SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT ESKIN, B.YE. - ESKIN, I.A.

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CIA-RDP86-00513R000412220010-9
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December 31, 1967
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SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
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195-b Vol I! L;OiT 9C, - , ~ T-1- iR ESKIN B.Te Light diffusion Indicator for polymer solutions and volumetric effects. Vysokom.soed. I no.M38-142 Ja t59. (MM 12:9) Is Institut v7sskowIskulyarmVkb oeyedinenly AN SSSR, Leningrad. (Polpiors) (Light--Scattering) BOGDVIOV, I.B. Method of manufacturing straps for women's summer open shoes, Obm. tekh. opyt. [MLIPI no.37.-3-7 '57. (MIRA 12:9) . (Shoo manufacture) ESKIIN Change in stamping head design of the "Svit" firm's rachinen used for stamping shoe parts. Obm. tekh. opyt. DILPI no.37:7-8 '57. (IIIRA 12:9) (Shoe machinery) ESKI Clamp equipped with spring support for the machine. Obm. tekh. opyt. [IILP] n0.37:8-9 (Shoo machinery) Class 36 stitching '57. (MBRA 120) BOGWIOV, I.B.; ESKIN, G.G. --- 1. Guiding support for the class 34 PW stitchin"g mchine used for stitching inner belts to the lining. Obm. teW. opyt. [MLPI no.37: 9-10 157. (MIRA 12rV) (Shoo wkchinerr) ZSKIN, G.G.- Apparatus for cleani uppers and dyeing edgings of shoes. Obm. tekh. opyt. CM31 no-37:11-12 157. (MIRA 12:9) (Shoo machinery) ESKIN,MG.G. Attachment to the *SvIt" universal heel press ior controlling the filling of the matrix with nails. Obm. tekh. opyt. [MLPI no.37:20-21 157. (MIRA 12:9) (Shee machinery) vArWj~~im-dfs~]F!-ii-cE fi-vol u-~ EL C'f 1tv.ral St 0.101-i'Z il the f a, G! dthks i4 rut I it, 'i-- i~lg~l WC'e lgittl f7,izi 47 oti L-01 wlitrt t-1cy ~t:c cyclc.'~rx. at 4 !ji-olic P~Jwer Lit i .6 w 'q It; f-r-;l;l CjLaXtZ ffyAal. 1 Z-113 WeXC W-C 41 20 a-d 11!5' At -4 -flaccul 'm the Cris;"!. At 12.5' tac _-"l W.IS 1placcli 02 th'- 5pti4m= whic! on a W-;PPQ:W' Frimbitr in the 4GU lath. Tht its-vencfied Briat!I, turdiR is, ims-85-- TILe Wcmse fil bardZtm %iEh tiMc WOW (it vibratlocu. Tvas Sf m4fw fo ifal: of- thIt Jha-IWdntu *as'jt1iOU; Ga aftu &'3cut 751,~c, qf'op Lotall 4.-rdiming had oc;#irr~d lo r1se 1~0 cui've fur the tmjt~j I i,iiiE ix3 th,-.t for the uat,IC~kted W-CCA, ail!u - T~he re~y#s *t !o I ,rc E4.ui a- e~ 100 bubbles). The optimum degassing conditions which make it possible to obtain point 1 from 5 ire: ultrasonic treatment at minimum power for 8 minutes, and 4 - 5 minutes Card 112 The use of ultrasonic oscillations ... S/137/62/000/004/032/201 A006/A101 standing. Sand or investment-cast specimens made of an ultrasonic-treated alloy sho,,,; higher mechanical properties. Instruments made of Nb proved to be most suitable in operation, and resistant In Al-alloy melts. L. Vorob'yeva [Abstracter's note: Complete translation] Card 2/2 _ 3(Y)05 S/18o/61/000/005/017/018 E021/Ei8o AUTHORS: Eskin, G.I., and Fridlyander, I.N. (Moscow) TITLE: The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the shape and size of crystals of intermetallic compounds in aluminium alloys PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. otdeleniye tekhniches- kikh nauk. Metallurgiya i toplivo, no-5, 1961, log-112 TEXT: The effect of ultrasonic vibrations (frequency 19-20 k.c.p.s., intensity 17-19 W/cm2) on the sizz- and shape of intermetallic compounds of aluminium with manganese, chromium and zirconium has been studied. The ultrasonic vibrations were produced by a magnetostriction device. The cast samples were subjected to a quantitative metallographic examination. The vibrations reduced the length of A16Mn crystals in an alloy containing 3% Mn by a factor of 45-50 when cast in a heated graphite mould (cooling rate 5 OC/min) and by a factor of 20-25 when cast in a chill mould (cooling rate 300/min). Since low cooling rates uroduce bigger crystals, the final lengths of the crystals obtained - cooling rates was about the same. Slow cooling ~0905 The effect of ultrasonic vibratiOns ... S/18o/ 1/000/005/017/018 E021/EI80 produced more uniform crystals. The beneficial effect of ultrasonic treatment is retained through the extrusion process. Thus extruded rods of Al - 3% Mn alloy show an increase in yield point from 14-16 t-Q 17-19 kg/mm2. Similar results were obtained with alloys containing 1% Zr or 0.8% Cr, The ultrasonic field :an be used for di.spersing brittle platelets of large size in the zone of solidification. The action of ultrasonic vibrations can be explained by fluctuations of energy and density resulting from alternate pressure waves. This breaks up the large crystals and creates conditions for the formation of a large number of nucleat--ng centres. Thus, ultrasonic vibrations enable better quality castings and the possibility of using them in both continuous and semi-continuous casting should be explored. The proposed mechanism of the action of ultrasoni,~ energy should be regarded as a preliminary one. Further experimental work is necessary to obtain a full explanation. There are 3 figures and 11 references: 7 Soviet-bloc and 4 non-Soviet-ble~-_. The English language references read as follows. Card 2/3 30905 The effect of ultrasonic vibrations ... s/18o/61/000/005/017/Oi8 E021/E180 Ref-7: P.D. Southgate. Action of Vibration Solidifying Aluminium Alloys. J. Metals, 1957, v.9, No.9. Ref.9: P.J. Barton, G.W. Guenwood. The shape, size and growth of some intermetallic compounds in liquid bismuth. J. Inst. Metals., 1958, v.86, August. SUBMITTED: May 5, 1961 clK Card 3/3 $/124/61/000/000/01 YON AUTHORS: Al'tman, M. B., Slotin, B. I., Stromskaya, Eskin, G. L, Loktionova, L. 1. TITLE: The decrassing of Aluminum and its alloys by ultrasonic vibrations., SOURC7'~: Litcynyye alyuminiyevyye splavi; svoystva, tekhnologiya Dlavki, 4.t'ya i ter,-nicheskoy obrabotki. Sbornik statey. Ed. by I. N. J~ridlyan4q r and M. B. Alltman. Moscow, Oborongiz, 1961, 134-143. TEXT: The paper describes an experimental invesfigatioq which deals w4h the use of ultrasonic (US) vibrations in the degassing of Al and its alloys.. A briel state-of-the-art survey is presented. The equipm(~nt involved comprising a Tagne- tostrictive transformer, a concentrator, a wave-guide, and a crucible containing the melt are shown in a cross-sectional dia(yram. The metals tested by means of US vibrations comprised pure Al of grade AOO, a medium-strength alloy with good casting properties, namely AA9 (AL9), an Al-Si-Mg alloy, and a high-strength cast alloy, AAZO (AL20), an Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy. :Following the US treatment, the alloys were cast in sand molds, and tensile specimens 10-mm diarn and various practical parts were cast. The parts were subjected to X-ray tran s illumination and hydraulic tests under a 10-at pressure. An empirical gas-content scale was Card 112 The degassing of Aluminum and its alloys .... S/724/61/000/000/016/020 adopted based on the segregation of gas bubbles at the moment of crystallization , under vacuum, ranging from 5 points for intensive segregation of gas along the spe- cimen surface to I point for crystallization without any visible segregation of gas. In addition, the vacuum specimens were cut in two, and the macrostracture of the sections was inspected after etching with a 10% solution of NaOH. The US treat- ment of the Al and its alloys was found to be an effective method for degassing. US treatment of an alloy prior to pouring into a mold increases the density and improves the mechanical properties of the castings. The properties are summarized in a full- page table. It was found tLat during US treatment of an alloy the alloy becomes satu- rated with the material of certain vibrators (for example, Mo) as a result of their dispersion under the action of the elastic vibration and of the temperature. It is suggested that this phenomenon may be usefully employed to produce intentional in- oculation and alloying of the alloys. It is established that Nb is the most stable material for wave-guides, so that it may be recommended for the making of wave- guides from which no inoculation is to occur. There are 4 figures, 2 tables, and 5 references (Z Rus sian- language Soviet and 3 German-language). Thanks are ex- pressed to the iate G. M. Rovenskiy and to G. V. Zhevakina for the performance of the X-ray investigation. Card 2/2 7_1 S/724/61/0001000/041020 AUTHORS: Slotin, V.I. TITLE: Method for the improvement of the quality of Aluminum-alloy pre sion castings. SOURCE: Litcynyye alyuminiyevyye splavy; svoystva, tekhnologiya. plavki, I ya i termicheskoy obrabatki. Sbornik statey. Ed. by I. N. Fridlyan r andM.B.Alltman. Moscow, Oborongiz, 1961, 171-180. TEXT: The paper describes an experimental inves'igation of precision- cashing methods. for such complex precision items as rotor disks of aviation air-conciltioning and cooling turboblowers, which require a close balance for high-rpm operat.0'on, a high ratio of the yield limit to the specific gravity, and which necessitate the *Ise of twisted and variable blade profiles which make the advantages of casting ovepmilling especially cons picuous. The paper endeavors to shed light on various problems of the process regimes of the smelting and the pouring of cast Al alloys in vacuum and with the application of ultrasonic (US) vibrations to obtain high-grade rotor-disk castings. The AL9 alloy employed in this investigation is highly suitable for casting but requires a thorough degassing,be-zeuse of its tendency to absorb H during smelt- ing. Also, the AL9 is s trength- limited, both at room temperature (T) and at T of the order of 3000C. The investigation, therefore, covered also the AL19 alloy, Card 1/2 -Methodflor the improvement of the quality ... S/724/61/000/000/020/020 which exhibits,the highest strength of any alloy tested a-t room T and which also ex- cels by its stress-rupture strength at high T. which hdwever has a tendency towar4 the formation of microcavities. The inv*estigation, therefore, included the new ALZO alloy (0.8-Z.Olo Cu, 0.5-1.57a Ni,-2.0-3.00/a Si, 0.3-0.8% Mg, 0.8-1.4% Fe, O.fs-0.3% Ti, up to 0.376 Mn, the remainder Al), which was found to be a good compromis e alloy or strength and case of casting. The tests show'pd degassing by means of the applicailLn of US vibration to be the most effective, excoeding by far the quality of the alloys re- fined by means of volatile chlorides (AlCl,, ZnCl The US tieatment of the alloy! during the process of solidification improves the mechanical properties and the structure of the castings appreciably. The equipment used for the vacuum degassi4g in the presence of US vibration and the technology of the pouring of AL9, AL19, and ALZO alloys intc gypsum molds are described in detail. The. mechanical propertieA of the ALZO alloy, both with and without the action of US vibration, into gypsum molds prior to as well as after heat treatment, are tabulated, and the microstructure. of the US-treated and. the untreated alloys are shown. A cross-sectional schematic drawing is shown for the equipment used in the combined vacuum and US treatment. There are 7 figures, 3 tables, and 8 references (7 Aus sian- language Soviet and I English- language paper: DePierre, Foundry, v.84, no.12, 1956). The work was performed at the Institute of metal science and physics, TsNIICherMet (Central Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy),conjointly with 1. 1. Teumin, M. P. Ubikov., an d O.N. Guseva. Card 2/2 1,.--7 ~~'00 it) " -0 S/129/62/000/004/005/010 E021/EI35 AUTHORS: Eskin, G.I., Engineer, and Fridlyander, I.N., Doctor of clinical Sciences, Professor, TIT LE Crystallization of alloys of altiminitim azid copper under the effect of ultrasonic vibrations PERIODICAL: Metallovedeniye i termiclieskaya obrabotka metallov, no.4, 1962, 32-36 (4, 1 plate) TEXT: Alloys containing 0, 2, 4, 6, ILI and 3350' Cu were used. ?--elts 50 OC above the liquidus were cast in a chill mold ('solidification at 120-150 OC/min) and in a mold of a gypsum- asbestos mixture (10-40 OC/miii). The melts were degassed before casting. Ultrasonic vibrations were applied to the melt from beloi,r. The frequenny was 19-21 kcs, the intensity 18-20 w/cm2, the amplitude 18 g; in addition, a piezoelectric device with frequency 800 kcs and an intensity 10-12 ir/cm2 was used. Macro- and micro-sections i-tere examined, the grain size of the alloys and the microhardness were measured. Tensile tests were made and the Cu segregation was determined by spectral photography. Card 1/3 Crystallization of alloys of s/i2q/62/ooo/uo4/ou5/olu E021/E135 The most effective action of ultrasonic vibrations occurred on tile solid solution type alloy. The vibrations resulted in a finer grain and an increase in tensile strength. At higher Cu contents the effect is less pronounced. The presence of a modifier (0.20,j Ti in this case) considerably intensifies the effect. Ultrasonic troatment only slightly aCfects the copper segregation in the alloys studied; however, it accelerates the diffusion of copper during crystallization of the solid solution. The experiments on pure alloys and alloys containing modifying additions confirmed the theory that the ultrasonic vibrations act by breaking up the solid first formed during solidification. However, the possibility is also put forward that the formation of nucleating crystallites may also be accelerated under the action of the energy given to the melt by the ultrasonic waves or by activation of the impurities. It was also shown that ultra- sonic vibrations decreased the interdendritic liquation as a result of acceleration of diffusion of copper in the process of crystallization of the solid solution. Ultrasonic vibrations cause marked changes in the inicroBtructures of the alloys, Card 2/3 Crystallization of alloys of ... S/129/b2/000/004/005/olo E021/E135 I whereas low-frequency vibrations change only the macrostructure. There are 6 figures and 1 table. 1~ Card 3/3 - RSKINJI G.I._, (Moskva); FRIDLYANDfft, I.N. (Moskva); RUBUEVA, M.K. (Pbskva) I Formation of structural components in aluminum alloys under the effect of ultrasonic waves. Izv. AN SSSR. Otd. tekh, nauk, Mot, i gor. delo no,l: 109-112 Ja-F 163.- (MIRA 16:3) (Aluminum alloy?--Yetallography) (Ultrasonic waves--In4qotrial applications) ESKIN., G.I.; SLOTIN, V.I. Industrial application of ultrasonic waves for the degassing of aluminum alloys. Alium. splavy no.1:139-149 163. (KIRA 16:11) ---- - ------ - L 57542-65 EKT(m)APF(C)/rrpF(n)-2/EWP(t)AWP(b) Pr-4/,Pu-4 IJP(c) ACCESSION NR: AR 015163 UR/0137/65/000/005/C;027/GO27 5 SOURCE: Ref. zh. Metallurgiya, Abs. 6G162 Slotin, V. 1. Kiryushin, G. S. AUTHOR: Eakin, G. I., TITLE: The Influence of the material of an emitter of ultrasonic oscillations on:,.-j the process of degassing aluminum alloys In an ultrasonic field CITED SOURCE: Sb. Prime'nenlye ultrazvuka v mashinastr. Minsk, Nauka i tekhnika, 1964,- 69-76 TOPIC TAGS: degassing, aluminum. alwninum. base alloy, chemical sorbent. titanium, columbium. tantalum, cerium, zirconium, hydrogen removal, ultra-' sonic vibration emitter, ultrasonic field TRANSLATION: A number of exper ents wereerried out o determine the .qity of several metals Ititanium., columblum, tantalu zirconi capa umM chemiaorbVAro d in nielts of 4um1num and its alloys. , For Ae#E5ntaWe this purpose, 10- 12 kilograms of cast minum alloy was melted in a crucible Card 7 _-~,7C Ig L 57542-65 ACCESSION NR: AR501515 3 furnace and the inetal abg6rheUr was introduced Into the melt in the form of a thin rod at a temperature of 710-420C.~ The chemlsorbtive effect of titanium was the most effective. Introduction of other metals Into the melt produced a smaller effect. The process of absorption of hydrogen from an aluminum alloy by a titanilrl um rod proceeds more energetically at a low temperature of the melt. A titaniuni rod is capable of absorbing hydrogen from. a melt up to determined limits, so long as the averag h d n content in it is less than or equal to 500-550 cm3l Y' a 'g 100 grams, at elt te7mgperature of 710C. To determine the influence of ultra,- sonic oacillationsie-a the process of absorption of hydrogen by titanium, a titanium rod was introduced into the melt and then the melt was subjected t, he action of ultrasonic oscillations. The effectiveness of ultrasonic degassinO creases with an increase in the temperature of the melt. while with Th use of a metal absorber a reverse effect is observed. On them basis of the experiments the conclusion is dravm that the effectiveness of degassing Nvith the use of one or another material for the ultrasonic emitter cannot be explained merely by the chemisorptive capa- city of the material and the speed of its dispersion in the melt. It is proposed ftJ the main factor which determines the effectiveness of degassing by ultrasonic A T 1 W n i9-56 S, r A11,15022845 BOOK EXPLOITATION UR/ 621.789,2 5 6. Eskin Ge o naiy__!PA~ _fOYA~ Ultrasonic treatman of molten''aluminum (Ul'trazvukovaya obrabotka "Hetallurgiya," 1965. 223 p. illus., biblio. 1895 copies printed. TOPIC TAGS: aluminum, alumitium alloy, ultrasonic treatment, aluminum ultrasonic treatment, molten aluminum treatment, ultrasonic vibra- tion, ultrasonic equipment PURPOSE AND COVERAGE: This b6ok is inCended for scientific and engineering personnel of machine-building and metallurgical plants and institucea. It may also be us'eful to students and aspirants specializing in this field of metallurgy. The book discusses problems of the physics and technology of ultrasonic treatment of molten-aluminum and its alloys. Although the author used mostly his own findings, lie nevertheleas attempted to summarize all avail-a able theoretical and experimental data on "tie effect of ultrasound on the.structure and properties of aluminuti and its alloys. The T .AM5022845 book reviews the physical principles of ultrasonic treatment of melts and the results of experimental in~lestigations.of degassing and crystallization processes in the ultrasonic field. Methods of brit)ging elastic vibrations into melts, and the equipment used in the industry for treating molten aluminum with ultrasound are described. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Foreword -- 3 Introduction -- 7 Ch. I. Physical Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Treatment of Melts 11 Ultrasound and low-frequency vibration -- il 4Propagation of ultrasonic vibrations'in melts -- 20 1,Cavitation in molten metal -- 27 Dispersion in melts under the effect of ultrasound -- 33, Diffusion in the ultrasonic-field and its role in ultrasonic treatment of melts Al Card L 3139-66 .AM5022845 Behavior of impurities in malts under the effect of ultrasound 49 Ch. 11. Crystallization of Aluminum and its Alloys in the Ultra- sonic Field -- 54 Mechanism of crystallization under the effect of ultrasound -- 54 Experimental study of crystallization under the effect of ultra- sound -- 73 Investigation of crystallization of aluminum intermetallic com- pounds.-- 90 Modification of aluminum and its alloys in the ultrasonic field 113 Improvement of the mechanical and technological properties in commercial-grade' aluminum alloys during solidification in the ultrasonic field 121 Ch. Ift. Degassing of Aluminum and its~Alloyo under the Effectloik"t'..-i-, Ultrasound -- 128 The role of physical effect on the state of gas in molten*l,--:,*,- metal 128 1. Card 3/1f L31,,,9-66 AM502284511 Process-of ~et~.ssin& ei,alum~lnum and its alloys in the ultrasonic field -r 138 14 Investigation of the kinetics of the liberation of.~~d;2_g_eti in aluminum and its alloys,,Xnde4 the effect of.ultrasoun.d.--.144 1 Structure and.RropertieMof aluminum and its alloys degassed by ultrasound (modification),-- 162 Ch. IV. Application of Ultrasonic Treatment of.Aluminum and its Alloys,in Industry -- 166 Optimal systems of bringing ultrasound into the melt -- 166 Emitters and waveguides for t-he treatment of molten aluminum 175 Ultrasonic generators for industrial purposes -- 182 Ultrasonic equipment of;the metallurgical industry -- 185 Equipment for controlling ultrasonic treatment of melts -- 197 Fundamentals of the technology of ultrasonic treatment of molten aluminui and its alloys as applied in industry 203 Referen~es 208 SUB CODE% EM Sqmms 34Apr65 NO REF._'90V 199 OTHERs 06~ Card 4/4 L 4178-66 z)?A (a) -21ZWT (a) awp M (b), rip(e) jD/Ww/JG 00 ACC W AP5024393 SMCE OODR: UR/099765 70157 960 INVENTOR, Slotin, V. I.; Eakin, G. I.; Kirywhin, Yq 37 ORG: none TITLE- Method of degas in molten aluminutp~and aluminum alloy. Class 311 No. 173384 SOL19CH- Byulleten' imobreteniy i tovarnykh znakov, no. 15, 19659 73 TOPIC TAGS., degassing, aluminum degassing, aluminum alloy degassing ABSTRACT- This Author Certificate introduces a method for the degassing of molten aluminum and alumij um alloys. To achieve 4he most complete degassing taneoue I I -~anadi alloying, getter zirconium- or matalal such as titanium~rdobium? um'= lanthanum are adde to the molten-m--e-tJ lfi-fh-i form 4ii-chl-Ps. (AZI 8 LTB CODE* Mk/.,, I)ATE.- 03Dec63/ ORIG,REF: .000/ OTH REF: 000/ ATD PRESS)AIIAS Card 1/i uDc: 669.714.o6g.64 'L 29931-66 EVIP(k)/EIIT(d)ZEIIT(m)/EYIP(h)/TlEfiP(1)/EiIP(v)/EVJP(t)/ETI LHM ACC NR, AP6018011 (P) SOURCE CODE: UR/0413/66/000/010/0126/0126 INVENTOR: Voronin, G. I.; Slotin, V._I.;,Zaretvk1y, B. S.: Krylovp A. 1.; 4 o Shvetsov, P. N.; Barannikovo G. I.; Eakin, G. 1. ORG: none TITLE: Ultrasonic unit for fluxless brazing of metals. Class 49, No. 181967 SOURCE: Izobreteniyf, promyshlennyya obraxtsy, tovarn.-Ye znaki, no. 10, 1966, 126 TOPIC TAGS: brazing. metal brazing, ultrasonic brazing, brazing unit t( ABSTRACT: This Author Certificate introduce@ a unit for fluxleas brazing of metals equipped with a heater and ultrasonic emitter. To increase efficien-c-y~~t a ultrasonfi Fig. 1. Fluxleas brazing unit 1 - Crucible; 2 - brazing alloy; 3 - ultrasonic emitter. L 90411-,~6 .ACC NR, AP6018011 0 emitter is located inside the crucible containing molten brazing alloy, forming f igurs. *JAZI the bottom of the latter (on* Fig. 1.)o OrIgs arto hast I SUB CODEt 11113/SUBM DATES 29J&n65/ ATD PR9S9t Card 212 tFs /- 0 1 f p < a n fl the cia::- _,~ x.,' a/x,/ Ce f 0, A pr,'.;n'L and d i.5:,is s i ~.;n TT' f .~ 1 ' o ws - T h e or e- ti F,,, r sm e C C ;.i ii c ~j Y - 21 bl, h '..'Lons '.ha- det Pt%(Y) 0 ana A(c", C' -.6 _-:,cre in n.-:. ,asii 't 3n,--tiaI funct:Lons having an Tp.-,vi~r g ea, -,hail I -('ft ti;getii,~r ,vith In the c ase 0.. Cau ~hy s pr ot, "L -ia i r re f,,." -ha -nitia, '..-inctions ~.i .,(x) SU._.h oib r Card 3 2 fl: () 6 S/550/6 1/0 1 -/C00/'C, 0 z /0 0 Cauchy-s problem for Sobolev- D25171)301 " p i. n , 1 and a -~ d, and the sol u t-' on u(x, t) in the case 0 has power increase not greater than I and In the case X, t)/ Cea/x/. Here A (d) = max Re ~ j (a) C. !-AbstracTor-s no,~-: C U.~ Other symbols not explained]. Theorem 3. ~:Jjy s prob~'em with the condition 'Uhat det P(I) 4 0, C where h -< 1, is correct in the clas,.~ of infinitely differentliabie initial functions u 0 (x) which satisfy the conai-,ions ri , (q) h -.1til 0 AqCi q(xe b/z/ 1 ~ 2, where !