SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT KRASOVSKIY, V. I. - KRASOVSKIY, V. I.

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• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

49-5-4/18
The nature of changes in the intensity of emission of the
Earth's atmosphere. (Coat.)
of the emission during the night. Wilkes (10) has shown that
the tidal effects are strong at greater heights. Therefore,
they will have a maximum effect in emissions originating
at greater heights. It is shown that apart from temperature
changes in the upper atmosphere ultra-sonic waves can
increase the concentration of the final products of the
reactions which determines the intensity of emission in the
upper atmosphere. It is further shown that the solar
activity has no real effect on the emission of the Earth's
atmosphere. This indicates that either the teM.Derature
of the upper atmosphere does not change with solar activity,
or that the main primary reactions responsible for the
emission by the upper atmosphere are of the three-component
type; two-component reactions occur only with the uppearance
of the secondary excited products. It is very desirable
that further studies of emission should be made during the
International Geophysical Year. This is particularly
Card 3/4 important because the possible changes in the emission could
then be contrasted with a number of other geo-physical
phenomena. For example, all ionic combination processes
in the ionosphere (which determine the electron-density) are

49-5-11/18
The nature of changes in the intensity of emission of the
Earth's atmosphere. (Cont.)
also connected with two or three component reactions, while
magnetic disturbances are inseparable from tidal phenomena
and circulations in the upper atmosphere.
There are 10 references, 2 of which are Slavic.
SUBMITTED: September 6, 1956.
ASSOCIATION: U.Se. U.S.S.R. Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere.
(Akademiya Nauk SSSR Institut Fiziki Atmosfery).
AVAILABLE: LibraU of Cwgress
ca-rd 4/4

/J Jll
26-12-21/49
AUTITOR;
Krasovskiy, V.I., Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences
TITLE: First Results of Observations of the Upper Atmosphere (Pervyye
rezulltaty nablyudeniy verkhney atmosfery)
PERIODICALt Priroda, 1957, No 12, PP 87-68 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The article deals with observations of condition in the upper
atmosphere and radiolocational reflections obtained from the
aurora borealis by several observation stations under the con-
trol of the AN, USSR Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere.
Measurements revealed that temperatures in altitudes of approx-
imately 100 km were increasing toward the north, changing from
about 2000K to 4000K in polar regions. During the time polar
lights were observed, frequent emissions of hydrogen of ex-
traterreetrial origin were registered. Contours of the spectrum
lines of hydrogen indicated that radiating hydrogen particles
moved about at the rate of 1,000 - 2,000 km/sec. Also intense
emissions of ionized atomic nitrogen were noted, resulting
from bombardment of the air by helium corpuscles, indicating
the vital part of helium in geomagnetic and ionospheric dis-
_:=XX:::FY2 turbances.

:;-. * ,, , -. 4 ~~~34
1. ~ -i ~ -~ ,

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AUTHOR: Krasovskiy, V. 1.
53-4-3/11
TITLE: The Formation of the Fydroxyl System in the Radiation of the
Nocturnal Sky (Proiskhozhdeniye gidroksillnoy sistemy v izluchenii
nochnogo neba).
PERIODICAL: Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 1957, Vol. 63, Nr 4, pp. 6?3-691 (USSR).
ABSTRACT: The present survey is arranged as follows: Introduction I discussion
of the nature of hydroxyl emission (The 0 hypothesis, the 0* hypo-
3 2
thesis), the atomic hydrogen in the higher atmosphere, the part play-
ed by hydroxylln the emissions of the nocturnal sky (emission of
(013 with 5577 A, the emission of oxygen EQI3 with 63oo 9, the emis=
sion of Naj, the continuum , emission of 0 2' Summary: A survey of
the present stage.of the problem of the nature of emissions in the
higher atmosphere made it possible to clear up unknown circumstances
which renderthe development of a final theory difficult. what is
most important is the exact determination of desactivation probabi=
lity in collisions of the excited states of the atoms and molecules
and especially of molecules of oxygen and hydroxyl, which are exci-
ted by oscillation, in the grolind state. The same amount of importan-
Card 1/2 ce mi.ist be attached to the final determination of the probability

The Formation of the Hydroxyl System in the Radiation of the 53--h-3111
Nocturnal Sky.
of the desactivation (by radiation) of the occillation-excited by-
droxyl in the ground state. The increase of the connentration of
atomic hydrogen tends to confirm the hypotheses developed by HO S.
Heaps and G. Herzberg (reference 13) and I. S. Shklovskly (referenn
ces 12, 311). There remains a cert,ain arbitrariness in the assump-
tion concerning the troposheric orJgin of hydrogen in the upper at-
mosphere. A cosmic origin of hydrogen in the upper atmosphere is
not quite impossible. The degree of dissociation of hydrogen in an
altitude of 75 laft needs further explanation. The author at present
sees no reason why the 02 hypothesis should be rejected.
There are I table, and 39 references, 9 of which are Slavic.
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress.
Card 2/2

20-2- 9/50
AITTITORS Yra-3ovz!-iy, V. I., Sh%lovskiy, I. S.
TITLE: The Possible Influence Exercised by the Explooion of Supernovae
on the Development of Life on the Eart". (Vozmozhnoye vliyaniye
I
vopyahek averkhnovykh na evol.y4toiu zhizni na zemle)
PERIODICAL: Doklady All SSSR, 1957, Vol- 116, Nr 2, pp. 197 - 199 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: It is at present considered to be proved fact that radio-frequency
radiation and also optical radiation (with continuous spectrum) of
the crab-shaped nebulae is caused by relativistic electrons which
move in magnetic fields. Therefore, these nebulae (the remainder of
the surernovae explosion of 1054) probably contain an enormous
quantity of relativistic particles, i.e. of primary cosmic rays.
This is true also for all other nebulae that are remainders of su-
pernovae explosions. Recently also a radio-frequency radiation of
the fibrous nebulae in the Bear ivere observed, which are without
doubt, remainders of supernovae explosions whi--ch took place several
thousand years arro. In such nebulae the concentration of the primary
cosmic particles is probably 30 to 100 tines as jreat as near the
earth. It is quite Possible th--t the sun wit', its planets may enter
C.,rd 1/3 cuch a domain with increased concentr.-.~ion of I)ri!,iz,ry jarticles aj

20-2-~150
The 'Possible Influencu Exercised by the Explc)oicn of Su:-~ernov%e on the Develop-
ment of Life an the Earth
a result of its motion aithin the ,-alaxy. "Llais happen whenever 3u-
pernovae explode in the immediate neiChborhood of the sun. The
author is of the opinion that the number of oupeinovae explosions.
in our galaxy is abnormally la=e (within the 1~ist thousand years
0
1006, 1054, 1572, 1604 and 1843). Evelv 1000 yk,,,.r3 a supernovae
probably explodes in a distance of aqthe most 1000 parsec, ard
every 200 million years in a distance of at the most 8 parsec.
The hard radiation (e.C. X-ray radiation) .vhich reached the earth
as a result of these exDlosiono and the nebulae resultin,- there-
from (in the first staEo of developt;ent) probably considerably
greater than the hard radiation of the -sun. There may have been
epochs of riany hundreds of years durin- which cosmic radiation was
a hundred times stron~-er than it is today. This could have had se-
rious biolo-ical and, above all, genetical consequencos. In order
to double the mutation frequency of the lona-lived jenera, the in-
tensity of cosmic radiation need only to be doubled or trebled.
Therefore, a thousand years' intensification of cosmic radiation
by ueveral dozena of ita formor !v:iount ::,.u3t produce devastating
consequences for relativoly lon,~-lived Also the ireUt "dying-
Card 2/3 out" of reptilo3 at the end of the cretacaou3 ,eriod miLht be due

F
20-2-9/50
The Possible Influence Exercised by the Explosion3 of Supernovae (,n -~he Develop-
ment of Life on the Earth
to such a cause. However, the intensification of cosmic radiation
is probably of advantarre for the development of other animals and
also some plants. Perhaps also the creation of complicated complexes
and of the life of simple organic compounds was caused by hard
radiation. There are 6 reforerceo, 3 of which are Slavic.
ASSOCIATIOM Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere Ali USSR
(Institut fiziki atn03fery Akadcmii naul: SSSR)
PRESENT'ED: 'Jay 9, 1957, by I. Ye. Tamm, Academician
SUBMITTEDs April 29, 1957
AVAILABLEt Library of Congress
Card 3/3

KRKSOVSXIT, Valarlyan Ivanovicb, prof.; FATNWYM, I.B., red.; TROFIMDV, A.T.,
RE--- -
___Fe n. roE
(Studytng the uppmr atmosphere with the help of artificial
satellites and rockats) Issladovaniia varkhnei atmoefary s
vomoahchIlu Iskusatyenrqkb sputnikov i raket. Moskva, led-vo
"Znanin," 1958. 29 p. (Yeesoluxnoe obsbehestvo po rasprostra-
nenilu politicheskikh I naucbnykh 2nanii. Ser. 8, vyp. 2. no-5)
(Atmosphere, Upper--Rocket observations) (HIRA 12:2)

KRASjoVSKIY, V. I.
"Exploration of the Upper Atmoshere with the Help of the Third Soviet
Sputnik."
report presented at Intl. Astronautical Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 25-29
Aug 1958.

kU~ASONFEFUTY, V. i.
"Ionoopheric Investigations in the USSR," paper presented ut 10th General
A,;sembly, IntllAr~tronomica].Unlon, Moscow, Aug 10138.

V. i. and LILT.LVILKlY, 1. S.
"The Possible Influence of a Supernow E"losion on the Devellopnent of Life on
Ep rth.#
L~ ikalische Blatter, April 1958.

__x IT
_WOVSK--,. V..'I01;,
Soviet erploration of the ionnsphere Iry rockots and artificial
earth entellitne, IukoRj'AltsZf'M~ 110.2:36-49 158.
(141RA 12:5)
(Atmospbnre, Upper-Rocket obnorvationn)
(Artificial satellitne)

30)
AU!~HOR i Krasovskiy,V.I. 30Y/33-35-2-5/21
TITLE: e Characteristic of the Properties of Solar Corpuscular
Emission From Spectra of Aurorae (Kharakteristika svoystv
korpuskulyarnogo iziucheniya solntsa po spektram polyarnykh
siyaniy)
PERIODICALz Astronomicheak'-y zhurnal, 1958,Vol 35, Nr 2, pp 222-226 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The author compares several observations and theories relating
to aurora' , especially he mentions the paper of I.S.Shklovskiy
f-R.f 5_7. The spectra of aurorae show that low latitude
aurorae in comparison to high latitude aurorae are excited
by corpuscles with shorter paths. Here corpuscles are all
elements existent on the Sun and in the interplanetary space.
The spectrum of aurora measured on January 21, 1957 in Moscow,
causes the author to assume that the emission observed
thereby was caused by a recharge of neutral nitrogen atoms
with a hell of corpuscular streams, where the rule
Card 1/2

J
The Characteristic of the Properties of SOV33-35-2-5/21
Solar Corpuscular Emission From Spectra
of Aurorae
N(43) + He+ (2S)--,-N+(3 D) + He('S) was fulfilled.
There are 13 references, 5 of which are Soviet, 5 English,
2 Indian, and 1 German.
ASSOCIATIONsInstitut fiziki atmosfery Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of
Atmospheric Physics of the AS USSR)
SUBMITTED: May 18, 1957
Card 2/2

KRASOVSKIY, V.I.; KUSHNIR, Yu.M.; BORDOVSKIY, G.R.; ZAKHAROV, G.F.;
Te.14.
Detection nf corpuscules by the third artificial earth satellite.
Isk.sput.Zem. no.2:59-60 '58. (HIBJ, 12:5)
(Artificial satellites)
(Solar radiation-Observationa)

30)
AUTHOR: Krasovekiyf V.I. SOV/33-35-6-1/18
TITLE: C6ld'.IPterst6l'iar_G_as and Light Absorption
PERIODICAL: Astronomicheskiy zhurnal,1958,Vol 35,Nr 6,
pp 825 - 828 (USSR)
ABSTRACT:
ASSOCIATION:
SU Bill TTE'D i
Card 1/1
In a cold interstellar gas the ions are surrounded, according
to the author, by envelopes of neutral molecules. On these en-
velopes an intense recombination process of atoms into mole-
cules takes placep combined with the formationof negative
ions. The author gives an estimation of the concentration of
the negative ions, which turns out to be high enough, in
particular for molecular oxygen, in order to explain the ob-
served light absorption, Also, the interstellar polarization
of stellar radiation can be explained by the effect of the ne-
gative ions.
There are 3 references, 1 of which is Soviet, and 2 are
American.
Institut fiziki atmosfery Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of-
Atmoopherio Physics of the AS USSR)
May 13, 1958

AtTHORS: -Irasovskiy, V. I., Kushnirf Yu. M., 53-64-3-2/8
B o rd ov--sR-1y--,
HTLE: The Inveatigation of Corpuncular Radiation of the Sun by Means
of an Artificial Earth Satellite (Issledovaniye korpuskulyar-
nogo izlucheniya Solntsa s pocionlichlyu iskusstvennogo sputnika
zemli)
PERIODICAL i Uspokhi Fizicheakikh Nauk, 1950, Vol. 64, Nr 3, PP- 425-434
A30TRACTi First the authors give a survey an the present stage of the
problem of corpuscular sun radiation, and they also report on
earlier works denling with the same subject. An artificial
satellite can be used for theihveatijation- of corpuscular sun
radiation in two different ways. 'First, the chemical composi-
tion of corpuscular flux can be determined directly by moun-
ting a special mass- epee tronet er a on thesat6ijite. Such ap-
paratus can be constructed. The most effective method of re-
gistration, howevtr, is connected with a photographic process;
Cara 1/3 this makes necessary a special construction of the satellite

The Investigation of Corpuscular Radiation of the Sun by Means 53-64-3-2/8
of an Artificial Earth Satellite
and the material obtained must be brought down to earth.
Beside~,a strict orientation of the apparatus in a certain
direction would be necessary. The second possibility which
can be realized at present is the investigation of the di-
stribution and the penetration of the corpuscles at various
geomagnetic longitudes and latitudes especially durine, the day,
This makes possible a checking of the various hypotheses on
the nature of corpuscular flux. The apparatus projected and
being built for this pu.-pose is shown in a diagram. A fluo-
reacing screen serves a, indicator of the corpusclqs. The
radiation of the fluoresciea screen is registered by a photo-
cell, ;tnd then the photoelectric current is amplified, stored,
and transferred by a corresponding radio-telemetric apparatus.
A metal foil fixed in front of the fluoresce'nt screen makes
possible a coarse estimation of the ranges of corpuscles and
moreover it protects the fluoteseent,. screen and the photocell
against the direct action of sun radiation. A shutter restricts
the angle of the action of corpuscles. The app&ratus described
Card 2/3 here can at the same time be used with apparatus for the inve-

The Investigation of Corpuscular Radiation of the Sun by Means 53-64-3-2/8
of' an Artificial Earth Satellite
stig~ition of x-radiation of the sun and the micro-meteorites.
The soft corpuscular radiation of the sun can be determined
only without metal foils at night when there is no sunlight.
ln using it this way.the apparatus can be switched-on or
off y a special control signal of the present course
device. There are 5 figures and 38 references, 11 of which are
Soviet.
.1-. Suh--Radiatioh--2. Particles--Photographic analysis 3. Satellite
vehicles--Applications 4. Intersteller matter--Analysis
Card 3/3

A U T i 101 R Y rp sovsk iy , V . I Do c tor of 'P'hys i;~ a nd "':i T 1 C .7~1
T I T L-',' The Exrlora~ion of the Upper Atmosr))-.ere by o-.- t h r T'
1h, d
Artificial 7,itellite of the Earth verkInney
atmosfery pri pomoshchi tret~yerzo :7rutnik8
zemli)
PHRT~HRJCAL: Priroda, 1959, Ir 12, pp 71-7"
AC": The article Is a revised text o" the paper rc-d r. the rame
of the Iloviet researchers at the I)th Congr.~sL )f th.-~ inter-
j T:01 : !,~j
nazional Astronautical Federation in Ams-ri~tm a ) _,11
.Aup,ust 195f, ',:'vpry ne-m 3oviet arTificip.] had a
wider and nomewhnt different scientif-c mi~3sioii and -, more
rerfect ser, of scientific apperatu!. ini d:;-jices tl,nn its pre-
decessor, Tn the field of. appfir5t,~s, the experi~~,nce gz!ined
by mepns of the three Soviet artificla-1 751~1-
able for the developcnen-c of rlicl% Me:=7 zy~_7.em~,
rndiotelemetric setups and m?,ho~s of eni,ri ..
_7-~ c -.; p p
tre-,ely corapley. scientifi., rese-~irc-.- ice-_ nlnr zp-
nerators which are to rrovid,:, t),.f~ 'A'*,~)ri~.,~rle.- in
Card 1/6 the artificial sstelli tes

The ,-.xDlorqtion of the Tipper Atmosphere by "'., n.,:n r~` -,r.,: rd f in-
Satellite of the 7arth
opernting rower were tripd out, e,7 e r,- i p r -D, 1c on e --n r g
the tempernture within or, 1,1,.i~ C.,!, t~les~~ sn,~ei.i e
were solved. The c3ourcea of the h,~-aT enerw:,- of `~~e ~,ippt~r
nt,n,..-)qphPre in connection .-.-iJr, ~n- ~11'.'I"W-V-VC- 11*011'~tIO!I L).~'
-9tomic oxygen slightly nbr~,vk~ IOP, K7: OTI"Itlj-
ly largely hypothetical mattr-rs of diff~-,rr~n*. n oiwhe-:
Pltitudes, radiation of tne nocturne!,- sk.y, crenu3c-:1~~r cm.,S-
sive flashes, aurora polQri,~,, micrometeo:i:^- sillo,,,,~rs, zii~
lo osphere, and the shift ,Ing of th;,- ear~:~,
research objects for th,.~ sp-~ellice for~--er-
ly insufficiently known p~enomen:,, !~t.ioh ,c, -ilic-r,)Vic
composition of' the upper rtir.,osr'n,~rQ,
of moleCL11CS and Atoni'll. in the o" t'!i,-. ~-,arrh,
the nature of ions, the distributi-m oi re-
spect to altitude and the sourr-s ot ionization of tn- .1pper
atmosphere should find -,n expllr~r,,.,ITior throujh ~,he (fara oi,-
tAined I-y thc! third sputnik (Fl!--,, 1); of tr,Q C,'--
tained dnIa will tnk(, scme timo qn,! of'.1%, E... wt. m I
Card reiults are nvailnIrle nt pr,~-rmr, r)

'he Fxplorptinn of the !Jpper Atmonphfre by 'z'ean!- cf, -,ne r,;
'I;stellite of the F..qrth
(lent that the rocket model of the atmosphere develope,] .n
the USA is correct onl:, to an aititu~e of lCIO k7. TTr,)-rtPnt
dntn on the density of the atmosphere -.rir Inin mano7eters .nns
been obtained, Thus Vre density of the at7osphere at an alti-
tude of 1060 Irm is IC billions 1-.-si than on th- er!r-O-, s sur-
face, on! still Plmost 1,000 tim-~s less at an altitude of
355 km~ The third artificial satellite also contained a mass
spectrom.eter of the Pennet type for the leferminption of tne
nature of aimospheric ions with a mass numher from r to "C',
iinits. it had been tried out in rockets before. At an alti.-
tude of over 250 km there are mainly ntomic ions o"f oxypen
and n4'rop
.L~ gen -,Nith the former preva4ling ~-rd the latter being
only a few percentages of the former, in I cubic c, I n~
~ R 6. at
elictronic density nt an altitude of 29C km is 1- x 10
471 km 1.c, x 106 (Fig, 2). For tne determiration off positive
ions., the third srtiflcinl ontellite contained two re~,J.-
culat,jd spherical ion traps ("Fif-, -1) lloc~itod on -!-,nmezr-iCnI'-y
opposed sides of t~,P saTe'Llite block
Card Vr~ of two nmplifier-convprt.pr-~ iind a f-"enpr:itor of srtNtooth

C n
7he Fxplorrition of the Upper Atmonpherr., by of trie ',-ir,i
atellite of the 71arth
T)ul.-;es of the "oltnPe (Fig. 1 "~n ir", ho--,;rs
after high no,)n in mean latitiAgs, 1,-ne nei.~-nTive po-,.entiall of
the hull of the -satellite wli~n r,~srac-, to t~,,e medium zvs
equal to 6A volts it ny, of 7115 -oten,~ial
exists at an effective electron temp~:Iritare of riot less than
0
1-5,COO Y. Tht- concentrazion cl poeitive ions determinad by
the current, corresponding with the. .-,erc potential of the
envelope of the trnp with respe,:t -~he pi~~sma, equals
I,p x lo5 ions in one cubic unc!er tne
slime circumstance-. the numijer of elual~,,d `--2 X p C- r
cubic cm at 1 to 2 hours before iLgh nonn aT nn alLit~v:'- o~
242 km wit'n P negntiv~, rottn~.;;al of ~h-~ nul~~
equalling approxiinntely '2 v,)!-.-, anl an (,-If'--tive Plectron
temperature of about 7,000 0 KI Aiso s-ach extraterre3Triai
agents as the hard electromagnetic X-r9y Pnc! Famma radiation
of the sun and The un1vPrsP were- anvp.~~tignt~---' ani th,: Ip-
tection of electron corpuscul~,--r currento of hip-h intensity
IMPS Rtte-rpted experimentally. spe.'Ial li~'Vi';e --'cr ~'hc- In-
Card 4/6 dicatiori of hard electrons- "!"1r 9) waz built of --,,o ~ilvez-

--I/ /26-~;P-12-12/44
The Exploration of the Upper Atmosphere by ".leans of the Third Artificial
Sntellite of the Earth
activated zinc sulfide fluorescent screens of -_'i.~F'ferent- thick-
ness covered by aluminum foil. Three niuminum diap'nragms
of 5 mm, thickness with an inlet opening taking up corpuscles
from a solid angle of 114 steradian were placed in fro'nt of
the screens which had a diameter 010 5 cm. The radiation of
the fluorescent screens was recorded by photoelectronic
multipliers. The electric signals obtained by means of the
multipliers were fed to a memory device and were then trnrs-
mitted radiotelemetrically to the esrth. Intensive signals
were recorded during a magnetic perturbation on 15 MAY 1956.
The signal was more intensive over high latitudes then over
ecuatorial regions and at high altitudes rather then at low
ones. Thr signals set in and ceased suddenly for a period
of approximately one secondl their inlensity changrd con-
3tently. The a paratus for the recording of micrometeoric
impacts (Fig. 6~ consists of bRllisticel piezo transducers,
ammonium phosphate, and an amplifier-transformer. The Diezo
transducers measure pulses within the range from IC-1 t~ IC3
Card 5/6 grams x cm x see-1. This includes the recording of particles

C~V/26-5e-12-12/44
The Fxploration of' the Upper Atmosphere by 1,1eAng of the hird A
T rtificial
Satellite of the Farth
with a mass from 10-9 grains and more. Such devices, in-
stalled on rockets, have recorded a number of about 50 micro-
meteoric impscts on 1 square in in 1 second at an altitude bet-
ween 140 and 300 kin. The magnetometric data recorded by a
special device on the third artificial satellite is numerous
and is still under evaluation. Further more detailed re-
search results on the upper atmosphere will be obtained by
means of still more perfect artificial earth satellites,
There are 4 photos, 2 diagrams, 1 graph and 2 Soviet re-
ferences.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki Rtmosfery AN S95R, N'o3kvg (The Tnstitute of
the Physics of the Atmosphere of the AS 73SR, Moscow)
Card 6/6

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11 '(2 L I'LL L , z It
tric aricl Pj,,j.,-,r rin Lj,,jfj ,.
_,w
MO.'Ic~j'w. lzdaL;-,l'3tvo Akaderali flauk SSSR, 195')-

FlRA.SOV-9UYJ V. T.
"Remilts of Scientiflc Investigations 11.3de by Soviet -','T)UtnikL
qnO Cosmic Rocketr."
report presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of Aw-rican Rocket Slociety, 'incli, D.C.
1 16-'-10 Nov 59.

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let
va
Wip
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4VU
P. 19
Ip
Lal 'y --y

sov/4 9- 59-8- 7/27
AUTHORS:
Shklovskiy, I. S., Gal'Terin, Yu.I.
and M.
TITLE: Detection of Electrons in the_Upper Atmosphere with
Energies of About 10 keV on the Third Satellite0-
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Seriya geofizicheskaya,
1959, Nr 8, pp 1157-1163 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: An account is g en of the results of measurements of
-electron streatas with energies of 10 to 40 keV. The
measurements were carried out by means of two fluorescent
screens covered with thin pieces of absorbing aluminium
foil placed on the satellite, Their radiation was recorded
by photoelectron 3-rXIttPlier. It was found that the streaia
intensity decreased sharply with a decrease of energy.
The stream of energy at high latitud as during the night
was observed several tons of ergs/cm soc,str. Fig I
gives an examples of the relationship of' the intensity of
a stream of electrons and its equivalent energy a
measured on May 15, 1958 at -42 to -540 magnetic latitu
Card 1/2 in the region 1720-1880 km high over the South Pacific.

SOV/4 9-59-8-7/27
Detection of Electrons in the Upper Atmosphere with Energies of
About 10 keV on the Third Satellite
The concentric circles represent repeated values.
There are 1 figure and 26 references, 9 of which are
Soviet and 17 English.
ASSOCIATION: Akademiya nauk SSSR Institut fiziki atmoafery
(Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere, Ac.Sc., USS~/
SUBMITrED: April 3, 1959
Card 2/2

S/049/59/000/12/009/027
Q, 6 C/ E05~/E591
AUTHOR: Shklovskiy, I.S., K .1. and Yu,l. Gallperin
TITLE: On the Nature of Corrmscular Radi;itjon in the Upper
Atmospher
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Alcaderaii nauk SSSR, Ser~Jya greofizicheskaya,
1959, Nr 12, pp 1799-1806
ABSTRACT: Soviet and American investigations carried out with the
aid of artificial Earth satcll:,ti-s hay,~ 1cL1 to t1je
discovery of an iiitc-nsi! oeir c),,- cor-puscular ra~liation
whicli begins tit rin altitudc )I' 4oci-600 km (Rufs 1-4).
Recent results obtained with the aid of' c0smic r0ck0ts
have given the spatial distribution aC tho -~iitciisity
of the hard corpuscular radiation !~:urroxitjding the
Earth (Refs 5 and 6). It transpa-red that. there are
two beltb of corpusculiar radiation. Vic first belt
(the inner belt) forills 11!j er.1mturLal r-ing bounded
(approximately) by t1te geomagnetic titt.itudes + "10",
According to Ref fo, t!ie uridth of thi!j belt is somewhat
smaller. The bolt has a conccritration maxii-wim at an
tho. ~,,eomui~metic equator).
altittide of about 3000 'kill (a tit) ve
Cardl/6 The second (outer) belt extends uri tc, 6-8 terre3,trial
radii and its concentration i;)axirmim is at a distance of

6'S 2 35
S/0~'9/59/000/12/009/027
E032N91
On the Nature of Corpuscular Radiation in tho pper Atmosphere
3.5-4 terrestrial radii. In order to explain tile
origin of the belt of fast charged particles surrounding
the Earth, a number of authors have nut forward the
neutron decay hypothesis (Refs 7-9). This is the
so-called trapped albado theory of the radiation belt.
However, an analysis of tile spatial distribution of
the particles in the two belts exclude3, in the opinion
of the present authors, the albedo theory~ In fact,
the presence of an equatorial belt moaris that the
particles forming this belt teavoid" moderate and high
,,8oomagnetic latitudes, Apparently this is a result
of the fact thatNjeomagnetic di.,3turblant;es nnd polar
auroras at higher latitudes remove particles from the
inner belt and prevent their accumulation,. This moans
that the equatorial belt is supplied with particles
only from below, i.e. from the lower layers of the
terrestrial atmo3phere. On the other hand, the
spatial distribution of particles in the outer belt
clearly indicates an extra- terre5tr_ial ,3ource. Again,
the particles in the outer belt, oncc they appear in
Card2/6 the magnetic trap at the distance of 3.5-4 terrestrial

66235
5/0'19/=9/000/12/009/027
E032/E.')9.,&;
On tile Nature of Corpuscular Radiation in the Upper Atmosphere
radii, will accumulate in this region over a longer
interval of time than at the distance of 5-6 terrestrial
radii since the frequency and amplitude of geoinagnetic
disturbances at latitudes of 50-600 are greater by a
factor of several tells than in tho zollo of maximum
repeatibility of polar auroras.. This explains the
observed position of the maximum in the outer belt.
The differencP in the origin of the par-cicles in the
two belts leads also to a difference in their onergies.
Thus, an analysis ()f the spatia'L di!utribution of the
particles in the two ra6tation bolts lead.9 to tile
conclusion that the main rortsoii for the escape of
particles in the outer (and apparently also in the
inner) zone are geomagnetic disturbAnces all(] the
associated auroras. Of course in the case of the inner
belt tile relevant auroras are the low-latitude auroras
which are relatively rare. During goom3giv3tic
disturbances, the normal field at altitudes is
disturbed and the particles corifined in the trap can
Card3/6 escape both into the inter-planetai-y space and q1""

68235
S/0119/59/Ooo/12/009/0~;7
E052/E591.
Lladiatioii ii-r. U
the i-lorv
Xt I
c,
c 11; 1 i'!
C a r d 4 /6 ~J

Card5/6

3
S/049/59/000/12/009/027
E032/E591
On the Nature of COrp118C111L11- 1ja(.1ijition in the Upper Atiljosphel'o
charged particles as a result of the interaction of
cosmic rays with the atmosphere, leading to the forwacion
of netitrons (otlier thazi those formed in stars). Meson
decays are also a source of unstable neutral particles,
Another more powerful source are nuclear explosions.
There are thus two sources for the inner belt, the
first of which is the trapped cosmic ray albedo which
can supply approxiiiately 2 x 10 -12 - 2 x2 23 electrons
with energy up to 780 keV and 10 20 _ 10.10protons with
energy up to 30 MeV during a time interval of 106 -
107 sec. The second source is the nuclear explosion
source, which at times can considerably increase the
intensity of the hard corpuscular radiation in the
equatorial belt. It is pointed out that it would be
very desirable to have further drkta on the identification
and the energy spectrum in the equatorial belt.
There are I table and 25 references, 11 of which are
Soviet, 11 English and I French.
ASSOCIATION: Alcademiya nauk SSSR Institut fizilci Atmosfcry
Card6/6 (Ac.Sc., USSR, Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere)
SUBMITTED: April 22, 1959

3 (7), 29 (2), 29 (5)
AUTHORS: Krasovskiy, V. I.,
GalrperTng Yu. T.9
Shklovskiy, I. S., SOV/20-127-1-20/65
Svetlitskiy, Ye. M.
TITLE; The Discovery in the Upper Atmosphere by Means 'of the Third
Sputnik of Electrons Having an Energy of About 10 kev
(Obnaruzheniye v verkhney atmosfere s pomoshchlyu. tretlyeGQ
sputnika elektronov s energiyey okolo 10 kev)
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959, Vol 127, Ur 1, PP 78 - 81
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the third Soviet sputnik (which was launched on May 15, 19518)
an experiment concerning the direct discovery of electrons of
not very high energy was carried out in the upper atmosphere
(Refs 1,20). It is characteristic of this experiment that
practically only electrons of some dozens of kev were recorded.
The indicators used did not react to the X-ray radiation gene-
rated by these electrons in the atmosphere and in the shell of
the sputnik. Therefore, thin fluorescence screens (ZnS, acti-
vated Ag) with 2 mg matter per 1 cm2 were used. As the authors
used aluminum foils of various thickneeses as absorbers, it was
possibleg besides the intensity of fluxes of electrons of not
Card 113 particularly high energies, to evaluate also the "equivalent"

The Discovery in the Upper Atmosphere by Means of the 30V/20-127-1~20/6-,.
Third Sputnik of Electrons Having an Energy of About
10 kev
energy of the electrons. The limiting diaphragms fitted beffore
the indicators warranted the recording of corpuscles within a
solid angle of 1/4 steradian. The radiotelemetric 'material de-
termined furnished severa.1 results of great geophysical inter-
est: Electrons ofvIO kev were detected in altitudes of from
470 to 1880 km above sea level. The lowest intensity was found
over the geomagnetic equator in an altitude 0f-1300 km above
sea level. At the "equivalent" energy of -20 kev its minimum
amperage was estimated at 10-14 a,, cm-2 steradian-1, In medium
and polar latitudes (up to 600 geomagnetic latitude) an amper-
-2 -1
age of 5-16'11a. cm steradian and sometimes also of more
than 10'210 a.cm-2steradian-1 is usual for electrons with an
equivalent energy of 12 kev by night. With the construction of
the measuring apparatus, such high intensities were not expect-
ed. Thereforeq the intensities exceeded the apparatus scale,
and the intensity and "equivalent" energy of the electrons re-'
Card 2/3 corded could not be evaluated. A diagram shows the dependence

The Discovery in the Upper Atmosphere by Means of the SOV/120-127-1-20/65
Third Sputnik of Electrons Ravine an Energy of About
10 kev
of the electron fluxes on their "equivalent" energy within the
range of from -42 to -540 geomaGnetic latitude in altitudes of
from 1720 to 1880 km in the night of May 15, 1958 above the
southern part of the Pacific. When the sputnik rotated round
its two axes, the intensity of the electron fluxes changed con-
aiderably. The electron fluxes are probably the cause of the
heating and expansion of the upper atmosphere (which was de-
duced from the slowing-down of the sputnik). There are 1 fig.-
ure and 17 references, 9 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki atmosfery Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute for the
Physics of the Atmosphere of the Academy of Sciences, USSR)
PRESENTED: April 14, 1959, by A. I. Berg, Academician
SUBMITTED: April 14, 1959
Card 3/3

A-Rfisoysloy - V.
Kwovay. V. I.,
011 `111E NATUAE OF HAAD CORPUSCLE 3 111 TIC- UP.-- ER A71-603Pr-'?E
I.S. Shklovsky, V.I. Krasovsky, Yu.1. Galperin, Ye. N. Svetil:it-~ky
1. Inv9stigntion3 conducted by Soviat and Amorican artificial earth
satellites have led to the detection of a rogion of intensive corpuscular
radiation com:rencing at an altitude of several hundnods of kilomatres and con-
sisting of two "belts".
2. An analysis of the --patial listri-iftion of th..,~s~3 L-,,,,lts p2r-dts
dvawino ceitain c.,?nclusions concerninE the mechanivas off &!neration ani
tiesoane-111 of hard corpuscles.
~. An analysis is given of the relationship between aurorae and streams
of solar comuscles, on the one hand, anA the en3rQr cpectrum ani concentration
of r-rd corpuscl.,,s in the outer "belt", on the other.
4. Calculations are made on the i,enoration of haM corouscles in the
~n-nqr "balt" on the basis of the mechanism of decay of' albodo neutrons.
5. T4-,rn is given an analysis of other possibilities of etino-ration of
hard corpuseles in th,~ upper atmospbore. Invosti.ration5 of Figh-En-:)ra 1~-,avy
Nuclei In the Primary Cosmic Radiation Clo-7-e to the G-2omalolnctic Equator
(Gua-i, Marianas Islands) D. M. Hakin, P. L. Jain, E. Lohrmann, Narce Schein
and 14. Teuch,3r.
In a large stack of nucle,-r e,~ulsion exposed to the- cosr.-,ic raliation at
102,000 ff-et near th3 Ceomagnitic equator, 540 tracks of h,~avy
nuclei were loc--~tnl in a sy3tomatic scan and followe-I along the track.
Rezort presented at the Intc-mational Cos;-Ac Hay Confurence, 1-~oscow, 6-11 July

SOVSK -Y.-1 i_doktor fiz.-wtem.neuk, otv.red.; MIDWAYN, Y89109
--RANYWIL -C
red.; SIMKINA, G.S., toldm.red.
(spectral, electrophotometric, and radar observations of auroras
and airglow; collection of articles] Spektraltnys, elektrofoto-
metrichaskie i rediolokatsionnye iosledovaniia poliarnykh aiisnii
i evachaniia nochnogo neba; abornik statei, IT razdal progra=y
UGG ~Poliar"e siianiis i evachanie noohnogo nabs). Moskva.
No.2/3, 1960* 69 P. (MIRA 13:12)
1. Ak'ademiya nauk SM. Hazhduvedometvannyy komitat po provedeniyu
Mzhdunarodnogo goofisiohookogo goda.
(Auroras) (Night so)

1:,~,kscjysm, V. I., us-M.
"Research of the Upper Atmosphere and Interplanetai"j Gas with the Help of
Artificial Sate).11tea of the Earth and Space Proben."
report submitted at the llth International Astronautical Federation Congress M
in Stockholm, 15-20 August 1960.

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s-

81146
S/030/60/000/05/02/056
JAN B015/B008
AUTHOR: Krasovskiy, V. I., Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
TITLE% Some Problems of the Physics of the Northern Lights ~V
PERIODICAL3 Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, No. 5, pp. 10-16
TEXT: In the paper under review, the author restricts himself to the
conclusions based on the new investigation material regarding the ener-
getics of the upper atmosphere, and mainly the spectra of the northern
lights. The investigation of the upper atmosphere by means of spectro-
scopic analysis was conducted in the USSR at the Institut fiziki
atmosfery Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of the Physics of the Atmosphere
of the Academy of Sciences, USSR)~ In connection with the International
Geophysical Year, these investigations were intensified thanks to the
building of high-quality spectroscopes, interferometere and high-speed
spectroscopic electrophotometers. Nowadays, one of the basic problema
of the_j2hysies of the upper atmosphere~vis that of the sources of its
heating and ionization. On the basis of the rotation-vibration spectrum VN(
Card 1/3

81146
Some Problems of the Physics of the S/030/60/000/05/02/056
Northern Lights B015/BOOB
of hydroxyl obtained by N. N. Shefov (Fig. 1), the interference pictures
of the emissions of the northern lights obtained by T. M. Mulyarchik
(Fig. 2), the formation of northern polar lights (Fig, 3) and the
hydrogen spectrum in comparison with the normal emission spectrum of the
hydrogen of atmospheric origin, the author comes to the conclusion that
a considerable part of the northern lights is caused by the penetration
of electrons with energies of about 10 kev into the atmosphere. The
presence of such electrons in the upper atmospheric layers was
ascertained with the equipment of the third artificial earth satellite.
The author underlines in conclusion that electrons with an energy of
about 10 kev are present at great heights in bigger quantities, which
cannot be considered as primary solar particles. Protons and electrons
which produce the phenomenon of the northern lights and the heating of
the upper atmospheric layers, develop as the result of a complicated
interaction of the clouds of ionized gases ejected by the sun with
ionized gas which is retained by the geomagnetic field. Further system-
atic observations of all the phenomena describqd are pointed ou't as being
necessary. The continuation of the investigations which were conducted
Card 2/3

81146
Some Problems of the Physics of the Northern S103 60/000/05/02/056
Lights B01 5YI3008
during the International Geophysical Year, are of great scientific and
practical interest. There are 4 figures,
vx
Card 3/3

SEDOV, L.I.; KRASOVSKIT, V.I.
-
Congress on ~Wtronautics in Stockholm. Vest.AN SSSR no.12:45-46
D 160. (MIRA 13:12)
(Aatronautica-Congresses)

-, L. 0,
1-7

K%ISOTSKIY,-T.I....doktor fiziko-mntomaticheakikh nauk, otv.red.;
YIMTAK, G.T., red.; RTLIKA, Yu&Y., tekhn*red.
[Spectral, alectrophotometrical and radar reeenrch of Aurorae
and night nirglow; collected Articles. Section 4 of the program
of the international Geophysical YeAr (aurorne and night sirglow)
Spektrallnyo elaktrofotomtrichaskie i radiolokntnionnye iseledo-
vanlin polinrnykh siInnii i avechaniia nochnogo neba; abornik
statei.IT razdel prlgraM MGG (poliarnve siianiia i avechenie
nochnogo neba). MosIrva-YIn Russian with sumn!iriss in English.]
No.5- 1961. 58 P. (MIRA 14:5)
1. Akademiya nauk SSSR. Mezhduvedomstvennyi komitet po provede-
niyu Mezhdunnrodnogo geofizichenkogo godn.
(Aurorae) (Night sky)

0 IND
I? ?I
AU~kbf"!
TITLE,~
3 307 5 j
B/169/61/000/012/085/08'-
D228/D305
Krasovskiy. V. I.
The nature of hydroxyl emission in the upper
atmosphere
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal Geofizika, no,, 12,, 1961,
23, abstract 12G184 ~V sb. Spektr,, elektro
fotometr. i radiolokats. Issled. polya.-n.
siyaniy i svecheniya nochn. neba. no. 5.
AN SSSR, 19619 29-31)
TEXT: Some conclusions drawn on the basis of data from obser
vations at Yakutsk and Zvenigorod during the IGY are reported on
the nature of OH emission. According to the results of the
Yakutsk observationsthe intensity Of OH emission grows as
the0rotary temperature increases if this has a value of above
250 K,, This emission is evidently connected with the ozone-
Card 1/4

~30 7 '1-,
3/169/61/000/012/085/089
The nature of hydroxyl... D228/D305
hydrogen reaction. At rotary temperatures below 250 0K. the In.:
tensity of hydroxyl emission does not depend on the temperature..
In the latter case, the emission is due to the reaction of _re-
fo-med oucillatively-stimulated molecules off 0 2 with H atom,3.
The existence of two processes for the appearance of stimulated
hydroxyl is also indicated by the increased relative populati.,;r_,
O-f the tenth oscillatory level in comparison vith the fifth on
The increase of the rotary temperature,, The data obtained at
Zvenigarod differ substantially from those obtaino~-d at Yaku-~,z".-'
The Zvenigorod data do not testify to the clear dependence .~jf:
the OH-emission intensity on the rotary temperature Ho-.,,'evc-r
the average intensities for Zveni-orod are at the -level of tne
2n riiium inte
nsities for Yakutsk at rotary temperatures of belcyi
250 F, Therefore, iz is to be supposed 11'at the emissi-:~n.
0.L.Served at Zvenigorod has the same character as the OHr all I
sion at Yakutsk %,~,hen the rotary temperature is below
existence of two procesoes for the appeart-ince of exc-~-tol
.-. ar d4
Vc

33075
S/169/61/000/012/085/089
The nature of hydroxyl.., D228/D305
is indicated, also, by the Zvenigorod data about the relative
population of t4e tenth and sixth levels. A maximum rotary tem.
perature of 380 K has been registered at Zvenigorod, The min6mum
temperatures recorded at Zvenigorod and Yakutsk are about 200 K I
If the rotary temperature of hydroxyl reflects the environmentai
temperature, OH emission may probably arise considerabiy above
and considerably below the temperature minimum at a height of
about 80 km. In the first case, stimulated hydroxyl will arise
as a result of the reaction of reformed oscillatively.--excited
m.olecuies of 02 with H; in the second case it will. originate
during the ozone-hydrogen reaction,. The change in the temperatiirs
of the atmosphere's high layers is not the sole factor determin-
ing the variations of the rotary temperature of OH. It may be
supposed that the altitudinal displacement of the reaction zone
is capable of creating the name variations. The tendency for the
growth of the emission of Hc/. in the night sky is noted at
Zvenigorod and Yakutsk as the intensity of OH emission in-
Card 3/4

S/169/61/000/012./085/089
The nature of hydroxyl... D228/1)305
creases. This may be explained above all by the fact that hy4ro-
gen and hydroxyl emissions are proportional to the content of
atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere's high layers, It is possible~
however, that H:Pi emission may also be stimulated by electrone
with an energy of tens of electron-volts, as a result of which
atomic hydrogen is formed in the lower parts of the atmospher:~
either directly or by means of roentgen radiation. /-Abstrac-.ers
note,, Complete translation.-7
Card 4/4

25990
S/560/61/ooo/oo6/008/010
E032/E314
AUTHORS: Krasovskiyt V61.9 Shklovskiyg I6S.j Gallperinj Yu,le,
SvstlitMkfY__T7T "iet Kuahnirt Yu*M. and
Bordovskiyj GeAs
TITLEt Discovery of App~roximatelY 10 ksV Electrons in the
Upper Atmosphere
PERIODICALz Akademiya SSSR. lokusstvenyye sputniki Zemli-
No. 6. moscow, 19611 pp..113 - 126
TEXT: Prior to experiments carried out with the aid of
artificial Earth satellites, it Was assumed that the natural
glow, heatingeand ionization of the upper atmosphere was largely
due to hard,electromagnatic radiation of solar origin. It was
considered that corpuscular radiation (protons, a-particles and
electrons) could only ponstrats the atmosphere in the polar
regions and thereby give rise to geoma:gnetic disturbances and
auroras. It was found that aurorae were frequently initiated
by protons with a considerable velocity spread. However, in
many cases, hydrogen-emission was not observed and the appearance
of aurorae was provisionally associated with electrons having
Card 1/7

Discovery of *@so
25990
S/560/61/000/006/008/020
E032/E314
energies up to a few hundreds or thousandsiof eV. An attempt
was then made by Krazovskiy et al (Ref- 3 - UFN, 64, 425, 1958)
to detect these electrons from the third Soviet artificial
Earth satellite. The apparatus employed consisted of two very
thin phosphors covered by aluminium foils. The scintillations
were recorded by photomultipliers and the amplified photo-
multiplier signal was stored and later telemetered to Earth.
Owing to the presence of the aluminium foils (which were of
differing thicknesses) it was possible to estimate both the
intensity and the energy of the electrons which were most
effective in exciting the phosphors. A particular feature of
this apparatus wax that it was sansitivie only to electrons and
did not respond to protons and photons of comparable energy.
The apparatus indicated the presence of large electron currents
at altitudes up to 900 km in the region of the southern part of
the Pacific Ocean, the energy of these electrons being of the
order of 10 keV. Theme currents were often so large that the
apparatus gave off-scale readings since such high currents were
not expected. In the case of these off-acale readings the energy
Card 2/1

25990
S/560/6i/ooo/006/008/010
Discovery of too 2032/Z314
flux exceeded 100 erg cm-2 440-1 at altitudes up to 1 900 km
from the EarthIs surface. Fig. 2 shown the calibration curves
for the two detectorm employed in this experiment. The dashed
lines correspond to aluminium foil of 0.8 x 10-3 g/cm2 and the
continuous lines correspond to aluminium foil of
0.4 x 10-3 2.,
g/cm The numbers on these lines indicate the
energy of the electrons in keV. These calibration curves
were obtained in laboratory experiments using parallel beams
of mono-energetic electrons. The current density of monochromatic
electrons (A/cm2) in plotted along the vertical axis and the
telemetric channel number, which is proportional to the
logarithm of the photomultiplier current, along
the horizontal axis. Fig, 3 shown the difference A K between
the logarithmic-acal* divisions of the two detectors as a
function of the energy of the electrons used in the calibration.
The ratio of the photo-currents of the two detectors depends
on the energy of the electrons or, more precisely, on the form
of the energy spectrum. This relation was determined in
Card 3/7

25990
s/56o/Wooo/oWoo8/olo
Discovery of .... E032/E314
preliminary laboratory experiments with mono-energetic electrons.
The form of the energy spectrum recorded by the satellite is
unknown and comparison of the readings produced by the two
detectors can only be used to estimate an equivalent energy.
This equivalent energy E squiv is defined a3 the energy of a
monochromatic beam which gives the same photo-current ratio for
the two detectors as the observed value, Proceeding along
these lines one can also define an equ:Lvalent current and an
equivalent energy flux. It can easily be shown that these
equivalent quantities give, in fact, the lower limits of the
measured quantities# Consideration of the telemetric records,
a number of which are reproduced in the present paper, showed
that the most frequently recorded energies occurred in the
neighbourhood of 14 k*V. Since the sensitivity of the
apparatus is considerably higher for high-energy electrons, it
follows that in the came of non-monochromatic electrons the
maximum flux corresponds to an energy below 14 keV. This
maximum can be determined if some energy-distribution function
Card 4/7

25990
S/56061/ooo/oWoWolo
Discovery of E032/E3111
is wsumed. It is estimated that the energy flux associated
with these currents, which may reach the lower layers of the
atmosphere, is at least 1 erg cm-2sec-1. The discovery of
large currents of 10 koV electrons is'of particular importance
to the understanding of many geophysical phenomena. Foir
example, it is interesting to note that appreciable
intensities of such electrons first appear at the geomagnetic
latitude at which increased ionization was previously recorded
in t~e F-layer and which could not be explained by hard
electromagnetic radiation of solar origin., The existence of
these electron currents may lead to the explanation of ionizatio.n
irregular-Ities in the upper atmosphere. Acknowledgments are
made to S.Sh. Dolginov, V.V. Beletskiy and Yu.V. Zonov for
determining the orientation of the apparatas relative to the
magnetic field. -There are 11 figures and 15 references: V
12 Soviet and 3 non-Soviet.
SUBMITTED: December 9, 1959
Card

S/025/6!/000/010/003/003
D264/D3o4
AUTHOR: KraSOVSI~J~r V. I., Doctor of Physics and
TITLE: Prospects near and far. Astronautics and extra-
terrestrial civilizations
PERIODICAL: Nauka i zhiznll no. 10, la,61, 81 - go
TEXT: The article reviews some of the prospects and problems
posed by the dawn of space travel. The author envisages the
advent of automatic and manned space stations for long-distance
radio communication and weather forecasting. Observatory sat-
ellites or observatories on the moon and other atmosphereless
planets and asteroids will vastly extend the scope and clarity
of astronomy. Coupled radio antennas on different cosmic bodies
will give a radio receiving system of tremendous resolving
power. Professor I. S. Shklovskiy once noted the anomaly of
the gradual reduction in the period of rotation of Phobos,
Card 1/ 4

Prospects near and far.
S/025/61/000/010/003/003
D264/D3o4
the Martian satellite. Calculation made at the time indicated
that Phobos must have appeared in the fielddMartian gravitation
only a few hundred million years a,-,o and will eventually fall
onto the planet'L surface. According to modern cosmogony, Mars
originated several billion years ago; Shklovskiy consequently
assumed that Phobos is an artificial satellite, launched by a
race of Martians now extinct. The two theories of Mars' origin
are discussed. 1) The planet was formed from the condensation
of hot gases. Life could have developed hundreds of millions
or a billion years before it did on earth. Subsequently, such
vital gases as oxygen and water vapor escaped because of Mars'
low gravity. 2) Mars originated via amalgamation from col-
lisions of cold meteorites. The temperature is rising gradually,
but lags behind that of the Earth which is nearer to the sun's
warmth. Only in the future will conditions be suitable for the
development of life. If there vras once life on Mars, the author
Card 2/ 4

0'/025/61/000/010/003/003
Prospects far and near. D264/D304
assumes that the Martians would have developed a vast underground
civilization as conditions on the surface deteriorated. Pro-
fessor N. A. Kozyrev believes that primitive life may exist on
Venus. To test the planet's true thermal regime, some scientists
advocate seeding the Venetian atmosphere with rocket-borne ter-
restrial algae. If the temperature is favorable, the algae would
multiply rapidly on the C02 and within a few years would trans-
form the atmosphere. Since the effect of terrestrial microor-
ganisms on other worlds is not known, most scientists advocate
thorough sterilization of spaceships and their equipment. The
advantages and disadvantages of photon rockets are discussed.
Since the time intervals involved in interst,?llar photon-rocket
travel are so great, such rockets will be of little use for re-
connaissance work. Collision with particles of interstellar gas
and dust clouds would also be catastrophic and special beams or
fields would be required to repel such particles from the photon
rocket. The author argues that the universe may be inhabited
Card 3/4

S/025/61/000/010/003/003
Prospects far and near. D264/D3o4
by intelligent beingswho are trying to contact us through some
form of radiotelegraphy. Some scientists advocate the launching
of numerous small rockets with tape recordings of terrestrial
data and radio transmitters to try to establish contact with
intelligent life on other planets.
Czard Wli-

KMS"OV &U,,-V-I-, doktor fiziko-matem. nauk, otv. red.; SHCHUKINA, Ye.P..,
red.; TIKHCMIROVA, S.G.p tekhn. red.
(Spectral, electrophotometriep and radar investigations of
auroras and the airglow; collection of articles) Spektrall-
nye, eloktrofotometricheskie i radiolokatsioraVe ionledova-
aiiA pollarnykh allanil i avachonlia nocImDgo nabiq abornik
statei. IV razdel programW MGG (poliarmye alianiia i ffvechenie
nochnogo neba). Moskva, Izd--;vo Akad. nauk SSSR. Wo.6. 1961. 41 P.
(MI.U 14:12)
1. Akademiya nauk SSSR. Mezhduvedomstvenrqy komitet po provede-
niyu Mezhdunarodnogo geofizicheako o goda.
tAuroras) ~Night sky)

KRASOVSKI,Y,
Letter to the editor. Izv. A14 SSSR. Ser. geofiz. no.12:1898-1900
I D 61. (Night sky) (MIRA 14:12)

3' lelo
5, r1 2-0
AUTHORs Krasovskiy, V. I.
30398
S/053/61/075/003/003/005
B125/B1O4
TITLE-s Some results of investigations of aurora borealis and night-sky
radiation during the International Geophysical Year and
International Geophysical Cooperation
PERIODICAL: Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, v. 75, no. 3, 1961, 501 - 525
TEM This article describes observations of polar phenomena and night-
sky radiation, made at Loparskaya, Roshchino, and Svenigorod during the
international Geophysical Year and the International Geophysical Coopera-
~-_'on. The following Soviet authors are mentioneds N. V. Dzhordshio
("Spektrallnyye, elektrofotometricheskiye i radiolokatsionnyye issledovan-
iya polyarnykh siyaniy i svecheniya nochnogo neba" Lt., izd. AN SSSRj
briefly referred to as "Sbornik")has shown that sharply outlined, bright
formations produce only part of the radiation. In most rases, the
integral radiation of the surrounding background is more intense. The term
~;-absen:e of a polar phenomenon" (auroia borealis) in high and loz, latit-'ades
rd 1/4

30398
S/053/61/075/003/003/0--,,
Some results of investigations of aurora... B125/BlO4
should be completely revised. V. S. Prokudina (Sbornik no.1, 30 (1959))
re,~orded hydrogen emission with a narrow contour in night-sky spectra.
Yu. I. Gallperin, N. N. Shefov, F. K. Shuyskaya et al. observed hydrogen
emissions, Hp~,and HA, with broad contours. The intensities of hydrogen
emission in the magnetic zenith and on the horizontal white screen are
equal. in virtually all cases. According to 0. L. Vaysberg (Izv. AN SSSR,
sera geofiz., No.8, 1277 (1960)1 No.1, 166 (1961)), hydrogen emission ig
never intensified in bright formations near the zenith. According to I. S.
Shklovskiy (DAN SSSR 81, 367 (1951), Ann. GeoplWs. 14, 414 (1958)), the
protons approaching tTe earth are converted into neutral hydrogen already
-'n the Interplanetary space. According to Yu. 1. Gallperin, hydrogen
emission takes place prior to the occurrence of auroras and during all
their stages. According to Yu. 1. Gallperin and 0. L. Vaysberg, hydrogen
fields stretch over hundreds and thousands of kilometers. The spectra of
diffuse auroras in the visible range without hydrogen emission do not diffPr
from the spectra of other sharply outlined forms. According to F. K.
Shuyskaya (Izv. AN SSSR, ser. geofiz., NO.3, 510 (ig6o); Sbornik NO.5, 49
(1961)), B. P. Petanori Z. To. Rapoport, and T. B. Borsuk (Sbornik No.2-~,
42 (1960)), the intensive absorption of cosmic radio radiation occurring
Card 2/4

03 ?1
9
S 053 61/075/003/003/005
Some reeults of investigations of aurora ... B125 B104
YB
at a fxequency of 31 Mc/sec is indicative of an increase in ionization
In the D layers According to T. M. Milyarchik (DAN SSSR,,132,
- . 503
(1960)), the temperature of red auroras may reach 35000K, A, V~
141ronova; V~ S. Prokudina, and N. N. Shefov (Sbornik no 9))
20 (95
discovered an infrared helium emission in auroras at 10830 X~ This
observation was confirmed by N. I. Pedorova (Sbornik no-5, 42 (-960);
Ass-~rding to V. P. Shcheglov (Astron. zh. 3 1
.q, no.6, iii (496i)), the
h,_~-Iiium emission at dawri is particularly strohg, In Yakutsk N. N.
Shefov and V~ 1. Yarin ollected many emission spectra of the night-'~,.;
radj:.lacn frcm '~CA~GA12,000 i. According to N. N., Shefc-r. V. I. Yarin., and
V- S. Prokudina, the emissions of night-sky radiation can be divided
into two groupsi 1) the green 5577-a radiation of atomic oxygen and
-the radiatlons of hydroxyl, the yellow radiation (5894 ~) of sodium,
the hydrogen radiation (H,.,), and the red radiation of atomic oxygan~
According to A, V~ Minoro- (Sbornik no.2-3, 66 (11960)), ,.he inten,;;147
of various emissions increases with increasing magnetic K index~ The
exci-red hydroxyl is produced by various chemical reactions in the uppo.r
Finmosphere, Each of these reactions yields a charasterietic relati-ire
CaTd 3/4

30393
S/05 61/075/003/00V00,
Some results of Inlre:3tigationa of aurora, ..B125Y,3104
of the vibration levels of hydroxyls The nalure of
hydroxyl radiation will be investigated in later 3tudies. There are
I.Lgu.-es and 60 references! 41 Soviet and 19 non-Soviet The three
most recent references to English-language publications read as
follows- N, 1. Fedorova, Planet, Space Sci, ~,. 70 'k'.961); N, N~ Shef-r,
Planet 3pace Sci.,9, 70 (1961)j L. Coleman, et a! .; "Ohys. Rev, Lett,
43 (1960).

KPASOVSKIY, V. I.
"Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere"
Soviet Papers Presented at Plenary, Meetings of Committee on Space Research
(COSPAR) and Third International Space Science Symposium, Washington, D. C.,
23 Apr - 9 May 62.

KRASOVSKlYt Valerlyan 1.
" Theory Of OH exoitation and the intensity-temperature relation 0
Report to be submitted at the 1AU and 1UGG Symposium on Theoretical
Interpretation of Upper Atmosphere Masions, Paris, France,
25-29 June 1962
1. Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere, Acalemy of Sciences USSR, Moscov

KMOVSKIY, V. I.
"Some Geophysical and Astronomical Aspects of Soviet Space Research"
report presented at the 13th Intl. Astronautical Federation Congress (FAI)
Varna, Bulgaria, 23-29 Sep 1962

KRAqOVSKIY,, V.L. doktor fiziko-matem. nauk,, otv. red.; ZHITNIKOVA,
--d-.A., -red. -izd-va; SHEVCHENKO, G.N., tekhn. red.
(Papers]Sbornik statei. Moskva, Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR.
(Razulltaty issledovanii po programe Yezhdunarodnogo -
fizicheskogo goda) No.9. [Auroras and night-sky lightlPeo-
liarrWe silaniia i ovechenie nochnogo neba. 1962. 61 p.
(MM 15tlO)
1. Akadmoa vauk SSSR. Hezhduvedom-)tveruW geofizicbeakiy
komitet. IV razdel progra=W MGG. PolyarWe siyaniya 1, 8"-
cheniye nochnogo nebaI
(Auroras) (Night sky)

A
6/030/62/000/006/M/007
1023/1223
AUTHORs. Krasovski -1,,j-Dootor of Physics . Mathematical 6oiences
TITLE% Helium in the upper atmosphere of the Earth
PERIODICALs Akademiya nauk SSSR. Vestnik, no. 6, 1162, 50-52
UXTs In 1947 In tho U35R for the f1rot *tim in the world an electronic
optical convertor of infrared into visible radiation was used for the investi-
gationn of the upper atmosphere. Tho convertor consists of a diffraction
spectroaraphs whose image is focused on an infrared sensitive photo-cathode.
The photo electroneg accelerated by a high voltage 30 KV)t are focused on a
fluorescent screen covered by a thin aluminium foil. A photographic plate is
put directly on a thin mica screen. The photo-cathode is cooled by solid carbon
dioxide in order to reduce the number of thermal aleatrons. With the above
described apparatus a large number of epectrogr&me in the infrared region war@
measured during the International Geophysical Year. Ito spectrograms were taken
during twilight and at night, bath in ordinary conditions and during auroras. V"
In many cases the 10830 emission line of helium was found* This line was
*Card 1/2

3/030/62/000/006/004/0017
Helium in... 1023/1223
never found at day or at nightp even during auroras. During daytime this line
is masked by the strong scattered light from the sky. N.N. Scefor found that
atoms of ortho-holium. on be produced fr4rP-atotrq I of 6rd innry parn-holium in
I
three,vmyss 1) excitation by the.584A lines of the sun's helium radiaLiont
2) collisions of para-holium atoms with photo-olectrona, produced by the sun's
shortwave radiation (less than 3041
'i), 3) collisions of para-helium atoms with
secondary electronag produced by collisions in the atmosphere by more energic
electrons, which cause also the auroras. The energy of these electrons is
several thousands kov. Data on the infrared emission of helium measured at
twilight can render information apout the shortweve and corpuscular radiation
of the sun. The Intene'Ity of 5MA helium line emitted by the sun was measured
by rockets. Using this datag and the infrared,emioeion of helium measured
during twilight, the density of para-helium at 1000 km height was found-to be
10~atoms/cm'3- This'density is close to the total density found at this height- -
by satellites. Therefore, helium is the major component of the atmosphere at
this height. The most important result is not the density of helium in the
upper atmospherep but the possibility of measuring the ionosphere-producing
radiation at sea levelt w-A not by rockets#
Card 2/2

KRASOVSKIY V. [Krasovs1kyi., Vj, doktor fiz,matem.na?,~k
Prospects noar and distant. Nauka i zhyttia 12 no.5:10-15
My 162. (Aatronautics) (KIRA 15:7)
(Life on other planets)

0WOVSKIYj V._ I.
"Corpuscles of the upper atmosphere to
report to be submitted for the 14th Congress Intl. Astronautics Federation,
Paris, France, 25 Sep-1 Oct 63

KRkSOVSK1Y,._V.1., doktor fiz.-matem. nauk, otv. red.; i3AGARYATSHY,
B.A., kand. fiz.-matem. nauk, otv. red.; ZHITNIKOVA, S.A.,
red.; DOROKIIIIIA, I.N., tekhn. red.; MATYUKIIINA, L.I.,
tekhn. red.
(Collection of articles of the Inter mveriz,,ontal Cor.-.rdttee
11
for the Execution of the international Geophysical Year]
Sbornik statei Mezhduvedomstvennogo komiteta po, provedeniiu
Mezhdunarodnogo geofizicheskogo goda. 14oskva, Izd-vo All
SSSR. No.10. 1963. 153 p. (M DU 17: 2)
1. Akademiya nauk SSSR. Mezhduvedomstvennyy komitet po pro-
vedeniyu Mezhdunarodnogo geofizicheskogo goda. IV razdel prog-
rammW MGG: Polyarnyye siyaniva i Lwucheniye nochnogo neba.

KRAS(YISKIY, V.I.
Astronautics and extraterrestrial civilizations. Kosmos no.b
56-77 163. (MM 160)
(Life on other planets)

fjACCESSION. NR: AT3007026 000/017/0003/0018
IAUTH6R-.* Krasovmkiy. V. L
TITLEt The chemistry of theupper atmosphere.
'SOURdE: AN SSSR. Iskus'st. sputniki zemll, no. L7. 1963 3-18
70PIC TAGS: atmosphere, upper atmosphere, ~heimistry of a 'tmosiphere, chemis-:
'try of upper atmosphere. chemistry, upper-atmosphere chemistry. 0, N, H,
hydroxyli hydroxyl radiation, atmospheric radiation,. noctuTnal sky, nocturnal-sky
iradiation,' sky radiation, ozone
ABSTRACT: This survey-type paper, first presented -at the Third Plenary Session'
of COSPAR at Washington, D.C. '. in'May 196Z. tiaces ~he complex molecular and
l
: iono -atomo -mole cula r transformations in the upper atmosphere. A literature
!survey of the'dissociation of molecular 0 is cited. ? The impkeissive intensity of
ithe hydroxyl radiation of the upper atmosphere is cjtad, together with literature
!sources thereon. It to noted that, according to the-Krisovskiy hypothesis. the
iatomic 0 passes into the molecular state not as result of the uniting of two 6
Atorns during triple collisions, but through the &~rmation of 0 from molecular
and atomic 0 during triple collisions, followed by an 03 reaction with 0 atoms.

CCESSION NR-. AT3007026
IThle author undaKscores that the metastable 0 molecules,, Incapable of deactivation
f,through the emission of an oscillatory excitation. can be preserved over a long time
t
Interval and can stimulate various. reactions with an atom -exchange -rate coefficient
10 CM3,gec- I.. It is noted that rocket investigations have shown
;of the order of 10
i
!that the hydrdxyl emission occurs in a region with substantially variable height and
~thicknems; literature sources are adduced. Various hypotheses are discussed on'
Ihe nature of the hydroxyl radiation of the upper atmosphere. A literature review
I
,is also provided on the dissociation of molecular'N ait elevations of 100-400 kme
iThe author points to his hypothesis on the origin of the continuum of radiation of the
:n octurnal sky in a N reaction. The entire rar;ge.of N-0 reactions is explored. A
.!study of the process of formation &~d deactivation of metastable states of atoms and
Imolecul'es is regarded as indispensable. More diligent investigations of all
:emissioris of,the upper atmosphere are required,for a better understanding of the
:complex chemical processes occurring therein. -.Of the.greatdst. importance are
'comprehen~sive inventigatione.directly within the it permost lay~ers of the atmon-
I PI
~phe re, at various levels, latitudes. hours of the day and night, spasons of 'the year,
cycles of.solar activity. Simultaneous determination of the ..con, cent ration of 0
arid N molecules and atoms, hydroxyl molecules perhydroxyl, water. atomic and:
molecular H, molecules of NO and NO2, CO and COZ,- vibratorily excited mote-
dules, and all types of ions, is needed. There is no.easy road to the solution of
Card 2/3

[ACCESSION NR: AT300'7Oz6
;this problem. Orig. art. has 3 tables and 69 numbered equitions.
;ASSOCIATION: none
SUBMITTED: Wun6Z DATE AGO: IlOct63' ENCL: 00
iSUB CODE: AS, EL NO REF SOV.- 021 OTHER: 029

t
I
EWT(1)/tWT(m)/FCC(v)/FS(v)-2/'BDS/ES(V) A.EDC/AFFTC/ASD/
IWOM-3 Pe,--4/Pg-4/Pi-,4/Pl-4/-PO-4#q-4 TTAW__
ACCESSION NRt AP3007340 S/0293/63/001/001/0126/0131
AUTHORt Gallperinj Yu, 1,; Kranovskly,.V, I.
TITLEt Study of the upper atmosphere by means of the Cosm- 3\
and Cosmos_5 satellites. 1. Apparatus
SOURCEt Kosmicheskiye issledovaniya, v. 1, no. 1, 1963, 126-131
TOPIC TAGSt counter, particle counter, ion counter, ion tra p I
electron counter, ionospheric particle, ionospheric current, satel-1;
lite, Cosmos satellite, Cosmos series, Cosmos 3, Cosmos 5, geo-
physical study, geophysical satellite
ABSTRACT: I thhe first of four articles on the investigation of
Clea by the Cosmos 3 and Cosmos 5 satel-
arti
r
ionospheric\_,.~h ad
lites, a detailed description is given of the parti e-sensing
1*\r~apparatus carried on board. Three types of counter~were used,
! covering the energy spectrum from just above thermal up to hard
partic!es in the high-Mev range. The counters were as followss
1) An indicator type, which consisted of a fluorescent screen laid
Card 1/5

L 18945-63
ACCESSION NRt AP3007340
on a glass base and faced with a thin aluminum foil to eliminate
low-energy particles. the entire assembly being housed in a cylin-
der. Near the cylinder aperture were two girds, one grounded to
the case and the other biased at (-)40 v to block passage of ther-
mal electrons. The fluorescent screen was isolated from the case
and could have stepped voltages applied to it of 0, 0.15, 3, 6 and
11 kv in order to segregate the penetrating electrons according to
energy level. Screen illumination from particle impact was de-
tected by a photomultiplier whose output vraA stored and telem-
etered. On each satellite five such counters were mounted in
various attitudes and with differing values of phosphor composi-
tion and fo 'Ll thickness. 2) An ion trap, which passed both posi-
tive and negative particles above a fixed threshold ltvel and
registered their algebraic sum. This was also a tubular cylinder
with a grid arrangement similar to the indicator type, i.e., two
grounded grids, a third at fixed bias, and a fourth at stepped
voltages of 0 to 11 kv as in the indicator-type counter. The col-
lecting element was a silvered metal ring 0.43 cm2 in area, whose
output fed into an electrometer tube. The ring was located in the
annular air gap of a permanent magnet whose field diverted any
Card 2/5

L 18945--63
ACCESSION NRt AP3007340
electrons arriving at less than 5 Kev, as well as ions with similar
Larmor radius. The ion trap thus could sens;m selected ranges of
positive ions as well as electrons above 5 Kev. Two traps were
used on each satellites one with a fixed grid bias of (-)40 v, the
other with a bias of +24 v. It was determined that the spurious
effect of photoemission caused byo;olgllrays striking the collec-
tor ring was small (on the order 1 amp), which verified the
suppressing action of the trap's magnetic field. 3) A standard
halogen-fill d g:iger counter, type STS-5 which had an effective
area of 4.3 c 2 2
am nd was shielded by 3.4 g;cm of lead. With the
added shielding of the satellite skin this counter had a negligible,
response to electrons below 400 Kev or protons below 50 Mev.
Sample recordings of the indicator counter are given which show
modulation in electron count caused both by the stepped accelerat-
ing voltages and by the rotation of the satellite. Degradation in
the Al foil was detected, apparently caused by micrometeorite
erosion. A large increase in foil porosity occurred durin g the
launch phases due either to frequent meteorite contact while rising
through the denser atmospheric layers or to sudden outgassing of
Card 3 / 5

LA. "-4543--
ACCESSION NR: AP3007340
the foil on entering the vacuum environment. The variations and
relative orientations of the indicator and trap counters are shown i
1 in Fig, 1 of the Enclosure, Orig. art. has: G figures.
ASSOCIATION: none
SUBM ITTED: 09M*y63 DATE ACQ: 210ct63 ENCLt 01
SUB CODE: AS, :E NO REF SOV: 003 OTHER: 001
t Corel

L18946-63 EWT(!) /Wr(m) /)ICC(w) /" (v) -2/BDS/ES (V) /1EM-2 AFFTcASD/
U-n-C 7 ff DE --3 /A P G CPe--4/Pi-4/Po-4/Pq-4 TT/rw
ACCESSION HRt AP3007341 S/0293/63/001/001/0132/0139
AUTHORt Krasovskiy, V I Gallperin. Yu. I..: Dzhordzhio, N, V90
Mulyarchik',- T. R.; 3WVY-Un'09va, A, D*
TITLEt Study of the upper atmosphere by means'of the Cosmos 3
nd Cosmos 5 satellites. 2. Soft particles
OURCES Kosmicheskiye issledovaniya, v. 1, no. 1, 1963, 132-139
:
TOPIC TAGSt Cosmos satellite, Cosmos 5. geoactive particle.
ionospheric particle, ionospheric current, ionospheric field,
ion, Ion counter,,- particle-counter, Cosmos 3
ABSTRACTt This is the second in a series of four articles on Reo-
ctive particle research conducted during the Cosmos 3 and Cosmos 5
:rbital flights. This article,,Ydiscusses the existence of currents
of electrons and positive ioneN in the upper ionosphere having
energies that are relatively low but greater than thermal. This
was concluded from fluxes detected by the two types of particle
counters useds 1) a sensor formed of a fluorescent screen and
Card 1 iff
. I .. - - - - ----------------

L 189/k-63
ACCESSION NRt AP3007341
photomultLplier, which was biased negatively and also shielded with'
Al foil so so to register only electrons above 40 ev and positive
ions whose free path exceeded the foil thickness (e.g#q protons of
the order of 200 Kev); 2) an ion trap which registered electrons
of 5 Kav or more 'and positive ions. The trap counters showed re-
*peated instances of anis6tropic positive ion flow in a direction-.
normal to the geomagnatic force lines; the fact that no sLmulta-
neous indications appeared in the Indicator screen type counters
thus suggests that these must have been "soft" positive ions; if
protons, thei r~energy would be less than 200 Kev. This conclusion
is supported by the fact that when the satellite had turned 180'
the indicator counters in turn registered particids not sensed by
the Lon traps, which were evidently electrons below 5 Kev. There
thus are areas which exhibit local current flow, in which positive
ion energies are estimated to be several dozen electronvolts and
average density is 108 Lon/cm2/aec/ster. These areas are in the
200-to 600-km region and tend to remain at the same earth latitudas~
for prolonged periods, sometimes as much as 9 hours. The authors
emphasize that complete determination of the orientations of the
Card 210.3

_L 1894"3
ACC`E_SS__1ON' NR: AP3007341
Cosmos 3 and Cosmos 5 satellites during flight is not yet complete#1
but sufficient data are available to verify the above results.
Additional observations are made of some high-energy particles,
particularly those registered in the South Atlantic geomagnetic
anomaly. If those had been positive ions. the ion trap count, being
the algebraic sum of incoming particles, would have been phase op- ,
posed to the indicator count, which records the absolute sum; sinedo
howev*er, both counters registered such par.ticles in phase, they
must have been electrons, estimated at between 50 Kev and 1 Mev
and at an omnidirectional density of 5 x 107/CM2/sec. Regarding
electron counting technique, the possibility of spurious effects
caused b~ the flelds of on-board transmitting antennas, principally,
that of the telemetry transmitter, is rejected since no difference
in electron count was noted whether the transmitters were on or
off. The intensity and anisotropy of recorde~.electron currents
agree with earlier data from the 1958 SputnikSand from the U.S.
"Injun" rocket of 1961. Fig. 1 of the Enclosure shows examples of
electron intensity isolines over the South Atlantic taken by
Cosmos 3. Orig. art. has: 7 figures.
Card 3103

L i8m,63 EWTU) /BDS/EEC-2/ES(v) AFFTC/ASD/AFMX/FSD-3/APGC Pi-4/Po-4/
ACCESSION NR: AP 3 0 0 7 5 5 4 (0;&4/pe-4 S/0030/63/000/009/0030/0032
AUTHOR: Krasovskiy, V. I. (Doctor of physical and mathematical/~`
sciences)
TITLE, and night airglow\V
SOURCEi AN SSSR. Vestnik, no. 9, 19630 30-32
TOPIC TAGS: aurora, night airglow, airglow, auroral emission,
radiation belt, geomagnetic field, geoactive corpuscle, energetic
particle, ionized atmosphere, interplanetary,medium, magnetohydro-
dynamic wave
ABSTRACT: Ground observations of auroras have established that
auroral emission is excited either by electrons with an energy of
about 10 Kev or by relatively low-energy protons.i Highly sensi-
tive spectiographic equipment is now capable of recording charac-
teristic auroral emission even in the absence of visible glow. in-
visible red arcs and spots,/have even been detected near the equa-
torial zone. Most of the\co rouscular streams in the terrestrial
atmosphere are believed to have been formed in the interaction
Card 1/2

L 18202-63
ACCESSION NR: AP3007554
rl
between the ionized atmosphere in the 'geomagnetic field and the,
ionized interplane'tary medium with its own magnetic fields. The
energy may be transferred from the outer regions to the inner by
means of magnetohydrodynamic waves. It is postulated that geo-
active corpuscles form separate filaments along geomagnetic lines
.rather than globe-encircling radiation belts. The detection of
electrons with energies of several hundred ev at a distance of,
about 10 earth radii is believed to indicate a transition zone
between the geomagnetic field and the-interplanetary medium.
ASSOCIATION: none
SUBMITTED: 00 DATE ACQ: 150ct63 ENCL: 00
SUB CODE: AS NO REF SOV: 000 OTHER:
000
J
Card 2 2

ACCESSION NR: AT4034379 S/2662/63/000/010/0024/0034
AUTHOR: - Krasovskiy, V. 1.
TrrLE; Hydroxyl emission In the upper atmosphere
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Mezh&vedomstvenny*k geofizicheakly komitet. IV razdel prograrnmy*~
IMGG: Polyarriy*ye slyaniya I svecheniye nochnogo, neba. Sbornik statey, no. 10. 1963,
24-34
TOPIC TAGS: metorology, geophysics, aurora, hydroxyl emission, atmospheric emission,!
upper atmosphere emission, ozone hydrogen reaction
ABSTRACT: The author attempts an analysis of the mechanisms of generation and variation
of upper atmospheric emissions, preceded by a brief review of the factual data concerning
such emission mechanisms'.' The problem of the rotational temperatures and intensity of
hydroxyl bands Is considered in detail. It is pointed out that the excessively high rotational;
temperature of the OH bands indicates that the rotational states of the hydroxyl ion are not
in thermodynamic equilibrium with the ambient medium. Variations in the relative and
absolute population of vibrational levels constitute evidence of height changes or of pro-
cesses involving the appearance of excited hydroxyls. Processes are described which
permit, at least qualitatively, an explanation of the observed laws in the rotational"and
Card 1/4
X

ACCESSION NX- AT4034379
vibrational temperatures and the intensity values of the atmospheric hydroxyl bands. The
mean intensity values of hydroxyl bands in the visible and near-infrared are discussed.
The basic information on the ozone-hydrogen process in the formation of excited hydroxyls
Is presented and analyzed. Reasons are given to show why, at this point and pending
further information, the ozone-hydrogen reaction cannot unqualifiedly be accepted as the
basic source of hydroxyl emission In the upper atmosphere.' Noting that a final selection
of the most effective processes is rendered difficult by a lack of precise values for the
constants of the assumed reactions, the author considers, by way of example, only one
such process (this is a slightly modernized version of a process, formerly proposed by
the author, Involving vibrationally- excited oxygen molecules; see: V.I. Kransovsky.
Ozonc~hydrogcn hypothesis of the hydroxyl night-airglow. The Airglow and Aurorae,
Ed. E.- B. Armntrong and A.,Dalgarno. London, Pergamon Press, 1956, p. 197-200).
The fundamental Information regarding this process Is illustrated. Its distinguishing
feature is its consideration of the itom-exchange reaction between the vibrationally-
excited oxygen molocules and the hydroxyl molecule. This reaction can ensure the
formation of excited hydroxyl molecules even in the event of the practical absence of
atomic hydrogen, the concentration of which in the upper atmosphere may be negligible
as a result of diffusion upward and dissipation. The relative concentration of hydro
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X

ACCESSION NR: AT4034379
in comparison with the concentration of atomic hydrogen will Increase as the concentration
of atomic oxygen decreases. The reduced concentration of atomic oxygen will promote
the extended existence of vib rationally- excited molecules, since their atom-exchange
reactions with the oxygen atoms, accompanied by their deactivation, will become -less
essential. When the concentrations of vibrationally- excited oxygen molecules and atoms
are approximately equal, the hydroxyl concentration exceeds the atomic hydrogen concen-
tration approximately 100 fold. Various reactions with vibrational 1y- exc Ited molecules
can lead to a number of emissions in the upper atmosphere. Evidence of intensive vertical
mixing of the atmosphere Is given in connection with the problem of the photodissociation of.
tile ozone. The clearly marked correlation between the nocturnal emission of sodium and
hydroxyl Is also explained by their common primary source - vibrationally- excited oxygen
molecules. In the author's view, hydrogen emission is caused by the excitation of atomic -X
1hydrogen which diffuses upward from the lower regions and then dissipates. The author concludes
with a discussion of the hypothesis, first advanced by Chapman, c6ncetning the mechanism
for the generation of green emission, noting that there is more and more evidence that
Chapman's Idea is valid In a broader context, although the problems of atmospheric
emissions are found to be far more complex than the originally supposed simultaneous
process of the coWsion of three hydrogen atoms. Orig. art. has- 5 formulas and 6 tables.1
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ACCESSION NR: AT4034379
ASSOCIATION: Mezhduvedomstvenny*ygoofizichesklykomitetANSSSR. (Interdepartmen-I
tal Geophysics Committee, AN SSSR)
SUBMTTED; 00 DATE ACQ: 13May64 ENCL: 00
SUB CODE: ES NO REF SOV.- 007 OTHER: 016
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GALIPERIN, YU.I.; KRASOVSKIY, V.I.; DZHORDZHIO, N.V.; MULYARGHIK, T.M.;
BOLYUNOVAJ.' VS.; MAROV, M.Ya.
Studying the upper atmosphere with the aid of the satellites
"Koamos-30 and *Kosmos-5." Koss. isal. 1 no.1:126-146
Jl-Ag 163. (MA l7t4)

L 11112-63, Wr(l)/?CC(W) FS(V)/BD,9 ES(V)--AEDC/AFFTC/AFMC/ESD-3--------.
JPv-4/Pta; r/PiwWo
ACUSSICU NR: "30W79
W03 3 003/003/0401/o4oT.
ALrjSM.# Mrasovskiy, V, X.; Gallp~rin, Yu. I.; '--V.V.; ~Ulr=-bik-
T. U.; D faxw, H. Ya.; Bolyugova., A. D.; Vaisbarg, 00
BiFq~. M. L.
TITIZ: Some characteristics of gCoactive particles
SOURICE: Gec=gneti= iaercnemiya, v. 3,-no- 3, 1963, 401-407
TOPIC ZWN~: 90oactivitY, 00=03-3, Cosmos-5, siitellite, particle counter,
ionospheric particles, KOSMOS-3, Kosmos-5
IUSTRACT- Three types of cbarged-particle sensors uzed on the Cosmos-3 and
Y,
~q ~smos-~ flights are described and scme recorded' results are discussed. One
type uaz an al=in= tube vhich housed a fluorescent screen whose ;hotoemission
41'raz particle impact WaS recorded by a phatcmultiplier. -the screen was faced
-4th aliLain= f oil of 0.4 to 1.1 mz/=2 thickness to prevent passare of
la,r-energy jxirticles # Grids placed at the tube entrance incliaed an accelerating
Crid for applied stepped voltages of up to 11 kv and a bias grid at -40 v to
prevent impact of therval electrons on the foil. Vie f luorescent screen was
zaa-c- tbin (1-4 ms/=a) so as not to respond to x-ray radiation. Each such
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L n112-63
ACCESSION NR AP3000792
indicator subtendedabout 1/12 ateradian and bad its axis nor=1 to the
satellite rotational axis; each satellite had several indicators. A second
tubular device, acting as a trap for high-speed protons and electrons, -was
similar in construction but had an annular collectiriZ electrode placed in a
permanent-magnet field rather than a screen. The bias grid in this case
eliminated electrons of less than 5 low. Angular coverage of the trap counter
vas about 1 steradian. The third collector used was a standard Geiger counterP
type STS-5, uhich was; inside the satellite skin and had a 3-rM lead shield to
minimize x-ray effects. This counter xesponcled only to electroas above 0.4
Mov and
protons abqve 50 Mev, but Is described ass too primitive to distim_guish
their relative contributions. Results fraa the 'three types of recorders are
discussed as functicus of satellite altitude, latitude., and day/aight
7hrce general energy groupings appear to exist: 1)electrcas of 102-104 ev
at maximum flux density of 109 el/=2/SeC/ster, observed at levels above 303
1= over the MSR (30-35* H); 2) electrons, of about 100 kev, witha maxlz=
density of 2 x 107 el/cm3/sec/ster, noted -Imly in southe--n latitudes at
altitudes of 600-700. ~= aver the South Atlantic; and 3) the very high en- Mr
protons and electrcas registered by the Gaiger counter at :,,eaLs of. 100
-[not- associated-vita any particular Zeo8ra=cal regtca)
7 fig=&-5-
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