SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT GINZBURG, V. - GINZBURG, V.

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• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

4KUTHOR GINUM, V.L. 53-la-7/18
TiTLE Satellites for the Purpose of the Verification
of.the General Relativity
(ItpolIzovaniye iBk:usstvennykh sputnikov zemli dlya proverki obshchey te-
orii otnosit,,811nosti. Russian)
PERIODICAL Uspekhi. Fiz. Nauk, 1957, Vol 63, Nr la, pp 119 - 122 (U.S.S.R.)
ABSTRACT The author at first gives a short survey of the present stage of the
problem of the experimental verification of the general relativity. The
perihelion displacement,%the gravitational displacement of the spectral
lines, and the deflection of light rays by a field of gravitation are
discussed in short. The effdcts predicted by the theory were observed,
but in spite of this additional confirmations of the theory would be
desirable. The astronomical methods used up to now have not yet been
fully exploited. New ways, however, have to be found which permit a
more rapid and more exact verification. Some possibilities in this di-
rection are offered by making use of artificial satellites.
The perigee of an artificial satellite will be displaced just like the
perihelion of the planets. The displacement of the perigee is, however,
considerably greater than even is the case of the planet Mercury, and
attains values of about 1500 11 per century for satellites near the
Car4404_ earth. This effect increases the ner er the satellite is to the earth.

53-1a-7/18
The Uee of Artificial Satellites for the Purpose of the Verification
of the General Relativity
The orbit of such earth-near satellites can be determined far more
accurately than the orbit elements of the planet Mercury and the rela-
Uyistic effect can apparently be observed without difficulties, On the
other hand, however, the orbit of the satellite, even if the relativi-
stic effects are neglected entirely, is not exactly elliptical because
the air resistance in the ionosphere, the nonspherical distribution of
the masses on the earth, and perturbation by other celestial bodies,
especially the moon, act upon the motion of the satellite. Perturbation
by the moort can easily be taken into account, but not the other influ-
ences mentioned here. It is not yet possible to say whether the orbit
of an artificial satellite may, for the purpose of verifying the rela-
tivistic effects, be predetermined with sufficient exactitude. V.L.
GINZBURG, however, has no doubt as to the existence of such a possibili-
ty and also points out an effect of the general relativity which, in
principle, W be observed by studying the orbit of the satellite. An
additional perihelion displacement of the satellite and the motion of
the nods of' the satellite's orbit is concerned, which may be caused by
the revolution of the earth. This very interesting effect of the general
Card 2-111 relativity attains 50 " during a century for artificial satellites and

53-la-7/18
The Ves of Artificial SatsUlte for the Purpose of the Verfication
Of * the GiMl!&l 16latiVitY 4
is theroforio of the saw order of magnitude as the entire relativistic
effect in the oass of the planet Mercury. This rev*tion effect, with
& sufficianUy high accuracy of measurement$ could be separated from
the total effecto The artificial satellite may also be used for measuring
the ehiftir% of the frequencies within the radar domain,which are due
to gravitation, Within the domain of visible frequencies such observa.
tiona are not yet possible, and in the case of satellites near the earth
(hev BW km) not even in the-radar domain. For satellites near the earth
even the quadratic Doppler effect is greater than the shifting of fre-
quency due to gravitation, and thial of course, applies to a higher ex..
tent to the linear Doppler effect. Thereftre satellites Are necessary
for the purpose of the veritioation of frequency shifts due to gravita-
tion, which mist be sufficiently far from the earth (h X q ), Perhapa,
however$ this will also be possible for satellites which Os nearer to
the earth.
Thusi the uae of artificial satellites offer very attraotive posaibili-
ties for a further examination of the general relativity, (No illustra-
Card 30 tions)s

53-_1a-1c/!8
AUTHOR VERWV, S.N,l GIN ZBURG, V.L.p KURNOSOVA, L.V., RAZORENOV~ L.A.,
FRADKIN, u. I.
TITLE The Investigation of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radiation
(IaeledovanVe Bostava pervichnogo kosmicheskogo izlucheniya. Russian)
PERIODICAL Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, 1957, Vol 63, Nr la, PP 131 - Nr 1b ;p 148 (M.S.R.)
ABSTRACT According to the data available at present, cosinic radiation consists
of protons, &-particles and, to a far less extent, of heavy nuclei.
The distribution of the nuclei with Z > 2 has as yet not been investi-
gated sufficiently well and also other problems are still to be solved.
Rockets are not suited for such measurements because their time of flight
outside the atmosphere iB too short. By means of artificial earth satel-
lites, however, the necessary statistical material for the investigation
of rarely occurring heavy nuclei can be obtained. One of the moat im-
portant problems concerns the numerical ratio between the currents of
the light nuclei Li,.Be, B and the nuclei 0, N, 0, F. By experimental
determination of this ratio the various theories concerning the creation
of cosmic radiation can be confirmed or rejected, If the particles of
the cosmic radiation in the clouds of the supernovae are accelerated,
a value.> 01,1 is obtained for the ratio (Li, Be, 3) / (C, N, 0,, F). In
the case of this theory the ratio can also be somewhat higher, 'but never
.lower than 0,1. The data at present obtained for this ratio contradict
Card 1/4 each other, The problem whether or not nuclei with Z > 30 exist in cos-

53-' 'a-91"
The,lnvestigation.of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radia't'i"on
mio radiation can also be solved by means of artificial earth satellites,
The existence of such nuclei in cosmic radiation would, on account of
its large interaction orose section and the short range in the inter-
stellar spaoe, indicate an exceptionally large amount of heavy elements
existing in the sources of cosmic radiation.
The exparimontal data on the comasition of primary radiation:
Mi-r"i'sus or the experiments carried out in 195? - 1953 have already
been published in form of a collection of articles. The respective re-
sults obtained within the last years have been compiled in two tables.
The importance of the geographical location of the place of observation
in the case of equal geomagnetic latitude is pointed out. From the point
of view of determining the anergy spectrum of the YariouB nuclear groups
in primary cosmic radiationy with the help of artificial earth ;atelli-
tea afford great possibilities, because in this way the intensity of
the fl:uxes of the particles with various energies (even at different
widths) can be determined by means of the sarre devices. This, naturally,
will consideribly increase the reliability of the data obtained con-
cerning the ehergy spectrum of the primary nucleie One of the most in-
Card 2/4 teresting problems of primary cosmic radiation is the determination of

,ation of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radiation
The Investig
the amount of' the nuclei of the group LI,. Be$ B.
The experinontal method for the stuU of the charge spectrum of nuclei
in primary cosmic radiation. Such methods are of advantage as do not
discriminate the partieNs-with respect to their charge and mass. The
use of particle counters in the case of which, on the occasion of the
passage of' a-particle, the produced pulse depends upon the charge of
the particlia, forms part of this method, The application of such devices
to an artificial earth satellite is, besides, of advantage in-ao-far as
the measured data can be telegTaphed to the earth. The disadvantages of
methods which are based upon the ionization of a medium by rapidly char-
ged particles, are enumerated. The CHEREKOV counter is free from such
disadvantages. The conditions to be fulfilled when measuring by this
method, are enumerated. The apparatus is disdussed on the basis rif a
drawing. Durinj the time of observation of one week about 1000 nuclei
with Z > 6 cm, 7000 a-particles and a corresponding number of Li-, Be-
and B-nuclei can be registered. For the experiments it is intended to
register the differential spectrum of the nuclei with respect to Z in
the interval from the a-particle up to oxygen. Such a method is reallze-
able only if the device L9 able to solve every peak belonging to the
C al'(I 3A various values of Z, The use of artifi~Aal satellittles offers n-P w -r. 9

The layestigation of to'l& CjmpoSit,'-,)r1 :,i le., lr,ary Cosmi .1-,, -;;,r i-n
bilities for the i'll'uStigatlon of t.he primary radlat,4-1, v1%.
mea,-w,ing of' the primary proton flu)(, explaining cf the part i,11-1yed by
the "albedc," of the atmosphere of the earth, the de term tnat-ton ?f thvk
lower limit of the elartron-po-,itxon components, the stuJy i~r the inte'r-
antion of the primary parti,~Ies with matter and the variations with re.-
spect to Live )f intensity. (With 7 4.1bistrations and 1~, t&ble.4).
ASSOCIATION Not r-Jven
PRESENTM BY
SUBMITTM
AVAIUBLE Library of Congress
Card V4

GDIZBURG, V.L., VLT40V, S.M., KUTOGOVA, L.V., BVVORLIENOV, L.A., FILUKIN, M.I.
"Invest I pt icin of the COMPOSitiOl'i in Primary Cogmic ?mys," IJi3pekhi
FizichinfliJkli floult, Vol- 63, 140- I-L", 1). 190, -'fl,tVmbc-'- 1'1-~57-
S
1
0: JPRS Peport No.

GIIIZBtg',G, V.L.
"Inie Use of ArtJ.fJcial.
General Relativity Theory,"
1-2, p. 175, 5eptember 1957.
Earth 3atallites for the Purpose of Proving
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh I'lauk, VC1. 63, No.
SD: JIIRS Report No. J'~'l

FWZ I BOOM !MPLDITAITION SOV/-5494
V
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VasJ2-yev. Kikhail TaLall-revi.h, and 5argay Zjk~haj-lleh CU2hChev
Amporta2h im 30t1 yeks, my z.pisall rL33k=y dya:ltsmti dev7ati
NoretSkIkh wherykh c nauk. I t. xhr.-.,Ie bQl~;Ihz?~-40 (Rvporta
t
Proa the Twenty-First C*nt-=7; St~rie3 or -m~ntr-!U~5 Soviet
Scientists an S-1-ce and rr---.-.2er.-nG of the
lzd-vo Sovetskaya Romelya, 1958. 243 p. 50,0c~-' copl~ 3P.-Intel.
X4.1 V. A. Oolubkova; Tach. Ed.t 0. 1. X!07sva.
r=MS3 ; This "0k is Inttnied for the Ccneral r-~a4Gr.
CC-.--t-'4Mt The book contzl= 27 artio-,*s (to.! t7
Soviet eclenti3ta) d,!&Jtrg With p.-c--Nt !a f--'u~- I n
physics, che---Istry, elaztritity, r~tmll~;y
mlJMlr,;. medlci-. bio!Q&y, lon,
expic Atteiitlc- is t4:
,mtion or Ap-z-0, =1
automation, i0 czal, u~~
-n or mil fie--17, atz=1z eltctrt- t~:
new metale.tiodernizatIc sti -cns,
the ex;~Iodl.n'
production of =at&l by
Report* Prom the Tw*nty_j'j"t (Ccnt.) 30V/3494
in dam construction, cancer, 1--te=3a
machine dlAZn.le3 lor--lity reserves,
Of lllr*33~3, surgary vs. tr~ltnzrt Ls;- altra-
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are given. There are no references.
TAMX OF CON*TZNTS~
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Cara ~ajq
Reports Fr,. the Tw-tr-.--rnt (Cc,,t.)
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Card Vr

Reports From the Twsnty.-First (Cont.) SOV/5494
Designers of Living Things (A. R. Zhebrakp Professor, Member,
AS BSBRI 109
THE AGS OF RADIO
The Second Pifty Years in the Life of Radio [V. A. Kotellnikov',
Aaademician] 121
The Revplution In Intellectual Work Has Begun (S. A. Lebedev
Academician, Head of Institut toohnoy makhaniki i vyohislitsith-q
tekhniki -- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computing
Technique., AS USSR] 129
Man Will Kindle an ArtitLoial Sun (0. 1. Babat, Professor] 135
The Second Window Into the Universe (V. L, Ginzburg, Corre-
sponding Member, AS USSR] 145
Card 5/7

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"Ilio Eol.e of' Surfiice E-riergies in SuporcondActivity,"
'The Theory of Suporfluidity," with L. P. Pitayevakiy
reports submitted but not presented at the Ramerlinul, Omea Conference, Leiden,
Conf. on Lou, Ubtv-emture TTyulu) 1-giden) Jim ~I-jl.
Lebedev Physical Inst, AS tSM
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0,ordivsk, sinall.rlisa.t. l5f5O, pp 59-61
A3MCT. Th- -Lvl- - -t Into ohill tows to the forts; of r1. of I it..
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GIMURG, T.L.; SUMMUMV, T.V.
..................
A'boorption and radiation of electromagnetic waves by a magnetically
active plasma# Ixv.vyq.uoheb.sav.; radlofise 1 no#2:59-65 1580
(Hnu
11)
11.-
1. Issledovatel'skly radtofivicheekly Institut pri GorIkovskom
universitete.
(Radio waves)

06457
AUTHOR: Gin4m
SOV/141-1-5-6-1/28
TITLE: Radio-astronomy and the Origin of Cosmic Rays
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysohikh uchebnykh zave(16hiy, Radiofizika, 1950'
Vol.1, Nr 5-6, pp 3 - 8 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This is a review paper which was first read during the
symposium on radio-astronomy at the conference of the
International Astronomical Union, which took place in
Paris, France, in August, 1958-
It is suggested that the main part of non-thermal cosmic radio
emission has a synchrotron nature and is not generated in
stellar atmospheres. The second problem considered is that
of the mechanism of acceleration in the envelopes of
supernovae and novae and certain other regions of inter-
stellar space. There seems to be no doubt of the effective-
ness of the statistical mechanism in envelopes. However,
a number of important details must still be filled in.
Korchak ot &I (Ref 15) have suggested that the statistical
acceleration of nuclei with Z >2 may become very effective
compared with the acceleration of protons (as far as
Cardl/2 conditions of injection are concerned). This is important

o6167
BOV/141-1-5-6-1/28
Radio-astronomy and the Origin of Cosmic Rays
in connection with the problem of the chemical composition
of cosmic rays (Ref 7). The third problem discussed is
that of the origin of electrons giving the general galactic
radio emission. It is suggested that the material available
at present cannot lead to a definite conclusion as to
whether the electrons are primary or secondary. There are
20 references, of which 10 are Soviet, 8 English and
2 German.
ASSOCIATION: Fizicheskiy institut im. P.N. Lebedeva AN SSSR
(Physics Institute imeni P.N. Lebedev of the Ac.Sc. , USSR)ard
Gorlkovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet (Gorlkiy State
University)
SUBMITTED: June 26, 1958
Card 2/2

0608
SOV/141-1-5-6-2/28
KUTHORS: Ginzburq, V.L. and Zheleznyakov, V.V.
TITLE; of Sporadic Solar Radio Emission
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysshikh uchabnykh zavedeniy, Radiofizika,
1958, Vol 1, Nr 5-6, pp 9 - 16 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This paper was read at the symposium on radio-astronolpy
during the conference of the International Astronomical
Union, which took place in August, 1958 in Moscow.
Possible coherent and incoherent mechanisms of sporadic
solar radio amission in an isotropic and magneto-active
coroaal plasma are considered. The problem has been
considered by the present authors in Refs 1-3 and the
present paper is a slymplary of the results obtained.
'types II and III bursts, which are an important part of
sporadic solar radio emission, are unpolarized or only
weakly polarized. It in suggested that the magnetic
field in the region where these bursts are produced is
very low (poissibly less than 1 Oe). Under these
conditions, 'the plasma may be considered as isotropic
in the first approximation. The presence of frequency
drift and other properties of types II and III burst*
Cardi/4 suggests that they are due to particle streams. In an

06458
SOV/141-1-5-6-2/28
On the Mechanisms of Sporadic Solar Radio Emission
isotropic plasma these streams excite only longitudinal
waves. The e3Listence in the plasma wave of a longitudinal
electric field leads to an instability of the particle
stream in the plasma andas a result, coherent emission of
pLwma waves takes place. Incoherent and coherent
emission of plasma waves takes place simultaneously but
they have different frequency and angillar spectra and
depend on the parameters of the problem ina, different
way. It is argued that noncoherent emission of plasma
waves by particle streams can, in principle, explain the
appearance of type III bursts. It is, however, possible
that idien reabsorption is taken into account in detail,
this mechanista may turn out to be unsuitable. Moreover,
type II bursts cannot be connected with incoherent
emission by particle streams since the particle velocity
is not suitable. Coherent emission of plasma wAves by
particle streams can explain the properties of type III
bursts and very probably also type II bursts. Since
Card2/4 type I bursts are polarized, the analysis can only be

u6L58
SOV/141-1-5-6-2/28
On the Mechanisms of Sporadic Solar Radio Emission
carried out by taking the magnetic field into account.
In this case, the incoherent emission by particle streanis
may be divided. into Cherenkov radiation and synchrotron
radiation. If' reabsorption is taken into account it turns
out that types 1, 11 and III bursts cannot be associated
with synchrotron radiation of electrons. Cherenkov effect
calLnot explain these bursts either. A charged particle
stream moving in a magneto-active plasma is in general
unstable and this leads to the coherent emission of ordinary
and extraordinary waves. If the magnetic field is weak
this coherent emission is pr&ctically identical with the
coherent emisaion of plasma waves. In a stronger field
(greater than 1 Oe), the coherent radiation leaves the corona
predominantly in the form of ordinary waves and hence it
can be associated with type I bursts. In order to produce
the observed type I bursts, the oscillations in the corona
must have an amplitude of abiout 10 V/cm. How such
oscillations are excited is not clear.
Card3/4

c,6 h5 8
SOV/141-1-5-6-2/28
On the Mechanisms of Sporadic Solar Radio Emission
There are 2 figures and 18 references, of which 4 are
English and 14 Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONS: Fizicheskiy institut im. P.N. Lebedeva AN SSSR
(Physics Institute im. P.N. Lebedev of the Ac.Sc.,
Gor1kovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet (Gorlkiy State
University)
SUBMITTED: June 7, 1958
Card 4/4

25-2-2/43
AUTHORt Gin u Corresponding Member, Academy of
Sciences, USSR
TITLE: Artificial Satellites and the Theory of Pelativity (Iskusstven-
nyye sputniki i teoriya otnositellnosti)
PERIODICAL: Nauka i ',hiznl, 1958, ~ 2, p 7-12 (USSR)
ABSTRACTi Vitaliy Lazarevich Ginzburg, Corresponding Member of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, gave a lecture recently on the use of arti-
ficial satellites for the checking of Einstein's general theory
of relativity. This, along with other problems concerning
cosmic space, the atmosphere of the earth,etc., will be solved
with the help of artificial satellites.
The author deals with three effects of the general theory
of relativity which can be observed in our solar system:
1. Deviations in the movements of planetal
2. the deflection of rays of light, and
3, gravitational change in the frequency of spectral lines.
In general, the above aspects of the theory of relativity are
borne out by the usudl methods of astronomical observation,
Card 112 however,'there are still inaccuracies in measurement.

f I .
Artificial Satellites and the Theory of Relativity 25-2-2/43
There are five sketches.
ASSOCIATION: Akademiya nauk SSSH (Academy of Sciences of the USSR)
AVAIIABIE: Ubrar7 of Congress
Card 2/2

AUTHOR: Ginzbur&, V_,_L. SOV/126-6-6-4/25
TITLE: Role of Surface Energy in Superconductivity (Rol' poverkh-
nostnoy energii v yavlenii sverkhprovodimosti)
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedeniye, 195D, Vol 6, Nr
pp 994-998 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The author deals with properbies of massive samples. At
H -. 0 ~md fke~'H41%. 2 2 = const., and Lnnd_nS' equat-
1! 00
ion is obeyed. Here, H is the magnetic field, H Yllyk is
the critical field for a massive sample, ~Is are electron
wave-functions. At higher fields spatial non-uniformity of
y, becomes important and this leads to the appearance of
additional energy with density:
2 2 2
h 2
HSx 6 r%
2m.
where (p0 h is Planck's constant, m is the
Card 1/3
1 ,

Role of 3urface Energy in Superconductivi~y
SOV/126-6-6-4/25
electron mass, 6 is t!~g_depth ~f penetration of a weak
magnetic field anR K . N2 A~m 60/hc , e is the electron
charge, c is the velocity of li,-,ht. This energy is called
surface energy in superconductivity. Its appearance is al-
ways connected with a boundary of a superconducting phase
with either vacuum or normal phase. No other surface energy
need be considered in the theory of superconductuivizy, For
a massive metal, this surface ener-y density is necessary to
find the value of ans 1 which is the surface enorgy of -a
boundary between superconducting and normal phases, The
value of ans is required in determination of the limits
of supercooling and superheating (i.e. fields HK1 and H ~t2)
and in determination of the dependence of the depth of pene-
tration 6 on the magnetic field intensity. The author
dismses Yn detail calculation of H Ki and 11. :) as well as
6H I He compares the calculated values with experimental
data -and concludes that the theory does nor, con-Uradict the
experiment. Further studies of the effect of surface energy
in superconductivity require fuller eMT)irical data, The
Card 2/3

SOV/126-6-6-4/25
Role of Surface Ener3-y in Superconductivity
paper is entirely theoretical. There are 2 tables and 18
references, 9 of which are Soviet, 8 English and 1 German,
ASSOCIATIO14; Fizicheskiy institut imeni P.N, Le-bedeva Ali SO"SR
(Ph~ysics Institute imeni P. W. Lebedev.., Academy of Sciences
USSR)
SUB14ITTED: June 28, 1958~
Card 3/3

A U Til'-R: Ginzburg, V. L, , Corresponding Member A t;ie Icademy of
Scl*z~'r6ei ,--
E Answers to ",uestions ((-tvoty ra vcTroiv~, ~'Tiire Travsl
Pcs~iible (Vozrozhno Ii nil On:
"D7CALi I'lauka i zhiznl, N~r 7, 7"
A;J~'T"CT: Eeforring to a precedirF arti:,,-',, by th(: a~-t!-.or ~-n t'-.~
stein theory of rc~lFitivity., one roiler asks :n c.
trrivels" .)re possible, Th,~ aut~;:cr afi:iiis the
poSsibility, but positive2v i.-Ies :t, prqctical reali:a-
tion,
1. Time-Theory
Card 1/1

SOV-26-58-8-1/51
AUTHORS: _QjUzbnzg4_Y_.jL_._, Associate Yember of the USSR Academy of Scien-
cesj Fradkin, V.I., Candidate of Physico.-Mathematical Sciences
TITLE: The Origin of Cosmic Rays (Proiakhozhdeniye kosmicheskikh
luchey)
PERIODICAL: Priroda, 1958, Nr 8, pp 3-12 (U33R)
ABSTRAM Cosmic rays were discovered more than 40 years ago, but radio-
astronomical data permitted conclusions on their origin onl
1
0 ev
it 1950-1953. Primary cosmic rays have an energy of 109-10
with 4 small percentage reaching 1015-1018 ev. The primary
rays collide with the molecules of the atmosphere and form
the secondary rays which consist of mesons, electrons, and
photons. The primary rays can be observed at altitudes of
20 - 30 km by means of balloons, at 1.00 km by rockets, and
at higher altitudes by artifi2ial satellites. The intensity
of the rays depends on the geomagnetic latitude. This lati-
tude effect indicates that the nosmic rays consist of charged
particles. The distribution of the particles according to
energies (the energy spectrum) shows that the higher the
energy, the lower the number of particles (Figure 1). The
Card 1/4 principal part of the primary rays is made up of protons.

The Urigin of Cosmic Rays
sov-26-58-8-1151
Their Intenoity for particles with an energy higher than
1.4 - 109 ev is equal to 1 proton per OM2/sec. In the primary
cosmic rays are also heavier particles: like the nuclei of
helium, carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron, etc. The relative
oomposItion of the primary rays Im given in Table 1. Eleo-
trons, positrons, and photons, could not yet be detected in
the primary rays. The place of origin of the cosmic radi-
ation in investigated by means of radioactronomy. The radi-
ation of the Galaxy in the radio wave2ongthe in a general
radiation and radiation of single sources. These cosmic radic
waves are due to the radiation of relativistio electrons which
move in interstellar magnetic fields. In interetellar space,
magnetic fields are present with lo-15-10-6 oersted. Elec-
trons whi ch move with an energy of 108-109 ev in this field
emit a radiation in the radlo wave length. The power of the
magnetic field changes with the activity of the sun spots.
The emitted radiation deareasse the energy of the electrons.
The energy of the particles with high energy changes to a
greater degree than that of particles with low energy. The
Galaxy is surrounded by a "corona" which emits radic waves.
This may be observed in the nebula M31 in the Andromeda con-
Card 2/4 stellation which is in many respects similar to our own Ga-

The Origin of Cosmic flays
; " ) V - ~ 6 - 1) 1 - Fj - I / 1, 1
laxy. The radio waves arn emitted ~y ,in area which is cor.-
aiderably groater than the ~.-_rpa (7_4ruro 3) and ha-~ the
form of a spheroid, rhoroti:; th- ;Foul:, _~3 cpl~ 'cal 1,' , a flat
disc. In our Galaxy, the arou by cosmic rlty3 has a
rudiu3 of 50,000 li-Cht years. 'ho :,p,ic-) is f'i:ied by inter-
stellar gas with a concentr:--ticn. of %1,;2 - 0.05 particles per
cm3, In soml "clouds" It ti concentration of 10 part-
iclas per cm . In C0114 8-' -,;j t~
t~i is, e proTons lose
enerdy and form mesons. '.qhe f-.,-,--ion of lic-avy nuclei leads to
the formation of Li, ~e, and 2 puclei, the concontration of
which near the earth's surfac- su7pli.-s ir,"ormation on the
number of collisions at hi,~~:er v~3cq. The hic;h enerL;y 0i,
the C03MiC particles is explalned by the St!~t4~_tiC mechanism.
4.
If heavy particles with hir,~! -cl-de rith 1~ -ht part-
icles, the 'Latter are accaler~)',~,' '-,- i Transiti-)n of Vlie ener-
gy from -he hea-;y particlas -V: t'l~, 14_--ht cnes. 7'hc- single
radio sources in the univerEE ~-ala-
xies or accumulations of '11;~ r~,diati,~~ns o' these
n,oiircas are caused by relativis'Ic charpee particles movin,7
in the, mai7netic field,_- of tlic, ne nl_Llae. "le -ebulae are the
residue3 of suner-novae. T of -e ele,~trons in
Card 3/4 their magnetic fieldn iz-, I0,! Very -)0 yearzz, a

The Origin of osmic Rays
2(,- 1 1
super-nova ariae3 in thn Ginlax ,nwor the, olf-ctrc,n~,
I ) ~ I , ':11o p!1""
i-oneratcd then reRcliou
3 -
thp elq-~trons for thn
[t can be scen that thp F r eni:;:-,ien is su polied
by the su:,-.er-nova. It -;.-, 'Al-wn t'-e ic n!E;C,
the source of protons --ind nu,21~ i .;:i the rays. 'he
novae, one hundroO of ivh.,-',l al'i SL' .,rar, must also ~)~'
oonnidered an i, sour,~e - o:' k .. -, . ,y7, i:o-;,) r~ and su -,-r -
novwn are a-,cumulat~?d nr~n,1!p.-.,Yt1,r i- - --pnte- ,)f "he "41-
laxy. The cosmic ray:) nrn rc!itti-,:-i~O z)y the chaotically diF-
trih-ated nal.,netic fields, !~, tlnic re-!ch t~e ~~nrth from
all sides. It is Via-1- -~ na-~-T, of the co-,~ic rays,
e3pecially th an ency,r7,y -;f t's ia n 1 C, e. v j i s 0 f Tm ? t a -
ff'jla,-~!ti ~ ori,,,in.
rhere are 2 graphs., 2 reference
1. Cosmic rays-Sources 2. Cosa.-Lc 3. Cosmic --ay';
-Properties 4. Radio
ard 4/4

OnsEuP.G, V. 1'. (4ca(i, Fei, U.'ZR)
InduttrLU
"Is Flight imto Tim PracucaMe?* Journal of Scientific and/Research.
Vol.. 17 A, P. 352, 1958 Cwincil of ~,cientiftc and Ijiclust~Aal i~csoamh, India.

GINDUM, V,L.
~,,
Artificial satellites and the theory of relativity. Nauka I zbIzn'
25 no.2:7-12,16 F '58. (MIRA 110)
1, Chlen-korroirpondont AN SSSR.
(Artificial satellites) (Relativity (Physios))

1VZ 13 u v
AUTHOR: Ginzburg, V. L.
TITLEt On the Ajinihilation and th-, Occurrer.;--,~ of
in a Magnotic Field (0
provodimosti V Magnitnolp. polt!).
- I
PERIODICALt Z11--irnal Eksperj.uEirtal I -zoy ~ T~,
Vol, 34, Nr 1, 113-1.2r,
ABSTRACT: The present paper investig.&tes ti;r f-,.-, the -trite
of superconduotivit.,, into th~,
vice versa in the pre5ence of ;t- arneti--, field, At
the outset the author deals with thr
relationa of supercouductors. CAIA~I lae --i-P given
for the density of the froo encx[q of thc Li;j- -tor. and
a ecnditio!~, is given for the , r' -'n a few
Pure metals the relation k,
0 0 eff
is satisfied and the influence exercised by the constant magnet-
ic field is neglected. The nonlinear effect is in that case
Card 1/3 connected in the most simple manner with the modification of

IOV
0 /56-35-6-37/44
On the Nonlinear lnter~LCUOn of RadiDwaves Propagated in a Plasma
electron velocity, and an expression is also written down for
the corresponding variation of electric conductivity. These
phenomena become a little more complicated if electron veloc-
ity distribution, modulation, etc. are taken into account,
which is, however, not of essential importance for the linear
effect under investigation. In an inhomogeneous isotropic
plasma (and also in a homogeneous magnetically active plasma)
electron concentration (unlike what is the case with an iso-
tropic and homogeneous plasma) depends on radio wave field
strength. An expression for the thereby caused variation of the
radio wave 1 and of a plane wave in a magnetically active
medium is written down. Variation of the electron concentration
AN leads to a proportional variation of the dielectric constant
Elk Of the magnetically active plasma. The nonlinear effect in-
veatigated is linear with respect to field 1, and the combina-
tion frequencies occurring are equal to wt � w. The effect in-
vestigated here is of the same kind as in the case of the scat-
tering of traneverst.1 radio waves on plasma waves in an iBo-
Card 213 tropic medium. The concrete influence exercised by this effect

SOT/56-35-6-37/44
On the Nonlinear Interaction of Radiowaves Propagated in a Plasma
upon the propagation of radio waves in the terrestrial
atmosphere and in the solar corona remains to be investigated.
There are 5 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Fizicheskiy institut im. P.
(Physics Institute imeni P.
Scienaes,IUSSR)
SUBMITTED: August 23, 1958
N. Lebedeva Akademii nauk SSSR
N. Lebedev of the Academy of
Card 3/3

101-, S Ge t m%n ts ev I C . G Slik-I ovsk iy , I. S.
TITLE lia,lionstronorical Inveotirrat ions Witli the Ail of Artificial
Ear')~ Satellites (R,.-:I'~oEisti-onoriclies;:i,;e is~'Iedovaniya a
Fomoghchlyu iaIusstvennykIh sputnil-nv ',emii.)
PERIODTCAL Usrelchi f i zicheskikh nauk, 1:11-,,i I "Ic', 6 57- 1 (,1
(u -13R)
1,` 3 T RA CT Art-l.f.-Icial satellites are of -reat ii-, jrt%nce for ortical-
as well no for radio-astronomy; they ma:i serve ,Is receivin,,,,
s t'itions for near- and far ul travi tile t-, X-r~.N- and far
infrared raliation which, because of alisarption in the
atmo,rphere, loes not reach the ourface of ~ 'he earth, as
well. as for the r.f.-ran:-o -ahere absorntion in the trol-)o-
~q,!,E!rp aml refraction and absorption t',;e ionos-Aiere act
-upon radiation. The authoro first dif3cuss a~.n,.,jrption in the
tropos.'~here (especially in the X < 2 cm ran~-e)l connection
with the effective temperature of' the ra~ir.-ion source,
solar and limar radiation, the influence exercised by the
ionosphere, and several i~rol)lems of a j_~oneral nature; dis-
Card 1/3 cussion is based upon scientific -oiblications -mentioned

6( - 2
Radioa~-tronomicai Investigations With the Aid of Art'~ficialj Earth Satellites
(Refs 1-8). The conditions for it rec(-iving apparatu3 ~ 0~, th 0
rangre 10 cm < 4 < 10 m are then diacussei (T eff , a~ " ,
intensity 1~ - i~~f - xC, 8; With 4 -3 r., T is of the
3 2 off 6 7
order of 10 degrees, at 30 cm < X < 100 m T eff /\j 10 to 10
de(rrees, I, W const; A > 100 m: T eff ~~ 107 clot Irees). The
authors further discuss radio-receivint,
ap i a ra t us or
4 > 100 m very low limiting values of the noise factor(P n'- 2)
tire Atained for coincilence superhelorol,,ne r(,ceivin~, set;-,.
For larl.-,p 4 wire antermae of 3everal 10 m, lenl,--th. wotilri be
11C-Ce~t,Siiry; as this is lmponsilhle in it Si,lutnikl antennae
with ferrite core are used, which can be of verly small
:1 i mens i oris -e - 10 cm, we i ~ ht 30G' The axis of 'lie frame
in parallel to the metal tnirface a!' t'~o Sint!~ik.
of it S,,~utniklq own rotar,,, motion al~io t:ie ,c.,,,,i'ion c,." the
. Lua~--.--ns of tlic- intensity
frane j-ci i:iodified which causes fluc~
of r~qoeptjon. Tt i~3 therefore 'y t~, ':rx-x t~ie orienta-
tion of the frame at every instant, The 1VAl not re-
ceive a rad-iation for whicli it holiq tjiL.t 6(f7ll) = 0 at the
Card 11/3 1,1m:e of reception. If the i,,tagmetic terrestrial field is

r -4-2-1 /q
Radioastrr)non-J'cal Inve~?tf,lations With the Aid OP Artifi"ja Earih SaA~Ilites
ne,c.lected, it holds that
4ne2 11 7
E (f I - - 1 - (1.10
m(2nf)2
li(!ro i!3 the clectron concentration, f '.Itu frequency of 2
Vie midiation recoivel. In inter;1lanotm-,! gilace N-lto 5.10 9
4 "1
El,f) ;;- 0, f > f0 . Q.10 _ 2.10, or X - ~,,,f < Ao = 1.5to 3 kin.
rrhen reasuring f 0 it iC "0133ible 10 tC hCCOI-dilIC
to t'm nforementioned formula. Tlhi2 4ni" -1'1 f. n ~~ e c?,,:erciqel by
the torrestrial field ~Ilvesti-:atiorl, l-,I]t t1lis
influunce i!3 not very conaideralle fo.- rel--tivc-ly fact 1-331~ut-
nikf,. 'I'liere are 11 referonces, 4 of'
Card

20-3-13/59
AUTHOR: Ginzburg, V. L. , Corresponding Aember AN USSR
TITLEt The Critical Current for Superoonducting Films (Kriticheskiy
tok dlya averl-,hprovodyashchikh plenok)
PERIODICALt Doklady AN SSSR, 1958t Vol, 118, Nr 3, PP. 464 - 467 (USSR)
ABSTRACTs If films are used which are laid upon a cylindrical surface#
the determination of the a ritioal current obviously is more
reliable than tbedetermination of thecritical field strengths
Therefore the author here discusses the computation of the
critical current somewhat more exactly than in one of his
previous works (reference 1). The most intgrest deserve thin
films with a thickness of 1 - 10-5 to 10- cm. In case of
application of cylindrical supports with rvl mii diameter
such films can be supposed to be plane and the cylindrical
configuration of the film must be considered only in case of
the boundary conditions for the field. First the equations
for the de rmination of the function Y and of the vector
potential Y are written down . Then a condition fo#the boun-
Card 112 daries of the field is given. The complete current flows in

The Critical Current for Superconducting Films
20-3-13/59
the direction of the cylinder axis and in the same direction
an outside field can be applied ao well. In the inside ou-,--
face of the cylindrical film the fidd strength of the Md,
which is caused-by the current, is equal to zero. For Vic
field st4ength h in the film and for the correspondini- po-
tential a terms are written down. The critical field strength
of the field induced by the current can Is ascertained from
an equation given here. The transition into the normal state
has under certain conditions the character of a aecond order
transition. There are 2 figures, and 4 references, all of
which are Slavic.
ASSOCIATIONt Physical Institute imeni P, No Lebedev AN USSR
(Fizicheakiy institut im. P. No Lebedeva Akademii nauk SSSR)
SUBMITTEDi October 31, 1957
AVAILABLEs Library of Congress
Card 2/2

AMKYAN, Levon Malkonovichi-GINZBURG V L red.; URIBYAN, G.M.,
w ,
kand.fiz.-mnt.nauk, re .: if # L.A., takhn.rod.
[Works on thODretical physics] Raboty po tooreticheBkol Mike.
Pod red. V.L.Ginzburga i G.M.Garibiana. Erevan, Izd-vo AkBd.
nauk Armlanskoi SSR, 1959. 74 p. (KIRA 12:12)
1. Chlon-korrespondent AN SM (for Ginzburg).
(Physics)

GIfISMRUG, V.L.
"CEPTAIN ASPECTS OF COTUC PAY ORJr-JN THBORY"
V.L. GinsburF
1,
Certain aspects of the tlieory of cosmic ray origin are discussed in Ue light of
the works which apt;eared since the Varennn conference.
report presented at the International Cosmic hay Conference, Noscow 6-11 July 1959

FRABI I B= Z=rWZTATION S*V/3'4a5
soveahchoal7a po voproomm, koo,*cgunil. 6th, Moscow. 1957
Vn44Pl*k%1Cft*akayA Astronomlya I koa~10617,*: tudy "VeshchanlY9
=regale to Astronomy and Cc~logy; Transactlo~.& or the btft
f CL -T, !~,5T) PLoscow, AN
.r'*nC* Problems CC COGmgonY. June 5
3533, 1959. 273 P. Arrotm slIP Inserted. copies Printed.
SPOONOrIng AgenCyl Ak-dandra auk 3=.
Ed. of Pabll shing Rouse: L.V. Sm"nonko: Tech. Ed. a U.N. 32%ey=h-
ardcol SdItorial Boardt D.A. Bd.) Pro-
fogsorl B.A. Vorantsov-Vollyd_~I"ov, Corrspondlng-Pember.
PVFT=t eia book Is Intended for ast~namara &=d physicists studying
proula,ma of abnoral cc~logy.
CGTXXXU3_ 2h@ book ).a a collection or pa;:.t en eola, c-; --*ad by
scientists r-artl6lpating In a confet.." hetd In 2$--acow on June
5-7, 1957. 2'no papers review r"Onz cbacrvatL~r~_' and theorotleal
work IM extragalactic aotmnomy, gravitatlonal th~ry, theory or
relativity. rod shift, radio astrenc=y, fo-ttion cf chendcal
alimes"t. thermodynalalas of entropy, ;to. No
poroonalitle . ~ mentioned. There are rofei~t*m following
mot of the reports.
Spiral ftlaxT N 101 51
A.Ta. Rellabillty of Observational Data In Xtra-
jpjlAA-I_C X2tr0nOMy To
XT,~,5ovoklj, V.I. and P.V._Sheheglov. Application of tleatronlt-
Vptj~aj )firthb-de to ZAtraZalactle X.tro.-.7 89
tch, V.V. Discrete Sources or Radio Malssi,on (Radio Stara)
for their Study 94
V.riri,s,tih of the 0~_orzl
so 7 or " I* ty (3u=.ey, or Pt.port) 114
SpatlftlA N*n-r1Or-V&tnec,ua Dlstributlo~,s of the
f - It at I C f.rticl.. 116
r-tropic riodels of the unl~gra- 232
Llfshtt3. Y--R- - Gravitational Stability In the Gt~er*l 'TheorY 141
of R&Iatl'Ity (Su--T7 or Report)
rel,=Szor, A_T~ nelativl3tlc Tbeo-7 of ar, Anlectrople Non-
gowgereoua Universe 14%
3bIMko7, Theory or Rod Shift in Spectra of Distant
R. p.
175..
.,Icgy (3,__y of R.P-t) 166
ShXJoys%.ly, -1-3._ Rd1o A3tron.my C..
Ch ~rl,~,t3cr. N.V. C.nl1t..n.DoftP-t'~n or At-'O K~Clel
According to Data on Their Is rlb~t!~n 1~n
D.A. Origin of Ch~,~~Ical Xle-to P~- the
to intof View of the nia-Y of 3tnict-re aX,d Stellar
9.1z I. I"
Y"-F' Pr"bl- r'%Y3-'.. -d Th--
0
d~
f Gravitnting
IdIls. 0.". struct-r-1 I-riity or the mavers, anj th,,,
Jt~tngslaxy an a Typical Populatej Co~.a Syste= (3-
Wary or Report) ZTO
-1.R., Some R~rk. on the Growth or Ertmp3r
3t~.r,ko,l.h, X.P. 0#3 the The.-~dy-n.r-Ic. of' th~ Chl,er- zil)
Xaa=~ U-1- Generftj Pmbler~s or cos~alogy 243
CID

21(0)124(0) PHASE . .00k XxPWrTATT01
Akad*odya nauk WSR. Plzl~f-rklf '13-:1tut
tsbarn*
loslodoveallya po eks peri.%ental'noy I teoratlch*skoy rll~:;
t
(Stud on Raper rhe.-t I"! Fhy.lea; -al, c on ~r
Artlel 2d-vo AN SSSR. 1959: 334 P. Errata slip
Inserted. 2
300 copies printed.
.
Md.: 1. L. Fabolin.kty, Doctor or Physical ~d "Lavle--I~al STI-
atnese; Ed.. or Publishing H use: A. L. Cherny'k ~d V. 0. Mer~~gxut.
ftch. Zd.. Tu. V. Rylina; C~Isol- for Publishing 'ne Collectt,-
1, n
I Plevoory f Origorly. S-Ilo~ h L. d.1b.r!5: 1. Y.. a-
n
Chairsuan Acado,stcia,n; X. A. L-ntovt~h, Ac
(

Doctor 9 tn~vt-_.l scier-':
r a
P. ABazmil~n.
.
S. E.: Knv4ol h.ses, Decto r P -a eel &,nd
1. L.Yxztolin3kly, Doctor cf Ptys'.=a'. &n.1 Matne~3~-_-sl
F. S. or My,'--, -n a
onsatical 3clencos; and 0 P. tule -.h (Secretftry,~, Can_dt.
Physical end Mathaeatlcai Sciences.
PURPOSS- ehta bok is i.t-d'd r~~ =refti't' -d ~2~1~orr_

"." tr
engaged Ln the study of ralist"rs e!.r rz'-
__in investigating t no structure a.nd -Wcaltion of =ter..l..
COVERAGE- The col1*-ctloa c"tains 30 &,rxtcloo which "VI*W
Investigations in pactm. opy -tte.'
o0nductor physic., other brsn~cft.a of'
Physics The Introductory chapter gIve. a
S of
tho Dv;
LsAid abar , Profeesor a,nd M!
%r~7_nt
of 0.
,
Optic of the DMalon or Phya'c&l . hno g7 at -_.. t2ni-
:~
l
6
Wralty. end rv~iana his _rk 1,n R-711.igh ~0.bst
of -tal., te. No a.-
X11".. NPO'Ctral ansly:I:
o
-t 1_.d. R.r."ne* napany seth artl.l*.
Fka-hulln, F. A.,
"'
_
~ -
_
T
_
M
t -
_;
&

-
d
.
Work of 0. S. 17
..
;
.
t' 41
~
;-
ag-j-__ lnveat!43tio~ of -.",a-
~
*a ..
. Activated Dlach-,e jererstor Opere-
tLng Under Conditions or LOs Arc C~rsnta 27
Alsk"n 11h,

r se- Un
0.
10hOzaras On the Basis or a Cca&b1Qnvd Scattering Spectr,s 43
AndroyoW. W. PF. Standing 3oun
d We..* of large A.plitude 53
A.,Bd A- I-
BsXh: P.
Investigation or the
..
.
f the WI'dth or Ccusbin,ad Scattering LI- to Ten-
56
A Pledlun With Hags -I"
ff cl.nt 62
*
l
*r Trsnoltio~ In Xonap~,vrlcal pl-lel- 71
,
,
;t
Propert_-- Substan-,
In tt
*
,
t
ro,ous 3tata
60
V.I. V"Iln and A. P. Shoto . The Quest-on or
ac
ct zolri to ori--In- sonic OTIULZm6ra
95
vui,r.on. X. S. Now Plathods of Increasing the Effectiveness
Th.-.upl.. too
Scatt*rlrw, or Llg~t Near
.-nal .1 the 5-c-d -Yp. and t~..
Critical Curls Point
104
Isel"11h, dlatl.~ .1 an Eleatic wall Vjbratr
:
~g
Under the A
iln :r Statistically Dia-lb
t
d
.
e
Force. I
LAvin. L. M. The Diming or Light by a Cloud 121
-Ma-Ing M.,A- -. L. Plazd.12jahtav, and V-0. K The
~`osdening sn&Zivirting or ton t I . .0i -of 47-~-As
~
Ischarge In Plasm L28
-Malyphov- V'
X, a"j-JI: PIUCZAP- In'*-tlratlon of' the my.irv-
f
go" Bb"a "c" Whose PQI-c-100 C-tail~ 'r..
".on

M.-I Cra Cq -T.~ja
'46 -4 ~=_d -a V_
q. T-"TA
69 Wv~-K
GL
1;w11vA== AO AZYWIWV CRY Ezrixualomd
ame 40 maig-mv
-vm-.
icn m P-n-o T-;dr 'siT;2911~
-V..dg -1..m MIX ..I- r-, -Y,L
IMOXF11 v vKrwlod
au sigm pw D~WmLlvv 3u-lfrvlwm MD =W
2= AD Sol==
Izzmajaw 40 27231%
--I-T~ ~ j0
_Tqd 14. T-.-A rm -%-n. 1-1
.,r. x-m ~ n dr~_r4_,w q& -~
ZJT"-p- q%.W.IA r.M-
1-6 -1 --n u --j ITw -1 P--.m
ell ,n J.
4~_ '-TA J~ Z.Td T-T%-~W.. -.j P-ar-
jo PT-W -M -3 .3"
r.--.. q. -T%..nqA qs -1 -,My 'i_, --r 19--ft...-D J_ -_Tq~m
W% UZ9 .= ~. -;$ J. - -n -M IZOVSK"
Amt- P -14..& .1 P~-n.f I.TVT.&O Twn-.Mz
-TU-nWg
'IrR..q.-qs
J..-n
Z-T~c ru r- ._Z~T.S -T-9
Z.4--4 ETX..rp-os If x . H= ~T~a T-1:902-P-4
uf y .q-0 V.rruM.--3 _TMX,T-A--.~A -~ff
-d.-M) -j-d -AT... rC T~T-;.TFg
4TT. .3-.Az -a Ciz
KV -7-1 '---K (AftIO-3 V- A~~%-V -TZ-rftJ%n
1-1-3 jo -IQ-d - ;%g n
"Vmqq"-a
60KIA09 Mol;TW=Oq= loot I Rovad
I .

o6)3()
AUTHORS:Gershman, B. N. aa4-(,i.1nzburg, V. L. 14 1-21-21 -2/19
TITLE: On the Formation of Ionospheric Irregularities
PERIODICAL: I zvestiya vyBshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy, Radiofizika,
vol 2 , Nr 1, PP 8-13 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the case of the lower layers of the ionosphere (in
particularl the E-layer), there is no doubt that the format-
ion of irregularities is due to the turbulization of gas
currents and both the turbulization and the irregularities
are produced by ionospheric winds (Ref 3). Therefore, the
only controversial problem is the mechanisia of the formation
of irregularities in the F-layer and one is mainly concerned
with irregularities responsible for the twinkling of radio
stars and the spread of the F-echo. The present paper is
mainly concerned with the discussion of the motion of the
ionized component of the gas in the ionosphere. The quasi-
hydrodynamic equations, given by Eqs (1)43),are employed.
In these equations the subscripts e , i and m refer

06336
On'th,.- F,,-rmation of Ionospheric Irregularities SIUV/141-2-1-2/10
to electrons, ions and molecules, respectively. u are the
velocities, ?e m" . I pi = M11i and % = M m are the
densities, N e Ni I N M are the concentrations of
electrons, ions and molecules, _e , m are the charge
and the mass of an electron, M is the mass of the ions and
molecules (assumed equal, the charge of the ions is taken as
to e ), Ro is the intensity of the terrestrial maC,-
astic field (the difference between the magnetic field and
H0 is neglected), E is the intensity of the electric field,
Tie ~ ji anch Im are the viscosity coefficients, Vei I
Vem and -,)im are the numbers of collisions of electrons with
ions and moleculesand ions with molecules, E is the accel-
eration due to gravity and p is the pressure. If the mean
O'ensity tp ?e +_Ift is introduced and
11-0 - (%ne +- ?,) then Eqs (1) and (2) give Eq (4),
where N - N e N. and N 90-100 19. If condition (9) is satisfied, then
.Sqs (8) assume the form given by the first thxee equations
at the top of 11, If condition (10) is satisfied then one
obtains Eq (113. It is shown that an ionospheric wind can be
set up in the F-layer only in the presence of an electric
field E which, in the first approximation, is independent
of the velocity u and is given by Eq (12). An analysis of
the above theory leads to the conclusion that the formation
and motion of ionization irregularities in the F-layer is
not a hydrodynamic problem and should be considered with tLe
inclusion of the terrestrial magnetic field H 0 1 the
electric field E and the difference between the velocity
Card4/5 Of the gas as a whole, 11 , and the velocity of the ionized

06330
"WV/ 141-4'-- 1-1 -2110,
On the Formation of Ionospheric Irregularities
component up . If one neglects the velocity gradients,
the quantity .2 P is determined by the two qualitities u
and E and usually to a good approximation by � only
(cf IFq (12)). In order to solve the ionospheric wind and
the ionospheric irregularity problems the character of dis-
tribution of the field E and the veiocity u must be known
on a scale comparable wi7th the dimensions of the terrestrial
globe. There are 12 references, of which 4 are Soviet and 8
are English.
ASSOCIATION: Issledovatellskiy radiofizicheskiy institut pri Gor'k-
ovskom universitete (Research Radio-Physical Institute of
Gorlkiy University)
SUBMITTED: August 25, 1958.
C'a,rd 5/11-1

24(5)
AUTHORS: Ginzburg, V. L., Eydmanj V. Ya. BOV/56-36-6-28/66
TITLE: The Radiative Force For a Charge Moving
in a Medium (0 sile reaktsii izlucheniya pri dvizhenii
zaryada v srede)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal ekeperimentallnoy i teoreticheskoy fizikip 1959p
Vol 36, Nr 6, pp 1823-1833 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the present paper the radiative force for a non-punctiform
charge moving in a generally anisotropic and gyrotropic medium
is investigated. The radiative force in a medium may play a
considerable role when the particle moves in a magnetoactive
plaamat in channels and slits in dielectrics and also in
wave guides. At velocities larger than the phase velocity of
light in the medium the radiative force, which changes the
amplitude of the oscillations and which is related to the
emission of anomalous Doppler frequencies, poasesses a
different sign than that of radiative friction due to the
emission of normal Doppler frequencies, The total radiative
force which is responsible for the change in the amplitude of
Card 1/2 the oscillations of a particle in an isotropic medium

The Radiative Force For a Charge Moving SOV/56-36-6-28/66
in a Medium
corresponds to friction also in the case of super-light
motion. However, this friction may be appreciably smaller
than the radiative friction encountered at sublight veloc-
itiea. In an anisotropic medium amplification of the
oscillations may occur instead of friction. The decrease of
radiative friction or the appearance of the amplification may
be related to the peculiarities of the anomalous Doppler
effect as revealed by a quantum mechanics malysis and also
to the instability of the super-light particle beams. The
theoretical considerations are based upon the results
obtained by a large number of previous papers (Ginzburg et al),
and, in the course of the final discussion, the resulting
conclusions are discussed. There are 15 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Radiofizicheskiy institut Gorlkovskogo gosudaretvonnogo
univereiteta (Radiophynios Institute of Gor'kiy State Univer-
sity)
SUBMITTED: December 20, 1958
Card 2/2

2- 67524
SOV/141-2-3-1/26
AUTHORS: Ginzburg, V.L. and Eydman, V.Ya.
TITLE- On Some Peculiarities of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated
by Particles Moving Faster Than Light
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vy9shikh uchebrLykii zavedeniy, Radiofi.zika,
1959, Vol 2, Nr 3, pp 331 - 343 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The paper was presented at the Ministry of Higher
Education Conference on Radio-electronics, Kiyev, 1959.
The classical treatment of this problem yields the
Vavilov.-Cherankov radiationliondition in:
Co. e 0 = C/n(w)v W
where r4 is the angle between the particle velocity v
0
and the wave-vector k of the Cherenkov wave, n(w)
is the refractive index at the frequency w , the medium
being isotropic. In this paper qtjantum representations
are used because they are so fruitful of interesting
results. The fundamental conclusion is that-for particles
moving faster than light the reaction force of the
Cardi/5 radiation, changin,~~ the amplitude of particle vibratioL,

.5ov/14.i -2-3-1/
On Somo Peculiarities of Electromagnetic Waves Raliated bA, Particles
Moving Faste): Than 1J.ght
s less compared with that for veloc-;ties less than 1j_--
and, in an anisotropic medium, can even r;hange Tl i
force corresponds, therefore.., not to "friction" biti t.o
an excitation of the vibrations. This effert is obviouisly
directly conneo_~ed to the instability of faster-tban...
light particle beams. A point charge moving uniformly
in an isotropic medium radiates energy, as a result of the
Vavilov--Cherenkov effect, at a rate given by Eq (2),
If the radiated frequency is w ., then as a result of the
Doppler effect, the ap,)arent frequency at an angle () is
given by Eq (3). Within the so-called Cherenkov cone
the Doppler effect is anomalous since w increases with
and, if n is constant, w -* 00 N,;h en QJ . In
I'D
practice, the effect is of interest for particle beams
passing through uarrow slots or close to deiayii,g, systems
or for beams in magneto-active plasma where the losses are
low. From a quantum point of view, the :cinematics of
Card2/5 radiation are determined by the laws oi conservation of

67524
SOV/141-2-3-1/26
On Some Peculiarities of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated by Particles
Moving Faster Than Light
energy and momentum. The changes in energy and momentum
as a result of radiation are given in Eqs (4) and (5),
respectively. A system which moves uniformly in vacuo
can only radiate as a result of a change in its interval
state (thus, for example, an electron cannot radiate in
Vacuo if moving uniformly). In the general case, when
n j 1 , the radiation condition, in quantum terms, is that
given by Eq (6). The advantage of the latter represen-
tation is that it shows the normal Doppler effect to
involve an energy transition from an upper to a lower level,
while the anomalous effect requires the reverse transition.
A system which has only two discrete energy levels can
exhibit both kinds of Doppler effect. In systems wit17 many
energy levels the anomalous effect leads to the possibility
of exciting transverse radiation. Two cases exist,
clarresponding to an increase and decrease, respectively,
of the system energy. The calculation of the transition
probabilities which del ermine bow a svstem will behave
may be carried out by classical means-, quantum methodS
Card3/5

k- ! ,
On Some Peculiarities of Electromagnetic Wavez~ PadiateL, ly P.-Artic1cs
Moving Faster Than Light
off-,~r no advantage. Tho absorption ~-o-fficienr , in tin,
11norma.111 process. is that given by Eq ~9) while the
anomalous value is Fq (10). The latl ,,r- expression x-s
useful where the production of microwaves is coniidered.
In particular-, the ca---e of a magneto-active pJasma medium
is applicable to sporadic solar radiation. In tn anisofropic.
medium the phase and group velocities of a wave nuecl not
have the same direction. Figuie 2 shows the ef;:et.;t of the
sign of dw/dk r on the generation of the Cherenkov radiation.
As a rule, the radiation forces are sinolll c-mpared with the
retarding forces but may become slgiiificant when motion
occurs in narrow channels or in plasma,
There are 2 figures and 26 references , 2.-, -3' wllicl,
i~xe S,;-iet and I
Card 11/5

67524
~qv/141-2-3-i./26
On Some Peculiarities of Electromagnetic waves Radiated by Particles
Moving Faster than Light
ASSOCIATION: Isoledovatellskiy radiofizicheskiy institut
pri Gorlkovskom universitete (Radiophysies Research
Institute of Gor'kiy University) -T~
SUBMITTED: February 25, 1959
Card 5/5

311)
AUTHORSt Ginzbur&, V.L..,, Zheleznyakov, V.7.
TITLEt On the Propagation of Electromagnetic. in the Solar Corona
Taking Into Account the Influence of the I'a.-notic Field
PERIODICAL: Astronomicheskiy 7hurnal,1959,Vol 3Q:r 2,np 2~3-2.j6 (usSR)
ABSTRACTt The present note has preparatory charact-,~r. In a following
article the authors intend to investi,f,ate the influence of the
magnatic field of the corona on the sporadic solar radiatio-D.
In this connection the influence of the !:iagrnetic field on the
propagation and emission of the electrona-,netic waves of the
corona is considered as a preparation. The authors compile
well-known results of westorn &nd ,;Ovipt -,ciontists and
complete them in a form necessary for the following article.
In particular they consider the emission from the corona
caused by the interaction of normal waves and caused by their
dispersion on the fluctuations of the electron density ;
conditions of emission are given. Furthormore the authors
describe the propagation of the electronagnetic waves in the
corona under the influence of a strong sunspot mar7netic fields
E. A. Mityakov Is mentioned in tho pa~)ej-.
40V&4~i~-
ASSOCIATUON: Sci. P,:JS. Ir-,-lt. of Rndiophyaics! Gor"l-ly Univ.

24 (5), 24 (8)
AUTHOR: Ginsburg, V. L. SOV/56-36-6-46/66
TITLE: Comparison of the Macroscopic Theory of Superconductivity
With Experimental Data (0 eravnenii makroakopicheakoy teorii
everkhproyodimosti a okeparimentallnymi dannymi)
PERIODICAL; Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i tooretioheakoy fiziki, 1959, Vol 36,
, Nr 6, pp 1930 - 1932 (USSR)
IBSTRACT: L. F. Gortkoy (Ref 1) (see this periodical p 1918) showed that
the macroscopic equations for superconductors set up by Landau
and Ginsburg (Ref 2) can be deduced from the modern microscopic
theory of superconductivity. In the equations deduced by Gorlk,,7r
the charge a eff was put equal to the double electron charge cor-
responding to the Cooper pairs (e eff is identical with the quaLL-
tity denoted by Gorlkov as e*). The phenomenological constrn1l, x
obeys the equation (1):
it =YT I eeff 1 H 62 . 4-32.107H 2 (H denotes the
* 0 cm L cin L cm
magnetic field, b L - the (London) panottrat-lon da2th of tho '!~a.1d
Card 1/3 into the massive metal at the given tomperatuze T). The mesa-.,_,vd

Comparison of the Macroscopic Theory of SOVj5(-7'-'-46/66
Superconductivity With Experimental Data
penetration depth 6 is equal to !~ L if T is elv.al to Vis c:.--*,.-*,--
ioal temperature T 0. Within the range of c:71t~-cal
accuracy differs, for Sn 6 9z, 6 at A T - Tc-~' > x 2/(6/aG'~)5 (60)' - fT (5b) is writttn down (x Boltzmann con-
stant, 9 n temverature of the transition point)AT = 9 T, T:~ 9,
Ac - (a)) 2GO-1. The character of transition thus depends only on For
0 9 -16 fT'
superconductors ill is found that fT 11-13-10 , for liquid helium, fT -0.3,
and for solids, fT - 0.03. Therefore, no anomalies of specific heat are
observed in superconductors. Likewise I fT is anomalously low for ferro-
magnetics. or seignettoelectrics, above all BaTiO it is found that the
parameter 15 39
' 6/a.19 is anomalously great, whereas the fluctuation is re-
latively low. This qualitative statement is qua'ntitatively investigated
by means of it model of anharmonic oscillators, and for ihe frequencies of
BaTiO it is found that _' - 6-3 0 Wj ( _T
3 6it (9 -VT797/p .10-11. Z t 9)=2faTQ Pp,
1 2
and for wavelengths ht ' 2 nc/&Jt (9) mm 1 (Jz, t 5 mm . (p-m/29 eff N, N
- concentrittion of the dipoles). The author considers detailed experimental
investigations of the behavior of substances near the transition point to
be necessary. There are 35 references: 22 Soviet, 9 US, 5 Rritish, 2 Dutch,
and 1 German.

Some Remurks on Phase Transitions of Second S/181/60/A~& 9/003/036
Kini and the Alicroncopic Theory of Seigrietto- B004/BO56
electrics
AS.';OCTATION: Pizialieskiy institut im. P. N. Lebedeva, Moskva
(Institute of PhZeics imeni P. N. Lobedev, Moscow)
SUBMITTED: February 10, 1960
Card 3/3

80876
7,0 s/141/60/003/02/023/025
AUTHOR: Ginzburi, V.L* E032/E314
TITLE. On the Possibility of a Determination of the Magnetic
Field in the Outerftolar Corona by Examining the Polarized
Radiation due to Discrete Sources Transmitted Through it
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy, Radiofizika,
1960, Vol 3, Nr 2, PP 341 - 342 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The presence of an ordered magnetic field in the solar
corona can lead to a rotation of the plane of radio
emission passing through the coronas The radio emission
of the Crab nebulatis ~he radiation in question. It
passes through the corona during June and has a polari-
zation of approximately 7% at 3 cm. The polarizati
10X1
is characterised by a position angle of 148-i490.
For 10 cm waves the polarization is 3 +- 0.5% and
TZ 142 +~ 5o . There is evidence that-at long wavelengths
the pola7ization is smaller. In the corona (in the plane
of the solar equatori the 3 electron concentr:tion is
(Rof 7) N - 7 x 10 em- at I = 5, N 0 cm-.) at
Cardl/4 9 = 10 and N - 2.5 x 103 cm-3 at q 20 , It

80876
s/i4i/Woo/o2/023/025
0 e agnetic Field in the
On the Possibility of a Determination E?3j~E3A4
Outer Solar Corona by Examining the Polarized Radiation due to
Discrete Sources Transmitted Through it
13 2 9
follows that for 5 to 20 - w' 41T e N/m 7 3 ~ 18 x .10
N -1 2 x 1.0 1.4 -8 X 10 12 and 0) 110ell/mc
~. 1.76 X 10 7 If - 105 ._ 10 5 sec- 1 Moreaver, the
frequency of the radio emission u) nCIN - 2 x 30 10
sec- 1. at X = 10 cm . Under these conditions the
propagation of radio waves may be looked upon as quast-
longitudinal for practically all angles a between the
magnetic field H and the direction of the wave normal.
The difference between the refractive indice-, nt for
normal circularly polarized waves is
2 16
An = W14 ill0Cos a/W 5.6 X 10 HN cos a/w The
rotation of the plane of polarization after passage through
the plasma layer is given by Eq (1), where the integration
is carried out along the ray which in the present case can
Card2/11 be considered to be rectilinear. In order (o estimate thi.s
VY

8087b
s/i4i/60/003/02/023/025
pq g~ Ej 14
on the Possa.bi.lity of a Determination o agnetic Field in the
Outer Solar Corona by Examinizig the Polarized RadLation due to
Discrete Sources Transmitted Through it
effect it is assumed that,
10 6 HNL cos a
where L is a certain effective path length. With
2 5 -3
5 , H - 10- Oe, N P%-' 10 cm cos a I and
I R, 03 x 10 11 cm the rotation of the plane of
polarization is AT' = 600 . When I t-_10 If- 10-
3
N - CM cos a - 1 and L - 10R9 , the rotation is
AT ^, 10 The relatively strong dependence of the
rotation on w should serve as a useful additional
effect. There are 9 references. 5 of which are Soviet
and 4 English.
Card3/4

M876
5/14l/60/003/02/023/025
fO~"~EAI
On the Possibility of a Determination o r, a'giletic Field in the
outer Solar Corona by Examining the Polarized Radiation due to
Discrete Sources Transmitted Through it
ASSOCIATION: Nwjchno-issledovate1cskiy radiofizicheskiy instit"t
pri Gorikovskom universitete (Scientific-research
Radiophysics Institute of Gorlkiy University)
SUBMITTED. March 25, 1960
Card 4/4

GABIXM, 0.; GINZBUP
.A,J.L. [translator]
Achievemeats and objectives of the industry of rubber products
for engineering uese to the Oerman Democratialkepublic. Uuch.
i res. 19 no. 11:29-32 N 160. (MMA 13:11)
1. TSentrallnaya nauchno-iseledovatellskavazloboratoriya
resinovogo sayoda 02MOO, Gervianskaya Demokratichesicaya
Respublilm,
(Germany, last--Rubber goods)

OLOZOURG, Y.L..; UVANTUX, AJP*
Roman scattering of light near pluse transition points of the
socond kind. Zhur. skop. i teor. fit. )9 no. 1:192-196 Jl 160.
(MIRA 13:12)
1. Atichaskly institut imeni P.H. Lebedeva AN SSSR.
(Light--Scattering)

86905
S/05 60/039/005/022/051
7 B006YB077
AUTHORS: Ginzburg, V. L., Fayn, V. M.
VOWMW
TITLEt Theory of Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism
PERIODICALi Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i teoreticheskoy fiziki, 1960,
VoL 39, No. 501), PP. 1323-1538
TEXT: A simple approximate method is developed which permits determin4ng
the magnetization of the lattice or sublattice and also other quantities
of ferro- and antiferromagnetics practically throughout the complete
temperature range as function's of the dimensions and shape of the magnetic
system, By way of introduction the authors point out the importance of the
magnetic methods in the investigation of fine disperse substances, polymers
and macromolecules. This paper concentrates on the examination of the
anomalous magnetic properties of some nucloic acids and synthetic polymers.
The nature of these effects is still unclear, and even if they are not
related to the antiferromagnetism (as is assumed by the authors, of.Ref.2)1
an analysis of the properties of "polymer-type" ferro- and antiferro-
magnetieg is still of significance. The approximate method used to determine
bard 1/2

86905
Theory of Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism S/056/60/039/005/022/051
B006/BO77
the magnetic quantities in relation to size and shape of the specimens
(small particles, films, polymer chains, etc.) is lased on a self-
consistent generalization of the spin wave theory using the usual model of
localized spins with exchange interaction. Although this model is far
from representing the real conditions the results obtained are essentially
of general validity, that in, independent of the model and can be regarded
as semi-phenomenological. The problem is also examined as to when and to
what extent the assumption of small particles and polymer chains forming
a 14paramagnetic fluid" is valid. The magnetic properties of such a fluid
are studied, M. I. Kaganov, N. N. Bogolyubov, S. V. Tyablikov, PU Fu-cho,
and L. A. Blyumenfelld are mentioned. There are 30 references: 9 Soviet,
15 US, 2 German, and 4 British.
ASSOCIATIONt Radiofizicheskiy institut Gor1kovskogo gosudarstvennogo
universiteta (Institute of Radio Physics of the Gor?kiy
State University)
SUBMITTEDt May 26, 196o
Card 2/2

~:.' Ll":) jj 0 ol~ ~b
AUTHORS; Ginzburg, V. L., Gurevich, A.. V. S/053/60/070/02/004/016
.11 1-- - -.. I'll. k Boo6/M07
TITLE: Nonlinear Phenomena in a Plasma which Is Located in a Vt~riable
Electromagnetic Field tt
PERIODICAL: Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, 1960, Vol 70, Nr 2, pp 201-246 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The present paper is the first part of a very detailed survey
of the theory of nonlinear phenomena in an ionized gas. This
article will be published simultaneously in the periodical
"Fortschritte der Physik" of Eastern Germany. The nonlineari-
ties occurring partly because of the relatively great electron
free path and partly because of the considerable difference
between electron mass and atomic- and molecular masses already
at comparatively low field strengths (e,g. if the polarizatiol
and the conduction current are not proportional to the field E,
the propagation of electromagnetic waves muot be described by
a nonlinear theory, as the superposition principle, for example,
no longer holds), are systematically dealt with with reference
to voluminous publications, In the first two paragraphs of the
present article, the influence exerted by a homogeneous electric
Card 1/4 f ield 4;11"'