, the processing unit, are completed. In 1971,
seven fishing boats, processing facilities, and tech- discussions were again held on constructing
nical training. the processing plant and procuring the boats.
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