SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT GELLER, V.M. - GELLER, YU.A.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000514630001-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 23, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

GELLER, YM.; SENDEF20110 M.E.
Methods for increasing the stabi:lty and improving A PNI&rgy,
parameters of cUstributive ampliffers. Izv. SO AN SS no. 2.
Ser. tekh. nauk no.1:63..68 164. (MIRA 17.8)
1. Novosibirskiy elektrotskhnichesk~y ine'Utut.

AR6035215
SOURCE CODE: U'i1/0274/GG/ooo/ooa/Ao6o/AoGo
AUTHOR: 1. N.
TITLE: Wide-band coaxial-helix transformer
SOURCE: Ref. zh. Radiotekhnika I clektrosvyazl, Abs. 8A449
REF SOURCE: Tr. Novosib. clektrotekhJ in-t svyazi, vyp. 1, 1965, 142-146
TOPIC TAGS- transformer, wide band transformer, coaxial transformer,
strip line, strip conductor
ABSTRACT: The authors analyze the possibility of connecting a coaxial line with
a shielded helix using an nonsymmetric strip line. When the transverse dimensioru
of the shielded helix are large and the distance between the screen and helix is
small and the delay Is extensive, it is possible to equalize the wave resistance of
the shielded helix and the coaxial line. It is shown that by matching the dimensions
of the strip line and making its wave resistance equal to that of the coaxial line, a
wide frequency band can be achieved for the device. The calculations are confirm-
ed by the experiments within the 200--800 Me range. The original article has
[Translation of abstract) INT]
3 figures and a bibliography of 3 titles.
Card 1 / 1 SUB CODE: 17 UDC: 621. 372. 852. 6

L a5,688-65
ACCESSION NR: AP5007835
S/0288/64/000/003/0051/0060 &I
AU11IOR: eller, V. M 16
TITLE: A study of the influence of losses on the energy parameters of distributed power
amplifiers
SOURCE: AN BSSR. Sibirskoye otdolenlye. Izvestlya. Berlya tekhnichoskikh nauk,
no. 3, 1964, 51-60
TOPIC TAGS: distributed power amplifier, grid circuit loss, power amplifier stability,
wide band amplJf ier, amplifier parameter
A139TRACT: Distributed amplification Is often used lately for the construct!13n of wide-
band power amplifiers in the short and meter wavelengths (see, e.g., J. Caldwel, 0. llochl
IRE Trans. , 1956, A D-3, 1, 6; A. 1. Zhivotovskiy, A. S. Krivenko, V. V. Pol evoy, Izv.
VUZ MVSSO SSSR, Radlotekbalka, 1962, no. 2). However, In spite of signific-mit advances
In the field, views concerning various aspects of theproblem are still often divf~rgcnt*
In addition to'voltagb amplification, one must study the power processes during distributed
power amplification in detail. The basic difference between the diatriouted amplification I
of voltage and power Is due to the fact that, in the case of the voltage, the amplification of
the stage to larger than the amplif Ication of the Individual tube, while It is the other way
Card 1/3

ACCESSION_NR: -"5007835-
around In the -case of power. - This Is basically caused by an Irrecuperable lose of part
of the Input power within the matching Impedance of the grid line. In order to suppress
reflections and damping effects, i.e., to achieve an efficient composition of Power within
a wide range of frequencies, one must increase the Input resistances of the tubes (operate
without grid currents) and utilize the power potentialities of the tubes only poorly. On the;
other hand, to Increase the output power of the stage with satisfactory use of the tubes, ond
should scatter the better part of the power fed into the grid line over the input resistances
of the tubes., Consequently, the demands imposed on the circuit, if one wants to attain a
maximum utilization of the power of the tubes, are incompatible with the requirements
resulting from the attempts to transfer a maximum of power through the distributed
power amplifier (DPA). After discussing the 'attempts of other investigators to cope with
this dilemma, -the author-proposes-a new-approach toLDPk design based on a better use-of
"uc -it-molutto--nexhibits-a weak-depende-fice of the transfer coefficient of the power
I stage on the damping within the lines, which Indicates a large dynamic range with a simul-
taneous favorable use of the power of the tubes. This is achteved by a slight decrease in
transfer coefficient and a considerable reduction in the number of tubes. Orig. art. has:
'13 rormulas and 5 figures.
2/3
Itard

L 35488-65 . . .
ACCESSION NR: AP6007835
ASSOCIATION: Novootbirekly elektrotekhalchefikiy institut (Novosibirsk Electrical
Engineering Institute)
SUBMITTED: 04M64 ENCL: 00 SUB CODE: EC, EE
NO REF SOV,. 010. OTHER: 002
3/3
:Card

10896-67
ACC NRI ARG032292 SOURCE CODE: UR/0275/GG/000/007/A-.'- /A017
AUTHOR: Geller, V. M.
TITLE : Matching a system with a spiral in a dielectric tube between two conductor,
cylinders and a coaxial channel
SOURCE: Ref. zh. Elektronika i yeye prim eneniye, Abs. 7A121
REF SOURCE: Tr. Novosib. elektrotekhn. in-t_pv.
Xazi, vyp. 1, 1965, 147-155
TOPIC TAGS: dielectrics, conductor, wideband matching, matching
ABSTRACT: The possibility of wideband matching of the aforementioned type of
system is demonstrated both theoreticaUy and experimentally. [Translation of
abstract]
SUB CODE: 09/
1/14 UDC: 621.385.632..3

ACC NR- ARG031904 SOURCE CODE: UR/0058/66/000/006/HO43/HO43
ATJTHOR:' Geller, V. M. 1.5-6
TIT I-E- : The problem of matching a type of "spiral in a dielectric tube between
two conducting cylinders" system with a coaxial channel
SOURCE: Ref. zh. Fizika, Abe. 6Ch3O2
REF SOURCE: Tr. Novosib. elektrotekhn. in-t ovyazi, vyp. 1, 1965, 147-155
TOPIC TAGS: communication channel, coaxial channel, electric engineering
ABSTRACT: The possibility of wideband matching of a type of "Dpiral in a
dielectric tube between two conducting cylinders" system with a coaxial channel
is demonstrated both theoretically and expertmentally. [Translation of abstract]
SUB CODE: ON

GFLU'l-"ll 'lla.
Gumdriation
Effect of oxidaLlon-raductlon propertlt!s of soll on tht, gi.-rmlr.Alon of se-ods.
.1
D,)kl. AIN SSSIR 8), No. 1, 1953.
Monthly LjaL of hu3sian Accessions, Library of "ongre:~:;, June 195".. Uncl.

Scil ~:x-,Aaili-n
,-xfcct of ;-,lants on i.*,-,i-- rcdInction-oxitlation TIDL(,ntial of 4.h- !boil. Etc!:,.
"Ic,- 3, l')53-
Vr~ntilly !Ast of Runsian Accnssi~:ns, Librar.y of Ccn!.n'rs
'-r'
junt -1..

GIRGA , A.V.; GZLLXR,
Device for machining complex-shape holes. TSvet.not. 29 no.4:
79 Ap '56. (NLRL 9:8)
1. Bogoslovskly alyminlyevyy sayod.
(Nachialstis' tools) (Nonferrous ingots)

ANDFaM. P.; G , Ya.; KARTSNV, A.; TABASAIWISM# A-
OThe fluorescence-bitumen method in petroleum geology" by
V.N. Florovskaya. Reviewed by P. Andrsey and others. Geol.
neftl i gaza 3 no.1:66-68 Ja '59 (KIRA 12:4)
(Fluorescence) (Bitumen.5 (I'lorovskala, V.N.)

GELLER, Ye.M.
DECEASED 1962/4
cig6o
SEE ILC
UEOCHEMISTRY

ACC NR
AP7002084
AUTHOR: Geller, Ye. S.
ORG: none
SOURCE CODE: UR/0030/66/000/012/0089/0090
TITLE: Electronic equipment for neurophysiology (Conference in Ivanovo)
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Vestnik, no. 12, 1966, 89-90
Fl)te,Y,L F47WPOAF,04- A'F0 ,~Wllalo.106cl,
TOPIC TAGS:/"Medical conference, 0cybernetics, electronic equipment, DlerrqA_
A
computer, x= 0- I-A M biotelemetry, electrophysiology, conditioned reflex,
radioflexomete,g/PPM-59 radio flexometer, PPM-62 radio reflexometer
A13STRACT: The author reports briefly on the first all-union conference on the
use of electronic equipment for research in the field of higher nervous activity and
neurophysiology. The conference was held from 13 to 15 September in Ivanovo.
The Scientific Council for the Complex Problem of Cybernetics attached to the
Presidium of the SSSR Academy of Sciences participated in the conference. The
use of electronic digital computers in neurophystological experiments was discuss-
ed in detail. A series of reports dealt with automatic methods of analyzing
C.,d 1 / 2

-A P7 0--02-0--8-4-
experimental data obtained with computers. The work of the Institute of Physiology.'
of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the field of electrophysiology Is mentioned in
-this connection. The growing importance of microelectrode technology, bio-
telemetry, and radioreflexometry were stressed. New research possibilities
afforded by the PPM-59, and PPM-62 radioreflexometers were discussed. A
series of reports dealt with methods of studying the'autonomic component of
conditioned reflexes. [WA-102] [GC]
SUB CODE: 06/SUBM DATE: none/
Card 2 / 2

GELLER, Yu. A
The BRAZING OF LOVI-ALLOT TOOL TIPS USING BRAZING- ALLOYS
Hinkevich N. A. Bukbman anpYug A. Geller. (Yestnik He tell o-promyshlonnos t i,
1940, no. 8-9, pp. 45-57). (In Russian)- The quo ching temperatures of 12r
n1lo.y chromium- ty=Btea7molYbdenwD-vanadium tod Dais range from 11750 to
12400C., and are thus below the malting points of the materials generally used
for brazing on t%=sten high-speed steel tips. General requirements which
brazing alloys for this particular purpose have to satisfy are considered.
Ferro-owneanese (75%) was selected as a brazing material its molting point
being controlled between 1100 and 12800C. by additions of up to 40% of coyper,
Two-coRper-aigkol alloys were also tested. Fwnace brazing and electrical
resistance brazing were employed. Shegr tests and heet-treptment and cutting
tests were made on the brazed-on tips. The best results were given by a ferro-
manganese brazing alloy containing 20-25% of copper. The copper~nichel alloys
gave a higher shear strength, but their behaviour during subsequent heat treat-
ment of the tools was unsatisfactory. Attempts to quench tools was unsatis-
factory. Attempts to quench tools directly from the brazing temperature resulted
in reduced cutting efficiency.
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I -ITI 11 . ;~ .
Gund, of Tpchnical Sciences (-1943-).
*IlThe Use of Various Graden of Iligh-Speed 3tf-el in Industry", 3tank! I Instmr(-nt, 14,
No. 4-5, 1943.
DR-52C59C-19.
* Fxcerpts from his report:

Yu. A.
Candidate of Techntcal Sciences.
5 19
*111,ow-Alloy illgh-Sp~-ed Steel Grade 6-2-111, Str~nkL I Instrument, 14, NO. 4- q43.
BR-52059019.
-x Excerpt from hia report:

GELLERI YU. 'A., and NOVTKOV, 0. A.) MINIM
Candidate of Technical 5ciences
"Welding High-speed Steel in Voltaic Arc", Stanki I Instrument, 14t No. 11-12,
1943.
BR-52059019.

Ty--nLIT'; S-A I 1'1' 7 . '~' . ; ~,- ~11, 7,~I - Y U . j' , . ; ' * ~ - "' - -^' I
L . . I
-, : -, 7,i'L , ',,! . - .
"The :mchinall-A-lity of Alloyed Structural Steel - " Stinki T 1nstrL:7,,en-I Vol .15, No. 3,
1944
BR 52C59019

i- 7,7 :-, t., .
. - 1 1 U .% . I
CiindIfInte of Technict~! Sciences
"The Technological Fror-ertles of Rrh-Speed Cuttinr Steel." "tijnki I instrument 'Vol .15,
Nos. 7
N -e, 1944
PR52059C10,

GF! La, YJ. A.
Tool-steel. illloskva, Gos. npuch,telhn. Izd-vo lit-ry po cEeinol i tsietnoi met-Ilurgii,
19441., 1132p. (49-39551)
TS320-G37)

GELIER, YU. A.1 BABAYEVp V. S.;
InstmnentalInaya Stall, published by Metallurgizdat, Moscow, 1945
sum #148

11-T, YU
~Abftlw 2 M;onatlon
steel - cobalt
Mhr 194T
"Physical Tianeormation in Papid Steel with High
Cobalt Content," Yu A Geller, 0 A Novikov, 6 pp
L~Iffl,-CCtv fA.0k tl 'TIVI
Ostal, " Vol VII., No 3
1mvestigation Into Incresee in rod hardness and
cutting properties of rapid steel containing cobalt
permits us to recognIze diffmion hardening as one
of the causes of this, along with sceswumt increas-
Ing brittleness of the ~teol. Illustrated with micro-
photo@ and graphs. Bibliogmphy.
3T16

muz a, I U. A.
Puti povyshenlia kachestva instrumenta. (Vc-.3tn. Vash. no. h, p. h2-50)
Includcs biblloErap.V.
(Methods to A.--mrovc the quality of t,ools.)
DT,C: '2111t.71i
SO: Manufacturin,-, and Elechanical Ynj7inecrinf, in thr Sovirt Union,
Librarl of ConCrcss, 1953.

"~ELLF_N. fij)'
PHASE I TREASURE ISLAND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORT AID 441 - I
BOOK Call No.: TN69O.P57
Authors: POGODIN-ALEKSEYF.V, G. I., Prof., GE Yu- A-, Ana. Prof.,
RAKHSHTADT, A. G.v Ass. Prof.
FM Title: SCIENCE OF METALS. METHODS OF ANALYSIS, LABORATORY WORK AND PROBLEMS
Transliterated Title: Metallovedoniye. Metody analiza laboratornyye raboty i sadachi
Publishing Data
Originating Agency: None
Publishing Hounet State Publishing House of the Defense Industry
Date: 1950 No. pp-t 455 No. of copies: 15,000
Editorial Staff
Editor of Section VI: Landa, A. F.
Appraisers: Gulyayev, A. P., Dr. of Tech. Sci., and Blanter, M. E.,
Kand. of Tech. Sci.
Others: Yakhnina,, V. D.,, Fomina,, M. N. and Kazarnovskaya, Z. M.
Text Data
Coverage: This excellent textbook gives in its introductory chapter a historical
sketch of Russian metallurgical science and in the subsequent sections a des-
cription of methods for studying metals,, various stages of laboratory work
(heat analysis, macro- and nicroanalysis, hardening measurement, determination
of physical properties,, heat treatment,, etc.) and hundreds of problems on struc-
tural diagrams of binary and ternary alloys, analysis of microstructure of
metals (steel, cast iron and, nonferrous alloys), as well as on selection of the
113

Metallovedenlye. Hetody analiza laboratornyye AID "l - I
raboty i sadachi
proper anoy and the heat treatment conditions. Most problems are equipped with
related references. Detailed solutions of problems for every main section are
given in order to show the student how to apply the acquired knowledge for prac-
tice. In Appendix I the authors give a classified description of standardized
alloys most commonly used in the USSR, divided into the following sections:
(1) steelp (2) cast iron, (3) copper-bass alloys
), (4) aluminum-bass alloys,
(5) magnesium-base anoys, (6) babbitts,, and (7 hard metals. Within these sec-
tions the alloys are arranged by classes, groups and Bub-groups, according to
various criteria: means of production, ap-lication, composition, properties,
etc., whatever is most characteristic for each individual alloy or group of al-
loys. This part of the book contains valuable information on All-Union Standards
for metals: their chemical composition, properties,, application, and an explana-
tion of the procedure used in the designation of types of industrial alloys.
Emphasis throughout the book is on application of the theoretical material to
specific practicel problems.
213

149tallovedeaiye. Metody analiza laboratornyye AID 441 - I
raboty i zadachi
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Foreword 3
Introduction 7
Ch. I Methods of Metal Testing 14
Ch. II Structural Diagrams of Binary and Ternary Alloys 174
Ch. III Plastic Deformation and Recrystallization 229
Ch. IV Structure,, Properties and Heat Treatment of Steel and
Cast Iron 234
Ch. V Structure, Proportion and Heat Treatment of Non-ferrous
Alloys 312
Ch. VI Problem of Selecting Alloys and Heat Treatment
According to given Requirements 337
Appendices
I Composition of Main Industrial Alloys 394
II Brinell Hardness Numbers 447
III Relations between Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers
Hardness Numbers 449
Purpose: A textbook for students of institutes of technology and
mechanical engineering
Facilitiest None
No. of Russian and Slavic Referencess Numerous references throughout book.
Available: Library of Congress.
313

GELLER, YU A
Chemical Abate
Vol. 48 No, 9
may 100 1934
metallurgy abd Metallography
I
of bWb4peed sted #A M-Mo pudy
=LQ satn. obtalmd dIfter olov"Ah" bmt-
Iftsbout and i bordow d only We Rodowen W
Vet"Zo sooms Aw 3 bm a
with ths. "M C dow =I 0 MM.*
=how, - pm* The IM bM&
onse m be hmvmd CI I I -at
BM-wo. IWO 11"bowoot do 10&
stwk Mon MUCRION wq
status I
o3alas 2 tbw to the
3 thwo lowwr moat tMtMJw.
oat
IN

-.70ROBIM. V.G., kandidat takhnicheakikh nauk; GIMAR, Tu.A., re-
daktor; GLAI)XIXH, NN., takhnichookiy
(Heat treatment of steel at below zero temperatures] Termicheskals,
obrabotka stali pri temperature nishe nulia. KoskTa, Go@. lzd--o
oboronnoi prosqshl., 1934. 305 P. NLRA 7:11)
(Steel--Heat treatment)

GELLER, N. Yu. A.
"Bisic Methods of Decreasing Deformation of Tools During Hardenings"
pp 238/251 In Modern Methods of Heat Treating Steel by Dom Inzheners, I Tekhnika imeni F
E Dzerzhinskovo. Gosudarstvennoye Nauchno-Tekhniclieskoye Izdatel'stvo Mashinostroitell-
noy Literatury, Moscow (1954) 4o4 pp.
Evaluation B-86350, 30 Jun 55

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I,f W.jw.A,!1j &",t ~mn~fitjln of, u .. ."A
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florn-, 16m uf ir,~itlw:il anitenito on e*-m;Acry fimrdrwQi i i

&5 1, L Ell Yo. f~'
USSR/Engineering - Steel tempering
Card 1/1 Pub. 103 - 6/29
Authors t GaIler, Yu. A.
Title The isometric tempering of an alloyed tool-steel
Periedical Stan, i instr. 10, 16-20, Oct 1954
Abstract The hardness, mechanical properties, anisometry and magnetic saturation of
the Khj KhG, and 9KhS steels were investigated by means of isometric temper-
ing of steel samples at soaking temperatures of from 150 to 2000C. Ten USSR
references (1841-1953). Graphs.
tution : ...
ted : 9w0

GMLLER, Yuliy Aleksandrovich, professor, doktor tekhnichookikh nauk;
-- - redaktor; OORDON, LAI, redaktor; VAYNSHTNTH,
To. B., takhnicheekly rodaktor.
[Tool steel] InstrumentalliVe staii. Moskva. Gos.nauchno-tekhn.
izd-vo lit-ry, po chornoi I tsvetnot metallurgii, 1955- 548 p.
(Tool stenl) (MLRA 8-10)

USSR Phase Convwrsions in Solids. E-5
Abs Jour Ref Zhur - Fizika, No 4) 1957) No 93o6
Author Geller Yu, A. I Leahchinakaya, R.P.
gt_a~t!_~a 'bf the Residual Austenite of High Speed and
Title billiz;"~oni
High-Chrome Steele Against Tempering.
Orig Pub : Metallovedeniye i obrabotka metallov, 1955, No 1, 26-33
Abstract : The authors study the influence of preliminary soaking at
room temperature and above (2500) on the completeness of the
transformation of the residual austenite of high speed steel
R9 and high-chrome steel Khl2F followed by tempering and
heating to the usually employed temperatures (56oO for R9
and 510P for KUM). The transformation of the austenite
is determined from the change in the magnetic saturation
and also of the specific electric resistivity and length of
the specimens. It is found that stabilization against tem-
pering develops noticeably as a result of the following:
(a) soaking for more than 3 -- 6 hours at sharp temperature)
Card 1/2

USSR / Phase Conversions In Solids. E-5
Abs Jour :Ref Zhur - Fizika, No 4, 1957, No 9306
Abstract :with the stabilization increasing upon soaking up to 24 hours,
but not increasing any further; (b) low tempering, causing
no transformation of the austenite; (c) increasing the chro-
mium content in the austenite. As a result of the stabiliza-
tion of high speed steel in the first tempering to 5600, com-
plete transformation is reached only as a result of triple
tempering. Since the martensitic transformation of the aus-
tenite increases the hardness, the wear resistance, and the
heat conduction of the steels, it is recommended that stabi-
lization be prevented bb tempering immediately after harde-
ning with heating without prolonged soaking at temperatures
not high enough to cause transformation of the austenite.
Card 2112

6j.
USSR/ Engineering - Machine tools
Card 1/1 FUb. 103 - 7/19
Authore a Go Ile r, Yu. A.
Title i About increasing the composition of alloyed steel for the manufacture of
metal cutting tools
Periodie&l I Stan. i instr. 2. 22 - 25. Fab 1955
Abetraot IThe need for improving the chemical composition of alloyed steel used in
the manufacture of metal cutting tools is discussed. The types of steel
used for the past two decades in the manufacture of machine tools are
listed. The technical and mechanical requirements of tool steel, whi-3h
would meet the standards of modem industry, are described. Six USSR
references (1938 - 1954)9 Graphs.
Institutions .....
Submittedt

4mptovinp the compotition of coal
/I Mrswow Imt. Cbem. ?vicblut
Obrgbolk4 Atriallov l9ss No, 3, 1-16. --A imtritaltry
wai nmAc of the vitflousifadcs of Raisla"I t!-,01 !;*"!:a all"I ul
OICII propertics relitive t) PC;-,tM&- Applications'
A. G. ~~tiy

~4/ /j 137-58-2-4113
6 ',. ~ - Z_ (_~ ~-)
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 2, p 264 (USSR)
AUTHOR: Geller, Yu.A.
TITLE: Optimum Composition of Alloy Steel to Be Used in Cutting Toole
(Ob optimal'norn sostave legirovannoy stali dlya rezhushchikh
instrumentov)
PERIODICAL: Sb. statey Vaes. zaoch. politekhn. in-ta, 1955, Nr 10, pp 13-35
ABSTRACT: Because the widely used steels 9KhS and Kh have certain
technological deficiencies (reduced workability after annealing,
tendenc toward decarburization [ 9KhSj , insufficient harden-
ability (steel Kh] ) , the use of chemically improved steels with
better mechanical properties is recommended. As a low-alloy
tool steel, a carbon steel is proposed which contains 0.6 - 0.8
percent Cr (from the hypoeutectoid steel U7Kh containing
0.65 - 0.75 percent C and 0.6 - 0.8 percent Cr to the hyper-
eutectoid steel U I lKh containing 1.05- 1.15 percent C and
0.6 - 0.8 percent Cr) . As a multiple-alloy tool steel (in place
of 9KhS), steel 95KhGS is recommended. Possessing a higher
Mn content, this steel contains 0.95 - 1.05 percent C, 0.7 - 1 .0 per-
cent Mn, 0.5 - 0.8 percent Si. and 1.0 - 1.3 percent Cr - Biblio-
Card 1 /1 graphy: 1Z references. A.B.
1. Stool alloys-Properties 2. Machine tools-DeveloWnt

- - --~ --I - - - I ~
- :_I - -f L-
I I . j , I
; ..~ - '! -- t, - .
. I ." f
10 v

Nature of C " I-. Of h 11 9 e0d RIC-013
(Inst.
-Ylt.
lk typ,!. 0 fxjt;kIIr Ii
ILASOCII. with abnormally coarse graim end a highh, alloyof
wlid win. (n cooling by qumelii,:jr, . po~fiou oi rnrblde~
,PJAS. I'Min Austerihe and, since (lip grulti, are large anti the
alloying eittrimts of high-%pred sterk (liffito- ilowl 'v, thr".
citlAtei j,pt. not unly at the grain houn,1*6es but mo~fly
'along crystallographic Plan" ~itldu large. graitiq d'-sc-It to
thrin. Carbido ppf. on tempeOng conlimic lo, p', t. a% a
continuation of thetfe cairlildle Iticlusionx forininit limg pfAC-
lically ittralght chains (inwl I,y zarbi+- etchbir rv~ipiiis
!Yrnsililt for thk jWculiar (far-wit. J. 1). IL.-,t

P-0
the Qmt!~'
wa=fEAuca
Kethod. Yu, A-
I t

d"wotcd to 1"'A
I., .-,~n I,J ~1-I

Fc=Ij-AIMIYBT, Goorgly Iv&novLchLGjUWUJ,.LdU Alskeandrovich;
RAMICADT, Aleksandr Grigorlyevich; IAKHTIX. Tu.N., professor,
doktor takhnichookikh nauk. retmensent; BMShTM, K.L., dotsent
ksodUat tokhnichookikh nauk, redaktor; PITROVA, I.A., isdatelf-
skly redaktor; GIADKM, N.Y.. tokhnichaskly redaktor
[Physical metallurgy; nothods of analysis, laboratory work and
problems] Metallovedente; motody analiza. laboratornys raboty L
sadachto Izd. 2-oo. parer. Noskya, Goo. izd-vo obor. prosyshl.,
1956. 427 P - (WLRA 9: 10)
(Mysical metallurgy)

yv, A,
ALITGAUZIW, O.N.,-L-ndidat fisiko-matomatichaskikh nauk; BMSHTITN, M.L.,
kandidat takhalcheskikh nauk; BIANTAR. N.T*,, doktor takhnLehookikh
nauk; BOKSHTErN, S.Z., doktor tekhnicheskikh nauk; VOIJEROVITINOTA.
To*N,, kandidat taidwicheskikh nauk; BCRZDTU, A.M., doktor takhoi-
chaskikh nauk; BUNIN, X.P., doktor tokhnichaskikh nauk,- VIXOGRAD.
M.1., kandidat takhnichesklkh nauk; VOLOVIE. B.Ts., doktor takhaichs-
skikh nauk (deceased]; GAMOT. M.I., inshener; GRIXER, Yu.A.. doktor
tekhnicheskikh nauk; GOMIK, S.S.. icandidat 1~6KUnLMfewnauk;
GOLIDMKBXRG, A.A., kandidat tekhnichaskikh nauk; GOTLIB, L.I., kandt-
dat tekhaichaskikh nauk; GRIGOROVIGH, V.K., kandidat takhnicheskikh
nauk; GULTAYNY, D.B.. doktor takhatcheskikh nauk; DOVULWSKIT. Ta.X#
kandidat tekhaicheskikh nauk; DUDOTTSIV, P.A., kandidat tekhniche-
skAkh nauk; ZIDIN. 1.N., doktor takhnichookikh nauk; MNIS. 3.1h.,
lazhener; KGRITSKIT, T.G., kanaldat tekhaichookikh nauk; IANDA. A.Y..
daktor tekhnicheskikh nauk; IJUIN, I.M., kandidat takhnichaskikb
nauk; LIVSHITS. L.S., kandidat tekhnichemkikh naak; LIVOT, N.A.,
imadidat takhnichookikh nauk; NALTSHEV,X.A., kandidat takhnichookikh
nauk; WIRSON, G.A., doktor tokhnichesktkh nauk; XINKEVIGH, A.M.,
kandidat takhnichookikh nauk; MOROZ, L.S., doktor takhnicheskikh
nauk; FATANSON, A.Z., Imndidat tokhnichookikh nauk; HANHIMOV. A.M.,
inzhoner; XAIHINOV, D.N., kandidat tekhaichookikh naak; POGODIN-
AIJIXSZM, G.L. doktor takhnichookikh nauk; POPOVA, N.M., kandidat
tekhatchookikh nauk; POPOV, A.A., kandidat tekhnichoskikh nauk;
RAIMHTADT, A.G., kandidatlakhnichesk1kh nauk; ROGILIBM. 1.L.,
kandidat tokhnichaskikh nauk;
(Continued on next card)

ALITGAUZAN, O.N.---- (continued) Card 2.
SADOTUIT..T.D., daktor tokhnicheakikh nauk; SALTTZOV, S.A.,
inzhener; SOBOLIW, N.D.. kandidat takhaichookikh nauk; SOIDDIKHIN,
A.D., imndidat tekhnicheskikh nauk: UWANSKIT, U.S., kandidat
t9khnicheskikh nauk; Uf]WSKIY, L.M.. kandidat takhatcheskikh nauk;
FRIDMAN. TA.B.. doktor tekbutchaskikh nauk; KHI*TSHIN, F.F..
kandidat tekhnicheskikh nauk; KHRUSHCHIff, N.M., doktor takhnicho-
skikh nauk; CHOWSHKIN, V.G., kandidat takhaichaskikh nauk; SHAPERO.
N.M.. inzhener; SHULININ, L.M., kandidat tekhnichesklkh nauk;
SHRAYBAR, D.S.. kandidat tekhaicheskikh nauk; SHCH&POV, N.P., doktor
takhnichaskikh nauk; GUDTSOV . N.T., akademik, redaktor; GORODIN, A.M.
redaktor izdatel'stys; VAYNSHTM, Ye.B., takhnicheekly redaktor
EP14yalcal metallurgy and the heat treatment of steel and iron,, a
reference book) Metallovedenle t termtcheakala obrabotka stall i
chuguna; spravochnik. Pod red* N.T.Dudtsova. H.L.Bernshteina, A.G.
lakhahtadta. Moskya, Goo. nauchno-takhn. izd-vo lit-ry po chernoi i
tsvetnoi metallurgii, 1956. 1204 p. (MLRA 9:9)
1. Chlen -korrespondout Akadenii nauk USSR (for Bunin)
(Steel--Heat tteatment) (Iron--Heat treatment)
(Physical metallurgy)

Category USSRIS-.114 State Fbysics - Fhase Trazisformation in Solid Bcdies E-5
Abe Jcqur Ref Zhur - Fizika, No 2, 1957 No 3503
Author Gellpr, Yu.A.
Title Ri~~ti`c_M_Rhod of Dete.cmining the Ame-unt of Residual Austenite
Orig Pub Sovrem, metody ispytar&iy materialov v mashinostroyeall M., Mashgiz)
1956, 211-228
Abstract Methods are 1woposed for calculating the amount of residual austenite
using magaetic--measurement data, taking into account the alloyability
of tbeok-solll soluti~~n. Limits are. Indicated for the possible ap-
plication of the magnetic analysis to determine the amount of residual
austenite, and the steels a!3d phase states for which this method can
be used are indicated, Bibliography, 12 titles.
Card 1/1

APAYIIV, B.A.; GILLIR, -Yu.A.
"ftwmww~ W%A~r I
Determining the amount of austenite by the magnetic method. Zav.
lab. 22 no.6:752-755 156. (HLRk 9:8)
1. GorIkovskly Issledovatel'skiy fisiko-tekhnicheskly institut.
(Steel--Analysis)

L L6f ) 1Vc4 A.
AUTHUR: Geller, Yu. A., Doctor of Teclinicul Sciences. 129-11-3/7
TITLE: Main Trends in Developing Tool Steels. (Osnovnyye
napravleniya v razvitii instrwaental1nyk-h staley).
PERIODICAL: Metallavedeniye i Cbrabotka Metallov, 1957, No.11,
pp.43-56 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The chairs of the technical colleges and particularly the
LeninSrad Industrial Institute (Leningradskiy Industriallniy
Institut) (the school of N. D. Gudtsov), the Moscov, Steel
Institute (Moskovskiy Institut Stali) (the school of
N. A. 11inkevich), the Ural Industrial Institute (Urallskiy
Industriallniy Institut) (the school of S. S. Shteynberg)
were mainly responsible for the investiCations relating to
tool steels during the first years of industrielisation of
the Soviet Union. Later on investigations of tool steels
began in the scientific research establishuents, particularly
TsNIITMASh (the school of A. P. Gulyayev). Between 1930 and
1940 considerable work in developinE new tool steels and
heath treatment regimes was carried out by works' laboratories
particularly those of "Elektrostul", "Frezer", "Kalibr" and
the Moscow Automobile Works (Moskovskiy Avtozavod) and the
Gorky Automobile Works (Gorlkiy Avtozavod). The trends of
Cord 1/4 Soviet pre-war research can be gauEed from the compositions

Main Trends in DevelopinS Tool Steels.
of the steels developed aiul introduced between 193151 End
1940 given in Table 1, P-115, which lists bhree hiGh
chromium steels, one medium tunLsten steel (3-5 to 10% W)
and three multi-alloy steels. The merits of the individual
steels enumerated in this table are discussed in some
detail and also their influence on post-war development
trends. In the post-war years rese8rch in the field of
tool steels is carried out mainly by the All Union Tool
Institute (Vsesoyuznyy Instr,imantallnyy Institut) and the
Central Ferrous MetallurLy Tnstitute (Tsentrallnyy
institut Chernoy Metallurgii). The author Doints out that
the interest in development of tool steels has diminished
considerably in post-war years and so has the scale of
research in this field in works'laboratories and university
chairs. He also points out that the development of the
tool industry during the post-war years has enabled satis-
fying -ully the tool requirements of the en6~-ineering works.
For instance, the rated capacity of the "Frezer Works",
which is one of the largest Soviet tool manufacturin6 works,
has increased 4.5 fold. There has been a marked increase
in thr, number of grades of steel and also in the diversity
Cord 2/4 of their chemical compositions, The requirements to be

Main Trends in Developing Tool Steels. 129-11-3/7
met by tool steels for various applications are discussed
and also the necessary trends of development for satisfyinE
these requirements. The author deals separately with the
characteristic features of the individual types of steel,
i.e. carbon steel, alloy steel, high chromium steel, high
speed steel, steel to be used for hot stamping dies and,
finally, with heat treatment techniques. In the case of
high speed steels the increase in vanadium content is a
promising trend and low alloy steels showed considerably
improved cuttingproperties if the vanadium content was
increased to 3.3*. The chemical composition of recently
developed high vanadium and high cobalt containing high
speed steels and also that of standard cobalt steels are
entered in Table 21 P-52. The author himself has made
considerable contributions to the development of certain
grades of tool steels and also to developing heat treatment
regimes. In the field of heat treatment considerable
progress has been made in utilising very low temperature
heat treatment; the work of Gulyayev, A.P., Vorablyev, V.G.
and of some other authors has shown that it is possible to
establish reliably the range Of application of heat treat-
Card 3/4ment by sub-zero temperatures, which is particularly

Main Trends in Developing Tool Steels. 129-11-3/7
favourable for steels with 12 to 18% Ci )f which it is
required that after hardening they shouid have a high
hardness and a high corrosion stability. Under certain
conditions sub-zero heat treatment is also favourable for
high chromium steels intended for stamping dies and
subjected to low temperature tempering for the purpose of
obtaining a high hardness. According to the results of
various authors, including the author of this paper, it is
advisable, from the point of view of austenite stabilisation,
to carry out the tempering of hiGh speed and high chromium
steel immediately after hardening so as to obtain as
complete transformation of the residual austenite as
possible. Results of various authors also brought about
changes in views relating to the desirable temperature of
heating during the hardening process. The features of iso-
thermal hardening are also discussed. The heat treatment
of high speed steel is discussed in a separate paragraph,
dealing particularly with the influence of the structure and
phase composition. There are 2 figures and 2 tables.
ASSUCIATIUN: Moscow Machine-Tool Tool Industry. (Moskovskiy
Stankoinstrumentallnyy Institut).
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 4/4

3!1
I
fig.

SQV/ 137-58- 10-Z16ZZ
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr to, p 167 (USSR)
AUTHORS: Geller, Yu.A., Mel'nichenko, Ye.V., Onishchik, Ye.l.
TITLE: The Role of Carbide Transformations in High-speed Steel
Heated Into the A, Temperature Range (0 roli karbidnykh prev-
rashcheniy v bystrorezhushchey stali pri nagreve vblizi oblasti
At)
PERIODICAL: Metallovedeniye i term. obrabotka. Moscow. Metallurgizdat,
1958, pp 132-148
ABSTRACT: The effect of annealing time and temperature on properties
of steel was studied on four separate smeltings of high-speed
steel with different compositions (smelting I included the car-
bides FeZWZC, CrZ3C6, and VC; smelting 2 the carbides
FezWzC and VC; smelting 3 the carbide FeZW2C; and smelting
4 the carbide FezWZC with some positions in the lattice being
replaced by Cr). It was established that an increase in anneal
time produces transformations in the carbide phase and impairs
the properties of the steel. The unstable carbide FcZWZC is
Card 1/3 transformed into stable carbides WC and Fc3C. During heating

SOV/ 137-58- IO-Z16ZZ
The Role of Carbide Transformations in High-speed Steel (cont.)
of steel for hardening purposes the WC does not dissolve and the solid solu-
tion contains insufficient amounts of W, as a result, the hardness and red-
shortness stability of the steel are impaired. The process of transformation
of the metastable carbides Fc2W?C and WC is not reversible. Cr and small
quantities of V tend to replace W atoms in the complex carbide FcZWZC thus
increasing its stability and inhibiting the formation of WC, which, in turn,
increases the resistance of steel to red-shortness. this latter property is not
directly affected by Cr or V. Introduction of Cr improves the hardenability
of the stee.l. Cr-free steel exhibits a somewhat lower hardness after temp-
ering (55-57 RC instead of 63). Inc reasing the annealing tirne of a steel con-
taining Cr and V, or V only, has no effect on its hardness nor on its resist-
ance to red-shortness; in the case of a steel containing no Gr or V, the RC
value is reduced from 55-57 to 50. Increasing the anneal time to 100 hours
increases the hardness of a steel which contains neither Cr nor V to an RC
of 65-66, and the hardness of steel containing V only to an RC of 60. The
authors explain this fact by the decomposition of the Fe?W C into WC and
FC3C and by the dissolution of the latter in a solidsolution. Increasing the
temperature and the time of anneal reduces the hardness (by two units) and
inirmirs, the cittung properties of steel that had been heated repeatedly to
ca I. d ?

SOV/137-58-10-21622
The Role of Carbide Transformations in High-speed Steel (cont.)
6000C. It is recommended that the temperature of anneal be lowered to
820-8500 and that the soaking time, as well as the number of intermediate
and prolonged heatings into the Al region, be reduced in order to increase
the red-shortness stability of the steel.
F. U.
1. Tool t3teel--Transformations 2. Tool steel--Temperature factors 3. Tool stee
---Mechanical properties
Card 3/3

Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal.
# 43232
AUTHOR: Oeller, Yu.A.
TITLE. Low-Alloy Tool Steels
S/123/60/000/009/001/017
A004/AOOj
Mashinostroyeniye, 1960, No. 9, p. 20,
PERIODICAL: V sb.-. Konstruktaii rezhushchikh instrumentov i tekhnol. ikh
izgotovleniya No. 4, moscow, 1958, pp. 6 - 11
TEM The author Investigates the properties, heat-treatment conditions and
fields of application of the new low-alloy tool steel grades ~ 7X (U7xh), 3 lix
(UllKh) and S 13X 013M) (o.4 - o.7% cr), and the low-alloy chrome steel grades
of low tempering ability WX6 (ShXh6), 3M 603 (EI603) and X05 M05). It was
found that the new groups of tool steels preserve the advantages of carbon steel
grades (low hardness and good machinability in the annealed state) while possessing
a better hardenability and higher tempering ability in comparison with carbon
steel.
Translator's notei This Is the full translation of the original Russian
abstract.
Card 1/1

80838
1A9.7100 SOV/123-60-1-841
Translation from: Referativnyy thurnal. Mashinostroyeniye, lc,60, No 1,
p 108 (USSR)
AUTHORS: Oeller, Yu.A., Mellnichenko, Ye.V.
TITLX: 'rho Erfect of Annealinaf'on the Red 11ardnesi of Ifigh-Speed Steell~
PERIOD TCAL- It sb.: Konstruktsil rezhushchikh instrumentov I tekhnol. ikh.
izgotovleniya, No 4, Moscow, 1958, PP 36 - 46
AWrRACT, The authors Investigate technological factors which are causing
the spoiling of the red hardness of high-speed steel and analyze
the principal measures which have to be taken in order to avoid
this defect. A deterioration or the red hardness and a lowering
of the cutting properties is caused by an excessively long holding
during annealing and high-temperature tempering. This process is
intensified with an increase of the annealing temperature from
8200C to 880 - 9000C and with long tempering of preliminarily
hardened steel. A deterioration of the red hardness Is caused
Card 1/2 by the transformation of the composite W-carbide, taking place
11 VN~

80838
40V/123-60-1-841
The Effect of Annealing on the Red Hardness of High-Speed Steel
during long heating, and the formation of stable WC and W2C carbides which are
hardly soluble in austenite. In order to obtain a high-grade high-speed steel
it Is necessary to carry out annealing at lower temperatures, to cut down the
holding time, and to reduce the number of intermediate and long temperings In
the range of 700 - 9DOOC. 7 figures, 11 references.
I.N.N.
Card 2/2

SOV/28-58-6-20/34
AUTHORS: Geller, Yu.A.9 Professor, Doctor 'of Technical
-5-cl-e-n-c-els-#-Ilalinkina, Ye.l., Candidate of Technical
Sciences, Lomakin, V.N.
TITLE: Supplementing the State Standard GOST 5950-51
With the Method for Controlling Steel by Its
Annealing Property (Dopolnit' GOST 5950-51
metodikoy kontrolya stali na prokalivayemost')
PERIODICAL: Standartizatsiya, 1958, Nr 6, pp 65-69 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The annealing property of instrumental steel is
defined as the property to obtain a martensite
structure and high hardness after tempering.
The annealing capacity is determined by the me-
thos of butt tempering as specilLiel by GOST
5657-51. If the samples are kept up to 30-35
sec/mm in the salt tank, the annealing property
increases (Figure 1). A longer period does
not increase the annealing property beyond the
Card 1/3 value reached at 35 sec/mm. Changes in this

SOV/28-58-6-20/34
Supplementing the State Standard GOST 5950-51 With the Method
for Controlling Steel by Its Annealing Property
property among the different smeltings are not
due to the chemical composition, because only
slight changes are correlated with a 2-3 times
higher annealing property (Tables 1 and 2, Pi-
gure 2). Metallurgical factors, like smelting,
rolling, are the causes of the changes. The
comparison of the curves of distribution of
hardness over the length of the sample is the
basis for the nomograms showing the distribu-
tion of the annealing property of alloyed in-
strumental steels (Figures 4 and 5). These nomo-
grams may be applied to steel to types KhVG,
9KhS, Kh, and similar types. During grinding,
the layer of annealed steel in an instrument may
be reduced. In the samples, the obtained values
may be reduced therefore by 2 mm. The results of
Card 2/3 these calculations are shown in Table 6.

SOV/28-58-6-20/34
Supplementing tile State Standard GOST 5950-5L With tile Method
for Controlling Steel by Its Annealing Property
There are 6 tables and 6 graphs.
ASSOCIATION: Vaesoyuznyy nauchno-issledovatellskiy instrumen-
tallnyy institut (All-Union Scientific Research
Instrument Institute)
Card 3/3

SOY/129--58-11-2/13
AUTHOM-Gallazt-11ij A., Doctor of Technical SciencesProfessor
Xachanov, V.-S., ghgineer /and
TITLE: Structure, Properties and Beat Treatment of New High Speed
Steels (Struktura, svoystva. i termicheskaya obrabotka
novykh bystrorezhushchikh Btaley)
PERIODICAL: Metallovedeniye i Obrabotka Metallov, 1958, Nr 11,
pp, 6-19 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: A considerable improvement in the cutting properties of
high speed steels can be achieved by adding cobalt or up
to 4-5% vanadium. During recent years numerous such high
speed steels have been developed and in Table 1 the analyses
are given of the main grades of such steels in the U.S'.S.R.
and the U.S.A. Numerous such now steels have passed
laboratory and industrial tests but so far are not being
used on a large enough scale; the best and optimum
conditions have so far not been cletermined and it has not
been established for which tools the individual steels are
most suitable. To some extent this is explained by the
fact that the new high speed steels are more difficult to
grind and machine than ordinary high speed steels. High
vanadium content steels contain a greater quantity of VC
which have a hardness of about 1900 H as compared to about
Card 1/7 14oo H V for complex carbides of tungsyen. This increases

BOV/129-58-11-2/13
Structures Properties and Heat Treatment of New High Speed Steels
the resistance to wear but reduces grindability. Furthermore,
an increase in the V content is effective only in the case
Of Simultaneously increasing the carbon content and,
therefore, steels containing 4 to 5% vanadium should contain
1.3 to 1.5% car~,qn which brings about a lowering in the
malleability and7-the mechanical properties. Introduction
of cobalt improves the heat resistanco proportionately with
the increase in the cobalt content up to 18-20%. Howevero
it also lowers the mechanical properties the more the higher
the Co content of the steel. For these reasons these new
steels have to be thoroughly investigated and heat treatment
regimes have to be worked out which ensure a better
combination of the heat resistance and of the mechanical
properties. It is of great importance to verify the
properties of industrial heats and not of laboratory heats.
Therefore, the authors selected for investigation four
steels from melts produced by Elektrostall which were
supplied in the form of rolled strips of 15 x 35 mm; the
chemical compositions of these steels are:
R18 0-?2% C 18-30% W1 4.12% Cr, 1.27% V;
Card 2/? RK10 0.81% 6, 18.68% W, 4.19% Cr, 1.28% V,9-71% CO,0-19% MO;

SOV/129-58-11-2/13
Structure, Properties and Heat Treatment of New High Speed Steels
RK15 - 0.77% C9 18.44% W, 4.09% Cr, 1.30% V,14.65% Co,0.60%
Mo;
RlOF5K5 (E1931) - 1.45% C1 10.82% W1 4.01% Cr, 4.4E% V1
5.05% Co.
Ono of these was the stainless steel R18 which was
investigated for the purpose of comparison. The steel
RK15 was investigated for the purpose of determining
whether it is advisable to improve the heat resistance by
increasing the cobalt content above the limits which are
usually applicable to cobalt steels. The hardness and the
strength of the investigated steels in the as-delivered
state are entered in Table 3. The subject matter is
dealt with under the following paragraph headings: influence
of hardening conditions on the properties of the steel;
residual austenite; influence of tempering conditions on
the properties of the steel. The obtained results are
described and discussed in some detail and are also entered
in graphs. In the conclusions the author summarises his
results thus:
1. The fundRmental properties were investigated of the
Card 3/7 following main types of characteristic new high performance

SOV/129-58-11-2/13
Structure, Properties and Beat Treatment of Now High Speed Steels
high speed steels: RK10, RK15 and RlOF5K5; furthermore,
the heat treatment regimes were determined which permit
obtaining a better combination of properties.
2. Cobalt and high vanadium high speed steels have a
considerably higher (1-5 to 2 times) heat resistance than
the standard Soviet high speed steels R18 and R9. However,
their meohanic-Al properties are lose favourable than those
of the standard steels. Therefore, cobalt and high
vanadium steels (over 3% V) are unsuitable for cutting pro-
cesses involving dynamic regimes and for shaped tools
with a thin cutting edge. Steels of this type can be used
for machining materials which are difficult to machine
(including austenitic alloys); however, the cutting tools
must be of relatively simple shape. 1
3. An increase in the Co contejit,particularly above 10%,
reduces appreciably the streneth and increases brittleness
due to separating out of inter-metallic compounds during
the tempering. In spite of the fact that the heat
resistance in higher than for other steels, steel with
15% Co in not recommended for practical use or for
C&A 4/7extensive workshop tests due to the very low mechanical

SOV/129-58-11-2/13
Structure, Properties and Beat Treatment of New High Speed Steels
properties of such steels.
4. Alloying of high speed steels with Go does not change
the conditions of dissolution of c"bides in the case of
high temperature heating since the cobalt is present-mainly
in the solid solution M not in the carbides. The cobalt
increases the quantity of the residual austenite in the.
hardened steel but does not increase its stability against
tempering. For cobalt steels it is advisable to apply the
same number of tempering operations as for similar cobalt-
free steels,
5, It was shown in earlier work of the author (Rots 4 and 5)
that the steels with a high vanadium content differ as
regards the conditions of dissolution of carbides during
heating from other high speed steels. For adequate
saturation of the solid solution of high vanadium steels
it is necessary to ensure during heating dissolution not
only of a part of the complex tungsten carbides (which is
the case for other steels) but to also dissolve a part of
the vanadium carbides. Passing into solution of these more
table carbides is not completed during the heating time
Card 5/7 ssually applied for hardening high speed steels and proceeds
u

SOY/129-58-11-2/13
Structure, Properties and Heat Treatment of New High Speed Steels
for a longer time. Increase of the heating time to double
(to 20 sees per 1 mm, dia.) for steels containing 4 to 5% V
ensures a higher heat resistance, see Fig.11.
6, In contrast to cobalt and standard high speed steels,
high vanadium steels have a more stable residual
austenite due to a larger concentration in it of carbon.
This Involves an additional tempering operation, a fourth,
at 560 to 5700C.
7. If the conditions enumerated in 5 and 6 are fulfilled,
high vanadium steels with 5% Go will have a heat resistance
equal to the higher alloyed steel -Nith 18% W and 10% Go
and will have somewhat better mechanical properties than
the latter. Purthermore high vanadium steels are
superior to steels containing 10 and 15% Go as regards,
hardness and machineability in the annealed skate.
8. Use of the hardenir45 temperature 1285-1295 C is
recommended with a geating time of 6 to 7 sec/mm for the
steel RK10 and 1260 C with a heating time of 20 see/mm
for the steel RlOF5K5-
9 empering of cobalt and high vanadium steels at 560 to
Card 6/7 50C brings about an Increase in the hardness to 67-68 RG;

SOV/129-58-11-2/13
Structure, Properties and Beat Treatment of Now High Speed Steels
the hardness will be only 63-64 R is the tempering
temperature is 60011C. Howev8r, N increase of the
tempering temperature to 600 C doe6 not improve the strength
although it intensifies the separating out of finely
dispersed particles. For the steel R1OF5K5 it iso more
advisable to apply tempering four times at 570-580 C for
maintaining an increased hardness.
The final selection of the tempering regime and of
the most favourable hardness should be made on the basis of
extensive industrial scale tests.
There are 14 figures, 3 tables and 11 references, 7 of
which are Soviet, 2 English, 2 German.
1. Tool steel--Properties 2. Tool steel--Heat treatment
3. Tool a teel--S true turaY analysis
Card 7/7

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17

ftest"Ousmal Allot stools
L"hUn, Tm, _3L. D"%4r of loc"Ital Sols"**. fftfo#aam'. aid

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MIX, Buyin losifovich; GKLLn, Tq,A., prof.. red.; GORDON, LeXag
red.lid-vo; XARASIV#'-'A-*I#"p tokhnored,
[Austenite transforustions in steel] Prevrashchonlia austenits
v stall. Moskva, Gos.nauchn*-tekhn.ixd-vo lit-ry po chernoi i
tsystnoi setallurglio 1960. 252 p. (MIRA 13:6)
(Steel-Ketallography) (Phase rule and equilibrium)

3/123/61/000/012/011/042
A004/A101
AVTHMSj 0911sr, Yu, A.1 MalInkina, Y*. I.; Lomakin, V. N.
TMIs Hardenability of alloyed tool stools
PMUMICALs Roforativnyy shurnal, Mashinostroyenlye, no. 12, 1961, 80-81,
abstract 12B575 (V ab. "Motallovodoniyo 1, tom. obrabotka metallov".
(Tr. Sektall motalloved. I term. obrabotki metallov. Tsentr. prayl.
Nauohno-tokhn, 0-v& mashlnostrolt. prom-sti. no. 2]. Moscow, 1960,
197-219)
TEXTi The authors studied the hardenability of Industrial molts of the
steel gradoe 9XC (gKhS) (18 molts), )(Br (KhVO) (16 molts) and I (Kh) (5 molts).
It Is expedient to d*torm1n* and check the hardenability of these steel grades
by the face onA hardening method according to roc.T (om) 5657-51. The authors
established a dependence between the distribution of hardness over the length of
the face onod specimen and over the cross section of cylindrical specimens of
alloyed hyper-outeatold stools. The data of face end hardening according to the
suggested nomogram being available It in possible to determine the hardenability
of cylindrical speolmons up to 100 mm In diameter. In order to obtain more homo-
Card 112

HardenabIlity of alloyed tool stools
S/123/60oo/on./oll/W
AOOVA101
geneous and higher properties of cutting tools and dies of large profile It Is
necessary to rate the mentioned alloyed hyper-outectold steels according to their
hardenability by the face end hardening method taking into account the nomogram
of the critical diameter and the distribution of hardness over the cross section.
There are 17 figures and 10 references.
Il'ina
(Abstracter's notei Complete translation]
Card 2/2

3
AUTHORS: e I I cal Sclences, Professor),
---er-L (Doctor of Techn'
Lebedeva. Ye. A. (Engincer.1
T'L-kLv_: Tool Steels. The Effect of Alloylni, on Propertleo of
HYpereutectold Tool Steel
10 D I C A Metallovedenlye I termicheskaya ob-.;ibotka mictallov,
1360, Nr -? pp 31-40 (USSR)
AWS-1 IAA~'T This Is a report concernirr
.~, In
the nresent work. V,'ey were -1elc1--tcJ to ter ~ze:
(a) 'the effect of ~-,arbor (0.9~-'. lb~ -,~,e effect,
of alloyIng elements; (C) a Joint f."fec-t- of Vnese
elements In steels of more complex rnpoi I t ! on .-1 heoe
steels were smelted In the high freqaency furnace,
Poured Into 35 kg ingots, and forged Into round rods
,-10 to 30 rin diameter, and also into 10 v 10 rrm square
ro1j. The Aforging was begun at 1,050-1,100 0C
I I r:U0 0, "
., & -, C for steel KhZS ana 11000-1.0--o .,- ,or ;3~eel 91;-',F)

iool Stee&13. V-1e Effect as" Alloyln~' 011
?rop-er".e3 of Hypereutectold Tool Stee!

0
C. The st rue t ure a,( I T-~ ro;.),er't
1 finished at 850
of deformed and annealed steel, stru-~tl;re zif*~ev ar-c-'11-
t~ie SCr131tiVity to v?-,e of --arbide
latt Ice; the structure and p.-opertle-`. Of `!Zlr.lene-~ 6tleell
temperatures of havdening, hardness ol.' ----ooled Otecl;
amount of residual austenite, strengti,,, ~iarde!~Ilabllli',y,
hardness after hardening, propertle.3 of arnealed steel,
itabUtty against tempering, strengtl~ of tempered
and selection of optl-.u-n el-o!rposltlon of alloyed
steel
,
steell were all studied and deni:r1beiA. T~,c llrvestl-
gation showed that the beneficial eff'ect of al:oylng
cier.ents In hypereutectoid steel hia2 Its --axlnum
when their content Is 0.8 to 1.1%, or alL compley
alloying. With higher content, t)7e negat"ve effect
of so-e elements on many propertle3 of steel become3
more r)ronounced . Chromium (at O.',-0.~1% --ortent
nomew~at Increases hardertabI1111-Y and t~ardness after
hardening to a larger degree than otlher elements and
assures a uniform distribution of ,arbldes. How -
ever, the Increase In chromllvn 0,,c?- 0.5-1% does not
improve hardenability but. lricreasc;~', a r b 1 J1 e

iooi Steels. The Effect of Al)_)y1rj! or,
P,"OPCI" IC3 Of HYPOU'r"U"Jitoctold Tool Steel
S' 0'11 o' -
heterogeneity, ardneas after- arinealing, the amount
of residual austenite, and elevates hardening tempera-
ture . Manganet-e decreases the terriperature of" hardening,
Increases harienability bUt. wl,,en Its content is over
1%, greatly Increases the amount ot resl2dual aust'enite,
which lowers the hardness of steel. Silicon Is the
only element which, at comparatively small content
(0-7-1.5%), retards the second zitage of martensite
disintegration and Increase:3 thermvI
stability, But when Its content, is over 1%, silicon
Increases the hardness after annealing and the senst-
tivity to decarbonization. It to stated that by
rational complex alloying it is possible(at decreased
chromium, manganese, and silicon c-o-tent) to increase
the solubility of elements (tungsten and vanadlurri)
which form stable carbides, and by 1,1,e3e mean3 to In-
crease the hardenability and havdnens. Be3ldecf tung-
sten and vanadium retard the growth of grain. Vanadium
(0-1-0.2%) Is the only element which effectively
prevents "Che rormation of car-bide n-:!twork. Tiere a:-e

S/121/60/000/007/008/til
Atnum Oellor, Yu.A.. Karavanov, Yu.1.
T-4"nX: raproving the Structure ani Properties or Higb-Speed Cast Steel by
Annealina ~i
MIODICALi Stsnkl t Instrument, 1960, No. 7: PP. 29-31
TEM The problem of the Invest.1gattons described In the article consisted
in determining the possibilities of Improving the structure and properties of high-
speed cast steel by way of annealing and in developing the right arnealing con-
ditIons. Annealing at comparatively low beating temperatures does not dissolve
the primary carbides, but, causing coagulation, can Improve the structure. Cast
stool undergoing anneallng obtains, after hardening and annealing, a higher
strength. 7h# authors, Investigating the properties of hardened steel and of
Pmealed steel (particularly heat-resistance and strongth). draw, as a result
of the Investigations carried out, the following conclusions., 1he annealing of
cast stool, while not eliminating the lattici of ledeburite outectic segregating
at the grain boundarles, promotes its refining and makes It possible to obtain a
more homogeneous structure of the metallto base. Owing to 4-4is ae strength of
steel after hardening and annealing, I.e. in the stAte in which it is used In
Card 1/2

3/121/60/000/007/008/Dll
Improving the Structure and Properties of High-Speed C"t Steel by Annealing
ready-made tocls, increases by 10-15%. It Is recommended to anneal cast steel
at higher temreratures (900-9.500C) than rolled steel. Holding time at heating
temperatures should ar~odnt to 4-6 hours. A longer holding time is not to be
recoff#".nd-J, since It might lower the heat-resistance. 7be authors emphasize
the necessity of carryIng out further Investigations of the heat treatment of
high-sp,t,ed cast steel with the aim of a further Improvement of its zt.ricture.
There are 2 photo3, 2 graphs and 3 Soviet references.
Card 2/2

231;27
S/121/60/000/008/014/014/XX
I I", :D D040/DI13
I
AUT"OW; Geller, Yu,Att and Vays, O.D.
I T LE i The effect of the composition of quenching media on the
hardenability and strength of carbon steei
PLMIODICALt 'itanki I instrument, no. 8, 1960, 27-29
"A?X'Zi :;xporimonta were conducted to find the effect of quenching in aqueous
solutions of salts and alkalis on the hardonability and strength of carbon
steel and also to find the solution which brings out the best properties of
the steel. Aqueous solutions of 10r;;O) NaOll, 10,~j Na CO t 5-5 EEO and 5-6~4
A.aCl were used as quenching media, For experimenia,3 4yl2A
purposes, , U12A)
steel with initial structure'of grainy pearlite with uniiormly distributed
secondary cementite wan used. The hardenability was determined on cylin-
drical specimens# 24 = in diameter and 75 mm long* -hey were preheated to
6000C and then heated to 800 and 0200C in molten salt (72;., BaCl and 2ep
NsCl). A-he temperature of all the quenching fluids was 18-2006. The thick-
ness of the hardened layer was measured by three nethods: (a) by hardness
rard 1/5

23427
S/121J60/000/008/014/014/XX
-the offoot of the componitioll too$ D040/D113
from the surface to the layer where the metal had a hardness of not less
than AC 60, (b) by microstructure - ioe. by the martennite layer thickness
to the first troostite apotel (c) by macroanalysi3 - i.e. the thickness of
the outer light layer seen after etching. All mothoda indicated approximate-
ly the same thickness. The data obtained are presented graphically (Figs.
It 2t 3)- It can be seen from fieure 3 that faster cooling due to salts and
alkalis raised the metal strength after quenching# and that the highest
strength was obtained through usi a Kuno quenching nolution. The fol-
1"ine conclusions were drawni (17 QuencAing in aqueous salt and alkali
solutions ban the following advantages over quenching in waters (a) it
Improves the hardenability of steel and raises the surface hardness by 1-2
units; (b) It increases the hardonability and thiokness of the extremely
hAM surface rotaly (c) It decreases the quenching temperature required
!or deoper hardening, and so reduces overheatingl (d) It gives increased
strenCth in quenched atate and after low temporingl (2) The use of aqueous
zalt nnd alkali solutions decroaaes the deformation of the steel and its
tender-:-y to quenching cracket (3) Beat results are a~~hleved using NaC1
NaOll and Y1!nO4 (4-5,-',) solution3. 12'04 enoures higher strength
~.ard 2/5

3/1 21/63~9,;/00 0/0 1410141T_~
'~he effect of the com.2onition D040/D113
and a imrdenod layor of sliChtly lose thic'mose. :;xhaust fans are re-
quired for nrot-ective nur-iosose VaCl solution is nore convenient in opera-
I.iontand althouCh it Z;ivoo sliahtly lower stronetht it elso !-ives a thicl:or
hordenc,11 Ivor. There are 3 tnbloct 3 fifvres rnd 9 referenceal 8 3cviot
and 1 non-~;pviet -bloc# The reference to the _"nalish-lan6uaae nublication,
road:; an 'ollowst B.r, -~uzsell L'ho '.uotralasian "n,-in-er
7, Iv 1553-
Card 3/5

GALUR. Tu.A.; FAIMAHINA, N.V.
Microscopic wthod of deteraining decarbonization in tool stools.
Zav.lab. 26 no-33307-310 16o. (MIRA 13'6)
1. Yessayusnyy nauchao-Issledovatellekly instrumntallnyy Institut.
(Steel alloys--intollography)
(Carbon)

MUSE I BOOK En"WITATICK SOV/5874
Geller, fully Aleksandrovich
Instrumentalinyye stall (Tool Steels).2d ed., rev. Moscow, Metallufglzdat, 1961.
510 V. Errata slip Inserted. 9300 copies printed.
Ed. of PAllshing Howe: SA, Unger; Tech. Ed.: M.K. Attopovich.
M?PXE: Ibis book Is intended for technical personnel and may also be useful
to till.,Aents at schools of higher technical education.
CoVEPAGZ: The book revieve the basic principles of &lloying tool steels and
dW,.unses their composition, structure, and beat treatmenc.. Carbon and alloy
tool nteelst high-speed steels, cold- and hot-work the steels, and messurlag-
tool steels art considered. londitions of hot working and thermochemical
treaA,mant for im-,roving tool-steel properties are discuesed, and methods for
deto-mining the structurt and proprties of these steels are reviewed. No
personalities &re mentioned. There are 470 references, mostly Soviet.

S/137/16 1/1000/"010/032/056
A006/A101
AUTHOR: seller, Yu.A,
TITLEs High-speed steels of raised efflolency
pMaODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Notallurg!ya, no. 10, 1961, 13, abstract
10195 (V ob. "VysokctprQizvodit. rezhushohiy instrument", 14"oow,,
~ashigz, 1961, 7 - 21)*,
TEM This Is a review. The most effeat1ve means of improving the proper-
ties of highospeed steels to the 4loying with Co and a higher V content. The
-aithor describes Co and high-Vstoels used In -~ha USA and the Federal German Re-
p4blio. GOST 5952-59 contains 3 groups of high-apsed steeli 1) on 18% W base-
grade P18-02 (R18F2) and P1892K5 (Rl8F2K5),- 2) on 9 - 10% W base - grades
P905 (RM), P96295 (R9F2X5), P902KIO f,R9F'?-KlO) and PlO*5K5 (RlOF5K5);
3) on 14% W base- grade P14f 4 (R14F4). The oheirical composition and heat treat-
ing conditions of these steels are given, their technological and operational
properties are described and recommendations are given an to their use. There
are 14 references. T. Podorova
rAbstracter's note: Complete translation)
Card 1/1

'311 37/6V000/002/088/1 1~ ti
A0601A 10 1
Geller. Yu. A., Fadyushtna. M. N.
T=.i.F Pttermination of residual austenite by the magneto-metallogrirhlc
t h(A
f,~ -V P,!~ferM,fvnyy 7hurnal. 16'etallurglya, no. P. V412. *70. absfrAct 2,-'47.
(V rb. "PetMIkA I prnktika ".Wlogr, issled. Instrim. stall",
Mo!7~row. Mashglz, V)61, h1t-50)
,4FX-. !he magneto-metallographic method proposed by th~- authors m4ke:~ it
possit-lo to establish the presence of residual austenite by examination of
!~-v-lrions under a mJcroscope and to determIne the distribution of residual
a,jst,~nlte In the structure. Tbe magneto- etallographic method was checked by
ttstirg the steelr.XSr. 9XC. P9, &ndPm18 (,hV,. qKhS. R9. and R181). It Is
shown that the results of the magneto-metallographic method coincide with the
fintl obtained by the magnetic X-ray structure analyses. The magneto-metallo-
griphic method possesses a high sensitivity and is very expedient for determining
the residual auster.1te In a multiphase alloy, and Is also convenient for control-
ling the tempering of high-speed steel. 1, Nikitina
FAbstracter's note: Complete translation]
(ard 1/1

A0601AI01
AUTHOR: _~,Pller, Yu. A.
Tiri,F MetalloAraphic methods of determining the decarbonized layer
PER! O:j N'AL; Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurglya, no. 2, 1962, *10, ftbstrect 21473
(V sb. "Metodika I prakt1ka metaUgr. lasled. Instrum. stall",
Moscow, Mashgiz, 1961, 51-53)
AEXT. To determine the decarbonization of hypereutectoid ledeburite tool
steels three metallographic methods are recommended, based upon differing
principles. These methods of determining the decarbonization are based upon the
difference in the duration and the temperature of transformation of supercooled
austenite as a function of the carbon content. Thus, for high-speed steels a
method is proposed, based upon the difference In the temperatures of the beginnirg
of the marten3itic transformation of the supercooled austenlte In the decarbonized
Iavor and the core. The method recommended for hypereutectoid alloy steels Is
t)ased upon the difference In the stability of the supercooled austenite In the
Intermediate region. It Is the simplest one for this group of steels. The
third method is applicable to many tool steels and is based upon the deterninaticn
Card 1/2

3/1 37/62/C,00/G02/0Xj/ 144
Metallographic methods of determining ... Ao6o/Aioi
r,f tht~ de-arbonizatton from the difference of the stability of the supercooled
A~v.t,onit.o In the penrlite roglor) As A funotton of tho C content. Pi" thrpo
metho(is ituncated for daterminIng the decarbonizatlon cAnnot be applied to
carbon tool-steel on account of the lowered stability of the supercooled austerdt-e-
In them. For those steels the decarbonizationis determined at the present time
from the reduced number of excess carbides in the structure of annealed steels
which Is not precise.
M. Rabinovich
(Abstracter's note: Complete translation]
Card 2/2

S1 1371621000100210 95
A060/A 10 1
AUTHOR- Geller, Yu. A.
T17LE. Determining decarbonization in high-speed 3teel from the temper3t.-Ire
of martensitic transformation
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, no. 2, 1962, 71. abstract 2!478
(V eb. "Metodika I praktika metallogr. Issled. instrum. stall".
Moscow, Mashgiz'. 1961, 54-55)
TEXT: The article cites treatment achedules for determining the decartonLz-
ed layer in high-speed steel and high-chrome steel by the method of V. D.
Sadovskly. (See "Zavodskaya laboratorlya". 1934. no. 6).
M. Rabinovich
lftrtracter'a note; Complete translation]
Card 11/1

S11 37/62/000/002/09,,
A0601AI01
AUTHORS: Geller, Yu. A., Padyushina, M. N.
71TLE.~ Determining decarbonization In alloy steel from intermediate tran--
fomation
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurglya, no. 2, 1962, 71. abstract 21474
(V ab. "Metodika I praktika metallogr. Issled. instrum. stali".
Moscow, MashgIz, 1961, 60-65)
TEXA A description is given of the comparative determination of the thick-
ness of the decarbonized layer using three methods - the method of chemical
aralysts, the method of V. D. Sadovskly, and the method of A. A. Popov and M. S.
I4t,'s Mlkhalev, carried out in order to estimate the precision of the last mentioned
method and the feasibility of its application to tool steels. The steel grades
Y112, Y 11XB, X , gxc, xBr, 95xrcB, and 8C.SM(U12, U11KhV, Kh, qKhS, KhVG,
95KWjSV, and 8SVM) were investigated. The specimens had a cross-sectlon 9 x 8mm.
All the steels to be decarbonized were soaked in a hydrogen stream at qDD C-
in order to obtain the Initial structure the svecimens were annealed at 780 C
for 4 hours. Then the specimens were heated up In a reducing vat and cooled to
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3/1 2-V6 2/000/014/007/020
AOO4/A1O1
AUTHOR3: Malinkina, Ye. I., Gellei, Yu. A., Loma)dn, V. N.
TITLE: Hardenability of alloyed steel
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Mashinostroyeniye,- no. 14, 1962, 27, abstract
14B151 (In collections "Metodika I praktika metallogr. issled.
instrum. stall". Moscow, Mashgiz, 1961, 94 - 108)
TEXT.- The authors present the results of Investigating the possibility of
using the face hardening method to determine the hardenability of alloyed tool
steel, and also nomograms for the conversion of the hardenability obtained on
face samples into the hardenability of cylindrical opecimer:s subjected to volu-
metric hardening with oil-quenching at 200C and in hot media. The steel grades
9 XC (91W), XBr (KhVG) and X (Kh) were investigated. It war. fourvi that the
face hardening method is fully applicable. for determining the hardenability of
alloyed tool steel. The nomograms for determining the hardenability, plotted
for the case of quenching in oil and in molten salts, make it possible according
to the given face test, to determine the hardness in the center and in any spot
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S/123/62/000/014/007/02C)
Hardenability of alloyed steel A004/A101
of the specimen cross section of any diameter, the magnitude of the critical
diameter and thickness of the hardened layer on specimens of any diameter, and
also the necessary hardenability depth according to the face test, in order t)
obtain the required depth of the hardened layer and the required core hardness
on components of a given diameter. There are 12 figures.
V/
E. Spivak
(Abstracter's notes. Complete translation]
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GELLER Yu, A.; NWINEV L.S.1 OLESOVAI TS.L.
9
Rapid eteel with reduced carbide heterogeneity. Metalloved. i
term. obr. met. no.6t25-35 Je 161. (MIRA 14:6)
.1.
1. Voesoyuznyy nauchno-iseledovatellskiy instrumentallnyy instit4t.
(Tool steel--Metallography)

S/148/61/000/009/010/012
9.193/E383
AUTHORS: Kremnev, L.S. and Geller, Yu.A.
TITLE: The effect of small additions of titanium and
nitrogen on the properties of high-speed cutting steel
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysehikh uchobnykh zavedeniy, Chernaya
metallurgiya, no. 9, 1961, 129 - 137
TEXT: The main problem in Ooduding the standard F1% (R18)
and p9 (R9) high-speed cattlag steels is to attain uniform
distribution of carbidemon irhich the uniformity of the grain
size depends. Satisfactory distribution of carbides can be
ensured by reducing the tungsten and chromium content so as
to reduce the proportion of free carbides without decreasing
the quantity of theme elements In the solid solution. Steels
of this type, however, show a tendency to excessive grain
growth. This effect can be prevented by increasing the V content
to 2 - 2-5%; in this case, however, steel becomes difficult to
grind, which causes considerable difficulties in the fabrication
of tools of complex shape. The object of the present investi-
gation was to study the possibility of overcoming these
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The effect of ....
s/i48/61/000/009/010/012
9193/9383
difficulties by the add*tion of elements which would inhibit
grain growth of steel during pro-hardening heating without
increasing the free-carbide. content. Ti (a carbide-forming
element) and N, which forms stable nitrides, were used for
this purpose. The chemical analysis of the experimental alloys
is given in a table. The maximum quantity of N was 0.01 - 0.02
0-03%. Several conclusions were reached.
1) Addition of 0.1 - 0.2% T1 or 0.02 - 0.03% N with 0.1 - 0.2%
Al inhibits grain growth of medium-tungsten content, high-speed
cutting ste#l, decreases its sensitivity to overheating and
increases its strength.
2) The effect of Ti as a grain refining and strengthening
addition is more pronounced that that of nitrogen. In Fig. 3,
conotructea for specimens quenched from various temperatures
and tempered (three times) for I hour at 550 OC, the bending
,strength (o, , kg/mm2) in plotted against the quenghingtemperature
(OC), Curves 2 and 1 relating, respectively, to steel without
Ti and with 0.26% Ti. In fig. 7 (constructed for similarly
heat-treated specimens) (Y in plotted against the quenching
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S/148/61/000/009/010/012
The effect of .... L'193/E383
temperature (0C), Curves 1 and 2 relating, respoctivoly, to
steel containing Ti and N additions.
3) The proportion of residual aumtenite unaffected by addition
of N is decreased by the addition of Ti to an extent,
illustrated in Fig. 4a, where the proportion of residual
austenite (A, %) in plotted against the hardness temperature
(00 for steel containing 3% Cr and no Ti (top curve), steel
with 3% Cr and 0.26% Ti (dotted curve with an inflebtion point),
steel with 2.68% Cr and no T1 (horizontal dotted curve) and
steel with 2.67% Cr and 0.169'a Ti (bottom curve).
4) The quantity of residual austenite in a hardened-steel
depends not only on the composition of austenite but also on
its grain size attained during heating prior to hardening. With
increasing grain size the stability of austenite increases and
so does the quantity of residual austenite. It is for this
reason that the proportion of residual austenite is reduced
in the presence of Ti but is not affected by additions of N.
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S/148/61/000/009/010/012
The effect of .... E193/R383
There are 11 figures, 1 table and 5 references: 4 Soviet-bloc
and 1 non-Soviet-bloc. The English-language reference in:
Ref. 4 - A. Carter, Journal Iron and Steel Inst., 83, 11, 1955.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy stankoinstrumentalltiyy institut
(Moscow Machine and Instrument Institute)
SUBMITTED: FebruarY 3, 1961
Card 4,%'~
PPOPIP
5/10/61/000/011- /OjO/Oj.B
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of
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8 'jjj.W1h tic 1961., , ,Pr( be cbr ~5t'c)
ct1ttj.0S .4y 5 5 bars all T to Ij
.j.ves tt)fa jL" steel.. e
a t C rom e e ne rtknI& "Ide ns.
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C OEM

The effect of chromium ... S/148/61/ooo/oll/olo/018
EIII/E480
authors investigated steels with 3.63 to 18% W, up to 4.2% Cr,
0.72 to 0.88% c and 1.0 to 1-7% V. These were induction melted,
cast into 12 kg ingots and forged into 12 x 12 mm bars. After
various heat treatments, phase analysis, solid-solution analysis,
hardness measurements and determination of cutting properties and
carbide distribution were carried out, The authors draw the
following conclusions. In high-speed steel, chromium affects
various transformations taking place during hardening and heat
treatment, its influence is therefore very complex. Its main
effect is on high-temperature transformations preceding quenching.
As it is present in the form of a complex tungsten carbide, it
lowers the solubility of this carbide in the austenite; the
higher the chromium content in the carbide (and therefore in the
steel), the greater the effect. Steels with less than 8 to 10%/
tungsten, in which grain growth begins at lower temperatures,
require more chromium to obtain saturation of the solid solution
with tungsten while keeping the grain small. The tungsten
carbides precipitated on tempering form in larger quantities at
lower temperatures and also coagulate at a :~,omewhat reduced
heating temperature if they contain more chr---ium. It is for
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5/148/61/000/011/olo/oi8
The effect of chromium EIII/E480
this reason that, in steels with up to 8 -10% W, the secondary
hardness is raised but red hardness is reduced by chromium.
Chromium hinders the transformation of the complex tungsten
carbide into the simpler one insoluble in austenite. However, it
increases carbide heterogeneity in steel with a higher carbide
content (move tungsten) and this Impairs strength. At the same
time, chromium improves hardenability because it promotes a fuller
solution of tungsten carbides and the formation of chromium
carbides which go into solid solution on heating to 1100- 115011C.
For improving the properties of high-speed cutting steel, the
chromium content should be fixed in relation to that of tungsten.
With up to 10% W, about 4% Cr is required to saturate the solid
s~olution at lower temperatures, thus keeping the grains small, and to
obtain a high secondary hardness. In steels containing over
10 to 12% W, the chromium content should be reduced to 3% in order
to retain a fine grain size on high-temperature heating and to
reduce carbide heterogeneity, increase strength and red hardness.
There are 8 figures, 2 tables and 11 referenceA; 8 Soviet-bloc and
3 non-Soviet-bloc. The two references to English language
publications read as follows: Ref.l: P. Malkiewiez. Journ. Iron
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S/148/61/000/011/010/oiB
The effect of chromium ... Elll/E48o
and Steel Inst., v.193, 1959, 1; Ref.8: as quoted in text.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy stanko-instrumentallnyy institut
(Moscow Institute of Machine Tools and Instruments)
SUBMITTED: April 4, 1961
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