SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT ANDREYEVA, V.M. - ANDREYEVA, V.V.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000101410009-5
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 20, 2001
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENCEAB

ANDREYEVAP V.M.~ 53DOVA, T.V.
VariauJ "I ty of a.,e t-.axjnomj-c characters of unice-flular- greer,
algae in cult-ura. Rspt;rt. Nc.l. Wlsapj*arance of the pyrenoid.
Bot.zhur. 50 no.7-054-A)6I T1 165.
(MIRA JR)Qj)
I. BctanichaskiLy institut lineni F.-~)marcvm. 0 &SISF, Leningrad.

The decom
Position
ot
ntial
f
l
"I
d
e
s o
le
d
p
c IvEl

Vic dccorujin. potim0ab of fuml Na 11'eta. oud p1ropbw
phates were detil - by the construei Ion of ~ I- V curvc~l' T'M
decumpo. poteittint; were found for each.oJ the phosillbuts,
whirli proved c6)pIcx-ion formath)n lit these phosphubus.
The decompa. patenlLals of ZnO, AN'Ch, Q10,11bO, Eno,
FCA ' Nio. c"0. Afoot, BiA. and Sbrot, digsolved In
fosel NaMo slid In Nail.%Ch %irrv d0d. I'lle c1cormbrol.
series of metals lit the hised! phosphat" ircre ca!cd. froln,the-
decompti.-potential wdues. At IOLX)', the wies is, bLtPO*
Na, Za, AV. Cd. Fit, Co, Fe. No, Mv, 111,~ Sth lind in
Na4PA..Na,Zn,lt'.Cd,Co,Ni.Cu.Pb,Fe.Alo.5b. The
~Autltcntlcity of the series tras cnitfirumd b 'v (lie detti. of
0 Ill.f. of tile cort"-Mlidij Jacoby-Danif:11- Cells. 'the
'
(lifferen In ih
r-O
2
ti
l
M
ti
N
l
I
e
en
a
s-
st
n
a
it
m
arul
I
NaP.Ot woved tile formstion of differelit toinfids. lit the lit-
ternelion of the oxides *Ilh the 2 phor-pluttC3. . The cxlst-
ence of several trillections on some of the I. V curves wits
assotned to have rautted train. the decortifin. of winte more
11,1811 teinvit!

'A~ 1 1411 21-58-7-14/27
AUTHORS: Delimarskiy, Yu.K.0 Member of the AS UkrGSR, and Andrey-
eva, V.N.
TITLE: Galvanic Concentration Cells in Fused phosphates (Galivan-
icheskiye kontsentratsionnyye elementy v rasplavlennykh
fosfatakh)
PERIODICAL: Dopovidi Akademii nauk Ukrainslkoi HSH, 1958, Wr 7,
PP 743-746 (U3SR)
ABSTRACT: The authors investigated concentration cells composed of a
solution of 3b 2 03in the fused sodium metaphosphate. One
of the semi-elements was pure antimony oxide and the other
was the fused sodium metaphosphato in which the Sb 20 - con-
centration was variable. The electromotive forces o1
these cells were measured, the activity and activity co-
efficients of Sb 203 were calculated, and their dependence
on the concentration was established. The results are pre-
sented in a table and in graphs. 1n one of the graphs, Fig.
1, electromotive force IN is plotted versus ig-L where N
IV
means concentration, and in the other two concentrations,
N is plotted versus activity and activ it coefficient re-
spectively. On the basis of the E, lg IV - curve the authors
Card 1/2 e

Galvaric Concentration Cells in Fused Phosphates
21-58-7-14/27
come to the conclusion that compounds of the antimony oxy-
polyphosphate type are formed in the investigated system,
thereby confirming an inference drawn ly Bues and Gehrke
(Ref. 12) on Vie basis of optical studies with respect
to sodium polyphasphate. There is I table, 3 graphs, and
12 references, 4 of which are Soviet, 4 German, 1 French
and 3 American.
ASSOCIATION: Institut obshchey i neorganicheskoy khimii AN UkrSSR (in-
stitute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the AS UkrSSR)
SUBYITTED: February 4, 1958
140TE: Russian title and Russian names of individuals and in-
stitutions appearing in this article have been used in
the transliteration.
1. Phopphates--Electrical properties 2. Antimony oxides--Electro-
chemistry 3. Electrolytic cells--Theory
Card 2/2

tut,

SOV/21-59-6-14/27
AUTHORS: DelimarAciy, Yu. K., Academician of the AS UkrSSR, and
Andreyeva, V. N.
TITLE: Potentiometric Determination of the Solubility of Metal
Oxides in Fused Sodium Metaphouphate
PERIODICAL: Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrains1koi RSR, 1959, Nr 6,
pp 633 - 635 (USSR)
ABSTRAM Having rejeoted the determination of the solubil.'ty of metal.
oxides in fused salts by the method of isothermic saturation
as ill-fitted to deal with colorated fused solvents, the
author studied this matter applying the potentiometric
method described by H. Lux ERef- 41 . At the same time, the
author had an objective to disprove the Lux's statement, that
CaO can be dissolved in a fused eutectic Na so - K so only
2 4 2 4
when the electrolytic dissociation is complete. The author
constructed a galvanic cell of Pt (0 ) /NaPO -PbCJJNaPO I
2 3 3
Card 1/3 (0 2) Pt typel and applied the indicator platinum-oxygen

SOV/21-19-6-14/27
.10
Potentiometric Determination of the Solubility of Metal Oxides in Fused
Sodium Metaphosphate
electrode consisting of 0.5 mm platinum wire encased in a
porcelain cover. In the galvanic cell, the author used two
crucibles of different dimensions, made of porcellain. The
larger crucible containGA NaPO the smaller (put into the
larger one) -NaPO 3- PbO, with diKlerent concentrations of PbO.
Electromotive force was measured by a PPTV potentiometer.
The element was heated in an electric furnace, at an even
temperature of 7200C. Results of examinations are compiled
in tables 1 and 2. It has been found that the electromotive
force grew with the growth of oxide concentration. This
confirmed the correctness of the author's assumptionp and
proved the reversibility of platinum electrode with respect
to oxygen iones. The saturated solution obtained by this
method contained 31.6% PbO, which agreed satisfactorily with
the value of 31.0% obtained by the method of isothermal
saturation. The proposed method can al3o be applied to
Card 2/3 other oxides.

SOV/21-59-6-14/27
Potentiometric Determination of the Solubility of Metal Oxides in Fused
Sodium Metaphosphate
There are 2 tables, 1 graph and 9 references, 4 of which
are Soviet, 2 German and 3 English
ASSOCIATION: Institut obahchey i neorganicheskoy khimii AN UkrSSR
(Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the
AS UkrSSR)
SUBMITTEDt Januar 14, 1959
Card 3/3

9(2) 1 '!)OV/211-59-7-15/25
AUTJ1DR-. D31imarslkyy~Yv-y-p Member of the AS ITkr;qR and
Andryeyeyap, V,M. (Delimarskiy, Yu. K. and Andreyeva, V. N.)
TITLE: Chemical Galvanic Cells in Pused Phosphate Systems
PERIODICAL: Dopovidi Akademii Mauk 11krains1koi MTR, 1959, Nr 71
pp 760-765 MrSSR)
ABSTRACT: The authors investigated and demonstrated the repro-
ducibility and reversibility of a plat-inum-oxygen
electrode In fused sodium metaphosphate. The presence
of such an electrode permits measuring the e.m.f. of
chemical cells for metal oxide solutions in fused
metaphosphate. The chemical cell e.m.f.'s were mea-
sured with a mixed electrolyte, PbO - NaPO,, in de-
pendence on the temperature and compositio . On the
basis of these values, the partial excessive thermo-
dynamic functions (isobaric potential, entropy, en-
thalpy) were calculated for various concenTrations
of PbO. The thermodynamic properties of lead oxide
Card 112 dissolved in sodium metaphospbate indicate that there

SOV/21-59-7-15/25
Chemical Galvanic Cells in Fused Phosphate Systems
is a strong chemical interaction among the melt com-
ponents. Evidence of this is found in the magnitudes
of the partial entropy values, as well as in the con-
siderable negative deviations of the isobaric poten-
tial. There are 3 tables, 3 diagrams and 6 referen-
ces, 2 of which are Soviet and 4 American
ASSOCIATION: Instytut za&alnoyi ta neorhanichnoyi khimiyi AN URSR
(Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry AS
UkrSSR)
SUBMITTED: February 16, 1959
Card 2/2

MIMARSKIY. Yu.K.; AMMEMA, V.N.
Galvanic concentrAtion of elements in fused phosphates. Part 1: .
Antimony oxide:in sodium metaphosphate. Ukr.khim.zhur. 25 no.l:
8-13 159- 1 (MIRA 12:4)
1. Kiyevskiy politekhnicheakiy institut.
(Antimony oxides) (Sodium phosphates)
(Electrochemistry)

ANDREYeVkj, V., No,, Cand Chem Sci - (disa) "Electrochemical investigation
of dissolved phosphates,," Kiev, 1960, 13 pp. 150 cop. (Kiev State U im
T. 0. Shevehenko) (KL, 45-Wp 122)

DILIMARSKIT, Tu.K.; ANDUMA, Y.N.
Potentiometric determination of the solubility of metal
oxides in fused sodium metaphosphate. Zhu.noorg.khim- 5
no.5:il23-n25 * 160. (MIRA 13: 7)
(Metallic oxides) (Sodium metaphosphate)

DELIMARSKIT, Tu*X,; ANMYEVAP V-N.
Thermodymamic properties of lead oxide dissolved In fused sodium
metaphosphates Zhure neorge khime 5 no-8:1800-1805 Ag 160o
(MIRA 13:9)
(Lead oxide) (Sodium metaphosphate)

WOO
2 2'ID S/078/60/005/009/0)4/040/XX
1~. L11 OrD BO17/BO58
AUTHORS: Indreyeva, V. N., Delimarskiy, Yu. K.
TITLEt The Thermodynamic Propertiedbf Some Metal Oxides Dissolved
in Molten 5odium. Metaphos-pEiTe -VI
PERIODICALt Zhurnal neorganicheakoy khimil, 1960v Vol- 5, No. 9,
pp~ 2076 - 2083
TEXTs The oxides of,biamut niokel,'*Mplybden and an A~mo were
dissolved in molten NaPO 3* Chemical electrolyte chains were formed from
these solutions and their emf was determined in dependence on temperature
and composition of the electrolyte. The thermodynamic functions (isobaric
potential, nd enthalpy) as well as the activities and the
coefficients of activity were calculated for Bi 203 and NiO on the basis of
the results obtained, The emf of the chemical chain BijBi 203102(pt ) and
the emf of the chemical chain BijNaPO 3' Bi203(N)102(pt ) are given in
Tables 1 and 2. Fig. 1 shows the dependence of the emf in the system
Card 1/3

85600
The Thermodynamic Properties of Some Metal S/078/60/005/009/034/040/XX
Oxides Dissolved in Molten Sodium Metaphos- B017/BO58
phate
Bi203 - NaPO 3 on the molar ratio of both components- The dependence
Az excess' N on the molar ratio can be seen in Fig. 2. The thermodynamic
characteristics of the Bi 203 - Napo3system in dependence on the molar
ratio are summarized in Table 3. Table 4 shows the activity of Bi 2 03in
the Bi 203 -Napo 3 system at 8600C, The experimental and calculated emf
values given in Table 5 differ only slightly. The same studies were also
made for the NiO - NaPO 3 system, and the results are given in Tables 7 and
8 and in Figs. 3 to 5. The thermodynamic data and the activity
coefficients point towards an intensive chemical interaction of the
bismuth and nickel oxides with NaPO 3" The emf determination of the
chemical chains Molmoo 3102(Pt) and MojNaPO 3 - moo3(N)JO 2(pt) shows that
a reduction of hexavalent molybdenum sets in in this system, and com-
pounds of lower valency form. The emf tralues of the chain 0
MojNaPO 3 -moo 3(N)10,(Pt) at temperatures of from 720 to 900 C are given
Card 2/3

- : , y T - -1 -LI- -- - - -- ---- -- -- - - -
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iH A. P
lo
U-f
lig

DELn4WKIY# Yu.K.,--A~DREYEVA,_j.N._
Galvanic concentration callo'in fused phosphates. Part 2: Leand
and bismuth oxidee'in fused sodium wetaphosphate. Ukr. khim.
zhur. 27 no.2:161-170 161. (MM .14:3)
1. Institut obshchey i neorpnicheokoy khimii AN USSR.
(Electromotive force) (Lead oxide) (Bismuth oxid4

DELIMARSKIY, Yu.K., [Delimaratkyi, IU.K.] akademik; ANDREYEVA, V.N.
[Andrieieva, V.N;; KAPTSOVA, T.N.
Interaction of metal okides with fused sodium metaphosphate.
Dop. AN URSR no.4:492-494 062. (KRA -15:5)
1. Institut obshchey i neorganichoskoy khimii AN USSR.
2. AN USSR (for Delimarskiy).
(Metallic oxides) (Sodium metaphosphates)

AnRNrAVA, V.N.
Conditioned Inhibition to a system of conditioned stimull in dogs.
Tmdy Inat-filiol. U0.2t16-30 153. (ML 7:5)
jf-'-L
1. Laboratorlys fisiologii I tatologii visshey nerynoy dayatelluosti
(zaveduyushchly - IP.P.Mayorov). (Conditioned response) (Inhibition)

ANDRMVA, V.H.
Works of Russian researchers on the physiology of dtgootion
published prior to 1890. Fixtol. zhur. 41 no.3:433-446 My-Je
'55. (1-am 8:8)
l.'Kabimet istorii otpchsmtvemmo~ fisiologii Institute, fiziologii
im. I.P. Psylova, AN SSSR
(GASTPDIIESSTIM ffSTM, pbjyst*Iog7#
distestion,hist. of research in Russia in 19th century
revirm & bibliog.)

ANDI'MYEVA, V. 11.
Effect of proloned use of caffeine on conditioned inhibition in
response to conditioned stimuli. Trudy Inst. fizioi. 6:15o-161
157. (HIRA 11:4)
1. Laborntoriya fiziologil I patologii vysshey nervnoy dayatellnostui
(saveduyughchiy F.P. Mayorov).
(GA"BIRR) (CONDITIONED MPOUSE)

AIM YEVA, V.I.; FADCROVA-GROI!, A.K.
In memory of Danill Illich Solovetchik; 25th anniversary of his
death. ZhurWye.uaryodelat.~6 no-3:494-497 MY-Je 156. (MIRA 9:11)
1, Xabinat istorii otechestvannoy fiziologii Institute fiziologil,
im. I.P.Pavlova Alcademii nauk SSSR.
(SOLOVIICHIK, DANIII, IL'ICH, 1885-1931)

f k
ANDRBYIVAj Y.N.; FIDOROYA-GROT, A.K.
Pavel Pavlovich Pimenov. 1873-1956-, obituar7, Zhur.vyo.nervodoaitf
7 no-3:460-462 Ky-Je '57- (MIRA 10:10)
lo labinet iBotrit otechoetyannoy fizologii Institute figiolOgii
im. I.P.F*wlov& AN SSSR.
(PIKINOV, PATZL PAVLOVICH, 1873-1956)

ANDUMA, v.N., ksndq~iol.nauk
Survey of the development of Russian research on the physiology of
gastric digestion in the 19th century (till 1890). Trudy Inst. isto
eat, i takh. 24:284-300 158. MU iio)
(STOM0 11-4101INT IONS) (BIO10GICAL REBROCH)

ANDREYEVA
Historical sketch on the development of Russian investigations on
the physiology Of digestion in.the oral cavity in the nineteenth
century (up to 1890). Trudy Inst. fiziol. 9,461-.466 160.
K4 14:3)
1. Kabinet istorii otechestvennoy fisiologii (zaveduyurhchaya
V.N.Andr.eyeva).Instituta fiziologii im. I.P.Pavlova.
(DIGESTION)

ANDREYEVA, V.N.
Interaction of conditioned food and devensive reflexes. Nauch.
soob. In3t. fiziol. AN SSSR-no.1:13--;15 159. (MIRA 14:10)
1. Laboratoriya fiziologii i patologii vysshey nervnoy dayatelonosti
(zav. - F.P.Mayorov) Institute. fiziologii imeni, Pavlova AN SSSR.
(CONDITIONED FMP014SE)

ANDREYEVA, V.N.
I.P.Pavlov in S.P.Bqtkinle therapeutic clinic at the Academy (1878-
1890). Fiziol. zhxwl/+6 no,3:363-366 Mr '60. (MM 14:7)
4
1. From the I.P.Pavlov Institute of Physiology, the U.S.S.R. Aoade
of Sciences, Leningrad.
(PAVLOVt IVAN.FETROVICH, 1849-1936
(BOTKIV, SERGEI PETROVICH, 1832-18"1

ANDREYEVA, V. N.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov as dissertation examiner. Trudy Inst.
ist. est. i tekbi 41z294,323 061. (MIRA 15:2)
1. Kabinet istorii fiziologii Instituta. fiziologii AN SSSR.
(Pavlovp Ivan Petrovich., 1849-1936)

ANDREYEVAY V.N.
~-
-._'~Iem of correlation between the extinctive and supraliminal
inhibitions. Zhur. vys. nerv. deiat. 12. no-4:679-685 Jl-Ap 162.
(MIRA 17:11)
1. Dxboratory of Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous
Activity, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences, Leningrad.

ANPhF"T-AT,,',~ V~~N.
of supralimAnal and external A
deint. 14 no. ,,s695--",)o JI-Ag
1. I,aijorrwI,rj of Physiol,)gy and
lligh~r Nervous Activity, Pavlov InsLitutp of
U.5.3.R. AcaderrV of ;cIonces, '.enlngr~rl.

III.N.; A14011O."Y"V V. N.;
Kly
R'nCtIon of mc#~,al OyHf),l wl"Al
AN
1. Kiyevskly t.---kh tic, I ogln lwslr., i.'. 11---l

KRATI14, Yu.G.; AITDREYEVA, V.N.
Variations in the action of differentiation.signals in conditioned
motor alimentary reflexes in cats. Zhur. vys. nerv. deiat. 1.5 no. lt
3-13 Ja-F 166 (MIRA 19t2)
1. laboratoriya fizio*ogil i patologii vysshey neivnoy deyatell-
nosti Instituts. fiziologii imeni I.P. Pavlova AN SSSR. Sutmitted:,
December 14, 1964. , -

kP6013482 SOURdE'COD : (11/6182/65/000/012/0020/0023
Lisitsyn, V. 0;,'4gke V. N.; 1)mnutov, A. G.
.j.eva,
Experimental study of the drawing of box shapes
Kuznechno-shtampovochnoye proizvodsivo,
TOPIC TAGS: rimmed steel, brass, oscillograph, metal drawing, pressure measurement,
metal press / l0kp rimmed steel, L62 brass, AD aluminum, MPO-2 oscillograph
it) A
ABSTRACT: The article presents the re ts of an experimlvfal i4vestigati n of the drawingI
K L uminum ppr-
of box shapes of various materials: l0hp rimmed steel, - L62 brasE I
formed with the object of determining the drawing pressure aiFd_b%kh~1_d_er-ir-essurd'-aA a
function of punch stroke and time. The experiments were carried out in an industrial 65-ton
drawing press on recording the stresses and pressures with the aid of wire strain gauges and
an MPO-2 oscillograph. Analysis of the obtained oscillograms made it possible to determine
the maximum drawing pressures for various drawing coefficients mc as well as the blankholdei
and edge-trimming pressures. As exemplified by the drawing of brass boxes (Fig. 1), during

_7 44356-66
ACC NRs AP6013482
ong
Y dfo
0 10 10 JO 40 50 60.:. 70 h mm
Fig. 1. Experimental curves of drawing pressure Pd during the drawing of brass
boxes r
the initial part of the forming process the curves of drawing pressure rise steeply; this cor-
responds to the period of travel of the punch from its initial position to a position at which the
centers of curvature of the punch and die coincide in the horizontal. The variation in kinematic
and dynamic parameters in the course of the drawing of box shapos was analyzed by plotting
combined curves of erawing pressure, blankholder pressure, punch travel and punch stroke
(Fig. 2). Initially, as the draw punab encounters the blank, the continuity of motion of the pres
slider gets disturbed and its velocity sharply decreases. At the moment of impact of the punch

Vn?

2/4

L 44356-66
ACC NRI AP6013482 a# in
VO
110.0115: 1110
j 018 #,.v- 00"~
te2 7,fs
Iz
40'
t7 see
Fig. 2. Combined curves of variation in kinematic and dynamic parameters during the
drawing of box shapest.
I - punch travel; 2 - punch velocity; 3 - blankholder travel; 4 - drawing pres-
sure; 5 - blankholder pressure

LCard

SOV/68-58-10-13/25
AUTHORS: Yastrzhem'skaya O.V. Nenich, V.N.,
Royter, M.K., Kinfel;d,_P.fe., and Bilym, L.M.
TITIR: From Experience of Putting the Indene-coumarone Resii)
Plant on the KadiyevkAtOoking Works into Operation (Opyt
puska i raboty tsekha inden-kumaronovykh smol na Kadiye-
vskom koksokhimicheskom zavode)
PERIODICAL: Koks i Xhimiya, 1958, Nr 10, pp 40 -- 44 (USSR)
ABSTRACT. The plant was put into operation in 1955. The mheme of
the operation of the plant as designed is shown in
Figure I and changes intro&aced are shown in Figures 2
and 3. Aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst in a
proportion of 0,35% of the raw material. The polymeris-
atiog process begins at 20 - 30 C and is finished at
0. The main difficulties were encountered i;jtthe
110
distillation plant due to the incorrect design of the
evaporators and due to an excessive corrosion of the
condenser. All resin pipe-lines were found to be too long
and complicated. Cooling drams for resin were
insufficient. The initial losses of hydrocarbons amounted
to 18-20% and were reduced (by unspecified methods) to
Card 1/2

SOV68-58-10-13/25
From Experience of Putting the Indene-coumarone Resin Plant on the
Kadiyevk,a Coking Works into Operation
6-8%. Sdt8ning temperature of the resin produced
100 - 110 C. It is pointed out that in order to decrease
corrosion, an enamelled distillation apparatus and a
reactor for the preparation of aluminium chloride complex
should be introduced. There are 3 figures.
ASSOCIATIONS: MIN and Kadiyevskiy koksokhimi,cheskiy zavod
(Kadiyev1.t,- Coking Works)
Card 2/2

5/068/62/000/003/002/003
E071/E435
AUTHORS: Nosalevich, I.M_ Yeru, 1,I_ Yastrzhemb-~kaya. O,-V-
A n dr-e-v e va .V.S~
TITLE-, The production of lightly coloured and lighi Tesistant
indine-couniarone resins by the method of catalyti,
hydrogenation
PERIODICAL: Koks i khimiya, no-3, 1962, 44-46
TEXTt The work was carried out in ordex to deter-mine the
possibility of production of light coloured- stable and light.-
resistant indine-coumarone resins, similar to good quality resins
produced in other countries. The following types of catalyst
were testedf an industrial tungsten nickel, sulphide on alumina
(tablets), molybdenum trisulphide (powder) and ni;kel--chror-nium
oxide (tablets), The hydrogenation was done in two type:p of
autoclaves: a) with a stirrer, 350 rpmj b) by r,:jtating about the
horizontal axis at 75 rpm. As a starting material an induztrial
product of catalysis containing 44 to 48% resin and abow 0,25%
sulphur was used, Catalysts were added ill the form of a fine
powder in an amount of 10 wt %, The hydrogenation product iwas
Card 1/3

S/068/62/000/003/002/003
The production of lightly coloured E071/E433
filtered and steam distilled. The colour of industrial ie6ln5
is usually determined by the iodine scale but the colour of the
hydrogenated product was so much improved that. the iodine s.:ale
could not be used and instead the chromate scale was applied,
In addition, the Iodine numbers of the starting (54 to 56) and the
finished product (25 to 30) were determined. rhe resiz~Tjn-,e to
light was determined by irradiation for 6 hours with ultraviol,,,t
light. It was found that with the sulphide ~aialyit at 200 ~.) t.~
25CC, the initial hydrogen pressure .:-ould be reduied ',o 30 to
40 atm without noticeable effect on the colour of tho, finished
product. The colour of the starting product ~ 35 units of' the
iodine scalel finished product - 0.5 units of the chromate a,.ale,
A decrease of the duration of heating from 60 to 30 min also had
no influence on the quality of the products furtber de-rpa!61. to
10 minutes brings about a noii:-.Pable deteiioration~ Rep I a ~ smen 1~
of hydrogen by coke,-oven gas brings about. some lri:rease in thr',
coloration of the resins. Experiments :ai-,--1,~d ~)u,. in ,~ r,~ti-Ang
autoclave gave somewhat better results fc;r bcth li~dr:-~gen and ~kA-
oven gas, this is explained by the effi,..!
Card 2/3

S/068/62/000/005/001/002
E071/L,~,35
AUTHORS: Yastrzhembskaya, O.V., Andreyeva. V.S.
TITLE: Application of boron fluoride in the production of
indine-couniarone resins
PERIODICAL: Koks i khimiya, no-5, 1962, 44-46
TEXT: The result--~ are described of qxperimontal polymerization
of indine-coumaronu fraction (heavy benzoles) in the presence of
phenol, acetic, alcohol and other complexes of boron trifluoride
carried out in UKhIN. It was found that the application of
phenol (BF3"C61150'1) and acetic (BF3*2C'13COOH) complexes produces
resin with a coloration below 7 units of the iodine scale. An '
increase of the polymerization temperature up to 100- 1209C has no
influence on the colo;i:.- of resins. The best results were obtained
on polymerization in the presence of 0.5" (on the starting indine-
coumarone fraction) of the phenol complex and temperature of 35 to"
100-6c. In this case the maximum yield of 52.4'j.' was obtained,
while the corresponding yield with the acetic complex was 44.7%
(under standard experimental conditions). In view of the high
Card 1/2

S/081/62/000/023/091/120
B101/B186
AUTHORS: Nbsalevich, I. M., Yastrzhembakaya, 0. V.
Shapoval, L. D.
T1TLE: Development of coumarone-indene res-ins production in the
Ukraine
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Xhimiya, no. 23, 1962, 678, abstract
23P95 (5b. nauchn. tr. Ukr. n.-i. uglekhim. in-t., no. 13 (35),
1962, 136 - 143)
TEXT;: The method of producing coumarone-indene' resins (CIR) was improved
so as to obtain neutral, bright, and light-resistant materials with a
low-ash content. Continuous operation was*introduced. The finished
complex is separated in a settler-type superoentrifuge. The polymerizate
is stabilized by hydrogenation. New types of catalysts (BF 5 complexes)
are used. A description of the techniques, a flow sheet of the apparatus
for continuous CIR production, and flow sheets showing the_hydrogenation of
the polymerizate and the separation of resins are given. LAbstracter's
note: Complete translation.
Card 1/1

ANVATU, S. I;AIWRWBVA, V. S;ZAK, N. N;MOBDZOV, V. M.
Treatment of chronic alcoholism with thiurs. Sh. nevropat, paikhtat.,
Moskva 52 no.4:58-61 Apr 1952, (CLNL 2W)
1. Of the Central Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Public
Health RS7SR (Director - Docent D. Ye. Welekhov) and of the
Clinical Psychiatric Hospital imeni Gannushkin (Head Physician
- V. 1. Fqbalko).

AIIDUYNVA,, V.S.
-''t;j., n'.'-:-"--
rb,ftect of sodium fluoride on the calcium and organic sod inorganic
phosphorus content of blood serum In puppies [with GUMMSZ7 In B"lish].
liziol,zhur. 43 no.12:1183-1186 1) 157. (MIRA 11:3)
1. Kafedra goopitallnqy pediatrit *L editainakogo institute, Sverdlovsk.
(YUJORIDES. effects,
sodium, on blood calcium & phosphorus in young dogs (RUB))
(CALGIUMe, in blood,
off. of sodium fluoride in young dogs (Rue))
(PHOSPHORUS. in blood.
some)

ANMEYEVA, V. S., Candidate Med Sci (dies) -- "Some clinical and biochemical
data on preschool children suffering from dental fluorosis in the fluorosis-
endemic areas of the Urals". Sverdlovsk, 1958. 18 pp (Sverdlovsk State Med
Inst), 200 copies (KL, No 25, 1959, 139)

ANDRZYEV.A, V.S.
Effect of an exesso of fluorine on the growing body. Felld. i aksuh.
21 no.7:3-5 Jl '58 (MIRA 11:8)
(7LUORrNI,-PHYSIOIoCGICAL 30770T)

ANDIMYXVA, V. S.
Some biochemical changes in children's blood during dental fluorosille
Vop.okb.mat.i dot. 4 no.6125-29 N-D 1590 (MIRA UtO
1. 1z kafedz7 gospitalluoy pediatrii
nauk D.Ye. Sheynberg) Sverdlovskogo
tor - profj A.To Zverev).
(NZORIMI--TOXICOIDGY)
(zaveduyushchiy - doktor med.
meditainakogo institute (direk-
(BLOOD)

ANDRITIVAI, V,S,; GAVRIWTA, L,V.,- LITIN, VX: RLSHNNIKOVA, Zh.T.
Acute psychotic states during antabuse treatment of chronic aloobolisla.
Zhur.nov. I polkh. 59 no.6:674-678 159. (MMA 13 11)
1. 3olluitea imeni Gannushkina. (glavnyy vraoh V.N. Ryballm) i kafedra
paikhtatrii (say, - prof* A9Vv Sueshnevokly) TSeutrallnogo InstItuta
usovershonst" achey# Hookys,.
(DI=lZ 11. off.
psychoses big))
(PSTCHOSES, otiol. & Pathogne.
dioulfiram (Eno))

A?%REYEVA.-M-S,
Investigation of the amount of calcium in the urine by ftl1kovich's
method for the early detection of intoxication during the treatment
of children with increased doses of mitamin D2. Lab.delo 6 no.61
54-56 N-D 160. (KIRA 13311)
le Kafedra gospitallnoy pediatrii (tav. - doktor maditsinskikh
nauk D,,Ye.Sheynberg) Sverdlovakogo meditainakogo instituta (dire -
prof. A.F.Zverev)
(CALCIUM IM THE BODY)
(VITAMINS--D)

ANDREYEVAq V, S,q CAND MED SO I T*VR--jk"-dl C H R 0 N I C~ A L C 0-
HOLISM WITH THIURAM (ANTABUSE)," Moscow, 1961. (SEcoNo
MOSCOW STATE MED INST Im No Is PIROGOV). (KL9 3-61, 229).
385

ANDR=Aj V.S. (Mskva)
Characteristics of remissions in chronic alcoholism following
a course of antabuSe treatment. Trudy Gos. nauch.-isal. inst.
psikh. 38:355-359 t63 (MIRA 160.1)

0 is 11 If 1) Is It TO a V
-in- & a A a)? $JV* U be 11'
S a L I, a 4 J,, AN AA 00
6. The action 01 cb*Micatlr active conipaunds on the
q9thiledcal properties, of statute" steels. 1. Va. Moon
, ,a. PISA Mrlalfr~pxr. 1937. Nm
UlgiNi4of"
N I
towts of hot a ve The chain. reamonct
slainle". steels were invi,miSald
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Plant HY&I, HY&I with Tit KV*2, and Cr.
aZt
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ng cause
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rary "mat" to rupture *nil loEirted the visemity goo
11110, Imill Invemigaird steels. Put the Steel livaj (hot solling")
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S/080/62/035/306/002/013
D204/D307
AUTHORS: Andreyeva, V. V. and Alkeseyeva, Ye. L,
TITLE: The oxidation of titanium, zirconium, rdolybdenum
and certain alloys.
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal prikladnoy khiniii, v. 35, no. 6, 1962,
1175-1183 *
TEXT: The rates of oxidation of massive Ti, Mo, Zrj 90Ti1OMo and
92Ti5Cr3Al were studied in oxygen and in air,. between 20 and
4000C. Progress of oxidation was assessed by the thickness of
oxide scale formed, as measured by an optical polarization method*
At room temperature, in air,' Ti oxidized logarithmically, the scale
reaching a thickness of 80 - 90 A.V. after 545 days. Between 50
and 2500C Ti oxidized faster in dry than in humid air. The oxida-
tion of Zr was already appreciable at 5000, of Ti and 90Ti1OMo
alloy at 1000C and of Mo and 92Ti5Cr3Al at 15000. At 15000 the
scales on Ti, 1,41o and Zr reached 30 - 50 A.V. after 6 hours and
were 250 - 400 A.V. thick after 6 hours at 250 - 35000. Zirconium
Card 1/2

S/080/62/035/006/002/0.13
The oxidation of titanium ... D204/D307
oxidized more rapidly than Mo at 25000 or than Ti at 350 OC. This
was associated with the growth of monoolinio Zr02* Mo oxidized
rapidly above 30000 but an admixture of 10% Mo and Ti made this
alioy better than Ti alone at the same temperature. The TiOrAl al-
loy was particularly resistant to oxidation. In general the me-
tals oxidized logarithmically at lower and parabolically at higher
temperatures. The rate~of oxidation is thought to be governed -
initially by the rate of fox1mation of a thin scale as the tempe-
rature is,increased. The scales were found to be rutile for Ti,
cubic ZrO 2 up to 25000 and monoclinic Zr02 above 25000 for Zr,
14003up to 300 OC and Mo03 + '1002 above 300 0 for Mo, solid solu-
tion of Ti02 and Mo03 for 90Ti10Mo and (probably) a solid solution
of Ti, Or, Al oxides for the ternary alloy. Energies of activation
for the oxidation processes ranged from 10 to 21.2 kcal/mole be-
tween 200 and 35000. The results are discussed. There are 8 figu-
res and 2 tables.
SUBMITTED: May 12, 1961
Card 2/2,

S/080/62/035/003/011/024
D217/D302
/JP 1.2
AUTHORS: Glukhova, A. I. and AagLpyeva, V. V.
TITLE: Influence of additions of oxidizing agents to hydro-
chloric acid solutions on the corrosion and electro-
chemical behavior of zirconium and on alloys of the
system zirconium-titanium
2LRIODICAL: Zhurnal prikladnoy khimii, V. 35, no. 3, 1962,567-572
TEXT: Alloys of the system Zr-Ti were prepared from the metal
iodiden; the hafnium content of zirconium did not exceed O.W% The
alloys were cast into a water-cooled copper crucible in an elec-
tric arc furnace, with a tungsten electrode, and were then forged
at 8000C. The alloys were prepared and their mechanical properties,'
tested in the laboratory under the supervision of A. A. Kiselev.
The investigation of the influence of additions of oxidizing agents
to HCl solutions on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of
Zr has shown that the potential at which passivation is destroyed
depends on the ratio between chlorine-ion content and ions of the
Card 1/3

Influence of additions
S/U8 0/6 2/03 5/003/011/024
D217/D302
ASSOCIATION: In8titut fizicheskoy khimii AN SSSR (Institute of
Physical Chemistry AS USSR)
SUBMITTBD: March 20,. 1961
Card 3/3

S/08 62/035/003/010/024
D217%302
/.P. 1.2
AUTHORS: and Glukhova, A. I.
TITLE: Corrosion and electrochemical behavior of alloys of
the system zirconium-titanium in hydrochloric acid
6olutions
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal prikladnoy khimii, V. 35, n. 3, 1962, 562-567
TEXT: The purpose of this investigation, in which the corrosion
resistance and the electrochemical properties of binary alloys of
the systen, Zr-Ti, as wrell as unalloyed Zr and Ti were studied in
HC1 solution, was to establish general relationships between.the
behavior of these metals and alloys and a number of factors (alloy
composition, concentration and temperature of solution and electro-
chemical polarization) and to develop new corrosion-resistant al-
loys. Various concentrations of HCl solution at 20, 40 and 1000C
were used in this study. It was found that whereas zirconium re-
mains practically unattacked by HC1 up to 1000-C at all concentra-
tionB, the rate of corrosion of Ti increases considerably with in-
Card 1/3

S/080/62/035/003/010/024
Corrosion and electrochemical ... D217/D302
crease in acid concentration and temperature. Polarization curves,
obtained by the potentiostatic method, show that the cathodic re-
gions of titanium readily dissolve in 2N, HC1 solution at 1000C.
Passivation commences at a potential of -0.3 V (on.the hydrogen
scale). The anodic regions of Ti are passive. Por.Zr. a passive por-
tion is observed in the anodic region at 400C. Howeve-r, at a poten-
tial of +0.3.V, the current density increases abruptly and pitting
corrosion commences. On increasing the temperature to 1000C, the
~passive range in the anodic region decreases and at a potential of
+0.2 V, the metal becomes active; the corrosion current increases
and Zr is completely destroyed. The shape of the polarization curves
changes with the nature of the metal and composition of the alloy.
The results obtained support the assumption that the composition
of the protective surface films of Zr-Ti alloys is a solid solution
of mixed oxides, consisting of ZrO and T102r' It is concluded that.
alloying Ti with Zr increases its gorrosion esistance in HC1 so-
lutions. The higher the Zr content, the higher the stability of the
alloy. There are 5 figures, 2 tables and 8 references: 5 Soviet-
.bloc and 3 non-Soviet-bloc. The references to the English-language
.Card 2/3

B/5 9%6WOOO/006/03 0/03 4
Dr2l 7D303
AUTHORS: Andreyevat V.V.,v and Kazarinp V.Iv
TITIEt Corrosion resist ance and electrochemical properties
of titanium and its alloys
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk S SSR. Institat metallurgiio~k-itan i
yego splavyr noo 6, 1961. Metallotermiya i elektro-
khimiya titanap 230 - 236
TDXTt 98.7 % pure Ti and binary Ti alloys with additions of Mo
and Zr were studied in solutions of various aoids. Apart from the
corrosion methodv the electrochemical potantiostatic method of
plotting polarization curves was used* The latter method enabled
the corroslon behavior of metal to be studied at a desired poten-
tial, maintained at a constant value 'by means of an electronic po-
tentiostato The following relatlonships were studied1for Tit C*D,
against potential and oowosion against: potential. in 40 % H2SOjt
40 % H2BO4 + 5 % HN07,, and 40 % H2SO4 + 5 % HN03 + 0 .1 % NaP. The
Influence of Zr and Mo oontent on the rate of corrosion of Ti in
Card 1/2

3iOW
Sl/*598/61./000/006/030/034
Corrosion resiEtance and electrochemical..D2'7/D303
H2SOt solutions of various concentrations at various temperatures
was nvestigated. Curves of 0,D. against potential and corrosion
against potential were plotted for Ti ... Mo alloys in H2SO4 at 1000.
The dependence of the critical. anode current density on temperatu-
re and composition of Ti-Zr alloys in 40 % H2SO4 was investigated.
The range of potentials within which Ti 18 passive, i.e. remains
practically uncorroded In most agressive acid solutions, except so-
4utions containing F ionst was defined~ Titanium when alloyed with
Zr and Mo results in materials of high mechanical properties and
corrosion resistance~ There are 6 figures and 6 references: 3 So-
vlet-bloc and 3 non.-Soviet-bloc. Thereferences to -che English-lan-
guage publications read as follows: N.P. Inglis and J.B. Cotton,
Corrosion, PreventionjaM Control,, 1958, 5, no. 11, 49; M. Stern,
J. of the Electrochemical Socor '-958v 105v llp 638 - 647.
Card 212

S/762/61/000/000/0071029
-A.UTHORS: AndK a ~V. V.~ Kazarin, V. I.
? _"yyL
TFLE: Corrosion resistance of titanium and Its alloys
S~URCE: Titan v promyshlennosti; sbornik statey. Ed. by S.G.Glazunov.
Moscow, 1961, 90-97.
TEXT: The paper comprises a state-of-the-art survey based on published
literaturii.-" Ti and its alloys may serve usefully in chemical- equipment construct-
ion. Li some aggressive media the stability of Ti compares with that of Pt. Ti
excels over stainless steel by greater resistance against pitting, corrosion crack-
ing, and fatigue corrosion (in chloride solutions etc.). In large structures it may be
applied as a 1-2-mm thick cladding material. The corrosion resistance of Ti is
attributed to the formation of a protective surface film, the composition of which
depends on the conditions of its formation and exposure (cf. the authors, in Akad.
nauk SSSR, Dokl., no. 4, 1957, 56-159; v. 121, no. 5, 1958, 873-876; v. U3, no. 6,
1958, 1048-1051). The film consists prevalently of TiO?.; at times, in HCl, it may
consist of TiH?; within a certain concentration range in H?S04, it may be formed of
variously constituted insoluble compounds of TiO2, H2SO4, and HZO. In'solutiona
containing F ions, H2S04, and HC1 (except for highly diluted low-temperature
solutions), oxalic acid, etc., Ti is unstable. Passivity may then be attained by anod-
ization (Tomashov, N.D., et al.. Protection of Ti in H SO j and HCI by anodization.
Fil. VINITI, 1959, terna. (paper) no. 13, no. M-59-23M)'and by adsorption,
Card 112

followed by partial chemosorption, of cations such as Cu"' et al. (cf. Stern, M.,
J.Electrochem-Soc., v. 105, no. 11, 1958, 638-647; Roger, W., Leldheiser'li., Z.f.
Elektrochemie, v. 62, no. 6/7, 1958, 619-830). The authors have shown that the pro-
tective effect is dup to the presence of a certain quantity of T14+ ions in the H S04
and HC1 which established an equilibrium with the TiOZ of the surface film. Re
authors have shown, by the potentiostatic method and otherwise, that the presence
of oxidizers, such as HN031 '-IZ041 0? 'et al., produces an
. (aeration~. KMnb4,
oxidizing- reducing potential at which the Ti is passive (potentiostati6 curves are de-
picted and interpreted in detail). Lastly, corrosion resistance through the forma-
tion of surface films may be achieved by suitable alloying (composition and cha-rac-
teristict'are tabulated and graphed). Most effective additions: Mo, Zr, Nb. The
significant favorable effect of a small (1.416) addition of Al to a Ti+310MO alloys is
noted. Basically, the alloying addition must be a metal which per fie is more
corrosion- resistant in the given aggressive medium than Ti alone. it must be
capable of forming a protective surface film by solid-solution formation between
the oxides of Ti and of the alloying addition. A most effective corrosion- protective
improvement on Ti alloys is achieved by heat treatments which produce single-phase
alloys with a wholly recrystallized structure. There are 5 figures, 6 tables, and
6 references (4 Rus sian- language Soviets, I German, 1 English- language).

PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/5956
.Andreyeva, V. V., and V. I. Kazarin.
Novyye konstruktsionnyye khimicheski Btoykiye metallicheakiye
materialy (New, Chemically Stable Structural Metal Materials
Moscow, Goskhimizdat, 1961. 18q p. (Korroziya v khimicheakikh
proizvodbtvakh i sposoby zashchityo vyp, 17) 6000 copies p Inted,
p
Ed. (Title page): I. Ya. Klinov; Editorial Board of Series~ IN. A*
Baklanov, I. Ya. Klinov, A. L. Labutin, G. V. Sagalayev (Chairman),
P. D. Trebukov (Secretary), and P. G. Udyma; Ed.: S, . Belenlkaya;
Tech. Ed.: V. V. Kogan.
PURPOSE; This book is intended for technical personnel of ohemioal
plants.
COVERAGE: The book reviews the properties and methods of producing the
new, chemically stable struetural materials (titanium-base alloys
and zirconium-baoe alloys) currently being used. Materials which
may see wide use in the future due to their valuable properties
Card 1/#
Card 2/f

5M
AUTHORS; Andreyeva, V. V., Kazarin, V. I. SOV120-12;3-6-2515O
TITLEs The Influence of the Ions of qusddvala~t ' Titanium Upon the
Electrochemical Properties and the Corrosion Behavior of
Titanium (Vliyaniye ionov chetyrekhvalentnogo titana rz
elektrokhimicheskiye evoystva i korrozionnoye povedeniye titana)
PERIODICALt Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1956, Vol 123, Nr 6, PP 1048-1051
(USSR)
ABSTRACTt The present paper deals with the problem as to wether an
increase of the superficial film in thickness increases the
corrosion stability of titanium or not. The thickness of the
film formed on the titanium surface during polishing canr-:t be
measured optically since the initial values of the optical
constants of a surface of pure titanium are not known. In the
present case, only the increase in thickness of the already
present film could be investigated. Within 180 days, the
thickness of the film increased only by 17 - 22 X . This
increase is not mainly due to an increase of the film in
thickness, but, apparently, to the diminishing of the defects
in the lattice of titanium oxide. It is possible that there is
Card 1/4 an equilibrium state in which practically no corrosion of

The Influence of the Ions of Quadrtralent Titanium SOV/20-12'z-5-25/50
Upon the Electrochemical Properties and the Corrosion Behavior of Titanium
titanium is observed. The equilibrium condition has the form
TiO + 2H SO -*---"Ti(so + 2H 0 or TiO, + 4H+;tTi4+ + 2H 0
2 2 4 4)2 2 e- 2
that is 14+ ]/ [H+ ]4 - K. The investigations were carried
IT
out in solutions of hydrochlorio acid and of sulphuric a.-id.
According to the results obtained, the amount of T14+ necessary
for the maintaining of titanium in the passive state, depends on
the acid concentration and on the temperature of the solution.
A diagram shows the dependence of the corrosion rate of titanium
on the concentration of T14+ in 20'i*' and in 36% solutions of
f
hydrochloric acid and in 401,10 solution of sulphuric acid. The
second diagram shows the dependence of the rate of corrosion of
titanium in a 40% solution of H 2 s04 on the concentration of
T14+ and on the temperature of the solutions. In a 40,"')eolution
of sulphuric acid at 20 0 and at 600, 0.015 mol/l,Ti4+ are
sufficient for keeping titanium in the passive state. If the
temperature of the solution increases to '14000, already
Card 2/ 4 0.1 MOO of Ti4+ would be necessary. In solutions of

The Influence of the Ions of QivArivalent' Titani= SOV/20-121-6-25/550
Upon the Electrochemical Properties and the Corrosion Behavior of Titanium
hydrochloric acid, a still higher concentration of T14+ would
be necessary because of the higher solubility of TiO 2 #
Measurement of electrode potential time dependence while the
titanium sample is submerged in a 4V,~, sulphuric acid solution
shows progressive titanium activation. In such a solution at
room temperature, the dissolution of titanium begins
approximately after 2 hours. According to the polarization
curves of titanium in a 40 10 solution of sulphuric acid in the
presence of 0-14 mol/l T14+ at 400 and 600, hydrogen is generated
after activation. Titanium is initially dissolved as a bivalent
ion. If the solution contains an oxidizer (for example, dissolved
oxygen) the reaction Ti 2+ -e---*Ti 3+ -e--*Ti4+ occurs. The
Card 3,/4

The Influence of the Ions of QUadrivalent Ti taniurii SOV/20-123-w6-25/550
Upon the Electrochemical Properties and the Corrosion Behavior of Titanium
oxidation of titaniuni to T14+ is by far slower than that to
T13+. There are 4 figures and 8 references, 3 of which are
Soviet.
ASSOCIATION; Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSOR
(institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences,
USSR)
PRESENTED: July 25, 1958, by A. N. Frumkin, Academician
SUBMITTED: July 21, 1958
Card 4/4

5W
AUTHORS: Andreyeva, V. V., Kazarin, V. I. SOV12o-121-5-30/5o
TITLE: e E~lectrochemical Properties and the Corrosion Behavior
~h
of Titanium in Solutions of Sulfuric Acid jElektro-
khimioheskiye evoystva i korrozionnoye povedeniye titans,
v rastvorakh aernoy kisloty)
PERIODICAL- Doklady kkademii nauk SSSR, 1958, Vol 121, Nr 5,
PP 873 - 876 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The velocity of diseglution of titanium in solutions
of sulphuric acid depends in a very complicated manner
on the concentration of this solution. There are 2
maxima of the velocity of solution of titanium; one
of them corresponds to a 40% concentration, the other -
to a 75% concentration. The low velocity of the
dissolution of titanium in diluted solutions of sulfuric
acid (first minimum) impliest a protecting influence of the
natural oxide film developed on the titanium surface
by the action of the air. In the region 50-70% of H2 so 4
Card 1/3 concentration, the velocity of the corrosion of

The Electrochemical Properties and the Corrosion SOV/2o-121-5-30/50
Behavior of Titanium in Solutions of Sulfuric Acid
titanium does not vary if the temperature increases
from 300 to 500, the losses of titanium are slightly
higher. The investigation of the system TO 2- so 3'H 20
proves the possibility of the formation of 2 compounds
of TiO with H so the solubility of which at 1000
2 2 V
is extraordinarily low for concentrations of 50-70%.
These oompounds have the following oomposition) TiOSO 4' H20
and Ti 2O(SO 4)3' 5H20 with the ratios TO2 :SO3:H 20 - 1:1:1
for the first compound and 2:3:5 for the second
compound. This was also confirmed by an experiment in
which the variation of the potential in a 60% solution
of H2 so4was measured as a time function. In those
sulfuric acid solutions which correspond to the maxima
and minima of the solution velocity of titaniump the
electrode potentials have different values. This implies a dif-
dZA-W.f*-rj
anticharacter of the reactions on the surface electrode.
Card 2/3 The activation energy of the ionization of the.metal

The Electrochemical Properties and the Corrosion SOV/2o-121-5-30/50
Behavior of Titanium in Solutionsof Sulfuric Acid
has the value 16,7 kcal/mol. The polarization curves
of the anode and of the cathode have horizontal parts
which correspond to an intensive solution of the metal.
The generation of oxygen on the titanium surface begins
at a sufficiently high overvoltage, i.e.-i + 2V. Numerous
further experimental data are given in this paper. There
are 4 figures and 4 references, 3 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of Physical ChemistryjAS USSR)
PRESENTED: April 10, 1958, by A.N.Frumkin, Academician
SUBMITTED: April 10, 1958
Card 3/3

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.
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I; as a-% Ls 'A more detailed Investigation of local corraiian phentim.
trut in possible from decreasing the crosil section of the litant
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Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya,
AUTHOR: Andreyeva, V.V.
TITLE: Measilrement of the T icirness of Thin Films on Metals by the
Optical Polarization Method (Izi-nereniye tolshchin tonkikh
plenok na i-netallakh opticheskin-i polyarizatsionnym metodom)
The experiment of the application of the optical- polariza-
tion Drude-Tronstad method for the study of the corrosion pro-
cess and the passivation of metals is described. The method
permits the measurement of very fine films (F), of the order
of 2-300 angstrom, without disruptinT their continuity and while
conducting other, for example, electrochemical, measure-
ments at the same time. It is shown that the oxide F forming
on Fe in dry air at 250C and atmospheric pressure when mea-
sured directly following the introduction of air into a vacuum
container, has a thickness of the order of 10-19 angstrom.
After staying under the same conditions for Z4 hours the thick-
ness, of F increases by 4-9 angstrom, but during the following
t5
30 days its thickness does not vary. The ina&irnum thickness

SOVi 137-58-9-19451
Measurement of the Thickness of Thin Films on Metals (cont.)
of the F formed amounts to 16-23 angstrom. The thickness of F on speci-
mens kept in a desiccatorfor three years remained within the limit of the
same 16-23 angstrom. The growth of surface F on Ti and Al at 250 and 4011jo
relative humidity practically ceases after 70-75 days reaching an ultimate
thickness of 45-55 angstrom on Ti and 30-50 angstrom on Al. The oxide F
on Cu after 140 days attains a thickness of 150 angstrom, and after being
kept for three years in a desitcator it becomes visible in contrast to theinvis-
ible F on Ti and Al kept under the same conditions. The thickness of F on
Ti and Al is the sum of the thiclznesses of the F proper and of the polymo-
lecular layer of adsorbed gas or of the mixture of gas and water (depending
on the composition of the medium), while on the surface of Ag and Pt at
room temperature F form not as the result of the chemical oxidation pro-
cess, but owing to the physical adsorption of gases. Bibliography: 19
references.
P.S.
1. 'Fhin films-44easurement 2. Iron oxides 3. Thin films--Testing equipment
4. "hin films--Jest results
Card 2/2

ANDREMA -'V -.--V. and -K-k&k-NYIN-i--V.-- Y. - - ---- --
"Elektrochemische und Korrosionserseheinungen von Titan und Titaftlegierungen."
j.,Qper sul-Anitted fof the Congress on Corrosion, Budape3t, 24-30 Sept 1938.
Inst. of ftsloRl Chem., Acad. %I. USSR.

AUTHORS: Andreyevap V. V., Shiahakov, N. A. SOV/76-32-7-35/45
TITLE: On 'the MnMe`Wof Oxide Pilms on Some Metals as Shown by Data
From Electron Diffraction and Optical Investigations (0 tolshchi-
ne okisnykh plenok na nekotorykh metallakh po dannym elektrono-
graficheskikh i opticheskikh issledovaniy)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal fizicheakoy khimii, 1958, Vol 32, Nr 7,
pp. 1671 - 1672 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Based on the comparative investigations mentioned above it is
assumed that a reversible polymolecular adsorption takes place
at metal surfaces besides the monomolecular adsorption. In the
electron diffraction determinations in vacuum a thickness of
the layer of from 10 to,20 I is found, while the optical
measurements yield an almost twice as great value. In the first
case, therefore, a partial evaporation of the film may have
taken place, which in the second case is reCarded as oxide film.
In order to verify this ausimption pertinent experiments were
carried out and it was found that in aluminium electron
diffraction measurements show a layer of aluminium. and oxygen ions
Card 1/3 which is not thicker than 10 1, while optical data in the case

On the Thickness of Oxido Films on Somo Metals as SOV/76-32-7-35/45
Shown by Data From Electron Diffraction and Optical Investigations
of an air contact of the aluminium surface show a thickness
of 21 - 22 R.In the first case it would thus be the oxide film
which is dealt with, while in the second case the oxide film
and the polymolecular layer are present, which probably consists
of oxygen and water traces. In the case of a pressure drop to
10-7 torr the film thickness d;~creases to 9 1 . When
atmospheric pressure is restored it increases reversibly. Similar
observations were made with iron and titanium, while experiments
with platinum and gold showed that at normal temperature only
the adsorption layer is present which completely disappears in
vacuump so that no film layer may be found by electron diffraction
methods. At raised temperatures oxide films were also found in
vacuum and it is assumed that this is an adsorption layer of
molecular oxygen. There are 1 table and 3 references, 3 of which
are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Akademiya nauk SSSR)Institut fizicheskoy khinii.Moskya (Moscowi
Institute of Physical Chemistry
AS USSR)
Card 2/3

- 1W ___ -
-.-
On the Thickness of Oxide Films on Some Metals as SOV/76-32-7-35/1,5
-Shown by Data From Electron Diffraction and Optical Investigations
SUBMITTED: April 21 1957
1. Oxide films--Physical properties 2. Oxide films--Measurement
3. Oxide films--Electron. diffraction analysis 4. Oxide film
--Optical analysis 5. Metals--Adsorptive properties
Card 3)f3

N A) i~ C' `C- VIM " f V
V
! -t) PhASE I BOOK EXPIDITATION SOV13399
Shisha~ov., Nikolay Alekseyevich., Valentina Vladimirovna Andreyeva, and
Nina Konstantinovna Andrushchenko
Stroyeniye i mekhanizm obra2oveniya okisnykh plenok na, metallakh (Structure
and Mechanism of Formation of Oxide Films on Metals) Moscow., AN S8SR,
1959. 194 P. Errata slip inserted. 2,500 copies printed.
Sponsoring Agency; Akad6alya nauk SSSR. Inotitut fizicheskoy khimii
Resp. Ed.: V.I. Kaaatochkin, Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Ed. of Publishing
Howe: AtA. Babad-Zakhryapin; Tech. Ed.: V.V. Brazgull.
PURPOSE: The book is intended for students and workers in the field of metallog-
raphy, particularly those interested in the study of the structure of the surface
of metals and the mechanism of their interaction with oxygen.
COVERAGE: Having analyzed the various existing theories on the structure of oxide
films on metals, the authors arrived at the conclusion that all existing theo-
ries were inadequate and had to be supplemented with new experimental data.
Card l/ 7

Structure and Mecbanism of Formation (Cont.) SOV/3399
The main purpose of the book is therefore the systematization of experimental
data in this field. Basically, the work presents the investigation of the
interaction of metals and pure oxygen or air. Considerable attention has been
given to the investigation of the surface of the metal itself, since this knowl-
edge is the prerequisite for a correct understanding of the mechanism of oxide
film formation on metal surfaces. Included are 57 tables and 17 photographs.
There are 132 references, of which 49 are Soviet.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Introduction 3
Ch..I. Methods of Investigation 7
1. Electronggraphy 7
2. optical polarization method
13
3. Volumetric methods 19
Ch. 2. Oxide Films on Magnesium 25
1. Metallic magnesium 25
2. Oxide film on the surface of magnesium 26
3. Adsorption of oxygen by magnesium 33
care k/7

Structure and Mechanl* of Fomation (Cont.)
1. Metallic gold
2, Gold ox1dation
3- Preparation of specimens for the electronographic
investigation of gold
4. Gold oxidation at temperatures over 500" C
5- Gold oxidation at 500* C
6. Gold oxidation at temperatures under 500* C
Optical investigations
1. Adsorptional investigations
4
9. Conclusion
Ch. 6. oxide Film on Platinum
1. Metallic platinum
2. Platinum oxides
3. Nev electronographic investigations
4. Optical investigations of axtde,.,fi1:ms on platin=
5. Adsorptional investigations on condensed platinum
6. Conclusion
Ch* 7- -Oxide Films on Iron
1. 1. Metallic iron
bard 4/ 7
BOV13399
63
64
68
69
69
80
85
90
91
92
92
94
101
104
107
log
ill.
111

Structure and Mechanism of rormation (coat.) SOV/3399
Ch. 10. Adsorption of Oxygen at Low Temperatures 153
1. Aluminum 153
2. Iron 154
3- Nickel and magnesium 155
4. Copper 155
5- Zinc 156
Ch. U. Mechanism of Formation of Oxid:e Films on Metals 157
1. Existing theories on metal oxidation 159
2. Ideas on orientational genesis ("orientational hereditylt) 159
3. Basic inadequacies of the theory of orientational genesis 166
4. Basic results of our investigations 167
5. Classification of sorption phenomena 168
6. Chemical sorption and formation 'of ion lattices 170
7- Monamolecular chemical sorption 173
a. Reversible polymolecular adsorptim 174
9. Reversible polymolecular adsorption 174
10. Structure of the oxygen layer 176
U. Mechanism of the formation of oxide films 177
Card 6/7

AiUUb1JSVAp_V. Ve
Third ~riie (ifiaipi Do K.' Chernov) awarded to Engineer V.' Vo Andreyeva and
Engineer V. L Kazarin (Institute of Physical Chem!stry,. Ac. So., USSR), Eng-
ineer Go P; Danilova and Engineer Yes A. NamenakAya (Institute of Rare Metals)
for their paper "Investigation of the.Strength of Titanium Base., Corrosion Re-
sistant Alloys".
Results of the 1958 Competition for Obtaining.imeni Do K, Chernov and ineni
N. A* Minkevich Prizes, Metallovedeniye i termicheakaya obrabotka metallovp
1959s No. 62 pp 62-64

5(4)t18(7)
AUTHORS: Andreyevap V. V., Kazarin, V. I. SOV/20-128-4-31/65
TITLE- The Influence of Alloy Elements on the Corrosion Resistance
and Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959, Vol 128, Nr 4,
PP 748-751 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The corrosion resistance (CR) of titanium alloys was des-
cribed by the authors in earlier papers (Refs 1-9). The
influence of the following elements on the CR of titanium in
acids had been investigated: Cu, Zr, Nb, Tdo, Ta, V, Al, Cr,
Fe, Ni, Mn, Si, and B. These elements can be divided into
3 groups: (1) Elements raising the CR of Ti (Mo, Ta, Al, Zr, V);
(2) elements causing no change in the CR (Si), and (3) elements
reducing the CR (Fe, Mn). Figure I shows that the elements
of the lot group act already in additions between 1 and 2-5%.
A further increase in the addition raises the CH achieved only
slightly except for Zr which, in an addition of 50%s makes
the CR in H2SO4 and HCl equal to that of pure Zr. Figure 2
shows the curves of anodic and cathodic polarization of Ti and
Card 1/2 its alloys with 10,ja Rb, Ta, Mo. For Ti + 10~j Ta, the anodic

The Influence of Alloy Elements on the Corrosion SOV/20-128-4-31/65
Resistance and Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium
current density exhibits the lowest value. Figure 4 shows the
corrosion of alloys with 1001fo Ito, Nb, Ta. There is a linear
I
dependence between the logarithm of the corrosion rate and-
T
On the basis of the semiconductor theory for corrosion-
protective films (Wagner, Refs 10-12, Hauffe, Refs 13-15),the
distribution of oxygen ions and electrons in the defective
spots of the lattice is discussed, and the following conclu-
sion is drawn: The addition of a metal with higher valency
than that of titanium reduces the defective spots available
for O-ions by the appearance of an additional number of free
electrons, thus raising the CR of Ti. The opposite phenomenon
occurs when a met"al of lower valency than that of Ti is added.
There are 4 figures and 20 references, 10 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of
Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences, USSR)
PRESENTED: April 28, 1959, by A. N. Frumkin, Academician
SUBMITTED: April 15t 1959
Card 2/2

a i
15
to
M gat ski
tj
TE,
P-hViWalai- shl

s/184/6o/ooo/oWoo2/021
A109/A029
AUTHORS. Klinov, I.Ya,, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences; Andreyeva,
ly.y., Candidate of Chemi6al Sciences
TITLE: Titanium and Its Alloys as Construction Materials
PERIODICAL: Khimicheskoye Mashinostroyeniye, 1960, No. 4, PP. 5 - 8
TEXT: The article reviews the reSUlt3 Of tests carried out by M.A. Vorobl-
yeva on the suitability of titanium and its alloys for construction purposes,.
Their mechanical properties depend on the content of oxygen, nitrate and nitro-
gen which increase their hardness and fatigue strength while reducing their Plas-
tic properties. The best plastic properties were obse7ed in titanium obtained
by the iodine method. The fatigue stress of BT1 ()M1)11titanium decEeases from
60 to P-3 kg/mm2 at 4000C and the yield strength from 47 to 19 kg/mm at 4000C.
Low temperatures increase the fatigue stress and reduce the plasticity of tita-
nium. Although the electrode potential of titanium is negative, its surface is
purified by oxygen which renders the potential positive. This is probably due
to the formation of a protective TiO2~lcoating. During corrosion in hydrochloric
acid, titanium is sometimes covered by a protective TM2~icoatlng. Sulfuric acid
card 1A

s/i84/6o/ooo/oo4/oo'2/021
Titanium and Its Alloys as Construction Materials A109,AO29
produces insoluble compounds of T102 with H2~04, and nitric acid produces k!9103
coating. Both coatings protect the metal from acids. From the economic point
of view the use of titanium is feasible when high corrosion resistance under
continuous operating conditions is required and when no corrosive impurities are
admitted. Pure titanium rather than its alloys should be used whenever it is
considered sufficiently corrosion-resistant and when no additional alloying is
required. Figure 2 shows results of corrosion tests carried out on four types
of titanium In 50%-sulfuric sold at rOOC. The influence (,f admixtures on the
corrosion rate of titanium in 63%-nitric acid at 500C is shown in Figure 3. The
corrosion rate can be reduced to zero by addition of IN03, K_o"r5>07, 101nO4, HN03
and.H202 oxidizers or othvr ccmpounds, These admixtures raise the titanium. so-
lution potential to a higher value than the Flade potential. Passivation can
alfo bj obtained by addition of Cu2+, Fe3+, Ft4, Fd4+. Au3+, etc. Titanium is
su tab e for construction of chemical machinery provided that t1he passivation
has been achieved by formation of a protsct~lve ccating and that the ccrrosion is
not accelerated by changing operating ocnditions. Dry gaseous chlorine effects
strong corrosion of titanium. In reactio-P with dry ch'lorine an infiafftmBtion of
chloride may result. The presence. of as little aS 0.005% of moisture inhibits
corrosion. At 1000C the corrosion rate cf titanium in mcist chl-.-rine does not.
Card 2/4

!31 S/184/60/000/004/002/021
Titanium and its Alloys as Construction Materials A109/AO29
exceed 0.0025 mm/year. Titanium retains its resistance in many organic soluticna
in which 18-8 nickel-chromium steels corrode. It is quickly corroding in boil-
0 ing citric acid and In oxalio acid. Corrosion resistance and mechanical proper-
ties can be greatly improved by alloying with metals of higher.co-r'rosion resist-
ance. The time effect on corrosion of cast titanium and titanium-based alloys
in a 1 N sulf'urio'aoid solution nt 5000 was studied. The highest corrosion re-
sistance was found in titaniuin-niukell~lloys. Variation of corrosion rate de-
pending on the content of molybdenum and the concentration and temperature of
sulfuric acid was inventigated. The highest corrosion resistancellwas achfeved
by addition of Mo,ATaANb)nZr"6d Cu.Yj Titanium can be used either as basic ma-
terial or for ~1-ati7n-i. -In We lai't-er case care should be taken that linear ex-
pansion coefficients do not differ too strongly from each other as this may lead
to deformation or even destruelion of the plating. In view of this, titanium
can be recommended for pl~tind of carbon and stainless steels. There are 9 fig
ures, 1 table and 2 Sovie+, references.
Card-3/4
2
2

83559
S/02o/60/134/001/011/021
B004/BObO
AUTHORS: Andreyevap V. V. Alekseyeva, Ye. A.
TITLE:
PERIODICAL:
Thin Oxide Films' on
Titanium Alloys
Titaniaslpl 4-roonium - Molybde and
Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol. 134, No. 1,
pp. 106 - 109
TEXT: The authors wanted to study the kinetics of the oxidation of Tip
Zrv Mo, and the alloys Ti+10% Mo and Ti+3% A1+5% Cr in the temperature
range 50-4000C. The thickness of the thing invisible oxide films was
measured by means of a previously described (Refs. 194,5) optical polari-
zation method which is based on the ellipticity of reflected light. The
oxidation took place in a tubular furnace in an oxygen stream. The thick-
ness of the oxide films was measured every 60 min. Figs. 192 show the
results of measurement; Table I lists the film thicknesses attained
after 6 h. Zirconium is notic:ably oxidized already at 5000, titanium
and the alloy Ti+10%Mo at 100 C, molybdenum and the alloy Ti+3%&1+5~Cr
at 1500C.-The oxidation is fast at the beginningp and gradually stops
Card 1/3

83559
Thin Oxide Films on Titaniumq Zirooniump 8/020/60/134/001/011/021
Molybdenum, an& Titanium Alloys B004/Bo6o
as soon as the oxide film attains a certain thickness. The increase in
film thioknessy L9 can be represented by equation (1): L - k log(k I t+k 2)'
At high temperaturesp however, the relation (2) L 2 - k3t (Fig- 3) holds.
For the metals and alloys examinadq Table I supplies the temperature 0
ranges in which the logarithmic or the parabolic law holds. Up to-800 C,
the oxide film on titanium consists of TiO 2(rutile). TiO layers are
formed above 8000C (immediately on the metal), T1 203 (middle layer) and
TiO2 (external layer). On zirconium, ZrO 2 of a cubic structure forms up
to 2500C, and ZrO 2 of a monoclinio structure above 250 0C. In the case of
molybdenum, the oxide layer consists of MoO 3 up to'3000G. Above 300 0 C,
M002 is formed additionally due to dissociation. Fik. 3 further shows
oxidation curves for chromium and aluminum, which are taken from the
paper by T,, No Krylova (Ref. 9). These metals form only Cr 203 and Al 2031
respectively. The activation ener was calculated from the slope of
the linear funetion log k w f(i /TF (Table 1). The mechanism underlying
Card 2/3

83559
Thin Oxide Films on Titanium, Zirconium,
Molybdenum, and Titanium Alloys
S/020/60/134/001/011/021
B004/BO6O
the oxidation of zirconium and molybdenum differs-from that of the
oxidation of titanium and the alloy Ti+10%Mo. A mixed oxide, TiO 2 + XM0
is formed in the latter case. The resistivity to heat is thus improved.
The high resistivity of the alloy Ti+3%Al+5%Cr to oxidation is explained
by the formation of a mixed oxide of the spinel type. Fig- 4 shows the
oxidation of titanium at 50-2500C in dry and moist,'fully saturated air.
In dry air, the oxide layer becomes twice as thick as in moist air. In
the latter) however, the oxide layer is more compact and contains fewer
defects. At 2500C, the water binding is loosened, and the thickness of
the oxide layer attains the same value as in dry air. There are 4 fig-
uresp i table, and 12 references: 9 Soviet, 2 US9.and I German.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizioheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of PkailSeal ~Che ~tjZ of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
PRESENTED: April 26y 1960, by A. N. Frumkin, Academician
SUBMITTED: April 28, 1960
Card 3/3

S/133/61/000/002/009/014
A054/AO33
AUTHORS: Pakhaluyev, K.M., Medvedeva, I.V., AndWeva, V.V., and Kullkova,
M.N.
TITLE: Oxidation and Deoarbonization of Steels in Heating Furnaces Fired
With flatural Gas
PERIODICALi Stall, 19619 No. 2, pp. 160-163
TEXT: At the zavod "Krasnyy oktyabr" ("Krasnyy octyabrell Plant) and the
VNIIMT it was found that the average metal losses due to cindering amount
to 2.16-2.77% of the charge weight for 6-ton ingots and to 1.36-1.88% for
bloome and slabs, when heating furnaces fired with masut or natural gas are
used. In order to study the processes of oindering and decarbonization and
to find ways to reduce these processes simultaneously, 7 steel grades were
investigated under complete and incomplete combustion of natural gas. The
tests were carried out on specimens (rolled bars) 50 mm in diameter and
200 mm long. The decarbonized surface layer of the samples was removed and
Card 114-1
G

S/13/3A/061/000/002/009/014
A054 33
Oxidation and Decarbonization of Steels in Heating Furnaces Fired With
Natural Gas
the surface was polished. Delayed cooling of the specimens was effected by
fitting to ono of the furnace openings a briok-lined chamber, into which
technically pure nitrogen was blown. The furnace was fired with Saushinek
natural ga : (C0201 fO;25%1 02t 0.20%1 CHjt 97-90%; CmUnt 0-17%; Y 1-48%)-
When the d gree xidation of the sp oimen was determined, they were held'
in the furnace for a given time until a constant temperature was reached,
then they were quickly removed and cooled in water. When both oxidation and
deoarbonization were investigated the specimen was put after heating in the
cooling chamber filled with nitrogen. Besides, the samples were pickled (in
20%-hydrochloric acid at 45-6000) weighed and measured. The difference in
weight of the samples before and after heating gave the amount of oinderl
the depth of deoarbonized layer was defined by mioroanalysis and the excess
air in a BTW-(VTT)-type gas-analyzer. Altogether 82 tests were carried out
with natural gas firing with excess air factors varying between 0.6 and 1.6.
The samples were heated to 700-12500C, the holding time at constant tempera-
Card 2/X
h

B11331611000100210091014
A054/AO33
Oxidation and Deoarbonization of Steels in Heating Furnaces Fired With
Natural Gas
ture was 1/2-3 hours. The relationship between the amount of oxidized metal
and the factor of excess air in the combustion products of natural gas is
plotted in figs.1-2, showing that metal cinder quickly decreases with a re-
duction of the excess air factor when heating to 1000 0 and more. If it is
technologically possible to lower somewhat the very high temperatures of the
metal during heat treatment, the metal losses due to cindering could be re-
duced considerably. Fig.4 shows that by cutting down the holding time as far
as permitted by the technology, cindering can also be decreased. When the
effect of air excess on decarbonization was studied, the decrease of the air
excess factor was found to be accompanied by a thinner decarbonized layer.
The lowering of the oxidizing effect of combustion products of natural gas
were moreover observed to affect the metal and the carbon content of the me-
tal simultaneously. It is, therefore, possible to reduce oxidation and de-
carbonization when heating under "non-oxidizing" conditions. From the test
results it was concluded that the total excess of oxidants - as compared with
the equivalent amount - quickly declines with a decreasing value of "all; on
Card 34"'

S/133/61/000/002/009/014
A054/AO33
Oxidation and Decarbonization of Steels in Heating Furnaces Fired With
Natural Gas
an average the combustion products of gas lose their oxidizing affect at me-
tal temperatures of 800, 1000, 1200 0 0 (with an air excess factor of 0-54)-
Based on these data it is possible to attain a "non-oxidizing" heating of
steel in natural-gas fired free flame furnaces. However, at very low "all
values the incomplete combustion results in a temperature decrease of the
combustion products and additional heat with preheated fuel and air has to
be supplied, The conditions of non-oxidizing heating for various furnaces
(for instance for roller type furnaces for blooms) are determined by the fol-
lowing temperatures
Temperature of the cbmbustion
product of the fuel, OC, ca
Calorimetric temperature
of combustion, 0C, ca
Temperature of air preheating,
according to fig.99 OC
Card 4/3-t
Bloom Billet Sheet
1400 1000 1050-1100
1870 1430 1500-1570
840 130-160 250-400