SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT YA.B. FRIDMAN - YA.B. FRIDMAN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000513720012-0
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2000
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

'TWj:jj_J4jrharlovich; KISHKIN, S.T., laureat Stalixmkor proxii, doktor
tektmichaskikh sauk, professor, retNOZZeRt; YRIDKAN, Ta.B., lmare&t
Stallnekoy premii, doktor tokhnichookikh n&uV7`pr`o?FIMY?'."r9 too zz @&t;
ZROU, T.K,, kandidat tekhnicheekM unuk, redaktor; SUVORDTA, I.A.,
rodaktor; ZUDAKIN, I*M., takhnichookiy rodaktor.
[Brittle fracture of steel and steel parts] Mirupkis rasrusheMis
stali i atallzykh detalsi. Moskva, Gos.izd-vo obor.proWsh.,1955.
388 P. (Steel--Brittleness) (MI&A 9i4)

FRIDW, Ta.B.; ZIIOTA, T.K.; ZHMVA, N.I.
. "i
Inhomogensity of plastic deformation in the notched region and
the defeat sensitivity of materials. Yis. met. i metalloved. 1
no-3:553-561 655. WRA 9:6)
(Deformation (Nechanics))(Steel-Testing)

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etc-IL tilf. tiv~'.y to cra'k.~ t'ml'i I't.
diffor p-onfiv fr.m
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advlimble. Foi cuck-rivinitivo s*L-el thum'%irm a certain dopth
-of crack which, for a given furin of t~.mt.pit.,co. kxt to , sbarp
cracks were: ~irgm.laading and m-th fic.hydmg~... r~) uckt':~g
but the correip onang NA"116 w'-m _~q
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64-6-MISTS ROOM
MWR
Mx~

FRIDMN, Ta.B.; SOBOIW, N.D.
Intimating and increasing the strength of solids made of isotropic
nonhomogeneous materials. Dakl.AN SSSR 105 ne.6:1166-1169 D 155.
(MM A 9: 4)
1.Moskovskiy Whenerne-fisichookiy institut. Predstavlene akodemi-
k9mi H.V.1191dyahem.
(Strength of materials)

ALITGAUZAN, O.K.. kandidat ffs'iko-matematicheakikh nauk; BMSHTSYN, M.L.,
kandidat takhnichookikh nauk; BIANTER, M.Te., daktor takhatchaskilth
nauk; BOKSHTXTN, S.Z., doktor tekhnicheskikh nauk; 13OLKHOVITIHOYA,
Ye.N., kandidat tekhnichaskikh nauk; BORZDTXA, A.M., doktor tekhni-
chaskikh nauk-, BURIN, K.P., doktor tekhnicheskikh nauk; VINOGRAD,
M.I., kandidat tekhnicheakikh nauk; VOLOVIK, B.Ye., dcktor tekhniche-
skikh nauk [deceased]; GAMOV. M.L. inzhener; GILLXR. Tu.A.. doktor
takhniche8kikh nauk; GORILIK, S.S., kandidat tokhnichookikh nauk;
GOLIDXNBXRG, A.A., kandidat tekhnicheskikh nauk; GOTLIB, L.I., kandi-
dat tekhaicheakikh nank; GRIGOROVICH. V.K., kandidat tekhnichaskikh
nauk: GULTATNT, B.B., doktor tekhaichaskikh nauk; DOVGALIVSKIT, Ta.M.
kandidat takhnichookikh nauk; DUDOVTSIV, P.A., kandidat tekhnicho-
sicikh nauk; KIDIN, I.N.. doktor tekhnichaskikh nauk; KIPHIS, S.1h..
inzhoner; KORITSKIT, V.G., kandidat takhnicheskikh nauk; LANDA, A.F.,
doktor tokhatcheskikh nauk-, LRYKIN, I.M., kandidat tokhnichaskikh
nauk; LIVSHITS, L.S., kandidat tekhnichookikh nauk-, LIVOV, M.A.,
kandidat takhnichaskikh nauk; KALTSHBY,K.A., kandidat takhnichookikh
nauk; KNMSON, G.A., doktor tekhnicheekikh nauk; MINKIVICH. A.N..
kandidat tekhnichaskikh nauk; MOROZ, L.S., doktor tekhnichaskikh
nauk; NATANSON, A.K., kandidat takhnicheakikh nauk; WHIMOV. A.M.,
inzhener; NAKHIMOV, D.M., kandidat takhnichoskikh nauk; POGODIN-
ALIKSIM, G.I., doktor takhnichookikh nauk; POPOVA. U.M., kandidat
tekhaicheskikh nauk; POPOV, A.A., kandidat tekhnicheskikh nauk;
RAKHSHTADT, A.G.. kandidattakhnichaskikh nauk; ROGILIBARG. I.L..
kandidat takhaichaskikh nauk;
(Continued on next card)

ILITGAUZAN, (continued) Card 2.
SADOVSKIY,.V.D., doktor takhnicheskikh nauk; SALTYKOV, S.A.,
inzhener; SOBOLIW, N.D., kandidat takhaichaskikh aauk; BOWDIKHIN,
A.G., imndidat tekhnicheskikh nauk: UMANSKIY, U.S., kandidat
takhnichaskikh uauk; UTEVSKIY, L.M., kandidat tekhnichaskikh nauk;
JWII),Nhx- YSA&, doktor t&Khnicheskikh nauk; KHIMYSHIV, F.F..
kandidat takhnicheakikh nauk; KHWSHCHU. M.K.. doktor tekhniche-
skikh nauk; CHIMASHKIN. Y.G.. kandidat tekhnicheskikh nauk; SUPIRO.
M.M., inzhener; SHKOLINIK, L.M.. kandidat takhnicheakikh nauk;
SHRAYBAR, D.S., kandidat takhnichaskikh nauk-. SHCHAPOV. N.P., doktor
takhnicheskikh nauk; GUDTSOV , N.T., akademik. redaktor; GORODIN. A.M.
redaktor izdatelistva; VAYNSHTSYN, Ye.B., tekhnicheakiv redRktor
(Physical metallurgy and the heat treatment of steel ana iron; a
reference book] Metallovedenis i termichaskala obrabotka stali i
chuguna; spravochnik. Pod red. N.T.Dudtsova, H.L.Bernahteina, A.G.
Rakhahtadta. Moskva, Goa. nauchno-toichn. izd-vo lit-ry go chernoi i
tovetnoi metallurgii, 1956. 1204 p. (KLRA 9:9)
1. Chlen. -korrespondent Akademil nauk USSR (for Bunin)
(Steel--Heat treatment) (Iron--Heat treatment)
(Physical metallurgy)

Y/~' 0 124-1957-10-12212
Translation from: Referativnyyzhurnal, Mekhanikzi, 1957, NrIO, pl38(USSR)
AUTHOR: Fridman, Ya. B.
TITLE: Some Results of Studies on the Characteristics of the Failure of
Materials (Nekotoryye rezul'taty izucheniya kharacteristik
razrusheniya materialov)
PERIODICAL: V sb. : Sovrem. metody ispytaniy materialov v mash inos troyenii.
Moscow, Mashgiz. 1956, pp 5-38
ABSTRACT- A review of results is presented of work done by the Author
and other investigators on the comportment of materials at the
point of failure. The following problems were examined: The
effect of time, the local averaged evaluation of the mechanical
properties of the materials, consideration of the anisotropy of
the materials, their sensitivity to notches, defects and cracks,
and their fatigue strength under non-constant loadings. It is
pointed out that, contrary to general belief, the occurrence of
creep and slow failure in structural steel is possible even at
room temperature. The A. presents his hypothetical diagram
of the relative structural non-uniformity, the substance of which
Card 1/2 is reduced to a consideration of the relationship between the

t"". rv-

U&SR/ Physics Toohnical physics
Card. 1/1 Pub. 22 - 93/54
Authors Fridman, Ya. B.
Title t Diagram of relative structural inhomogencity of materials
Periodeal I nok. AN SSSR 106/20 258-260, Jan lis 1956
u
Abstract I A description is'presented of a diagram constructed for 'he purpose of
helping in the study of the effect of structural inhomogeneity of materials
an mechanical properties and deformations of the latter. Fifteen references-
14 USSR, and 1 USA (1947-1954). Diagrams; table; graph.
'InsLitution Moscow Engineering Physical Institute
Presented by: Aeademician G. V. Kurdyumov,- February 21, 1955

FRIDKA3, Y&.B.; SOBOIST, N.D.
MW Odom"',WWOO
Ou methods of estimating and increasing the strength of bodies
awde of anisotropic materials. Dokl.AN SSSR 106 no.4.-611-613
F '56. (MLRA 9:6)
1.Noskovskiy Inshenerno-fisichaskiy institut. Predstayleno aka-
demikom M.T.Ieldyshem.
(Strength of materials) (Blasticity) (Anisotropy)

FRIDMAN., Ye. ~B- . and REBINDER, P. A.
t' d
"
On he General Rule of the Deformation and Decay of Different Solid a9 Liquid
It
Bodies in Rock, paper presented at the First All-Union Conference on Tectonophysics,
Moscov, 29 January through 5 February 1957.
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR
Sum 1563

1Z-3-lo/34
AUTHORS: Zilova, T. K., Demina, N. I. and Fridman, Ya. B.
TITLE: Study of the non-uniformity of tli-e--*-P-i-a-'i-t-f6-d-erUMtion
during torsion by the method of rolled-in grid network.
(Izueheniye neodnorodnosti plastichesko deformatsii
pri kruchenii metodom nakatannykh setoZ
PERIODICAL: "Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye'l (Physics of Metals
and Metallurgyy, 1957, Vol.4, N0.3, pp. 455-469 (U.S.S.R.)
ABSTRACT: Yakutovich, M. V. and his team revealed certain features
of torsion testing of materials which were previously not
taken into consideration, namely, the non-uniformity of the
plastic deformation along the specimen, the high sensitivity
of the state of the surface and the presence of microcracks
(1-4). The aim of the here described investigations was to
elucidate the influence on the test results for steels
after hardening and tempering of the following:
the non-uniform distribution of the
CLeformL;-t;iuu aiong the specimen during torsion on the final
characteristics of the mechanical properties of the material
obtained for this type of investigation; the
surface quality on these characteristics; the
super-position of the process of fracture on Gjae uis6riuat;ion
Card 1/ 5 of the local plastic deformations during torsion; necessity

i26-3-lo/34
Study of the non-uniformity of the plastic deformation
during torsion by the method of rolled-in grid network.(Cont.)
photo reproduced in Fig.7. Table 5 gives a comparison of
the average with the local plasticity measured during torsion
tests. In Table 6 the plasticity of the muterial in tensile
tests and in torsion tests is compared for Lround as well as
for polished specimens. On the basis of tae results it is
concluded that for steel specimens wituii P. low modulus of
plasticity the process of deformation is practically uniform
along the entire length (tempering ab 550 C);iftempered at low
temperatures (350 and 220 C),intensive Lardening occurs during
plastic deformation, the development of the aeiormazion is
non-uniform and practically has the character either of a
"travelling" deformation,which gradually propagates along the
specimen,or it is concertrated as a result of presence of
stress concentrators; the non-uniform distribution of
deformation is due to non-uniform resistance of the transverse
cross sections brought about by non-uniformity of the macro-
and micro-geometry of the specimen, non-uniformity of the
structure of the material in the body of the specimen, etc;
the character of the non-uniformity of propagation of the
deformation depends on the surface state of the SDecimen; the
Card 3/5state of the surface affects appreciably the ductility of the
specimens; for polished specimens it is two to five times as

126-3-lo/34
Study of the non-uniformity of the plastic deformation
during torsion by -the method of rolled-in grid aetwork.(Contl.)
There are 9 figures, 6 tables and 9 references, all of which
Card 5/5 are Slavic.
SUBMITTED: June 27, 1956 and after revision July 12, 1956.
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
(Composition of the Steel 4OXHMA: in %, 0.36-0.44 C,
0.17-0-37 Si, 0.50-0-80 Mn, 0.60-0.90 Cr, 1.25-1.75 Ni,
0-15-0.25 Mo, max 0.030 S, 0.035 F, 0.25 cu)

Procedure for Study-Lng the Strength of Drills
of Very Small Diameter
drills for static tors,.on, princtples of the device for bund tests,
P-aphs showing ratios of Vmgentlal atre3s. deformation of drill,
ratios of crushirF, loads to diiunater and length and degrees of
bending.
ASSOCIATION: Moscow Engirieering-Phy3ics Inatitut (Mos?.ovsk,-y inzhonerno-
fizicheskiy Institut)
PRESENTED BY-
SUBMITTED:
AVAILABLE-
Card 2/2

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Camnents 32-IU-31/32
Therefore Viu tri~atwO;A Of c_stractiori -;)rocLsses
c"j, u1sc, btj c~jrrjud oat accor(:,D,.-,, tc LcAhOeu
(.;,tch as o.,cillo-iraphic, hic, (--to. juncluding hid
ro-.,)ort, thc aaflior stal.uj Lli.A Utre ark: 3till :~ariy aiailar inte-
rk.3Ling j,robI(,-;.,o which L',o-Ald )t-. dcait %itli 1b, tr. sciL!Iiti!jto of
and reovarch institutez in i he ver./ near fu-
ture.
ASSUCIATIO;i: Moscow Physics and Engineering Institute inzhancrno-
fi,_iC'Ie;j'jAj iii3titut)
AVAILA.*3LE: Librarj of Uon-,res&
U
1. Science-USSR-Progress 2. Metallurgy 3. Electron microscopy
Card 3/3

FRID14KN. Ya.B., prof., doktor takhn.nauk-, HDROZOV, Te.14., kand.takhn.
Calculating mecbanical properties of bimetals. Nauch.dokl.vys.
shkoly; mash.1. prib. no-1:152-163 ' 58. (MIRA 12:1)
1. Predstavleno kafedroy "Soprotivleniye materialov" 140skovskogo
insheherno-fizicheskogo instituta.
X. (Laminated metals)

MOROZOV, Ye.A.. kand.tokhn.nauk., FMRID MO I Ya.B., doktor tnan.nauk
Calculating the brittle-brnakdown rnsintance of a diRk stretched
in all directions. IIauch,dokl.vya.shkoly; masb.i prib. no.2:
29-32 '58. OaRk 12 210)
1. Prodstavleno kafedroy "SoprotivIenlyn eaterialov" Moskovskogo
Inzhenerno-fisicheskogo instituta.
(Strength of materials)

FRIDKAN. Ya.B.; MOROZOV, Ye.M.
Approximate evaluation of concentrated stresses In composite
specimens. Wauch.dokl.vrs.ebkoly; manh.i prib. no.4:82-85
,e,8. (MIRA 12:5)
1. Statlys, pradatavlena Moskovakim inzhenerno-fizichoskim
inatitutom.
(Strains and stresses)

SOV/129-58-12-1/12
AUTEOho. __Yx_1dmaa._ _Ya. B., Doctor of Technical Sciences and
Konoplenko,-77P., Candidate of Technical Sciences
TITIE: Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels (MekheLnichaskiye
SVOYBtva instrumentallnykh staley)
PERIODICAL: Metallovedeniye i Obrabotka Metallov, 1958, Nr 12,
pp 1 - 9 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The aim of this investigation was the development of
methods of strength testing of low-temperature tempered
tool steel andto study their mechanical properties in
the case of static and alternating loads. The mechanical
properties were studied for specimens of the steels U12,
qKhS~ R9 and R18, chemical analyses of which are given
in Table 1, p 2. The specimens were manufactured with
a machining addition of 0.5 to 1 mm,which was removed
after heat treatments carried out in accordan,:e with
regimes usually used for tools, details of which 9.re
entered for each steel in Table 2. Much attention was
paid to obtaining the necessary uniformity of the
structure of the cross-section. In Figure 2, a sketch
is reproduced showing the shape and size of the specimens
used for tensile tests. The authors investigated the
Cardl/3 strength properties (the obtained results are entered in

Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels SOV/129-58-12-1/12
Tables 3 and 4), the anisotropy of the strength properties
as well as the fatigue strength of the above enumerated
tool steels. On the basis of the obtained results, the
following conclusions are arrived at: use of wire strain
gauges enables extending the range of meaqzingthe dt2zudAaiQf
high-hardness steels right up to the fracture of such
steels; the normal modulus of elasticity of the steel R9
is not the same in tension as it is in compression and
this explains partly the fact that the strength of this
steel is higher in bending than it is in tension; in
tension as well as in bending, the fracture of high-
hardness tool steels takes place without macroplastic
deformation in the elastic range,without reaching the
yield point, whilst fracture in the case of compression and
torsion stresses is preceded by ' plastic deformation;
the anisotropy of the mechanical properties manifested
itself in the investigated steels by differing values
of the streng+jh and ductility and also in the fact that
C4~rd2/3 the appearance of the fracture differed; the size of

'?roperties of Tool Steels SOV/la9-58-12-1/12
the specimen did not appear to have any influence on the
strength for changes of the diameter between 1 and 8 mm;
diagrams of the ultimate strength were plotted and the
ultimate strength values were determined for the steels
U121 9KhS, and R9.
There are 6 figures, 4 tables and 6 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy inzhenerno-fizicheskiy institut
(Moscow Engineering-physics Institute)
Card 3/3

85765
On the Crack Sensitivity of Metals
S/137/60/OCO/009/026/029
A006/A001
170 kg'/'trm 2 and by a factor of 4 for steel with 6~b equal Itc, 115 kg/mm2, in com-
pa-.i-z,ln to a specimen with a notch of 1 mm radius, tested at .-com *-e~perature,
A higher deformation speed raised from 1.2 mm/min (static) 3 , 10 mm1min (Im-
pact) at room temperature increases the value of the conditional rupture stress
of specimens with a notch radius of 1 mm, from 5 to 4o% fo- steels subjected to
elther low or high tempering or to tempering in the brittle range. There are 23
references.
T.F.
Translator's note- This is the full translation of the or,.ginal RuEsian abstra:t.
Card 2/2

1 'A
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lag at

~, i b M JV A)) ~A. ~ .
25(61) T, PIWE I Br~)K E~TLOITATIDN SOV/3075
Defektoskopiya metallov; sbornik statey (Plav Detection In Metals;
Collection of Articles) Moscaw, Oborongiz, 1959. 458 p. Errata slip
inserted, 4,550 copies printed.
Ed.: D.S# Shrayber, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Ed.: M.S. Lagovskaya;
Tech. Ed,: V.P. Rozhin; Managing Ed.: A.S. Zaymovukaya, Engineer,
PURPOSE: This book is intended for engineers and technicians in the field
of nondestructive inspection and testing of metals.
COVERAGE: This collectionof articles deals with methods of nondestructive in-
iptation 4and testln* ok.,*6tas. Results of investigations conducted at
scientific research institutes and plants of magnetic, electrical, X-ray,
ultrasonic, and fluorescent-openetrant methods of flaw detection are
described. Detailed descriptions of flaw-detection methods and equipment
are presented, Data are given on the status of the development of flav-
detection methods in non-Soviet countries. No personalities are mentioned.
References follow several of the articles.
Card 1/5

Flaw Detection (Cont.)
SOV/3075
Rozhdestvenskiy, S.M., and G.Yu. Slla-Novitskly. Electromagnetic Induction
Method of Flav Detection 80
Ushakova.,.I.N. Some Methods and Tnstrumente; for NondeBtructive Inspection
of the Thickness of Coatings on Parts 1.11
Eykhenvalld, V.N. Practical Application of Blectomagnetic Methods of Non-
destructive Testing 117
Suvorov, L.M. Flaw Detection in Light-alloy Parts by the Electromagnetic
Induction Method 126
Av,er.,henko, P.A. High-frequency Induction Instrument for Detecting Cracks
and Intergranular Corrosioh 133
Polyak,, E.V. Fluorescent-penetrant Flav-detection Method and the Experience
Gained by Its Use In Machine Building 139
lut'sko, S.P. Magnetic and Fluorescent-penetrant Inspection of Parts in
the Repair and Servicing of Aircraft Equipment 355
Card 3/5

Flaw Detection (Cont.) 9011/3075
Chernobrovov', S.V. X-Ray Tube With Rotating Ano&~ 219
Shrayber, D,S, Ultrasonic Flaw Detection 241
Lange., Yu.V., and G.V. Prorokov. Equipment for TTltrasonlc Inspection 356
Lange, YluV., and D.S. Shrayber, General Characteristiou of the Pulse-Echo
Type Ultrasonic Flaw-detection Method 38T
Kulik, A,A. Characteristic Feutures of the PalBe-Echo Type Ultrasonic Flaw-
detection Method 404
Khargin, M.E. Ultrasonic Flaw-detection In Vorgings arA Valuation of the
Size of the Defects Revealed 409
Lange, Yu.V., and G,V. Prorokov. Automation of Ultrasonic inspection 413
Shrayber, D.S., and 1.1. Teumin. Application of Ultrasonic Vibrations for
Processing and Testing Materials 424
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 5/5
VK/jb
2-24-6o

21(0) SOV/89-6-4-23/27
AUTHORS: Semenov, V. F., Fridman, Ya. B.
TITLE: Atomic Technology at tho World Exhibition 1958 in Brussels
(Atomnaya tekhnika na Vsemirnoy vystavke 1958 9- v Bryussele)
PERIODICAL., Atomnaya energiyat 1959P Vol 6p Ur 49 pp 493-494 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The most important exhibits to be seen in the pavilions of
Great Britain, the United States, Switzerland, Norway,
Portugal, Belgium, Western Germany, and Holland are listed.
In the Soviet pavilion such exhibits were, above, all,
shown as demonstrated the success attained by the USSR In
the field of the peaceful uses of atomic energy. They included
the models of the first Soviet atomic power plant, the 420 Mw
atomic power plant under construction (water-moderated and
water-cooled reactor), of the experimental fast reactor,
and the reactor-driven ice-breaker "Lenin". A composite photo-
graph picture shows in what manner the Soviet Scientists
participate in the international exchange of experience and
contribute towards promoting the peaceful uses of atomic
energy. At the exhibition also the model of a 200 kw research
reactor and of a cyclotron with 1200 mm pole shoe diameter
Card 1/2 is on show. The Ob"yedinennyy institut yadernykh isslodovaniy

SOV189-6-4-23127
Atomic Technology at the World Exhibition 1950 in Brussels
(Joint Institute of Nuclear Research) exhibited a model of
the 10 Bev synchrophasotron. Two exhibits were awarded the
Grand Prix. In the Czechoslovakian pavilion a model of the
150 hTw atomic power plant, which is being built with Soviet
aid, is on show. By means of this plant it will be possible
to save 50,000 waggons of coal per year. The atomic power
plant is able to supply a city of more than a million in-
habitants with electric energy. The first Czechoslovakian
research reactor was shown both in form of photographs and
by a model. A model is also on show of a 15 Alev betatron
which is intended to be used for medical purposes as well
as for the testing of material.
Card 2/2

Extens*ion Test at Various Elastic Energy Reserves SOV/32-25-1-31/51
instruments. The set Is provided with a loop oacillograph MPO-~
the dynamometric spring represents a series of foil sprirgs
(according to GOST 3057-54), and AMG-10 was used as working
liquid. The cells were calibrnted (for the purpose of measur-
Ing the axial load of the specimen) by menns of the IM4A test
plant. The oscillograms obtained were messured by menns of a
BIAI microscope, The sample stress was measured by means of
tension indicators. The latter consist of the ICh indicator,
a small elastic U beam of beryllium brorze and "resistance
cells" of the DK-10 or DK-25 type. It was stated that the
influence of elasticity is determined by the kinetics of the
change in the load force. Some further observations were made
with the D16T alloy and some 30 KhGSNA steel specimens, There
are 9 figures, 3 'tables, and 9 references, 6 of which nre
Soviet.
Card 2/2

25(6) SO11/32-25-3-26/62
AUTHORS: Drozdovakiy, B. A., li!i~
TITLE; Methods of Determining the Sensitivity of Materials ':o
Crack Formation in Impact Bending Tests (Metodika ot:3enki
chuvstvitellnosti materialov k treshchinam pri udarnoin izgibe)
PERIODICAL: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, 1959, Vol 25, Hr 3, PP 320-328 (USS4
ABSTRACT: The tendency of uteel towards rupture as a consequence of
brittleness has been more and more frequeatl~ determined by the
resistance against Qrack formation (Refs 1-7). In a previous pa-
per (Ref 13) a test of this kind was proposed for highly resist-
ant steels and it was found that in many.cases better results
werc obtained by indentations R - 1 mm, (c.g. with steel
30KhGSNA) than by samples accordinj-, 0 Menazhe In the case under
discussion the results of investigations of the form of the
sample for impact tests are given (Fig 1) (Table 1). Among
others, the steels 3OKhGSNA and 12Kh5MA with cracks of the
type V, U, and F were used. Static tests were cairi-ad out on
the machine IM4-A and impact bending tests on a 30 -.cgm-ram XK-30.
The tests took place at various temperatures. Tests with crack-
Card 1/2 containing samples showed that an incroace of tho sample width

SOVI'32-25-3-26162
Methods of Determining the Sensitivity of Materialb to Crack Formation in Irpact
Bending Tests
and an impact test at lower temperatures can :bender the test
more sensitive to states of brittleness. It is recomirended to
apply the impact bending test with a crack of ciclic overcharge
to sample cross sections according to Menazhe2the crack being
obtained by the use of a resonance vibrator klief lit). The test
is evaluated according to the tensile strength 1) (a craak ) per
cross section, expressed itt kilograirt rueters/cr.-. A. table with
ten types of cteel and their chemical composition (Table 311 and
a comparative table (Tabla 4) with types of steel ;uid data ob-
tained from anmples arc 1,i'ren. Tt wras found that by the te:;ts
mentioned abovii more ;~.,ld extensive data on the state of
brittleness of steels can bc obtained than by the standard meth-
ods. There are 10 figures, 4 tables, and 16 referencen, 6 of
which are Soviet.
Card 2/2

28(5) SOY/32-25-7-50/50
AUTHORO: Davidonkov, N. N. Qf'..-.tji9 - AS__USSR,,_Yit man, F. F.
Professor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciencesq
Glikman, L. A. Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Fridman, Ya, B. Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences,
F. Candidate of Technical Sciences,
Razov, 1. A. Junior Scientific Collaborat-r
TITLE: Yevg9niy Mikhaylovich Shovandin (Yevgeniy Mikhay2ovich
Shevandih)
PERIODICAL: Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1959, Vol 25, fir 7, p 8516 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: MI's is HZI t2e occasion of the de;1th of the
scientist mentioned in the title. Shevandin v7a-- )ne of the
leading scientints in the field of material mech.inios; he
became famous for Ilia investigations of the nature of
destruction by brittleness and the phenomena of destruction
by brittleness of metals at low temperatures carried out at
the Fiziko-tekhnicheskiy institut (Physical and Technical
Institute),. After 1945 the deceased dealt with the problems
of cold-shortness of ferrous metals which are of great im-
portance in ship-buildinC. Ye. M. Shevandin pultlished two
Card 1/2 manuals on the mechanical properties of metals e.s well as

Yevgeniy Mikhaylovich Shevandin
SOY/32-25-7-50/50
more than 50 original papers. His monograph "Tendoncy of
Low-alloy Steels Towards Brittleness" was publishod in 1953.
Card 2/2

28 (5)
AUTHORS: Volodinag To A.9 Gordeyeva# To As, SOY/32-25..8-29/44
Pridman , Ya. B.
-- - -------------------------------
TITLE: Methodology of Investigation of the Microgeo*etry ol the
Surfaces of Fractures
PERIODICALs Zavodskaya laboratoriyal 1959, Vol 25, Nr 8P pp 984-989 (USSR)
ABSTRACTs Assuming that the height of unevenness on fracture aurfaoes W
increases under same conditions with the increase of the velocity
of spreading of the cracks (C) one can apply-visual, fractographic
and similar methods for clarification of the dectraction kinetics.
The profilogram of the (F) was obtained in the present case with
an optic-mechanical profilograph IZP-5 (Ref) at a 500r- enlargement
in vertical direction (Fig 1) of the profile and in 50A enlargemeat
in horizontal direction, thus the unevenness could be measured
in a height of 2-240,4. To accelerate the measuring a special device
was developed (Fig 2) in collaboration with No V. Pqazanovj To M.
Harkochev and Yu# A. Bulanov. The d6vice consists of a measuring
dial and a counter. They investigated (F) on samples of steel
30KhGSNA, 40KhNMA and a highly resistant experimental steel A,
applyingvarying kinds of stresses and sample shapes and the
Card 1/2 samples were subjected to thermal treatment. The va:ricus

idethod4ogy of Investigation of the Miorogeometry of SOV/32-25-8-29/44
the Surfaces of Fractures
character of the changes of the unevenness along the (F) is
apparently caused by the property of the material to "inhibit"
the spreading of the (C). The efficiency of this -inhibiting"
depends on the properties of the materiall the magnitude of
tensions, the kind of stress and other factors. The experiments
proved that the steel 30KhGSNA has a higher "inhibiting"
capacity (C) than steel-A. It was established that in several
cases the character of the change ot the unevenness along the
(P) was determined-by the level.of the primary tension and the
steepest increase of unevenness was observed at an Jncr,%ase of
the stress at a high tension level. The measurings of the height
of the unevennesses of (F) after repeated static and impact- '
bending tests permits a qualitative eval4ation of the conditions
of destruction and the change in one of the following factors:
condition of the materiall the magnitude of the repeated stressp
the character of the stress and the presened of a tension-
concentrator on the test-surface. There are 8 figures and
2 Soviet references.
Card 2/2

28 (5)
AUTHORS: Fridman, Ya..B., Zaytsev, A. M. SOY/32-25-&31/44
TITLE: Cause for the Formation of Fatigue Lines on Fraotu;re Surfaces
PERIODICALt Zavodskaya laboratoriyaq 1959P Tol 25, Nr 8, PP 992-935 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The surfaces of fatigue fract-arec (FF) often show fatigue cracks
(FC) which proceed in a staggered wave shape radially from the
center of the fracture (F). The causes of the origin of these
(FC) are explained in different ways (Rafe I - 8);)Special maddon
is made of R. S. Nikolayev (Ref 8) and Thum (Ref . Thie' present
paper tries to explain this question, and the origin of other
characteristics of (F) and recommends some methods for the ana-
lysis of (FG). The authors tested flat samples (4 X 24 mm) of
40KhXMA and 30KhGSA steels, aluminum, copper, larger-sized
samples of flat, disk or T-shaped steel 40KhNMA, 381 M uA and
steel 20. The tests were carried out in three groups which differ
in the way of the developing tensions in the samples. The (F
were investigated with a binocular microscope, while the (FC~
were investigated on samples not yet fractured. The experiment
results proved that no (FC) develop when the samples rested or
in case of a "temporary work" (decreased tension) (Fig 1). During
Card 1/2 work of the sample or in case of a brief excess strain (oorres-

Cause for the Formation of Fatigue Lines on Fracture SOY/32-25-8-31/44
Surfaces
ponding to the switching on of the machine) (FC) develop at the
zone boundaries of various unevennesses (Fig 2). Therefore the
development of such (FC) on (F) can be caused by brief cyclic
excess strain as was concluded in referenOes 5 - 7. The (PC)
observed in (F) of machine components can be divided into two
main groups (Fig 4), i.e. 1) (PC) at the zone boundary and of
different unevennesses which occur at a sudden change of the
spreading velocity of the (FC) (operation with sudden change in
excess strain), and 2) the staggered (FC) which are caused by
the mutual orientation of the highest degree tension-expansion
and cracks. Therefore one can conclude from the type of (FO) the
kind of strain. There are 4 figures and 9 references, 6 of which
are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Gosudarstvannyy nauchno-isoledovatellskiy institut ;,razhdanskogo
vozdushnogo flota. (State Scientific Research Instituto of
Civilian Aviation)
Card 2/2

1400) SOV/20-124-6-15/55
AUTHORS: Zilova, T. K., Petrukhina, ff. I., Fridman, Ya. B.
TITLE: on the ffules of the Kinetics of Deformation in Dependence on
the Relaxation of the Load (0 zakonomernostyakh kinetiki de-
formatsii v zavisimosti ot podatlivosti nagruzheniya)
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959, Vol 124, Nr 6,
pp 1236 - 1239 (USSR)
ABSTRACTs The authors investigated the rules of load and deformation in
the case of varying relaxation of the load system, i.e. in the
case of a varyiniz -,haracter of the time-lependence of the load
force Pload in the case of deformation and lifting of the load
in segregated system. The tests were carried out by means of
the devices DRP--361 espeoially constructed for this purposel
in the spring-dynamometer an initial supply of elastic energy
was provided. This device DRP-361 was developed by the authors
in collaboration with B. A. Palkin and N. V. Ryazanov-. The re-
laxation of the device during the tests carried out ty the authors
amounted to 0#7 mm/T. The results obtained were Teccrded by
Card 1/3 means of the loop-occillograph MPO-2. The quantities recorded

On the Rules of the Kinetics of Deformn-tion in SOV/2o-124-6-15/55
Dependence on the Relaxation of the Load
concerned stress on the dynamometer, stress on the sample,
and extension of the sample. The experiments were carried out
w�th smooth samples '5 mm diameter) of the alloys D16T and of
KhNHA steel in the state of quenching and temperuting at
200 and 5500- In the oase of a relaxation of 0.7 mm/T the
kinetic curves ,if stress on the dynamometer show a sharp down-
ward slope, but at 2-5 mm '/T this curve takes a flat course.
The ;urves of the ratf- of absolute deformation are influenced
by relaxation in the same way. The gTeater the supply of elastic
energy with conditions otherwise being equal, the higher will
be the rate of the deformat.4.on process when approaching fracture,
and the shorter the dvration of the entire process until
fracture occurs. The process in all cases begins to develop
with positive acceleration. The lower the degree of rBlaxationj
the more rapidly will the process with positive acceleration go
over into a procese wit negative acceleration, i.e.into the
stage of damping. In th :~aee of an equal initial stress, the
sample will not break 9th a considerable decrease of force
with time, but in thekase of a slow decrease of force, it breaks
Card 2/3 already after the short time V - 0.32 sec. From the results

On the Rules of the Kinetics of Deformation in SOV/2o-124-6-15/55
Dependence on tho Relaxation of the Load
obtained by the present investigation the following ~-.onclusions
may be drawnt The influence exercised by the supply of elastic
energy (which was observed also in th4case of fractures occurring
during operation in practice), is essentially determined by the
character of the variation of the kinetics of force in the case
of disturbed or non-exiating equilibrium. The greater the supply
of elastic energy (with the loading force being equal), the more
slowly will the loading force decrease with time if the deforma-
tion of the loading body develops further. The rules discussed
in the present paper were determined in segregated systems, but
it may by all means be assumed that they apply also to such cases
as are subjected to an external load during the entire load
process. There are 4 figures and 10 referet.-cest 7 of which are
Soviet.
PRESENTED: July 24, 1958, by G. V. Kurdyumov, Academician
SUBMITTED: July 16, 1958
Card 3/3

lid
IR
M-4 :RI
Ali

FRIDKAN, Ta.B.; GORBEYEVA, T.A.; ZATTSHV, A.M.; GOL'I)ZNBMG, A,A., Icand.
- hn.
Ve-k'nauk,' rateenzent; SROLINIK, L.M.* kand.takhn.nauk, rod.;
DOBRITSINA, R., tekhn.red.; UTAROVA, A.F., takhn.red.
[Structure and analysis of various types of metal fracture]
Stroenie i analiz islomov metallov. Moskva, Goo.nouchno-tokhn.
Izd-vo mashinootrolt.lit-ry. 1960. 127 p. (MIRA 13:3)
. (Ketallography)

VUKOV, Sergey Dmitriyevich; FRI.DKAN, Yaj.. prof.. doktor tekhn.nauk,
retsenzent; YXMKOV, tekchn.redo
(Statistical theory of the strength of materials] Statist iche sksia
teoriia prochnosti. Moskva, Gos.nnuohno-tekhn.izd-vo mashinastrolt.
lit-ry, 1960. 175 p. (MIRA 13.-ir)
(Strength of materials)

PHASE I BOOK EGWITATION SUV/3974
Ispy-taniya detaley mashin na prochnost'; sboraik statey. Po material8m, Komiteta
prochnosti NTO Mashprcma (Testing Machine Parts for Strength; Collection of
Articles. Based on Data of the Ccmmittee on Strength of Materials of the Scien-
tific and Technical Society of the Machine-Building Industry) Moscow, Mashgiz,
1960. 226 p. Errata slip inserted- 5,000 copies printed.
Reviewer: I.V. Kudryavtoev, Doctor of Technical Sciences; Ed.: S.V. Serensen;
Ed. of Publishing House: L.N. Danilov; Tech. Ed.: G.Ye. Sorokina, and L.P.
Gordeyeva; Managin,5 Ed. for Literature on General Technical and Transport
Machine Building (Mashgiz): A.P. Kozlov, Engineer.
I
PURPOSE: This collection of articles is intended for designers and for workers
at plant laboratories and scientific research institutes.
COVERAGE: The articles contain data on the experience gained by industry and re-
search institutes in the field of full-scale and model testing of machine parts
for strength. A number of theoretical considerations and the related expe,-i-
mental practice are presented. No personalities are mentioned. Most of thb
articles are acccmpained by references.
Card 1/4

Testing Machine Parts for Streength SOV/3974
TABIS OF CCVTENTS:
Preface 3
Fridman, Ya.B. , Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Structure and Analysis
Related to the Kinetics of the Failure Process
5
Vagapov, R.D,, CanlidAte of Technical Sciences, 0.1. Shishorina, Engineer, and
L.A. Khripina., Engineer. Molding In Fatigue Testing 24
Shashin., M.Ya. Candidate of Technical Sciences. Statistical Processing and
the Results of Full-Scale Fatigue Testing of Bars Under Torsion 53
Kogayev, V.P., Candidate of Technical Sciences, and T.A. Beksh, Engineer.
Dispersion of Endurance Characteristics of the 45 Steel Type in Relation to
the Freequency of Load Cycles and Stress Concentration 67
Morozov, B.A., Cvrlidate of Technical Sciences, and M.Ya. Gallperin, Engineer.
The Study of Fati,--,u-~ orrength of Subassemblies and Parts of Metallurgical
Equiyaent by 84
C ard 2/4

Testing Machine Parts for Strength SOV/3974
Veller, V.A. Engineer. Endurance Testing of Locomotive Subassemblies and
Parts 101
Rayevskiy,.G.V., Candidate of Technical Sciences, Lenin prize vinner. Full-
Scale Testing of Welded-Car Constructions 110
Gokhberg, M.M. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. Testing the Elements
.-,f,Steel Constructions Under Alternating Stresses 117
Garf, M.E... Candidate of Technical Sciences. Fatigue Testing of Crankshafts
and Chassis Constructions 132
Rudnitskiy., N.M. Candidate of Technical Sciences. Fun-Scale Testing of
Loaded Parts of Automobile Engines 147
Pf negin, S.V.., Professor. Problems in the Testing of Rolling-Contest Bear-
ings 156
Shkollnik,, L.M., Candidate of Technical Sciences, Investigating the Strength
of Bolted Rail-Joints by a Full-Scale Fatigue-Test Method 166
card 3/4

PffASE I BOOK ECW=ATION SOV/3566
Drozdovskiy.. Bcris Aleksandrovich., and Yakov Borieovich Fridman
Vliyaniye treshchin na mekhowicheskiye evoystra konstruktsionnykh staley
(Effect of Cracks on the Mechanical Properties of Constructional Steels)
W%scov,, YAtallurgizdat., 1960. 260 p, Errata s3ip inserted. 4.9150 Copies
printed.
Ed.: N.V. Manakin; Ed. of Publishing House: A.L. Ozeretskaya; Tech. Ed.:
M.K. Attopovich.
PURNGS: This book is intended for metallurgists., designers, process engineers..
arA spctlUts In the strength of metala.
COVERAGE: The book is an analysis of experl ntal vork on the failure of steels
and other alloys and methods of evaluating the tendancy of constructional
steels to fracture. Special attention is given to methods of determining the
ability of steel to resist oJILck propagation. The book is based primarily on
experiments made by the auWrs and on investigations of otber Soviet and
non-Soviet specialists. No personalities are mentioned. There are 185 refer

lit
t4 -4
VIC
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to
t e 953~ OIVI_ 1-1
roz r0 S Fe 0
'0061 ill
01-0, tovo 110
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.23.tta 00 vxl- T-
'PT o 6ASI.
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7, tte'rlls seS
10?6
"01- it CO. SI.C -re
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e 6-r p e C',1 t-~ 0 1 - e-1.5 - -,roao
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loco.. -9e"18.5 .0 . -,;esses Of
66e olIZI- \q
ta a& & I OT~ ~_ved by curves 0.1.
de 0. -rzp- O.'a on the zime, since suc-"
d.J 0 'he usual
thk
.-,e sensitively than
Cui Go t e main k-_r
-1, demarcate etic siages
cur,
X. ~ h motive forces 0-7 these processes. The
O.L c e I nt are determinedp
--char xie tempo of rupture developme
Card 3

S/16 021000100A /002/103
Patterns of solid ... D22SYD3'02
(the macrostrength) and heterogeneous structures (the microstrength)
are distingu:;'shed, is examined. The emergence of cracks and the
local Dlastic deformation alter the dimensions of the zone of maxi-
Mal stress and can convert the structure from quasi-homo6reneous
to heterogeneous and vice-versa. Three main stages of disinte ra-
tion -- submicroscopic (III variety), microscopic (!I variety~ and
macroscopic (I variety) -- are considered. Four periods-- incuba-
tion, braking, quasi-stationary, and self-accelerating -- are dis-
tin-uished in development of plastic deformation and disintegra-
0
p04 jjtS
tion. The experimentally determinable breaking- L usually re-
flect the transition from the first three precritical processes
to the fourth transcritical one, in which the acceleration posi-
tively does not diminish. It is suggested that the processes of
deformation and disintegration should be described by curves of
the deformation acceleration's dependence on the time, since such
curves characterize the process more sensitively than the usual
curves of creep and may help to demarcate the main kinetic st.ages
of disintegration and the motive forces of these processes. The
-character and the tempo of rupture development are determined,
Card 2/3

S/1059/62/000/004/002/103
Patterns of solid ... D228/D302
---.part 'from previously known factors, by the elat;-Lio enert-y reserve,
accumula-,.ed by the systerm in the loading process. Disint ogra t ion
can atoi) if there is an insufficient supply ot' ciiergy. In the case
of a surplus of supplied energy them 6isin-I.-eCranon ;)r,)cess may
acquire t*-e character o~l an avalanche or a bursz. Z-Abstracter's
note: Complete translation.-7
Card 3/3

FRIDMAN, Ya. B., doktor tekhn.nank prof., XCROZOV, Yet M.. kand.tekhn.nauk
Selecting the direction of weld seams in vessela made of vinyl
plastic. Khim.mashs no.2:37-38 Mr-Ap 160. (MIRA 13:6)
(Chemical apparatus--Welding) (Plastics--Welding)

81821
S~129/60 000/07/006/013
E 93/E2%
AUTHORS: Yridman, Ya. B Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor,
and Yegorov,--~'. I., Engineer
TITILE: The Effect of Work-Hardening on the Tendency to Failure
due to Thermal Fatigue t
VIV
PERIODICAL: Metallovedeniye i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov,
1960, No. ?, pp. 27-30
TEXT: The object of the present investiq;ation was to study the
effect of cyclic temperature variation on the mechanical properties
of wor-k-hardened and annealed austenitic szeel MlMqTilcontaining
0.1% ev 1.1% Mn, 20% Cr, 11% Ni? 0.97% Ti9 0.019% S, and 0.014% P.
The experiments were'earried out'on test pieces 6 mm diameter which,
after quenching from 11000C. were subjected to cyclic temperature
changes, both in the as-quenched (annealed) condition and after a
preliminary plastic deformation (in tension) of 5 and 20%. The
duration of each cycle was 9 min, 7 min being allowed for the
specimen to reach the upper temperature limit (600, 720, or 8000C)
and 2 min to rool down to room temperature by quenching in water.
&fter a number (up to 700) of such cyclic temperature variations,
I-r
Card 1/4

81821
S/129/60/000/07/006/013
E193/E235
The Effect of Work-Hardening on the Tendency to Failure due to
Thermal Fatigue
the true tensile strength SK9 U T *S and the reduction of area,
q), of the specimens were dete;;inea. Yo check whether the observed
changes in the mechanical properties of the investigated material
were not produced by heating the material to high temperature alone,
several specimens were held at 7200C for periods equal to those
during which the corresponding specimens, subjected to cyclic
temperature variation, stayed at this temperature, after which their
mechanical properties were also 4etermined. Finally, the effect of
the cyclic temperature variation on the notch sensitivity of the
investigated steel was studied on spe,-.imens in which holes 1.5 mm
diameter had been drilled Drior to th.., experiments. Several
conclusions were reached. (1)'Cyclic temperature variation lowers
the strength and ductility of both annealed and work-hardened
austenitic steel to the extent which depends on the upper temperature
limit of tbe heating/cooling cycles and the number of cycles. (2) The
observed reduction in strength and ductility is due to the action of
Card 2/4 PK

61821
S/129/60/000/07/006/013
E193/E235
The Effect of Work-Hardening on the Tendency to Failure due to
Thermal Fatigue
stresses set up in the material during cyclic heating and cooling.
Prolonged heating at temperatures employed in the course of the
present investigation has no harmful effect on the properties of
the steel studied. (b Preliminary plastic deformation has no
significant effect on the sensitivity of steel lKhl8N9T to cyclic
temperature variation when the number of the heating/cooling cycles
is relatively small. However, when a certain critical number of
cyclesl which depends on the upper temperature limit, is exceeded
strength and ductility of work-hardened steel decrease more rapidly
than those of the annealed material. (4) The harmful effect of
preliminary plastic deformation is apparently not removed by the
processes of recovery and recrystallization which must take place
when the specimens are heated. (5) The presence of stress risers
in the specimens of steel lKhl8N9T, subjected to cyclic temperature
variation between 800 and 200C, results in a sharp decrease in their
Card 3/4

81821
S/129/60/000/07/006/013
E193/E235
The Effect of Work-Hardening on the Tendency to Failure due to
Thermal Fatigue
strength. There are 5 figures and 7 references; 5 Soviet and
2 English.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy inzhenergo-fizicheskiy institut
(The Moscow Institute of Phvsics and Technology)*
*[Annotation: Correctly Moscow Engineering-Physicai Institute
Card 4/4

D262/'D3r!4
1,0,1,000
AUTHORS., Pridman, Ya.B., Doctor of Techr,:.--al S,~,,en---, Profes-
3cr and Morozov~ xe,fil- Cand-ida-c-:- of T~--ehnical
S,:~ i enc =. s
TITLE~ The effel-t of anisotropy of otreng-h mater---als :-n
+
mc-~hanical ur--,,Pe, .
PERIODlCAL; Izvestiya vysshikh u--hebnykh zaved,~r,-Ly, Mla~~hia--I
stroye-niye, no. 10, i960~ 89 - 93
TEXTt If The anisotropy is oufficien-'Lly strong, failare can taki--
place before the strength 'Limit is reached. The author -4tudies ihs
of a material ', whose strangth gurface has the fcrm of an
~,llipsoid, in a plane stressed st-a-rt--- I- i.-3 found -,heat failure -in a
r, " zi- -i c ul --ss when 4he
.-a.3 perpend iar to linji-i str. k,
degrel~ of anisr)tropy above V~ fai,ure o--curF no~. at m:a--i - nrII'Mai
" 7 -r.
stresses and -~.he degree of ani&ctrrpy rann;:~t be d-Eze:mined I -lae
limir 3tress o The apparent degree of anisctriDpy, f;-,.,nd 2.nexP.1 -
b'
Card 1/2

The eff-t'- t ot anLsnir,,,py of D z?6D
m 111 min being tkie mncr ax,
ellipeoid, and ~he. relationship between T'he apparPm and ac-tua-'. dc
grees o1 anisotropy is given by
A'Ak A C; A9A6 AIA6 A,A4
A-A, .. A;)A A Ar A,A4
4
S;milaz- features are observed In cases of an*Lqotropy o-' -zhear r&-= 1
stances Tb.ere are 5 figures and 6 Soviet, blor ref%~?rence3,
ASSOCIATION; lmoskov---kiy inzhenern:~-flilich-~9kiv InOT.' 'iAT (Ml')S-',W
ns-r I * a-~,e ---f Pfiysl,.~ and -,n- . n-ering
SUBMITTED, Jun,:~ 20, 1-96Q
Card

7
21.1000,24-70-00 7723!
S OT~'/Z-3 0 o
AUTHORS: Kvamurov, A. Ya. , Fvidman, Ya. B. , lvano%-', S. A.
TITLE: Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures
PERIODICAL: Atomnaya energiya, 1960, Vol 8, Nr 2., pp 101-111 (USSR)
ABSTRACT:
Card 1/19
Introduction. Specific operating conditions of nuclear
reactors stimulated many stuales of thermal stresses and
their causes, in particular, studies of: (all intensive
neutron and 7 -radiations lowering ductility at low
temperatures; (b) internal sources of radia-t.ive heat-
generation; , / M.2. I ) and iiea t -
(c) high hea flowz; ~.1_013 kcal" 11
generation densities (106 kcal/m .11). !.,ihich cause larf-
,e
temperature gradients (approximately 1000 C'linm): (d)
applications of new, little-known materials and combina-
tions of materials with different thermal expansion
coefficients; (e) thermal shocks in structures (lilce
those following sudden shutdQans of reactors in case
of damage); and (f) use of new, complex otructures,
not having analogs In convent Iona i nor

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
SOV/801-8-2-2/30
being tested durinL continuous operation. E3tlnlate
11
of the Magnitude of Thermal Stres~;eo. T,,,;- aull hors
first review the knovin facts that In 1-1,.e case_, of :er
high thermal stresses the body or parts of it- become
ductile, causing thermoplastic stresses whic-ri depend
also on the "Prehistory" of' the body. Ther -1hermo-
plastic stresses can be computed by known approxi-
mate methods. In the elastic region stresses deter-
mined at any moment by the temperature field, and the
temperature fields themselves, can be obtained using
known system of equations for thermal conductivity
and theory of elasticity. For the case of bodies
with cylindrical symmetry, often encountered in
reactors, there exist knovin equat-ions valid fn
the case of no outside field, for the azimuthal,
radial, and axial normal thermoelastic stresses
of the first order (79.1 Ury and a- z
Card 2/19

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 772.:'?7
s0'.1/89-8-2-2/'20
v 2
b2-
U
+-L
rs uAT(r)dr-(jA7'(r) (3)

-
u A 7'(r) dr
73
2 ~
v -a
P
aA 7- (r) d,,)
and
U~ = al + CF,-
where E is Young's modulus (kg/cm 2); V is Poisson
coefficient; A T = T r - Tor. is the change in tempera-
Card 3/19 ture-witfirespect to the original temperature (T
or

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30
of the unstressed state; a, b are the inner and outer
radii of the tubing; CL is the coefficient of thermal
linear expansion. The authors discuss some special
cases, and derive the known equation
21"
_,V A
where CLn~T is the value of the mean free thermal
stretching, and c can take the values of 0, 1, and 2
for the uniaxial, biaxial, and volume stresses res-
pectively. This equation enables one to find the
largest stress in a cylindrical bar, thick-walled
tube, in a plate with fixed ends, and a symmetrical
temperature distribution in some other cases when
principal deformationB in every point are equal to
one another, or some of them are equal to zcro (linear
and plane stress states), and also If they are con-
stant over any main surface. The authors note that
Card 4/19 little was done to develop methods for-evaluating

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 7(237
sov/89-8-2-2/30
thermal stresses of the second order. Thermal stresses
of the first order and temperature distributions may
be'represented as a sum of the particular solution of
the homogeneous equation (without internal sources of
heat and actual boundary conditions--index L T) and
the solution of the heat transfer equation with
internal heat sources and a zero boundary condition
(index q). This is a consequence of the linearity
of the heat transfer equation. Each of these sol'u-
tions can in turn be written as a product of three
terms, expressing respectively the influence of the
physical properties, density of heat generation, and
the size (or A T b) and shape of the bodies. The
authors obtained
0 = 0', + UAT
I ",IV T 4
WE %T
+ b
_V
Card 5/19

Thermal Stresses In Reactor Structures
by using Eq. (2)
AT= IF -T roQ
JF
, ~;L r:,
77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30
(2)
for the temperature difference across the cross section
of a more of less plastic body, in the presence of
internal heat sources. Here q is the dens ity of heat
generation rate (kcal/m3-h); 1/2 ro = 1/2 2V is the
i~q
quantity proportional to the mean distance of travel
of heat in the body; V is the volume of the body
2
(M3); qF = FR is the heat flow (kcal/m .h); Q is the
q
total heat transfer rate (kcal/h); F Is the surface of
the heat exchange; and \Y is the form factor, equal to
Card 6/19 the ratio of stresses (or temperature drops) on the

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
sov/89-8-2-2/30
body of a given shape to tho3e In a cylinder (all
other conditions being equal). If we neglect; neutron
en6rgy absorption, we have to take into account only
the average absorption of Y -rays, which Is propor-
tional to the specific gravity for elements in the
middle of the Atomic Table. We do this by modifying
the first factor (expressing the influence of physical
factors) in Eq. B Into
a 1" V C
I-V X
Introducing finally the ratio G-/ a- Dj the term
accounting for physical properties becomes
-a/". - 1
V Fc~r_ D
Card 7/19

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
sov/89-8-2-2/30
Card 8/19
adjusted for the possibility that the body becomes
plastic. It is difficult to avoid the transition to
the domain of irreversible deformation when working
with materials of high CL and low X and a- D' Uranitun
and stainless steel in this respect are poor. In spite
of their low a- B and 0- T value, thorium, graphite,
and, in a smaller degree, zirconlum and aluminum are
less liable to produce permanent deformations. (Abstrac-
ter's Note: X , cr D(uctile ) and O-B were never defined
in this article.) The authors point out that even with-
out touching the problems of cost, radiation stability,
and corrosion stability of materials, their comparison
concerning the thermal stress stability represents an
extremely complex and conditional problem. Appropriate
complex coefficients should contain reliability coeffi-
cients which are still vague for many ductile materials
subjected to thermal fatigues. The influence of the
(T D quantity is not well defined since its increase

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30
Card'9/19
sometimes turns out to be harmful (because of a slower
relief from the thermal stresses of the plasic deforma-
tioh), but can also have useful influences, such as a
reduction of accumulation of plastic deformations.
In addition, many properties depend on the preparation
and structure of the material. Comparison of heat-
generating elements of various shapes. The authors
require that for comparison purposes all the elements
have the same volume per unit of the heat-emitting
surface. They present an equation for maximum tempera-
ture drops and macrotemperature elastic stresses of
the first kind for four basic cross section3 of heat-
producing elements (not taking into account heat pro-
qr 2
duction). The temperature drop o along r 0 is
IFT
denoted by L To, and the maximum hermoelastic stresses
in the cylinder U. E A2o is denoted by (7 These
1-1/ 2 0'
equations were obtained after solving the equations for
stationary heat transfer X A T = q), assuming

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
sov/89-8-2-2/310
appropriat,e boundary conditions. The derivation of the
most complicated third case Is ~reaented in the Appendix.
In case 1 concerning a tube or cylinder cooled from the
outside
ATrr,,y - AT011101 ((Y#),-b = a0,1141)
A 0.7 *
Case 2 represents represent-s a tube cooled from the
inside,
A 7.,, = A T,TA"r' 4; (01),
In the case 3 the tube is cooled both from the inside
and outside
AT,,&$ = ATO
0 -01
Card 10119

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30
where
113 -6+0- 1
7 - A--P,
and R is the radius (a < R < b) of the circle where
T = Tmax and P = a/b. In case 4 concerning a plate
cooled from two sides
a 7", 1+
LTB
where 1/2 LTO and 'X"'distance from the center of
the plate (of thickness 0 ) to the point of maximum
ax). The signifIcance of
temperature (T( Tm,
parametpra, 10, Tq T O-q1 and -4/0-6T is shown in
Card 11/19 Table 1, and in Figs . 1, 2, and 3.

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30
Table 1. Influence of the-shape of bodies on the
temperature drop and temperature stress (Basic
formulas). 'rw 6 e. cod it d
,rwipoc" C, 11ft4ev- TIJ coo 141
Coo .a IqjIJ,
If A F" . t.
(cage (Case.
cha.1 it -th-& nLg
S)
due. *0 In.&..
foo e C as T
Card 12/19
FO rOQ

POQ r8QI

Q, Q,
Q2
-
F--Q, _V
T--Q 1 Tj
-Q T
ro
roQ
=-Q)2 -(I-Q)InQ in-Q-2
pl,r,
CL&JC4
peb~
T-0
slat(
Tt-a,. V)
LO
2
T

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures
Table 1 Cont'd
TVIO.L C., 6 4 A C',
7A 4. Ins'
C, CL ,4
(too..
dvw to 44.4,
CL46 rb
do PkeeACOLS
apt Ce.01-Ld
ueg!^C~.jj
,qrT
AT
77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30
7. 1, aC a i, C ~L
C,&- rAt.
teat, j)
(1 -02)2 2Q-3
2Q,
0-0) 2' + I,-
4- Q
+ Q) III
f +
+
2
-S
Card 13/19

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures
.trf
tog--[.I I I I
Ito
41
4j
Card 14/19
77237
sov/189-8-2-2/30
0 V
T
Fig. 1. Dimensionless temperature drop inax.,
Z~Tq To -
due to inner heat-generating sources as a function of
the dimensionless inner tube radius p a/b (for
cases 1 to 4)

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 7-23
'~/' 9
0 8 -8-2-2/30
S
g6
LJ
0

-1.9
V,,( U. 6 0.6 q8
Fig. 2. Dimensionless thermal stresses
O_q
(in presence of inner heat-generating sources) as
functigns.of the dimen ionless inner tube radius
Card 1,1:09 a/b ( for-cases I to 4.3.
O-q
0-0
P

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures
41
77237
SOV/89-8-2-2/30

3 (d,

'AT
Fig. 3. Dimensionless thermal stresses rv 2
Card 16/19 due to temperature differences on the dimensionless
inner tube radius p = a/b (for cases 3 and 4).

Thermal Stresses in Reactor Structures 77237
sov/89-8-2-2/30
Card 17/19
Data in Fig. 1 to 3 agree with calculations done in a
more involved manner by Mercxs (see reference in Abstract)
for a particular case. Estimates of Dangers From Th('Lrmal
Sti-esses. The aUthOV3 I orw I I
jtatO t1la-t 1.11 t.110 (,~aUO 01' 11 11
number of repeated temperatUrO varlation:3 of ductile
materials due to relief from thermal tensions, the sta-
tionary temperature field usually does not lead to dis-
locations. One should worry in this case only about
excessive deformations or damage tothe materials during
possible overheating. Repeated build-up of residual
deformations and changes in structure are more dangerous
than the nonstationary state itself. The authors also dis-
cuss the role of creeps and formations of c.-acks on
thermal stresses. Reduced stability to repeated heat-
ing of coarse-grained materials is probably due to large
dislocations on the grain boundaries. Residual deforma-
tions seem to be useful since they are capable of relax-
ing stresses. In particular, the smaller the thermal
expansion, the faster the relaxation of thermal stresses.
In the mechanical case the speed of ve'Laxation is
proportional to the stored energy. Ways To Reduce the

Thermal Streises in Reactor Structureu 77237
SOV/89-8-2.1-2/30
Card 18/19
Danger From Thermal Stresses. One way of reducing
these dangers is to reduce thermal stresses by:
(a) utilizing materials with a small valu,.2 of tAhe
cL E/ complex, and joining together materials with
similar CL AT); (b) choosing shapes perr,-iitting
maximum free expansion; (c) utilizin smooth shapes and
homogerteous cooling conditions; and M securing
operating conditions which exclude significant and
repeated variations in temperature. The second way
is to increase the stability of materials by satisfy-
ing two requirements contradictory in a sense: (2) aug-
menting the ductile limit to the point where there is
no piling-Lip of dangerous residual deformations; and
(b) by improving-the plastic properties of the material,
their homogeneity, and fineness of their grain struc-
ture. The authors emphasize the importance of the
use of smoothly machined Surfaces. Conclusions. The
methods of the theory of elasticity have two principal
limitations: they (a) cannot give account about the
microbehavior of the materials, and microstresses,

Thermal Stresses In Reactor Structures T(2 37
S011/89-8-2-2/30
together with macrootresocL;, are an important factor,
in the starting phases of' breakdoans; and (b) they do
not take into account effects of the ela3tically duc-
tile region. The authors emphasize the res,,.lltinn, need
C,
for approximate estimates. They al3o emphasize the
need for further experiments which -,.;ould determine
the influence of the number, amplitude, and suddenness
of temperature changes on plastic deformations. It
would be advantageous to have a characteristic of the
material describing its resistance to thermal stresses;
e.g., the curve of residual deformation versus the
number of thermal cycles up to the appearance of micro-
cracks of preassigned size. There is 1 table; 3 figures;
and 18 references, 12 Soviet, 1 Austrian, 1 French, and
4 U.S. The U.S. references are: B. Langer, Trans.
ASME, 77, Nr 5 (1958); K. Mercxs, Trans. ASME, 80,
Nr 5 1958); B. G6teviood, Thermal Stresses, U.S.A.
(19M; R. Dane, AEC publication: Nuclear Reactors,
Vol 11 (1957).
SUBMITTED: May 9, 1959 Card 19/19

B/032j6O/O26/04/23/046
B010/BO06
AUTHORS: Fridman, Ya.B.-, Sobolev, N.D., Yegorov, V.I.
TITLE: Thermal Yatigue Tests Under Conditions of Pure Shearing Stresses
PERIODICAL: Zavodskaya laboratoriyag 19609 Tol. 26, No- 49 PP- 467-472
TEXT: Giving several *xamples, the state of stress in workpieces subjected to
cyclic temperature variations is discussed. It is pointed out that all states
of stress and deformation (monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial) can occur under the
influence of temperatures realized'under practical conditions. It would
therefore be necessary to lay down the tichnioal theory of strength, since the
behavior of material in an arbitrary state of stress can, jecording to the
well known criterion of strangthp be determined from the test results of a
simple state of stress. First-exporim*nte in this direction were made by
V.N. Kuznetsov (Ref. 2) and L. foffin (Ref. 3), Kuznstsov regarded the de-
formation energy as criterion ot'strength, As the results obtained by the two
investigators are in good agreemeintq it may be assumed that the deformation
energy can be regarded as criterion of strength. In the present publication, a
Card 1/2

Thermal Fatigue Tests AUnder Conditions of S/032/60,/026/04/23/046
Pure Shearing Stresses BO1O/BOO6
method for testing thermal fatigue under pulsating torsion is described, in which
an alternating state of pure shearing stress occurs. The fact that,the extreme
deformation values correspond to the extreme values of test temperatures was
taken into account when working out the test method, and a corresponding testing
apparatus (Fig- 3, scheme) was designed, The amplitude of the torsion angle
of the sample can be varied within a wide range. Specimen heating is effected by
passing a current through2 while the co�lant flows through the specimen via an
electromagnetic EMK valve. An EPV-0111potentiometer is used to control the
heating-cooling cycle. Tests were carried out using special thin-walled tube
specimens (Fig. 5) made ofrefractory alloys. Temperature cycles of 6300'~700
and various mechanical deformation amplitudes were applied. From test results
obtained, the fatigue curves were plotted in the somilogarithmic coordinates
"deformation change - number of stress cycles up to destruction" Opig. 7). A
publication by S.V. Sorensen and P.I. Kotov is mentioned in the present paper.
There are e figures and 4 references, 3 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy inzhonerno-fizichookiy institut (Moscow Institute of
Engineering and Physics)
Card 2/2

S/032
,/60/026/05/60/063
BO1O/BOO8
AUTHORSi Zilova,..T.._K.,,,1Fridman, Ya. B.
TITLEt I Vsesoyuznyy s"yezd po teoreticheskoy i prikladnoy mekhanike
(1st All-Union Conference on Theoretical and App~ied
M;chanics)
PERIODICALi Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1960, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 647-646
TEXTt The Conference mentioned in the title was held in Moscow from
January 27 to:February 3, 1960 and was organized by the Natsionallnyy
Komitet SSSR po teoreticheskoy i prikladnoy mekhanike (National Committee L/
of the USSR for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics), the Otdelenive
tekhnicheskikh nauk AN SSSR (Department of Technical Sciences of the
AS USSR), the Institut mekhaniki AN SSSR (Institute of Mechanics of the
AS USSR) and the Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. M. V.
Lomonosova (Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov). The Congress
was held in 3 sectionst 1st section -- general and applied mechanics under
the chairmanship of M. V. Keldysh; 2nd section mechanics of liquids
and gases, chairman L. I. Sedov and 3rd section mechanics of the solid,
Card 1/4

I Veesoyuznyy 911 0 d 0 teoreticheakoy i S/032/60/026/05/60/063
prikladnoy mekhanike let AA11-Union Conference BOlO/BOO8
on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics)
chairman N. 1. MuBkhelishvili. Besides the delegates from the Soviet
Republicog visitors from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania, France, the USA
etoo attended the Conference. About 100 lectures were delivered in the
let section, more than 230 in the 2nd section and more than 300 in the
third section. A survey with short thematic explanations of the lectures
read in the 3rd section is given. The following authors and titles are
mentionedi A. A. Iklyushin "Problems of the Theory of the Plasticity at
Complicated Loadslfy'wTu. W. Rabotnov (Novosibirsk) "The Creepage"; L. M.
Kaohanov (L~_ningrad) "On the Problem of the Breaking Time Under Creep 11Z
Conditions"i B. F. Shorr (Moscow) "The Creepage of Irregularly Heated
Bodies"; V. P. Rabinovich and Yu. N. Rabotnov "Strength of the Turbine
Disks Under %eep Conditions"; A. V. Burlakov (Kharlkov) gave results on
the SEtUageo_f turbine diaphragms; A. W. Grubin (Leningrad) "Stress
Concentration at the Elongation of Flat Notched Samples Under Conditions
of Greater Creep Deformations"; B. V. Zver1kov and Sh. N. Kate (Lenin-
grad) reported on the Fracture and the Creepage of Tubes From Slightly
Alloyed and Austenitic Steels; V. L. Agamirov, A. S. Vollmir, V. Ye.
Mineyev (Moscow) --strength and Overcritical Deformation of Casings at
Card 2/4

I Vsesoyuznyy s11yezd po teoreticheekoy i S/032,/60/026/05/60/063
prik'146hoy, mekbanike (Ist All-Union Conference BO11O/BOO8
on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics)
Dynamic Loads"; G. I. Barenblat (Moscow) "Theory of Equilibrium Cracks
Which Develop at the Brittle Fracture" explained some hypotheses by
Griffiths, Ya. I. Frenkell and A. R. Rzhanitsyn (papers by P. A. Rebinder
and S. A. Khristianovich are mentioned in this connection); M. Ya.
Leonov and V. V. Panasyuk "On the Development of Finest CrackB111 G. V.
Uzhik reported on the influence of the concentration of the stresses on
the criteria of the strength and fracturel V. S. Ivanova compared some
computation values of the fatigue limits; Ya. B. Fridman and T. K.
Zilova "Regularities of the Kinetics of the Deformation and the Fracture
on the Basis of a Study of the Dependence in Time of t_4q Second
Derivatives (Accelerations) of the Plastic Deformation"nd the Fracture";
calculation methods for metal working by pressing and hammering were
explained in the contributions by L. G. Stepanskiy, Ye. P. Unksov,
V. G. Osipov et al; problems of the experimental method for the deter-
mination of stresses and deformation were explained in the contributions
by N. I. Prigorovskiy (Moscow); A. Ya. Aleksandrov Novosibirsk)
"Experimental Investigation of Flat Elastic-plasVProblems"; L. G.
Drapkin investigated the stressed and deformed phase of anisotropic,
Card 3/4

lVmwyuznyy allyezd po teoreticheskoy 1 5/032/60/026/05/60/063
prikladnoy makhanike (lot All-Union Conference B010/BO08
on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics)
multilayer metals; A. M. Golldberg and V. G. Korotkin (Leningrad)
"Theoretical and Experimental Computation Methods of the Strength of
Lock Constructions of the Stalingradekaya GES (Stalingrad H droeleotric
Power Station) 'I and Belan, Petku, Reutu (Bucharest, Rumania~ reported
on plastic materials which change their color at the yield point.
Card 4/4

8/0 54' 01010:
7 B
T "r LE: T;! te w"A h4 Y I's I d i fig 0 f t h.? LLad i t~, Syj the
r, a c r-- i i. r-~ f! D, Ma -I r z- A
_VID
P F h -. CL, A L Zp.--~ -A,4k~kpz~ lab(-ratcriya, 1,90, Vol. 26. No. 6- rr-,, 980 964
TEXT: The proosrs of ths evzIsrsion of *racks In some mal-3rias *,is ir -
v. R v, 6 r
C 'd r, p (J
T F 6 -
v 01 zh :6 10,11 stali.~ nending tp-~ i~ vr ~h mu I ~anpoui, m~ 7c
f -he ej2cqv,,c formittlon. rp-a t-3atzq a.).re ca.rTled -at a* a
k
J F,- I ixi/kg and N,,*-,V.;,:
la I V, Of
;,rid A 116 lie
J6) *era siam!rt;d. TA actc, wid-~ a:
gl&66 show6d tbSt the affa-t c-f the ji-oldIng of tbe i-ading dev-jc~l
brailk-'rg load depends cu. the dlAmetor of tht~ (Trt'v'e The re nul t
v.. i -1 y.:

'A-v9 tif ?,hP Loading Devi ),% on th'a S/O
Projaoo of Deformation. and Dastza-4tion, of Materials BO 150864
loading deviye axort-od an inflagnoe upon the diagram of static bena-.-
of the ipe(-Imen. Tnis inflasnaoi Is gre4tex, In the V 95 allol(FIK.
H ~4 gA I-: ,,.R irou~Lonad fIn. the paper. A paper by B. V, Psrt~- qtli .
M, G-ae1*.0UY (Ref. M Is raferred to in connection with *he phy~-Ica:
T:-~psrli,~4 ,,f (.-rga-uio glass. T)Aore Rre 4 fig-ursa, ) -vab,'a
Anc St.,riet -ird 2 German-
A 3 S 0,,".L 0- 1, 103 M,.,Aevskif 1xLzhenerho.-f1.zIchoikiy Ins;i%ut
Phy~sloa and Englveering Tnatitutot)
"'R,za

S/032j6O/O26/009/007/018
B015/BO58
AUTHOR: Fridmaa,-Ya---B,
TITLE: Deviations From Similarity, Modeling and Scale Factor
PERIODICAL: Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1960, Vol, 26, No. 9,
PP- 1104 - 1106
TEXT: The present paper belongs to a series of discussions published
in this periodical. In his explanations, the author points out among
other things that dimensionless and absolute characteristics should be
applied for the evaluation of mechanical properties. Apart from the
geometrical and mechanical similarities, other types of similarity must
be considered, such as temperature, structural, kinetic similarities,
etc. An elaboration of the conditions of kinetic similarity is of
special importance. The author points out that very often a change of
the scale factor takes place with secondary phenomena, which lead to
basic differences in structure and properties between small and larger
samples. In such cases, not only the deviations from similarity cause
the scale effect, but also the differences in the material of the small
Card 1/2

Deviations From Similarity, Modeling and S/03 60/026/009/007/018
Scale Factor B015YB058
and large samples compared. By elaborating and applying the theory and
criteria of similarity, the many reasons for the "scale effect" can be
divided into two groups being heterogeneous by nature: 1) the non-
existence of a physical similarity, and 2) the change of structure and
properties of the material in small and larger samples, whereby dif-
ferent materials are compared with each other as to their properties.
There are 5 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy inzhenerno-fizicheakiy institut (Moscow
Engineering and Physics Institute)
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I- FRiDM",..Y-a--B-,--prof., doktor takhn.nauk; MOROZOV, U.N., kand.tekhn.nauk
Affect of the anisotropy of the strength of materials on their
mechanical properties. Isy. vys. ucheb. zav.; mashinostr. no. 10:89-
93 160. (MIRA 14:1)
1. Moskovskly inshonerno-fizicheakiy Institut.
(Strength of materials)

P~53(1
S/03Y60/026/011/020/035
3004. B067
AUTHORSi Zilova, T, K-, Drozdovskly, B, A.. and
Petrukhina, N, I.
TITLE: Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics in Consideration of
the Deformation and Destruction Kinetics
PERIODICALs Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1960, Vol. 26, No, 11,
pp, 1267 - 1283
TEXTx The authors discuss the effect of the kinetics of deformation
processes on the durability of the material. A pre-critical state (the
process is delayed j< 0) and a trans-critical state 0> 0) may be
distinguished when determining the acceleration j of the deformation
process. Also the critical point at which j changes its sign may be deter-
mined. The consideration of the kinetics is especially important in
establishing the modern working conditions for apparatus with a) high
operation temperatures, b) high average stress applied for short time,
c) nonperiodic stress due to distorted fields of stress in complex designs
and irregular action of temperature, corrosion or radiation, and
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8553o
Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics in S/032/60/026/011/020/035
Consideration of the Deformation and B004/BO67
Destruction Kinetics
d) structural instability of the material. The following is distinguished
in the transcritical statet 1) incubation period, 2) braking period,
3) steady period, and 4) final period sometimes taking place avalanche-
like. The mechanical characteristics of the individual periods were
defined and discussed. The effect of elastic energy and relaxation on the
deformation kinetics is discussed by examples of material testing',-bf
X15H9FO (Khl5N9yu) and X17H5"3 (Khl7N5MZ) steels and J395 (V95) and B96
(V96) lightweight alloys and the effect of asymmetrical indentations as
well as of surface changes due to thermal processes is explained
B. A. Palkin, N. V. Ryazanov, Yu. A.. Bulanov, and T V. Avdyunina are
mentioned. Reference is made to a paper by E, I,, Braynin There are
14 figures, 5 tables, and 42 references: 37 Soviet, I USi I Austrian,
2 British, 1 German, and I Japanese.
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ZILOVA, T.K.; PETRUKHINA, N.I.; PALKIN, B.A.; RYAZANOV, N.V.;
FRIDMAN, Ya.B.; prinimali uchastiye: BULANOV, Yu.A.,
~
Tension and torsion testing of studs at different flexibility
of load-applying devices. Zav.lab. 27 no.7:877-883 '61.
(MIRA 14:7)
(Materials--Testing)

2 ,, f) ~' I Li S7 ki Z-1, 1'4U
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B136/B201
, Z
ALUTHORSs Fridman. Ya. B., Sobolev, N. D., Borisov, s. V. Yegorov,
'_ ~-I-, ~KOnO~POnko, V. P., Morozov, Yo. m. Shapovalov, L.k.
and Shorrj B. F.
TITL'So Some problems of thermal strength in reactor construction
PERIODICALi Itomnays, energiya, v. 10, no. 6, 1961, 606 - 619
TIM The general idea of the failure of thermal strength includes two
types.of fracturet the gradual (suberitical) fracture as a consequence
of an extreme deformation or of a great number of cracks ur of large-sized
cracks; causes and manifestations of those fractures are discussed, and
the lose ofelastic or plastic strength on the passage through the critic- VX
al state. Either type of.fracture may be brought about by four causes
of streass 1, mechanical or thermal shock~stresses; 2, brief static loads
for some minutes or hours; 3, static loads,for some months or years; 4,
periodic loads. Fig. 1 presents examples in the variation of elastic and
plastic conditions in a tube, and a fictitious elastic tension is shown
to arise in the plastic zone (dashed line), while the forms of mechanical
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Some problems of thermal strength ... B136/B201
and thermal stress are intercompared in Fig. 4. Creep arises In nonuni-
formly heated structural elements, and cracks appear as a oonsequence of
plastio deformation, particularly with materials having a low plastiaity
at room temperature, For calculating the cree,.ng process the assumption
is made an the basis of the creep theory that there is a functional
relationship between the rate of creep vi 0 the instantaneous stressF6 i
the temperature T, the jimeU, and the -plastic deformation P, namely,
V v Here , P- v dT; v T) ; P*-f , (G~ iT). Th~o thermal
i i4R-) - f i
P
0 60 X
fatigue fracture has much in common with the mechanical one. It can be
therefore determined from the known mechanical properties of a material.
Whereas, however, the thermal fracture appears ilready after 103-104 cycles,
the mechanical one takes 107_10 a cycles to appear. .A characteristic feature
of Urthermal fracture is the local deformation in zones with a particularly
large texperature difference also in homogeneous fields of stress. This is
also related to the appearance of high microstresaas (Table 3). For sudden
thermal shocks the temperature jump giving rise to a brittle fracture may
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2_1740
S/089/61/010/006/005/011
Some problems of thermal strength ... B136/B201
be estimated by an equation. Of importance in the practice, however, is
the creep character and the durability of the material under combined
mechanical and nonsteady thermal loads. Experimental results are illu-
strated in Fig. 9, where the curves of variation of length-versus-time
(scale 400:1) are compared with the cyclic temperature curve II and the
thermal and elastic deformation III. As opposed to combined stress con-
ditions, in which the strain-stress characteristic concerned is worsened
with increased temperatures, stresses in case of a purely thermal stress
are of a thermal origin and lead to bulging of structural elements in the
hot zones, without, however, causing their breakdown. The micromechanic-
al properties were chocked in two ways. The principle of the second is
illustrated in Fig. 1~, while the results of the former - for static.
elongations and at 1400 - 1500 0C in vacuum or in a controlled atmospher:,
are presented in Fig. 12. In Fig. 13, 1 denotes the sample wi.th a cros
section of 2X 1 or 3 X I mm, that is placed in a groove milled out from
block 2. The pressure is yielded by stamp 3 made of tungsten briquettes'
4. The resulting breakdown is indicated over contact 7. There are 13
figures, 3 tables, and 39 references: 27 Soviet-bloc and 12 non-Soviet-
bloc. The three most recent references to English-language publications
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S/089/6 1 /~IQOOO 6100 5/011
Some problems of thermal strength ... B136/B201
read as followas Fracture, New York, Wiley and Sons, 10,59; E. Sternbery,
I. Chakravorty, Quart. Appl. Math., 17, no. 2, 205 (1959); E. Glenny et
al. J. Inst. Metals, May (1959)-
SUBMITTEDs September 19, 1960
Legend to Fig. lt Distribution
of axial stressea and enlargem at
of the plastic zone in a thick-
walled tube with various temperaturc
jumps: r - radius of an arbitrary
point; a - inner radius
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~ 3 1 LtV
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Kit-
tj
V 7,e
v k
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