SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT LIKHTMAN, V. I. - LIKHTMAN, V. I.

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• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
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• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

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05276
SoV/170-59-7-7/20
Regularities in the Brittle Fracture of Pure and Alloyed Single Crystals of Zinc
this condition isfulfilled within a wide'range of orientations of
single crystals for both pure and alloyed specimens. As the quantity
of the admixture increases, the value of K also increases. The authors
explain this by'a hypothesis on the origination of heterogeneities in
the shearing process and occurrence of plastic deformation during a
phase immediately preceding fracture. The value of K for amalgamated
specimens is twice as low compared to - non-amalgamated
ones, both for pure and alloyed crystals. This is explained by the
lowering of the surface energy of zinc in the presence of mercury.
The condition formulated by the authors agrees well also with the ex-
perimental data of the other investigators in this field, such as
Deruyttere and Greeno,4gh 5ef V, and is consistent with the theory
Card 2/3 of P.A. Rebinder ZR-efs 7-10-7 on the effect of adsorption-active media

67397
t/. -) s 0 0 -P, R@ 0 0
SOV1161-1-9-21131
AUTHORSs Bryukhan va L. S., Kochanova, L. A. Likhtman V. I.
The Rules Governing the Brittle Destructioh'of @Singgle Zinc
TITLEs q
PERIODICAL.-' Fizika tverdogo tela, 1959, Vol 1, Nr 9, pp 1448 - 1456 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The.present paper offers a contribution to the problems
related to modern technical requirements concerning the
investigation of the relationship existing between the
mechanical properties of-metals and the chemicophysical
influence exerted by the medium surrounding them during
deformation. First, a number of pertinent papers is partly
dealt with in detail, among others, publications by
kcademician F, A. Rebinder et al., Kisbkinj Vikolenko,.Ratner.,
Potaka; Shcheglakova, Rozhanskiy, Pertsov, and Shchukin. The
authors of the present paper investigated the rules governing
the brittle destruction of a single zinc crystal wire at
different orientations of the base plane to the wire We
0 30.--- )C. 80') at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196 C) at
Card 1/4 elo.ngation at a constant rate (-12%/min): The single crystals

67397
The Rules Governing the Brittle Destruction of Single SOV/181-1-9-21/31
Zinc Crystals
were pure to a degree of 99.99%, and were prepared in the
authors' laboratory by zonal crystallization. The'critical
shearing stress in the base plane attained ~ 130 g/Mm2 at
these temperatures and was independent of the orientationof
this plane to the crystal axis, as shown by special experi-
ments@ Mercury was used as surface-active material. Figure 1
shows the measuring values and the calculated dependence of
the limit of the plastic dislocation (a m ) of the single zinc
crystals on the orientation angle of the base plane To).The
steep decline of a m is described by formula a m sin2
is the
whereP is the limit of elongation before,tearing, 'Y
final orientation of the base plane before tearing. Figure 2
shows the dependence *of the normal tension*@N, acting upon the
base plane, on the displacement a -during deformation at
different 0 values. The following holds; N - P sin '0sin XI;
Card 2/4

67397
The Rules Governing the Brittle Destruation of Single SOV/181-1-9-21/31
Zinc Crystals
P is the indication of the dynamometer, proportional to the
degree of elongation.-Table 1 contains the values of a M, NM^
and 3M (shearing stress) for 6 zo values in the moment of
brittle tearing. Figure 3 shows the dope 'ndence of the yield
limit P8fand the critical normal tens'io'n' ffo_'it the yield
limit at constant S., and figure 4 the dependence of
* $ N 9 aJOS on @ . P ( 0 ) shows a symmetrical course, first
M m m 0 0 0 0
* dkop with growing Z, , a minimum at - 45 and another rise;
S Q ) rises exponentially with growing, ; a q0) drops
0 0 X0 m
exponentially, F m(@O) rises and Sm(@O) shows a linear drop
with growing Figure 5 shows the drop of N inwith rising
pre-deformation (9-Pre ) at 200C. (The samples were first
elongated at room temperature, only thereafter cooled, and
further elongated to the tearing point). All these exp'eriments
were also carried out under other conditions.: the transition
into-the brittle state was not attained by cooling, @ut by
Card 3/4 the action of a strongly surface-active agent (Hg). Table 2

q,
68783
(6) S/170V59/002/12/013/02-,
t'IVITHORS: Pertsov, F__Y_, Goryu B
V. 0141 014
Kochanova. L. A., Likhtman. V. I.

TITLEs The Influence Exerted by the Deformation Rate and Temperature Upon
the Amount of the Adsorption Effect of Reduction in the Strength
and Pla-st.i.ci.tv,bf Metals and Easily Fusible Metallic Melts
PERIODICAL: Inzhenerno-fizicheskiy zhurnal, 195.0, 2,

ABSTRACTt In the experiments described amalgamated tin single crystals (pu-
rity of 99.999 %) about 1 mm thick were deformod
gt room tempera-
o
ture withir;,a wide velocity range (from 102 to 1 % per minute).
In order to"study the effect of temperature, experiments were
carried out in the temperature range � 400 C and at - 1960 C. The
dependence of the elongation and actual breaking stress of amal-
gamated and non-amalgamated tin single crystals upon the logarithm
of the reciprocal deformation rate is diagrammatically shown in
figure 1. The diagram of figure 2 illustrates the elongation of
pure and amalgamated tin crystals at 250 C and -1960 C. Here the
deformation rate was 15%/min. These and further experiments indi-
cated that, if the rate of deformation is low, amalgamation does
Card 1/2 not affect the mechanical properties. It may be seen from figure I

68783
The Influence Exerted by the Deformation Rate and S/170/59/0,12/12/013/021
Temperature Upon the Amount of the Adsorption Effect B014/BO14
of Reduction in the Strength and Flasticity of Metals
and Easily Fusible Metallic Molto
that at room temperature the action of mercury manifests itself
only at a rate of 104'4 in. The dependence of the actual breaking
stress, elongation, and yield point of amalgamated and non-amal-
gamated tin single crystals upon temperature at a deformation rate
of 15@/min is graphically represented in figure 3. Below -390 C it
is no more possible to observe an effect of mercury, which is ex-
plained by its solidification. It was further shown that the tem-
perature dependence of the above-described effects has the same
character as their dependence on the deformation rate. The part
played by surface-active mercury in these effects is explained by
the fact that it facilitates the further development of microcracks
into macroscopic cracks. There are 3 figures and 13 references, 12
of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONg Institut fizicheskoy khimii AN SSSRO g. Moskva (Institute of
Physical Chemistry of the AS USSR, City of Moscow)
Card 2/2

sov/126-8-2-18/26
AUTHORS: Likhtman, V.I. and Ostrovskiy, V.S.
TITLE: The Plastic Flow of Lead and Tin Under Shear Conditions
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol 8, Nr 2,
pp 282 - 287 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Study of plastic flow of lead and tin was carried out
in two types of apparatus* The first apparatus, analogous
to that of Andrade, is shown in Figure 1. It consists
of a disc secured in the centre and at the periphery. A
groove is out between the centre and periphery so that
there is a constant shear stress on all parts. It was
shown that there was pure shear deformation developed in
this groove. The second apparatus, suitable for working
when surface-active media are present, is shown in
Figure 2. Both types of apparatus gave the same results.
Figure 3 shows the curves of flow of lead under constant
stresses. Two distinct regions can be seen - a region
with a decreasing and one with a steady rate of flow.
The steady rate of flow (V M) increases with increase in
stress and in the presence of a surface-active medium
Cardl/3 (0.20% oleic acid in vasellne oil). Analogous results were

soy/i26-@-2,-djj@26
The Plastic Flow of Lead and Tin Under ohear on i ions
obtained for tin. Figure 4 shows the relation between V m
and P (the applied stress) for lead and tin. The first
parts of the curves are linear but only in a narrow range
of low stresses. Marked flow begins at a definite stress
P0 , termed the creep limit. P 0 is
0.095 kg/mm for lead and 0.09 kg/mm for tin. The plastic
viscosity for polycrystalline tin was calculated as
3 x 10 14 poise (for a single crystal of tin, it-is
3.2 x 1013 _ Refs 6,7). There is great difficulty in
measuring the initial rate of flow accurately. In the
region of steady flow the viscosity can also be found.
Figure 5 shows the relation between viscosity and stress
for lead and tin. The most constant value Is obtained in
a narrow region near the creep limit. With increase in
stress the coefficient of viscosity falls. Figure 6 44ows
the relation between plastic flow and stress on lead for
Card 2/3

sovi26-8-2-W26
The Plastic Flow of Lead and Tin Under Shear Conditions
relatively high stresses. At 0,7 kg/mm 2 there is a sharp
rise in the curve. Figure 7 shows a similar relationship
at 89 0C. At this temperature, there is also strict
proportionality between V M and P in a narrow range of
stresses up to the creep limit at 0.03 kg/mm 2 and the
sharp rise in the curve occurs at a much lower stress than
at room temperature.
There are 7 figures and 7 references, of which 5 are Soviet
and 2 English.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimiiAN SSSR (Institute of
Physical Chemistry of the Ac.Sc., USSR)
SUBMITTED: February 27, 1958
Card 3/3

SOV/126-8-2-19/26
AUTHORS, Kochanova, L.A., Likhtman, V.I. and Rebinder, P.A.
TITLE: Influence of Low Melt_@n point Fused Metal on the
Mechanical Properties of Monocrystals of Higher Melting-
point Metals
PERIODICAL: FizIka metallov i metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol 8, Nr 2,
pp 288 - 293 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Single crystals of zinc (99.99%) and cadmium (99.$90,10
were used in fused tin and lead. Samples were deformed
at 12@15% per minute with a temperature constant to
+ 5 . The metallic medium (Sn or Pb) was deposited
on the sample electrolytically (thickness 5 p),, which
was then placed in a tube with powdered graphite to
prevent oxidation, Figure 1 shows true stress.-strain
diagrams for pure zinc and zinc with a coating of tin.
At room temperature the influence of tin is small but
at higher temperatures tin causes a decrease in strength
and plasticity. The relation between temperature and
magnitude of the effect of tin is shown in Figure 2. The
sharp increase in effect at 300 r 0
- 400 C is connected
Cardl/3 with an increase in solubility of zinc in tin. The

SOV/126-8-2-19/26
Influence of Low Melting.-point Fused Metal on the Mechanical
Prcperties of Monocrystals of Higher M&.ing--point Metals
character of the fracture also changes from plastic in
air to brittle in tin. Lead ... tin mixtures were also used.
The effect of pure lead is very slight but with increase
of tin content in the lead up to 20%, there is a sharp
decrease in strength and plasticity of zinc (Figure 3).
With further increase of tin content, the effect is much
slighter. It was sh8wn that if zinc coated with tin is
held in lead at 4oo C for long priods. the strength of
the zinc recovers (Figure 4). This shows the absence of
any marked diffusion of tin in zinc. A decrease in
plasticity and strength of cadmium in tin was also found
(Figures 5,6). The results on single crystals show that
the'decrease in strength is not connected with any grain-
boundary effect.
There are 6 figures and 21 references, of which 12 are
English and 9 Soviet.
Card2/3

a@_ 2 -1 %/1 @ 6
50 1?
ek-
Influence of Low Melting-point Fus'eVd on e Mechanical
Properties of MonocrystalB of Higher Melting-point Metals
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimiiAN SSSR (Institute of
Physical Chemistry of the Ac.Sc., USSR)
SUBMITTED: October 15, 1957
Card 3/3

24(2)
AUTHORS: Shchukin, Ye - D. , @khtma@n-[ SOV/20-124-2-16/71
TITLE: On the Brittle Ruptiire in Single Crystals of Zinc
(0 khrupkom razryve monokristallov tsinka)
PEM I DD I CAL: Doklady Akadeiuii nauk SSSH, 19599 Vol 12A, Nr 2, PP 307-3.10
(uss,,-,,)
ABSTPACT: If in a body thr@re is a crack of the magnitude c, the relation
-
-
,
holds for the dongerous tension vertical to the
D
aTc
PC = M11
surface of the crack; cv- here denotes a certain dimensional
coofficient -.-rhich does not dif-fer considerably from, 1. Under
T L
the action of tho tension he crystal iZ asswned to be
shifted by the amount A , but shifting is not supposed to
propagate over the entire cross section because of the
presence of a @;ufficlcntly solid. obstacle 0 in the slip plane.
Shear is then localized to a limited interval and the field of
tension existin(r in @')e region @,,urroundinC this defect can then
be compared with t'lie elastic field of an incision which is
parallel to the a0plied tension. The ma7imum. ex-panding tensions
-
rming the angle (9) with the plane of the
act along a line io
Card 1/3 incision. An expression is writ-ten down for the reduction of

On the Brittle Rupture in Singl,- Crystals of Zinc SOV/20-124-2-13/'71
elastic enor@,y as a result of the openin,-, of the crack. if,
in the slip r:hifts thvt have not been carried out-
accumulate -,Athin the abuve interval, it may be that in tlie
crystal a crack corre.-;ponCiing, to equilibrium is for.-.ied. 2he
author ic intercsLed in Uic. limitinG case of the l.-_-.rgast pojsible
of such cracks. Such a cace may arise if, before the afore-
mentioned "impenetrable obo-tn-cle", the inter-ial, with high
concentration of the shi2to not carriod out, attains the
dimensions of the entire slip plane -.,ritl, respect to order of
magnitude. A formula is written down for the maximum amount of
tension. A quite similar result is obtained also on the bisis
of the theory of dislocations. The relations written dovin in tho
present paper are considerably simplified in the case of zinc
single crystals, because one and the same basis plane is at Lho
same time the only slip plane and the only distinctly marked
plane of cleavability. The crack will develop above all in that
direction of (9) in which the local concentration of the
expanding tensions is Createst in a homogeneous isomropic medium.
Card 2/3

On the Brittle Rupture in Single Crystals of Zinc SOV/20-12,',-2-1,9/'71
In the case of zinc this angle (j) will not be so
,e
In conclusion, diagrams for the brittle rupture of'
amalgamated zinc single crystals at room temperature are given
and discussed in short. There are 4 figures and 12 references,
6 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute for
Physical Chemintry of the Academy of Sciences, USSR)
PRESENTED: September 6, 1958, by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTED: June 7, 1958
Card 3/3

VAGUMM, Ashot Tigranovich; PWROVA, Tuliya Stepanovne; LIMMKA4,_V.I..
doktor fiziko-matem.nauk, otv,red.; "MA11OVs S.I., red.izd-va;
ISTAFITEVA, G.A., tekhn.rod.
[Physicomechanical properties of electrolytic deposits] Fiziko-
makhanicheekie evoistva elaktrolitichookikh osadkov. Moskva,
Izd-vo Akad.nauk SSSR. 1960. 205 p.
(Electroplating) (MIRA 13:11)

MSE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SM/4575
Veyler, S. Ya., and V.I. Likhtman
Deystviye smzok pri obrabotke metal.10V daVleniyem. (The Role of Lubricants in
the Pressworking of Metals) Moscowp Izd-vo AN SSSR., 1960. 231 p. Errata slip
inserted. 4P500 copies printed.
Sponsoring Agency: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut fizicheskoy khimii.
Reap. Ed.: P.A. Rebinder, Academician.
PURPOSE: This book Is Intended for scientific and technical personnel. It may
also be used by students of polytechnic and machine-building institutes.
COVERAGE: The book contains data on the compositions of lubricants used in the
pressworking of mete"s. A large part of the book is devoted to the physico-
chemical regularities of the lubricating process. In this connection the authors
claim to have developed new ideas regarding the mechanism of the lubricating
action. It is further stated that these new ideas have enabled the authors to
describe quantitatively the processes of the drawing,, deep dravingand, extrusion
of metals and to develop physicochemical principles for the rational selection

85202
3/074/60/029/010/003/004
.0 BO13/BO75
AUTHORS: Llkhtman, V. I.-and Shchukin, Ye. D.
TITLE: Surface Phenomena in Processes of Deformation and Destruc
tion of Metals 1@0
PERIODICAL- UBpekhi khimii, 1960, Vol. 29, No. 10, Fp. 1260-1284
TEXT: The subject of the present survey is the so-called Rebinder effect,
in which small quantities of -surface-active substancesicontained in the
medium or in the body itself, @Iay a part during the deformation and
destruction of solid bodies. This effect is caused by a decrease of the
free energy on now surfaces, which are formed during the deformation
or destruction of solid bodies due to reversible (physical) adsorption.
AdsorZ!@.o@nessentlally promotes the formation of these new surfaces and
deoF@ases the effort necessary for the deformation or destruction of
bodies
(Refs. 1-17). The authors point out that the adsorption-dependent
change of mechanical properties of the bodies is by no means related to
corrosion processes or to the dissolution of the body. The action of
adsorption on the deformation- and stability properties of solids is of
Card 1/5

85202
Surface Phenomena in Processes of Deformation S/074/60/029/010/003/004
and Destructio& of Metals B013/B075
practical importance for metal working (Refs. 23, 26, 27), for powder
production (Refs. 7, 8), etc. Investigation of these phenomena represents
part of the new branch of science, the physico-chemical mechanics of
solids. This field of research being developed by P. A. Rebinder and his
collaboratora has i@s origin at the boundary between molecular physics,
solid-state physics, physical chemistry, and the mechanics of the contin-
uous spectrum. The aim cf this branch of science is the production of
bodi6s with given structure and properties as well as the development of
rational methods for the mechanical working of solid bodies by using
physico--chemical factors (Refs. 6, 29). Monocrystals of metals are most
suitable for investigation purposes. For these objects 'it is of special
importance to apply the recent theory of dislocations to their present
stage of development. By this means the possibility is also offered to
analyze the mechanism of media acting on the deformation- and stab-@lity
characteristics of bodies (Refs. 13-15, 19@ 30). Some of these experiments
are taken into special consideration: 1) Plastification of metal mono-
crystals under the action or organic surface-active media (Refs. 3-5, 99
10, 13, 14, 16, 199 23,2 24, 31-42). Experimental data confirm not only
the adsorption character of this effect but show also the same rules as
with the adsorption at liquid boundary surfaces. The plastifying affect
Card 2/5

852012
Surface Phenomena in Processes of Deformation S/074/60/029/010/003/004
and Destruction of Metals B013/BO75
which is extremely complicated and varied, is connected with a whole
spectrum of activation energies and can be observed in different tempera-
ture ranges as well as at different rates of deformation. 2) Decrease of
the free surface energy under the action of melting of more easily
meltable metals than the material concerned (Refs. 6, 11, 12i 14, 15, 17,
19, 219 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 43-60, 65, 66). The rules governing the
action of these highly surface-active media were studied in the Otdel
dispersnykh sistem Instituta fizicheskoy khimii AN SSSR (Department
for Disperse Systems of the Institute of Physical Chemistry AS USSR)
and at the kafedra kolloidnoy k m i U-7C!@a__; of Colloidal Chemistry
of Moscow State University). It was shown that under the effect of an
intensely absorptive medium a highly plastic monocrystal qualitatively
changes its mechanical properties and becomes brittle. Embrittlement de-
pends on temperature and rate of deformation. By comparing the investigat--
ed pairs metal - coating with binary meltability diagrams, a semi-empirical
rule could be set up, which indicates whether the metal concerned is,with
respect to another, more difficultly Mel able one, intensely surface-active
or not. 3) Shift of the cold-brittlenessk@'llmit in the presence of melted,
highly adsorptive coatings toward higher temperatures (Refs. 15, 19, 23,
Card 3/5

65202
Surface Phenomena in Processes of Deformation S/074/60/029/010/003/004
and Destruction of Metals B013/BO75
24, 425 60). It can be assumed that the natural and the forced limit of
cold-brittleness have the same character. Its relative position on the
temperature scale depends only on the variability of the parameter 0,
4) Spontaneous dispersing, occurring at a considerable decrease cf t e
free surface energy of the solid body with its low effective solubility
in the respective medium (Refs. 13. 14, 24, 52, 62, 64). As Rebind r
has shown, dispersion takes place in colloidal particles 6 of 10-9 cm,
i.e., of the order of magnitude of the s true tur e-mier ouni tT However, the
possibilities of this process are restricted by the equilibrium between
the colloidal particles and the substance being in the state of an effec-
tive solution, by the presence of a charge on the particle surface, as
well as by the micro-structure of the solld concerned. Table 1 contains
the maximum values of the plastifying effect and the corresponding
concentration of surface-active components fcr different organic surface-,
active media. Table 2 contains the experimental values of K and of the
characteristic shift a 0, which corresponds to the fraction on curve T(a),
for zinc monocrysta.1191 of different purity degreAs without-coating (at a
temperature of liquid nitrogen) and with mercury coating (at room tempera-
ture) (Ref. 49), In Table 3 the rate of stabilized creeping of zinc mono,
Card 4/5

6 -7 5 & i
45-k5-) /'57 6000 SOV/20-130-2-17/69
AUTHORS: Korbutp V. M., Vq@ler, S. Ya., Likhtmanp V. Ia
TITLE: The Importance of Adsorption Interactions and of the Mechanical
Volume Properties of Lubricant Layers in Pressure Processing
of Metals %%
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol 130, Nr 20 PP 307 - 309
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: The authors studied the action of solid and liquid lubricant
samples by a method earlier developed in their laboratory.
This method is based on the separation of the total tangential
stress into two parts in consequence of deformation: a) into
the stress P MAS reeded for the volume deformation of the metal
and b) into the stress needed for the elimination of friction -
resistance VSk to the shearing. The first component of the total
deformation stress depends on the mechanical properties of the
metal, and the second component depends on the mechanical pro-
perties of the surface layer in which friction takes place.
Card 1/3 F = FMAS +'rSk holds for the total drag stress, where LS denotes
@K

6 7,- 6 3
The Importance of Adsorption Interactions and of the SOV/20-130-2-17/69
Mechanical Volume Properties of Lubricant Layers in Pressure
Processing of Metals
the reduction of the sample cross section in dragging, S k the
contact surface between the instrument and the sample. Results
of the measurement of V in various media in the dragging of
aluminum rods are listed in table 1. For aluminum, water in
solid state (-200) has a better lubricity than in the liquid
state. Pure hydrocarbons - octane and dodecane at 200 - are in-
active lubricants and are squeezed out in dragging. Solidified
dodecane, however, has a good lubricity. Paraffin obtains its
0
optimum lubricity at 20 . The lubricity of paraffin is rapidly
reduced by melting. Alcohols are active lubricants at +200 and
-200 (i.e. in solid and liquid state). This does, however, not
apply to fatty acids the lubricity of which increases between
70 and 1000 due to chemical interaction with the metal. At the
melting temperature, the lubricity of cetyl alcohol deterio-
rates, while those of stearic acid are slightly improved. On
solidification, resistance 0 to the shift in the lubricant
volume increases and, consequently@.also V rises. In the absence
Card 2/3 of chemical interaction 'U and 9 agree without being identica

S/020J60/133/01/19/070
BO14/BO11
AUTHORS: Kochanova, L. A "ikht
,,, Shchukin, Ye. D.? man z V. I.?
Rsbinderj P. A.9 Academician
TITLE: Origin and Development of Cracks in Deformed Crystals
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 19609 Vol. 133P No- 19
pp. 71-73
TEXT: By way of introduction, the authors subdivide the cracking of a
crystal on stretching into two stages depending on the course of deforma-
tion. In the stage A there occurs a slow formation and a gradual growth of
the cracks at sites with high tension; in the stage B the crack quickly ex-
tends over the entire'oross section of the crystal. The authors discuss the
basic role of shear in stage A, and explain the origin of miorocraoks In
this stage by the unification of dislocations and the formation of hollow
nuclei. The mechanism of the development of cracks is closely examined, and
V. N.' Rozhanskiy (Ref- 7) is mentioned in a discussion of the position of
the cracks in the lattice. The most probable arrangement is regarded to be
the serial arrangement of dislocations in a lattice plane, which develop to
Card 1/2

83131
S/020/60/133/005/008/019
/P. M-00 B019/BO54
AUTHORSt Shchukin, Ye. D., Kochanova, L. A,, L;Lkhtman, V, I.
TITLE: Some Special Features of Brittle Destruction of Metallic
Crystals
PERIODICALt Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol. 133, No. 5,
pp@ 1064 - 1066
TEXT: In the introduction, the authors refer to some of their own
previous papers (Refs. 1 and 2). There, it had been clearly established
that in the rupture of amalgamated single zinc crystals a spread of
rupture stresses occurs along the basic plane (0001). If, for a given
angle X0 between the plane (0001) and the sample axis, P minqo) and
P MaxQo) are the minimum and maximum rupture stresses for the angle
then the relative quantity (P max - Pmin )/P max strongly increases with 0
increasing Zo . Por @0> 500, this q-antity remains below 104, for Xo< 30
it attains a value of more than 25%. To clarify these relations, the
Card 1/3

83131
Some Special Features of Brittle Destruction S/020/60/133/005/008/019
of Metallic Crystals B019/BO54
authors carried out microscopic investigations of the basic planes (0001)
of the fragments obtained in the rupture of many amalgamated single zinc
crystals. The diameter of the single crystals L 0 was about 1 mm, ZO was
0
between 20 and 70 .Many steps were found (Fig. 1) in the surfaces of
fracture which were caused by cracks on the transition from one (0001)
plane into the other. Thorough investigations showed that the main steps
appear in the places of origin of rupture cracks. In previous papers
(Refs. 3 and 4), the authors gave a detailed theory of the origin of
cracksI and here they quote formula (1) obtained heres
Ir )1121(p IT )1/2 (P sin 3/2 Cos 1/2 @) /(P sin3/2 Cos 1/2 sin 1/2
(PC 0 'JL C C B C Z A C Z B ZO
Here, pC is the normal stress to the basic plane, T 0 is the shearing stres%
the indices A and B refer to the type of fragment, and P C is the break
stress. Fig. 2 shows the experimental data, corresponding to N, for six
differently oriented samples. It appears that (1) is fulfilled in a wide
range of orientation with an error of about 10%. From the results
obtained, the authors infer the difference between the roles played by the
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83131
Some Special Features of Brittle Destruction of S/02 60/133/005/008/019
Metallic Crystals B019%054
outer and helical dislocations.in the mechanism of destruction. By a
further investigation of normal and shearing stresses in the rupture of a
crystal it should be possible to solve a number of problems which are
connected with the temperature- and velocity dependence of destruction.
There are 2 figures and 11 references: 8 Soviet, 2 German, and 1 US,
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences, USSR)
PRESENTEDs April 7, 1960, by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTEDs March 29, 1960
Card 3/3

S/020/60/134/001/008/021
B019/BO60
AUTHORS: Xosogovj G. F@, Likhtman, V. I.
TITLE:' Decrease of the Strength of Steels in Metallic Melts Due
to Adsorptiont
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR,' 1960, Vol. 134, No. 1,
PP. 81 - 84
TEXT: The analyses described here wdre made on carbon steels
(0-05 - 1;10* C) after normalization of annealing. A coating with readily
melting metals (tin and lead) was applied to the aample surfaces.
Various'methods of applying readily melting metals had been studied in
preliminary investigations, and the soldering technique was eventually
chosen by the authors. The metal layers applied were 0.10 to 0.05 mm
thick. The samples were submitted to static tensile tests, in the course
of which they were appropriately heated. Rosul@p r6garding tin are
graphically illustrated in Fig. 2. The coatingl6effect was established in
the temperature range of 250 - 5000C- It may be seen therefrom that the
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Decrease of the Strength of Steels in S/02o/6o/134/001/008/021
Metallic Melts Due to Adsorption B019/Bo6o
maximum of strength and stretching reduction increases with increasing
carbon content and shifts toward higher temperatures, Similar results
were obtained for lead. No such effeot was found for Armc 'o iro"n. The
same effects arise, however, in the carbonization and nitration of Armco
iron. As has been already known from experiments made with single crystals,
these effects oan be explained by the easier formation of microcracka
due to easily melting metals on the action of states of stress promoting
the formation of cracks. Such favorable states of stress are normal
stresses, and since in torsion tests they are considerably smaller than
in tensile tests, the strength and stretching reduction would have to be
likewise smaller in torsion tests. This was fully confirmed by
experiments. Medium-carbon steel, e.g., exhibits no reduction of the
values by adsorption effects in torsion tests made on zinc at 3500C
where the maximum reduction of strength and stretching was ascertained.
There are 2 figures, 2 tables, and 14 references: 10 Soviet and 4 US-
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheekoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSRT_
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Decrease of the Strength of Steels in S/020/60/134/001/006/021
Metallic Melts Due to Adsorption B019/BO60 I
PRESENTED: April 7, 1960, by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTED: March 28, 1960
Card 3/3

84833
1457,
AUTHORSs jLikhtMajL,.V
Rebinder, P. A.,
TITLE: On the Solidification
PERIODICALs Doklady Akadamii
PP. 1150-1152
S102 60/134/005/02',/023
B016YB054
Gorbunov, N. S., Shatalo-ta, I. G., and
Academician
by Vibration in Powder Metallurgy
1\0
nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol@ 134, No. 5,
TEM The application of powder-metallurgical methods is mush impeded by
the high pressures required for pressingv particularly if the powders are
highly disperse. Also the amall. amounts of surface-active lubricants
acting favorably to a certain degree and counteracting the relaxation of
elastic stresses (Ref. 1) are unable to encounter the cracking of pressed
pieces at high ram pressure. In their investigation, the authors proceeded
from the results of application of vibration to the production of
building materials (Ref. 2), They present the results of application of
vibration to the pressing of various powders used in powder metallurgy.
The vibration source used was a mechanical vibrator of the type W-116 A$
(1-116) with a frequency of 14,000 vibrations per minute, and a @il_rational
Card 1/3

84833
On the Solidification by Vibration in S/02 60/134/005/02'1/023
Powder Metallurgy B016YI3054
amplitude of 0.03 mm, which was found to be most favorable. Fig. I shows
a diagram of the vibrator mentioned (vibropress). Fig_ 2 shows the time
dependence of the density of pressed pieces of powder mixtures as they
are used in hard-metal production. Hence, it appears '@hat 10 seconds are
sufficient to attain maximum density, For various metal powders, and for
their mixtures with nonmetallic powders@ optimum duration of vibropressing
lies between 4 an@ 10 see. The dispersity of the powder, and particularly
its fractional composition, are of high importance. Coarse powders can be
better pressed than fine ones. Particularly good results were obtained In
vibropressing with a polydisperse powder containing both coarse and fine
particles within a wide range of sizes.. The authors also studied the
pressure dependence of the density of pressed pieces In vibrcpressing.
The results were compared with those of ordinary static and hydrostatic
pressing.@ Figs. 3 and 4 give such data for mixtures of titanium- and
tungsten carbide with cobalt, which are used for the production of hard
metals of the types BK6 (W), 131',20 (VK20), T15K6 (T15K6), and T3OK4
(T30K4), For the first two types (with 6 and 20% by weight. of Co,
respectively. rest: tungsten carbide@, the ram pressure could be reduced
to about 1/100 with the application of vibration.. Ccnditions were stmilar
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EF - - -- --
84833
On the Solidification by Vibration in S/02o/6o/134/005/021/023
Powder Metallurgy B016/BO54
for other mixtures. By the methods described, it was possible to eliminate,
to a great extent, the difficulties and defects of pressed pieces menticned
at the beginning. The authors thank N. V. Mikhaylov, Doctor of Technical
Sciences, for assisting in the work. There are 4 figures and 2 Soviet
references.
ASSOCIATION; Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences, USSR)
SUBMITTED: June 8, 1960
Card 3/3

86051
210 2,10 9, )-2 0 9, 1 Li S/020/6C)/135/003/037/039
B004/BO60
AUTHORS: Smirnova, A. M.,@ Pevzner, L. V., Raykova, T. V., and
Likhtman, V@-I.
------------------------
TITLE. Study of the Effect of Additions of Dispersed Iron as an
Active Filler on the Physicomechanical Properties of
Polymer Materials
PERIOD!CkL; Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR., 1960, Vol. 135, No- 3,
pp. 663 - 666
TEXT: For their investigation, the authors proceed from studies made by
P. A. Rebinder at/al. (Refs. 1-3), according to which the introduction
of active fillersVinto polymers results in a strengthening of the spatial
network. These results are.-checked here by me3ns of additions of iron
@/to esin:f-68, polyethylene Vand phenol-formaldehyde
Powder polyamide r
xesin@5(resol resin). The iron .powder (specific surface 1.2 m27g) was
prepared in A. T. Vagramyan's laboratory. The specimens obtained after
Introduction of Fe into the polymer solution were tested for strength
Card 113

86o5i
Study of the Effect of Additions of DispeiGad* 3/020/60/-.35/003/037/039
Iron as an Aotive Filler on rhe Physico- B004/BO60
mechanical Properties of Polymer Materials
and thermal stability. Fig.! shows the effect of the Fe @ntent on the
polymer strenjzfh.VDifferen4,. behaviors were observed, depending on th;@
nature of the polymers. The thermomechanical investigation showed for
resinol resin an increase of the 7itrification temperature and a de-
crease of deformabilit- ncrease of iron content. Pure resol
y wi th an i
resin: 40% deformation at 150OC; resol. resin with 8CF/4 Fe; 6% deforma-
ti.on at 3000C. In polyethylene. deformation as a fun-tion of tempera-,
ture is hardly influenced by iron (at a content of up to 80% Fe). A
sudden change appears at 90% Fe@ The 8% deformation occurring at 150'C
remains constant up to 400'0. It is believed that highly filled poly--
enhylene represents oriented films linked to the fill_@_r by adsorption-
:@hemisal bonds. There are 4 figur,:@e and 8 Soviet references,
PRESENTED. June 18, 1960i by P. A. Rebinder? Academi-,ian
SUBMITTED: June 1. 1960
Card 2/3

It 2000 1

120,f

a
51 a, za io 6a 80 &V %
Caeep Nuouemmej&
Fig.1

C and 3/3 ,
S/02o/60/135/003/037/039
B004/BO60
Logend to Fig.l:
Mechanical strength of polymers as a
function of the content of iron powder
as a filler. 1: polyamide resin-68,
2: polyethylene, 3 : phenol-formalde-
hyde resin (resol resin), 4: iron con-
tent, 5: resistance to compression
2
(9/CM
IV

32803
S/I37/6 I X-0010 12/124/i4g
'
1
AG06/AIO
AUTHORS: Rebinder, P.A., Likh-rrranq V,I,, 8hohukiz., Ye.D., Kochanova, L.A.,
Perteov. N.V., 'v, e V
T=t Regularities and the me)hantam of the effe.-I of small surface ac-
tive admix-mires on dafcrm&-@,Ion and strength proper-Oies of single
crystal. metals
PERIOD-11CAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Metallurglya, no. 12, 1961, 34@35, abstract
12Zh254 ("Tr. In-ta fiz. rretallov, AN SSSA", 1@60, nr,. 23, 147-i6l)
'MT Experlments ware made with dIfferentl:T orlentAd Zn and Cd single
sryatals of I = in ddiame4Ar, soated wi-th a thin fllm of surfaces active Sn and
Hg metals. It is shown that. at tem;erat-ures over T 8 of, "base mstal-coating"
,
eutectine@ the pre"nce of a molten alirfac-6-.1t,@-tive metal.layAr strongly redaces
deformabili i,y and strength of the sp-*,almen and prvmotes brittle failure. The
brittle effeiat of 4 surfaae active meta- io ma-Inly a fzLnotion of temperature
'he .@ 1. L
and the def ormation rate. Erdorit-tlement, and reiuoed strengrh. are not connected
-s
-with corr:, ion proceseas bul. are caused @-y a derrease of she wcrk which is
necessary f or the developwnt of crt.r;k -uclei., due to the ad2orp-@,icn of surface-
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32803
S/137/61/000/012/124/149
Regularities ani the mechanism AOC-61A101
an-tive metal atoms on the internal mIcr-_-r:urfa._--es. At a dr,,,p of the test tem-
_.MS41al_ooa"r-!n It
r.erature tsl,.-w T. of the, "base* 9 eutectics, the-embrittling effect
vanishes gradutli:y, d-ue -to a relusid mobi'Al 4,,y of ads r.)fpt4 on-ac, tive atoms. The
embri-tling effect vanisheE also at suffir.,tent-ly high temferatures an-i low
t*nsinn rates, when the resorption of defc-nTiaLtion micro-hetercgereities and local V@I
stresses p--*vents the failure nuolei Io develop into'dangerous crac1s, even at
a considerp-1116 dAcrease .,;f free surftc6 energy. rhere are 21 references.
V. Stepanov
[Abstracter's note- Complete transla:tlonl
Card 2/2

39643
S/137/62/000/007/021/072
j. 11,00 A052/A-101
AUTFORS: Gorbunov, N. S., Shatalova, I. G., Likhtman, V. I., M'Lkhaylov, N. V.,
Rebinder, P. A. -------
TITLE: On the vibration method of compression in powder metallurgy
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, no. 1, 1962, 47, abstract 7G325
("Paroshk. metallurgiya",.no. 6,, 1961p 10 - 16; English summary)
TEXT: The effect of working pressure on the change of density at a static
and vibration (vibrator with a vibration frequency of 14,000 per minute) pressing
of powders of Ti, Mo, SiC, BC, TiC and WC hard-alloy mixtures was studied. Vibra-
tion pressing is especially advantageous for unmoldable powders of refractory
co.-,-,pounds. When a vibrator is used the working pressure reduces approximately by
two orders of magnitude, fich is connected with a better packing of powders. The
effecttf,"the time factor and'of the height of briquets on the change of density
was also studied.
R. Andriyevskiy
FAbstracterts note: Complete translation]
Card 1/1

20797
11401 j I Lf.5 12 a @7 S/1 81 /61/003/003/02 3/03 0
BI 02/B205
AUTHORS: Kochanova, L. A., Shchukin, Ye. D., and Likhtman, V. I.
TITLE: Mechanism of coarse destruction of metallic crystals
PERIODICAL: Fizika tverdogo tela, v. 3, no. 3, 1961, 0102-910
TEXT: Studies conducted by the autbirs in their laboratory have shown that
the mechanical properties of metals can be strongly influenced by placing
them in highly adsorbing media (fusion of fusible metals). Such a treatment
results in a considerable decrease in plasticity and strength. In the
papers of Academician P. A. Rebinder et al. on the effect produced by adsorp-
tion from the ambient medium upon the mechanical properties of solids, thes@
effects have been ascribed to the considerable decrease in free surface
energy on the boundary between the deformed metal and its saturated solution
in the other liquid metal. This effect of the metal melt occurs immediately.
Experiments have shown that the rule governing the deformation and coarse
destruction of metals is not altered by the presence of the liquid metal.
The study of the mechanism of coarse destruction of metals is, however,
considerably facilitated by the use of active metal melts. The present
Card 114

Mechanism of ...
20797
s11811611003100310231030
B102/B205
pap@r includes a detailed discussion of experimental data relating to this
subject. The data were obtained at room temperature for amalgamated single
crystals of zinc. Theoretical investigations have shown that the destruc-
tion (rupture on elongation) of single crystals of metals can be divided
into two staged: Stage A: More or less slow formation and extension of
"embryonic" cracks at points of elevated concentration of stresses, caused
by inhomogeneities of plastic deformation. In this stage, the shear stress
T plays the most significant role. The growth of the cracks is accompanied
by the occurrence of new dislocations. Stage B: Rapid extension of an
unbalanced crack over the entire cross section of the crystal. This process
is predominated by the normal stress p. The critical relation between nor-
mal stress and shear stress is given by p cTc - Y 2GC/L, where y is a dimen-
sionless coefficient which differs only slightly from 11 G is the shear
modulus, L the cross section of the single crystal, and a the specific free
surface@energy. Furthermore, the relations
c -v 2L2 OT2L2 (1) and pc . a(Ed/c 1/2, io% a I (G C/o 1/2 (2) hold;
" 2 _E ' 4. .1
max LT Gcr max max
c is the length of the crack, E the elastic modiflus, and P a dimensionless
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20797
Mechanism of
S/181/61/003/002J/023/030
B102/3205
coefficient of the order of unity. The two last-mentioned relations which
characterize A and Bt respectively, were experimentally verified independent-
ly of each other. This was done by a study of the formation of cracks on
an increase in p and T. The specimens (amalgamated single crystals of zinc)
had a purity of 99.9Vo, a diameter of I mm, a length of 10 mm, and showed
different angles of inclination of the basal planes toward the axis of the
specimens. The rate of elongation was constant and amounted to 12%/min.
The stresses were determined from the relations
Te - Posinltcos)(, P. - Posin)(,sinX, where P. is the tensile stress referred
to the initial cross section, and X is the angle of inclination of the basal
plane toward the axis of the specimenfor a given deformation E. The valid-
ity of the function c max (T) was proved by a series of specimens with
210, and specimens with Xo varying from 16 to 670 showed the correct-
ness of the relation (2) by Griffith. A study of cracks of destruyed
.:,.@pecimcns has shown that the predominant role in the formation of destruc-
Aive cracks is presumably played by angular or screw dislocations.
V. N. Rozhanskiy is mentioned. There are 5 figures and 31 references:
21 Soviet-bloc and 10 non-Soviet-bloc.
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Mechanism of ...
20797
S/181/61/003/003/023/030
B102/B205
ASSOCIATION: Otdel dispersnykh sistem Instituta fizicheakoy khimii AN
SSSR Moskva (Department of Disperse Systems of the Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the AS USSR, Moscow)
SUBMITTED: July 28, 1960 4
Card 4/4

28094
@iulfo NU I'M S/181/61/003/009/028/039
B104/B102
AUTHORS: Bryukhanova, L. S., Andreyeva, I. A., and Likhtrman, V. I,
W_@
TITLE: Rupture strength of metals and the effect of surface-active
metal melts on it
PERIODICAL; Fizika tverdogo tela, v. 3, no. 9, 1961, 2774-2778
TEXT: The temperature and time dependences of the strength of amalgamated
zinc and gallium-coated cadmium has been investigated. The wire samples
were zinc crystals, polycrystalline zinc, and cadmium. Their diameter was
I mm and their length 10 mm. A contact method was employed to coat the
zinc samples with a thin Hg film (5 4) in a mercury-nitrate solution. The
cadmium samples were electrolytically coated with a gallium film. A rela-
tion between the lifetime and the angle'X. between the basal plane and the
sample axis w-As clearly established for differently oriented zinc single
crystals. The values for logT (T denotes the lifetime in sec) for e7ery"k.
and different loads are located on straight lines. According to S. N@
Zhurkov, the activation energy U of the destruction is given by U = U - YPI
f 0
where 7 denotes a structure factor and P the load. Test results urnish
Card 1/3

S/1812 M003/009/028/039
Rupture strength of metals and ... B1041102
UO = 35 kcal/mole. This value agrees with those of other authors. Tests
of zinc single crystals with X1--500 at 20 and 50'C show that for different
loads the time elapsing till the sample ruptures is considerably
diminished by the Hg film (from several days to seconds)- The same results
have been obtained for amalgamated polycrystalline zinc and gallium-coated
polycrystalline cadmium samples. It was found that the empirical relation
exp UO - Y cannot be used to estimate U and y for Zn and Cd
0 kT 0
samples coated with Hg or Ga films. The effect of the films 'is not
connected with a thermal activation but is the result of adsorption of
surface-active atoms. The presence of surface-active substances will not
affect the length of the destruction process as long as the normal componett
of stress is small. However, if this component reaches a value
,orresponding to the tensile strength of the metal, the surface cracks will
grow rapidly and cause the sample to rupture. The rate of -rowth of these
cracks is related to the rate of surface migration of the surface-active
substance, It is not connected with any thermal activation of the
destruction process@ There are 6 figures and 10 references; 9 Soviet and
@ non-Soviet., The reference to English-language publications reads as
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28094
3/18 61/003/009/028/0-AQ
Rupture strength of metals and ... BI 04X3102
follows. K, H. Mann et al., J. Phye. Chemistry,_L, 251, 1960@
ASSOCIATION; Institut fizicheskoy khimii All SSSR Moskva (Institute of
Physical Chemistry, AS USSR, Moscow)
SUBMITTED: May 3, 1961
4-@
1@
Card 3/3

2 S/020/6'/139/002/01i/017
B104/B205
AUTHORS: Likhtman, V. I,, Bryukhanova, L.. S,, and Andreyeva, I_ A,
TITLE: Long-time strength of metals
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR, Doklady, v. 139, no 2, 1961, 359 -
362
TEXT: The effect of surface-active metallic melts on the mechanical
properties of high-melting metals has been studied in the authors,
laboratory. It could be shown on 3ingle crystals of Zn ` Cd, and Sn that
the sudden loss in strength and plasticity occurring under the action of
a thin film of a melt on a single crystal being 3tretched at a constant
rate, is related neither with the grain boundaries.. nor with the dis-
solution of the high-melting inetal in "he melt, nor with a chemical reac-
tion between the metal and the basic metal. which leads to an interme-
tallic compound. The mechanism of this effect consists in a considerable
adsorptive decrease of the surface energy of the high-melting metal
(Rebinder effect) both on the external, si;-rllace and cn the two surfaces
of the crack. S@ 11. Zhurkov ef a!. (.ZhTF, @3. 1677 (1,953); DAN, 101, 237
Card 1/4

25731
S/020/61/!39/002/011/017
Long-time strength of metals B',04/B205
(1955); Fiz. tverd. tela, 2, 10.13 (1960)) ha,re shown 'hat the destruction
of solids is a thermally activated process and. therefore, depends on the
time of action of mechanicaL stress, Thue, it may be assumed that the
dependence of the kinetics of the destruction of a metal an stress Lnd
temperature in the presence of -an active melt makes it possibie to esti-
mate the role of thermal activation in this new mode of destruction. The
authors studied single crystals of zinc of varying orientation, as well
as zinc and cadmium polycrystaISL, The specimens were wires 1mm thick
and 10 mm long. For zinc a thin Hg film was used as surface-active melt,
and for cadmium a gallium film. The results obtained are illustrated in
four graphs. On single crystaI3 of zinc it was not possible to establish
any relationship between the time elapsing until destruction and stress
in the presence of a thin film@i The single crystals broke suddenly at
low stresses, and the transition from sudden rupture so practically in-
finite stability takes place within a very narrow range of stresses.
Thus, it was not possible to find an intermediate value in this range,
The same results were obtained for amalgamated zinc polycrystals and
cadmium polycrystals coated with gallium. Amalgamated zinc sDecimeris
stretched at a constant rate are destroyed as soon as a stress of 1 kg/mm-
Card 2/4

S/02 61/139/002/pl.V017
Long-time strength of metals B104%205
is reached. This corresponds to the discontinuity on the curve log-e -
f(P) which, in turn, corresponds to the transition from the destruc -
tion mechanism based on thermally activated pr6cesses to a mechani'Sm
based on an increase in the surface energy, which'ia brought about by thel
active melt. The second mechanism occurs not before a certain st
ress is
attained. This corresponds to the braking strength of the metal which
is reduced in the presence of the active melt. The authors thank Ye. D.
Shchukin and L. A. Kochanova for discussions. There are 4 figures and
10 references: 9 Soviet-bloc and 1 non-Soviet-bloc. The reference to
English-language publications reads as follows: K. H. 14ann, et al. J.
Phys. Chem., 64, @5'1'*(196o).
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nank SSSR (Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
PRESENTED: March 15, 1961, by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTED: March 6, 1961
Card 3/4

29n3
3/020/61/140/005/010/022
B125/B138
AUTHORS: Chayevskiy, M. I., and Likhtman, V. I.
TITLE: Effect of the rate of deformation on strength and ductility
of carbon steel in contact with a fusible metal melt
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Doklady, v. 140, no. 5, 1961, 1054-1057
TEXT: For a proper estimate of the effect of temperature and deformation
rate on the strength and plasticity of carbon steel, the problem must be
related to the critical transition range between brittleness and ductility,
If an increase in test temperature can fully eliminate the embrittling
effect of the melt on the steel, then it should be possible for the
critical temperature of the brittleness-to-plasticity transition to be
shifted toward higher or lower values by changing the rate of deformation.
This is confirmed by experiment. Fig. I shows the curves o -u(&) for
samples of steel 20 at 4000C. At a deformation rate of 10 mm/min, the
melts have an embrittling effect on the steel; at 0.055 mm/min, however,
the ductility of the steel is restored or even increased. Similar
results are obtained in stress-rupture tests at quite low stresses.. The
Card 1/'(3

29114
S/02 61/140/005/010/022
Effect of the rate of deformation on... B125YB138
ductility of the steel due to the' melt under impact load shows that
certain melts can be used to facilitate deformation in the die forging
of steel. There are 4 figures and 7 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of
Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
PRESENTED: April 18, 19610 by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTED: January 24t 1961
Fig. 1. Cruves a. a(e) obtained by testing steel 20 samples in the state
described at 4000C. Legend: (1) Testing in air at V ='-10 mm/min; (2) the
same at V- 0.055 mm/min. I) Testing of wetted samples in a melt of
Pb-Sn eutectic at V - 10. mm@min I (II) the same in a melt of Pb-Bi euteotic
at V - 10 mm/min; (III) the same in a melt of Pb-Sn eutectic at V -0.055mq@&;
(IV) the same in a melt of Pb-Bi eutectic at V -0-055 mm/min.
Card 3/X.

LIKHTMAN, Vladimir Josifovich; FAYNBOYM) I.B.0 red.; RAKITINp I.T.,
(Life and death of metals] Zhi=I i smart' metallov. Moskva.,
Izd-vo "Znanie.," 1962. 31 p. (Novoe v zhizni., naukep tekhnike.
IX Seriia: Fizika i khimiia, no.5) (MM 15:5)
(Metals)

PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION sov/6247
Likhtman, Vladimir Iosifovich, Yevgeniy Dmitriyevich Shchukin, and
Fetr AleKsandrovich Rebinder
Fiziko-khimicheskaya mekhanika metallov; adsorbtsionnyye yavleniya
v protsessakh deformataii I razrusheniya metallov (Physicochemi-
c-al Mechanics of Metals; Adsorption Phenomena in Processes of
Metal Deformation and Fracture). Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1962.!
302 p. Errata slip Inserted. 7000 copies printed.
Sponsoring Agency: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut fizicheskoy
khimii.
Resp. Ed.: P. A. Rebinder, Academician; Ed.: N. G. Yegorov; Tech.
-hda...- L. V. Yepifanova and Yu. V. Rylina.
PURPOSE: This book is Intended for scientific research workers and
engineers concerned with problems in the physicochemical mechanics
of metals.
Car-d I/Vz

1
6.5r'9" (162/008/000/015/028
1048 1248
AUTHORS: Gorbunov, N.S., Shatalova,, I.G.,, Likhtrmn, V.I., and
Rebinder, ?.A.
TITLE: Investigation of the vibration compacting of powdered
mottils and their compounds
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metalurgii, lasledovaniya
po zharoprochnym splavam. v*B,,19629 103-110
TEXT: The vibratory compacting of various metal, carbide, nitride,
boride, and metal-carbide powders was studied on the 1-116 vibrator,
at a frequency of 14000 vibrations/min. The vibratory compacting
of materials having elastic moduli aboMe 25000 kgo/sqonme (eego, Mo,
TiC, VIC, TiB Co-VXC) yielded products with a density equal to -or
higher than Kat obtained under static loads of 1200 kg./sq.cm.;
'the pressure applied during the vibratory compacting was 20 kg./sq.
cm. In some cases densities higher than the density produced by any
other method were obtained through the use of the vibration method,
Card 1/2

S/659/62/008/000/015/028
io48/I248
Investigation of the vibration...
e.g., 9 g./ce in the cnse.o@ Co. How@ver, vibratory compact-
ing was inferior to the conventional static pressure method when
applied to materials with elastic moduli befow 25000 kg./sq.mm.
(e.g., Co, Cr). The density of vibration-coinpacted products in-
--preased with time under load and generally reached a constant value
after about 25 sees@ In all cases the density increased with in-
creasing pressure. The final density was affected by the nature
and arrount.of liquid wetting agent used, eog*, a 6% aq. solution of
glycerine gave better results than water alone, the optimum amount
of the glycerine solution being 6.5% by wt. of the powder. The den-
sity increased with increasing kinetic moment of the vibrations
(within the range 0.065-0.35 kg.cm.). There are 5 figures and 3
tables.
Card 2/2

42 Ph
0
S16 62 008/000/016/028
6Y '
1048 1248
8 It
AUTHORS: Ballahin, M@Yuoj and Likhtman, V.I.
TITLE: Some problems of the theory of heat resistance of
metalloceramic materials
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk SSSR..Institut metallurgii, Issledovaniya
po zharoprochnym splavam. v.8. 1962. 110-116
TEXT: Results from a study of the effect of structure and size of
TiC;Cr3C2-graphite and SiC-B4C-graphite products on their heat re-
sis ance are reported, Increasing the diameter of TiC-Cr3C C
cylinders caused a considerable reduction in their heat resKtance,,
cracking being observed after 17 heating (to 12000C) - quenching
(in water) cycles for cylinders 12 mm. in diameter, and after 10
such cycles for cylinders 15 mm. in diameter; the decrease in heat
pes1stance was accompanied by an increase in-electrical resistivity*
Granulation of the powders used in the preparation of these products
(either-by cementing with an organic cement of by sintering) caused
Card 1/2

thd . aj&v@ . - I VA@ ,
0.4 IOPOT vcssl%@Sa A '@'qel' tS,.O Oe '@Latj IV%
T'00'. @ Xle ,@o "Ss glas t t
's .96,, ,jacell *&elr5
90 ,),,,je1rIe
ess
mc 4"XI! r&o
SL%ve
e
.000 rs f
01 Ott
j 13 .06
ace 0 ace js@ 104
ot 01( C
is@qfl .-
irope - SUT - V
j@yle -
oatset @ie
s0l re 'cap Sa at
of 01.
TO ke dL 00 . t4'00 ,.icLaets
51@
the
cop alle UvA - 94d@ tUe
VISS 1AX r-re
01 AA of
-'races r'30

T,MTI,W,I. V, L__
*Principles of pM, or metallure by I.M. Fedorchenko, R.A. Andr.-LO-nk�i.
Reviewed 137 V.I. Mlchtman., Porosh. met. Z,no.30-10-1-U YT-Je c62.
(111M 15 :7)
(Powder metallurgy)
(Fedomhanko, I.M.) (Andrievskii, RA.)

LIKHTMAN, V.I.; SMOLYANSKIY, M.L.
MWWWWWW--@
Pbysicochomical pbenomena in pressure sintering of powdered
metals. Uch. zap. MGZPI no-9S46-62 162. (MIRA 16t6)
(Powder metallurgy)

SMOLYANSKIr. M.L.; LIKHTW, V.I.
Effect of the medium on the strength of metals. Uch. zap.
MGZPI no-9:90-95 '62. (MIRA 106)
(Strength of materiala)

LIKHTMAN, V.I., doktor fiz.-matem.nauk, prof. (Moskva)
Strength of metals and ways to ina"ase it. Fiz. v shkole 22
no.2s4,41 Mr-Ap '62. (Metals--Hardening) (MIRA 15:11)

S/020/62/143/001/018/030
B104/BIOB
AUTHORS: Chayevskiy, M. I., Bryukhanova, L. S., and Likhtman V. I
TITLE: Durability of steels @.n the presence of active metal melts
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Doklady, v. 143, no. 1, 1962, 92-94
TEXT: Specimens of steel CT50 (St 50) in normal state, with a test length
of 30 mm and a diameter of 10 mm were investigated. Part of the specimens
were provided with 0.5 mm deep notches (edge angle 450) as stress
concentrator. In the presence of a eutectic Pb-Sn alloy, the loc-arithm of
the time up to rupture of the specimen at a deformation rate of about IOC/.
per minute suddenly drops (Fi,t,. I). This destruction is not related to
thermal activations. Zn-Sn melts with 50% Sn immediately form compounds
in the cracks of the steel specimens owing to their high surface activity.
Thus, the stress ranges in the specimens are widened very much. The
reduction in surface energy owing to adsorption is greater than for Pb-Sn
melt. Consequently, the stress at which the logarithm of the time up to
destruction suddenly drops, is much smaller for Zn-Sn than for Pb-Sn
(Fig. 2). Sn-Cu melts (5% Cu) are even more active. There are 2 figures IV
Card 1 4y-

S/020/62/143/001/018/030
Durability of steels in the ... B104/B108
and 5 references: 4 Soviet and 1 non-Soviet. The reference to the
English-language publication reads as follows: G. W. Austin, J. Inst.
Met., 58, 1 (1936).
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
PRESENTED: May 16, 1961, by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTED: May 3, 1961
Fig. 1. Durability of St 50 as a function of stress at 400 0C.
Legend: (1) specimens without notch; (2) specimens with notch; (I) spec-
imens without notch in Pb-Sn melt; (1i) specimens with notch in Pb-Sn
melt; (T) time up to rupture; (p) stress.
Fir,. 2. Durability of St 50 as a function of stress at 400 0C, (specimens
without notch).
Lc-Eend: (1) specimens in air; (2) specimens in Zn-Sn melt; (T) and (p) as
in Fig. 1 .
Card 2/3

8/02oj62/147/004/023/027
B101/B186
V. I.
AUTHORS: Troilskiy, O.A., @ikhtman
TITLE: Common action of P-radiation and a surface-active medium
on the mechanical properties of zinc single crystals
PERIODICAL: Akadem'iya nauk SSSRt Doklady, v. 147, no. 4, 1962, 874-677
TEXT; Zinc single crystals approximately I mm in diameter,.coated 'With
-a mercury film of -J.5p were exposed to the P-radiation of Na2HP3204
(half life of P32 : 14-3 days, Em = 1.7 MeT, total activity : 100 mCu)*
@@he behavior of the irradiated specimen on stretching and its plastic
deformation were measured. Preliminary experiments with non-amalgamated,
i@radiated zinc single crystals showed the yield strength to be slightlyi!
higher than in non-irradiated specimens. This increase is due to an
inhibition of dislocations caused by interstitial atoms and vacancies
forming in the lattice by irradiation. Plastic yield, occurred when the
specimen was alternately stretched for three minutes and kept under
constant stress for another three minutes. The dynamometer showed a
Card 1/3

X d/020/62/147/004/023/027
Common action of P-radiatictnrand a ... R101/B186
270-280 g d'rop for irradiat'e Zn, and a 130-150,g,drop for non-irradiated
'I - 500, lost
Zn. Amalgamated zinc singl.e crystals with an OFgntation 1,
their strength completely @f @er 7 days of irradrtion. When 2 stretched
during irTalhation, their Vapl surface rupture@!at -20 g/mM , and an
elongation of no more than.l-@1-5%. Amalgamated,,'non-irradiated crystals
had a yield, strength of -jo@ g/mm2, but also r@ptured when elongated but
slightly.',.Irradia'tion int@nqified the migration of the surface-active
medium along the lattice defects to the surface n@wly formed by deforma-
tion. Amalgamated zinc single crystals with X;'. 350 which, after pre-
liminary irradiation of 50-hrs were stretched at a rate 10% per min at
20 or -1960C ruptured after greater elongation than non-irradiated
specimens.: Select 'ive alloy-ing at the defects, caused by irradiation
during an exposure of 50 hra, was more distinct than after 170-hr
amalgamation where the effect.of selective alloying was leveled off.
This increa *se in strength and plasticity of amalgamated and irradiated
ziric single crystals, observe'd above all in liquid nitrogen, shows a new
way of increasing the strength of metals. It is based on the penetration
of a surface-active substance (e.g. an alloy) into the structural defects
of the metal at comparative'13F-hiah temperatures-@ 'it solidifies at
Card 2/3

S/020J62/147/004/023/027
Common action of 0-radiation and a ... B101/B186
lower temperatures and thus blocks these defects. There are 4 figures.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizicheskoy khimii Akademif nauk SSSR (Institute
of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
PRESENTED: July 14, 1962, by P.A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTED: July 12, 1962
Card 3/3

LIKHTMAN,_.V.,J., prof., doktor fiz.-mat. nauk, otv. red.; GCLOVIN,
S.Ya., red, izd-va; UL'YANOVA, G.G., tekhn. red.
(Physicochemical regularities in the action of lubricants
for metalworking by pressure] Fiziko-khimicheakie zakono-
mernoBti deistviia Bmazok pri obrabotke metallov davleniem.
Moskva, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1963. 175 p. (MIRA 16:10)
1. Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut fizicheskoy khimii.
(Metalworking lubricants)

KARPENKO, Georgiy Vladimirovich. Prinimal uchistiye KRIPYAKEVICH,
, doktor fiz.
R.I.; LIKHTMAN, Vj. -ma'tem nauk prof.,
retsenzent; FURER, P.Ya., red.; GOH96MiFOLIUJ@j, M.S.,
tekhn. red.
(Steel resistance in a corrosive medium] Prochnostl stali Y
korrozionnof I; srede. Moskva, Mashgiz, 1963. 185 P.
(MIRA 16:7)
(Steel-Corrosion)

AccEssioN Nat AT4014037 8/3072/63/000/000/0005/0030
AUTHORt Xacbut, V, M.1 Veyler, a. Ya.; UUhtmens-Ve Zol.Windore P, A*
TITLE: Physicochemistry of the lubricating effect during wire drawing
SOURCE: Fix.-khim. makonomernosti daystviya smasok pri obrabotka matallov
davleniyem. Mscov, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1963, 5-30
TOPIC TAGS: metal lubricaeLon, wire drawing lubrication, wire Arawing, lubricant
ABSTRACT: The physicochemistry of the lubrication process is a very significant
problem in the pressure treatment of metals. This problem was dise6seed and
evaluated on the basis of: (1) effect of the media on the process of metal
deformation, (2) mechanism of the lubrication effect on pressure treatment (de-
formation) of metals, (3) the affect of the temperature during pressure treatment
and the physicachemical properties of the lubricant during wire drawing, and
(4) the effect of the amount of lubricants used. It was concluded that the
stresses of the treatment and the shearing strength in the thin surface layer
determine'the properties of the lubricant. In some cases, the surface properties
of the treated metal are also of significance. Some lubricants react chemically
Card 1/2

ACCESSION NR: AT4014057
with the treated metal. For example, as a result of the process of wire drawing of
aluminum in the presence of liquid-cooling lubricants, water stains or spots are
formed. Dark spots are also formed during wire drawing with dry soap powder or
by lubrication with liquid salt solution at IOOC. In the presence of distilled
water, no water stains are formed. It was proved that formation of dark water
stains on aluminum alloys can be prevented by applying lubricants based on a
kerosene emulsion but the stresses due to wire drawing are not reduced by this
lubricant. These lubricants proved highly valuable during rolling of aluminum
but not during the process of wire drawing. The addition of calcium steacate or
aluminum stearate markedly reduced the stress of wire drawing of aluminum alloys.
Positive results in the drawing of aluminum 'wire have been obtained under
technological conditions by applying a lubricant consisting of kerosene
emulsion with calcium st"rateo Ovig, art, has: 13 figures and 9 tables.
ASSOCIATION:* None
SuBlUTTEDS DATE AOQ: 19Doc63
SUB CODE: M RD RRY SOVt 077
:Cord2/2-
RNCLt 00
006

ACCESSION WR: AT4014058
8/3072/631000/000/0031,10037
AUTHOR., Veyler, S. Ya.; Petrows, N. V.; Likh
tman, V, it
TITLV; Soine physicochemical effects of lubricants and oxides during the thermal
proce'sing of stainless steals
SOURC::
Piz.-khim. takonomernosti deyetviya smazok pri obrabotke metallov davleni-
yem. Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1963, 31-37
TOPIC TAGS: lubricant, oxide coating, steel processing, wire drawing, stainless
steel, steel lKhl8N9T, heat treatment
ABSTRACT: Some of the physicochemical effects of lubricants on the thermal proces-
Sing of steel IXhl8N9T were investigated by determining the temperature dependence
of the wire-drawing force in the interval from -70 to +500C. Various lubricants
were applied: powders of NaCl# CaG12 and NANO ; Al-povdar plus liquid glass;
eutectics containing 32.55% SnCl2 and 7.45% KCI; Al-powder; film of oil paint; soap
solution plus CaSt (calcium stearate); CaC12 + graphite; tin coating. It was found
that a thin film of ft. developed from the salt eutectLc an the surface of the
treated metalm showed the higbest lubrication properties* The reduction of the
Card 1/4

ACCESSION WR; AT4014058
wire drawing force is due to a decrease in the shear resistance in the thin layer
of the lubricant. The metallic liquid film plasticizes the processed steel surface!
and makes it softer. Figure I of the Enclosure illustrates the effect of a tin
layer and graphite as lubricants an wire drawing force in relation to temperature.
The presence of the oxide layer inhibits the steel wire drawing process because the'
shear resistance in this layer becomes higher. Figure 2 of the Enclosure shows
that the removal of the oxide layer substantially reduces the force required for
wire drawing. Lubrication with graphite reduces the wire drawing forces but at the
same time deteriorates the quality of the steel surfaca, Orig. art. has: 7 figures
and 2 tables.
ASSOCIATION: None
SUBMITrED: 00 DATE ACQs 19Dec63 ZWLs 02
BUB*CODE: MH W R19F SM: 007 OTM: 001
Card 2/4

.rA,,,,,, AT4014038
S
J
Fig. 1. Relationship betwen wixe-draving force in kg and temperature in OC:
1-no lubricarit; 2-Sn fils; 3-Sn + graphite
LCard 3/4

rA,C,,,I,N NR, AT4014058
Fig. 2. Relationship between vire-draving
force at 200C in kg and temperature of
formation of the oxide film in OCt I-oxide
film present; 2-oxids film removed.
Card 4/4
MCLOSL 02--

ACCESSION NR: AT4014061 6/3072/63/000/000/0066/0069
AUTHOR: Voyler, S. Ya.;_jjft Petrova, N. V.; Vasillyeva, Ye. N. -. Basova,
1. _G.; Kuznetsov, K. I.; Livanov, V. A.
TITLE: Effect of cooling and lubricating fluids upon the quality of the sheet surface during
rolting of aluminum alloys
SOURCE: Piz.-khim. zakonomernoott deystviya smazok pri obrabothe metallov davlettiyem.
Moscow, lzd-vo AN &SSR, 1963, g&-69
TOPIG TAGS: aluminum, aluminum alloy, aluminum sheet, aluminum rolling, sheet rolling,
cooling-fluld, lubricating fluid, emulsol
ABSTRACT- The normal water-emulsion lubricants used during the rolling of aluminum
alloys prove unsatisfactory under technological conditions because they produce water stains
on the surface of the rolled metal and. become Impure after a few days of service. Therefore,
Card 1/2

ACCESSION NR: AT4014061
-in the present work., a new Improved type of lubricant has been developed to prevent the
---formation of surface failures. Also, a procedure for regenerating the emulsion has been
worked out. Emulsol, containing 84% kerosene, 10% oleic acid and 6% triethanolamine,
was tested and proved satisfactory as a lubricant. Especially good results were obtained
with a lubricant emulsion containing 30-40% of the above-mentioned emulsol. Using this
lubricant, t!,, surface of the rolled aluminum sheet became smooth, brighter and free of
-surface defects, and rolling was simplified. This lubricant was also used successfully
-im-the cold extrusion of aluminum tubes as well as In the cutting of aluminum and Its
alloys. The service life of the emulsion was prolonged up to six months. Desalting with
:_.Aodlum chloride, calcium chloride and karnalit and separating the sedimented emulsion
found to be an effective method for regenerating the emulsion. Oi-ig. art. has: I
.4hemical equation.
A98OCIATIOM none
SU13MITTED: 00 DATE ACQ: 19Dec63 ENCL- 00
,SUB CODE: MM NO REF SOV, 002 OTHER- 005
.Card 2/2

ACCESSION NR: AT4013968 6/2669/63/010/000/0295/0300
AUTHM Gorburiov, X. S. I Ghatalml 1. 0. 1 1fttrt=,' V. 14
TITLE: The influence of several factors on the density of packing of powder particles
under the influence of vibration
SOURCE: AN SSSR. rhatitut metallurgil. Iseledovaniya po zharoprochny*m splavam,
no. 10, 1963, 295-300
TOPIC TAGS: powder metallurgy, powder metal density, packing density; vibrations,
magnetic material, chemical stability
ABSTRACT: One of the most important technological operations in'powder metallurgy
is the pressing of powder into parts. It is very difficult, however, to obtain high
density pressed parts from hard and brittle powder materials. The present investiiation
on the density of pacldng of powder particles under vibration was based on the theories of
Academician P. A. Rebinder. The investigation showed that parts with a density up to
90% may be obtained when powders'are vibrated. The following conditions must be . b-
served: Two or three fractions of powder of optimal size should be used. The pow@er'
particles should be able to be compacted and should be of relatively simple shape. ore
should be no significant roughness cd the particle boundaries. The duration of vibrfLtion
C.,gould be lip)@ed by the time required for final placing of the particles, especially for

. ..........
ACCESSION NR: AT4013968
particles of brittle, non-plastic materials. Table'l of the Enclosure shows the change
in powder density with the course of time of vibration. Orig. art, has: 1 figure and 14
tables.
ASSOCIATION: Institut metallurgti AN SSSR (Institute of Metallurgy AN SSSR)
SUBMITTED: 00 DATE ACQ: 27Feb64 ENCL: 01
SUB CODE: M M NO REF SOV: 002 OTHER: 000
Card 2/3

@-CCESSION NR: AT4 013968 TABLE 1 ENCLOS=: 01
The change, in packing density of powders with the course of time of vibration
Material -Parameters of vibration Density (at equal length of
o( the powder vibration in sea.), g/=3
g oa
'
'A a 3 6 9 112 16 is 21 7.4 30

.
Chromium 14000 20 18.2 4.14 4.29 4.36 1.40 1.46 4.46
10000 65 18.2 4.43 4.56 4.67 4.72 4.72 -
Molybdenum 14000 14 18.2 2 44 2.62 2. 67 '-- 2.71 -- 2.76 - 2.78
boride 10-000 76 17.6 3:12 3.30 -- 3.38 -- 3.62 -- 3.52 --
Carborundum, 14000 16 21.2 2.02 2.06 '2.09 2.12 2.12 -
10 000@ 90 24.3 2.2212.271-- 2.17 --
Card* -3/3
. . .........7

CCESSION 8/0226/63/025/004/P534/0537
APXOO096
'AUTHORSt Trafteldr; 0. A-$ 0141woov) ?a Ta, I Ukhtman V, I All*
TITLES: Effect of prelioPary electron irradiation upon the strength of vine coated
with fusible eutectice
jib
SOURCE' Fizika Metallov I, metalloveden1ye, To 15, no' 4, 1963y 534.!537
TCPIC TAGS% electron irradiation, zinc, euteetio -Sn, 2h-r
p Za Ddt Zn-Pb
ABSTRAM The..edsorption effect of fusible metal3le coatings on the mechanical
properties, of, relatively, harder-to-fuse metalshas-been studied. The experiment
involved an electron irradiation of polyerystallina zinc samples coated with fusibla',.
'eutectiess, Zn-Sn (85 atomic % Sn) Zn-Cd (73.2 atomic % Cd),, and 2n-Pb (97 atomic
% Pb). Th6 electron energy used was 1-1.2 Yev. The electron doBes obtained from a
linear*aceelerator varied from lo16 to 3.7 x 1017 electrons/em2. The irradiation.
doses were deterrAned by the intensity of the electron f1mc, the irradiation -area
the accelerator window, and by the irradiation time i
,at a given distance from nter-
Mal, The relation between the rslative hardening and the Irradiation time at
te atures f 20C -200-220C was deterudned, Ps was the relation between the
mper 0 and
relative hardenitg and terperature, The authors conclude that the irradiation of
Card 112

LW(q_)AJT(M)/EbS', -A"W/ASD Jft/JS
062810631
iA,AVN As 03000116 10326 6/65/0041
AUTHDRs Troitskiy,- Oa As; Kirleshov. _I& N I Likhtman Ve I*
In miorohardnewof zinYl
Tl'=t Influence.of electron- and LM"UAMODL
cadmium in the.presence of-Ain-
SOURGEt. Fizika metallov i metallovedeniyij vole 159 rioe.41963; 628-631
MPIC TAGSt Zn micro .hardneaap Cd-nicrohardness# radiation effect# Znj, Cdp Snp
Zn4n, Cd-Sn-
r
ASTRACTs S and their alloys with tin were exposed an
amplaq fl
:electron flux with the energy'l Hev and.to alpha-radiation@ Their microhardness.
'was subsequent3y measured with the PHT-3 device* The samples were out from Zn and,
:Gd foil 0*2 mm thick and alsetrolytically.coated with a tin layer 3 microns thick, i
:The effect of the neutron and alphawradiation on the miorohardness of the metal
covered by a aolid coating,. and the effect on the surface aotlvi If a liquid
'coating have been.studied., The authors concluded that Zn-Sn samples showed a Wg_@
*er increase in micro'hardness (40%).than Cdi:Sn (17%). The largest microhardness
Ancrease was obtained by the alpha-particle bombardment of the Zn-Sn Bamplese The
@thickness of the hardened zone corresponds to the depth of Alpha-particle penetra-
.tion The irradiation also increased the surface activity of"a liquid coating
Card Association:,.Inst. of.Physical Chemistry.,

L 18653-63 EWr(1)1EWP(q)1EWT(m)1BDS AFFTC/ASD -JD/JG/WB
ACCESSIONUR: AP3004589 810126163
1 0050
65 ---!,
AUTHOR: Troltokiy,,_O.. Kuleshov, I, Me; Likhtman, V. 14
end mercury%1
tioA
TITLE: Combined-effect of radioactive radie; n mechanical
properties of zinc single me
SOURCE: Fizilm IL110Y i metaalovedeniye., v. 16., no- 1., 1963.. 44-50
TOPIC TAGS: zinc single crystal, mercury-treated crystal, crystal tensile
strength., cryatal ductility., electron-bombardment effect, a-particle-bombardment
effect, p-par;1cle-bombardment effect, y-ray-irradistion effectj, combined
mercury-treatnent-irradistion effect., stress relaxation
ABSrRACT: Tension tests have been conducted on mercury-coated specimens of zinc:
single crystaLs 10 ma long and 1 = in diameterp bombarded vith a- and 13-parti-
cles or Y-ray-i from Pa 239 p32 . end C060, and uncoated specimens bombarded Vith
electrons, p-particles., or Y-rays, After bombardment for @-5 min the uncoated
specimens ver.- stretched,, with a three-minute rest under load &fter the first
minute and after each subseqgett three-minute loading. TbF_- test results sliowed
that electron, p-,, or y-irradiation increases the tensile strength and ductility
:Card 1/3

L 18653-63
ACCESSION HR: AP3004589
by intensifying the stress relaxation and increasing the plastificatk@n of zinc
single crystals. The latter process appears to be associated with t116 appear-
ance and annihilation of radiation defects rather than vith the migration of
crystal defects. The ordinary dislocation plastic flow appears to be supple-
mented by diffusion flow during the final rest periods. Additional vacancy-
atom Frenkel pairs introduced by irradiation facilitate the process. The
stretching at 20 and -196C of mercury-treated specimens previously bombarded
by a- or 13-particles for up to 1550 hr or irradiated by y-rays for up to
1450 hr shoved that short-time irradiation increased the ductilit d. to a
lesser extent, the tensile strength,particularly at -196C. The increase
in tensile strength was 35% at -19656, after an exposure of 16-18 hr. After
exposure for longer than 1000 hr) the tensile strength dropped by 50% at sub-
zero temperatures and by 75-8o% at 200. Elongation of the specimens folloved
a similar pattern: a 300% increase In ductility occ r exposure for
25-26 hr; after further exposure, gradual jabrittleurrevele d. Str3ngthen.
ment urre
ing after comparatively short exposure to radistion in associated with tu-_ in-
duction of radiation defects and intensification of the diffusion penetration
of mercury into zinc (alloying). The sharp veakening of the crystals after
exposure for over 1000 hr is the result of coagulation of radiation defects
Cord- 2/A

L 18653-63
ACCE=ON IqR: AP3004589
and formation of new internal interfaces. Migration of mercury to these in-
terfaces sharply lovers the free surface energy., and consequently the strength
and ductility. Drig, art, has: 6 figures,
ASSOC-IATION: Institut, fizicheskoy kbild-i AN SSSR (Institute of Physical
ChemJ-.stry,, AN SSSR)
SMTTED: 28DO062 D= ACq; 2TAug63 =Lt 00
SM CODE: MAL NO REP SOV: 007 07M: 002
Card 3/3

LIKHTMAN, V.I.; TROITSKIY, O.A.
Combined effect of irradiation and of a surface-active medium
on the mechanical properties of single metal crystals. Zhur.
fiz.khim. 37 no.8:1893-1896 Ag 163. (MIRA 16:9)
(Metal crystals) (Radiation) (Surface-active agents)

ACCESSION NR: AT4014066 9/3072163/000/000/0115110120
AtYZiORt Gurovich, Ya. I#; Veylar, S. Ya.;_bjkhtw&r4_V"&4 Voskresenskaya, N. K.
TITLE: Tr%yestigation of the lubricating properties of salt mixtures during the
pressure heat treatment of metals
SOURCE% Piz.-khim. zakonomernosti daystviya smazok pri obrabotke metallov
davleniyem. Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1963, 115-120
TOPIC TAGS: salt mixture, lubricant, lubricating property, heat treatment, metal,
metal alloy, salt eutectic, corrosion, wire drawing
ABSTRACT: Since the usual lubricants such as graphite, liquid glass, or mineral
oils prove unsatisfactory during hot pressure working of stainless steels, some
new lubricants such as salt mixtures have been investigated., The following
salt mixtures have been tested: (1) Nitrate-nitrite salts, applied during punch-
ing of aluminum alloys. These have proved dangerous because of their explosive
properties; (2) Salto such as K9012, KCI, NaCl, ZnC12 and K2604; (3) Melts con-
taining ZnC12 and ZnS; (4) Melts such as FbC12; (5) Mixtures containing salts of
Sn; (6) Melts such as Cd-salts, IA-salts, and salt mixtures such as phosphates.
Two groups of eutectic mixtures may be distinguishedt (a) Salt mixtures forming
Card 1/3

ACCESSION NR: AT4014066
versus temperature with eutectIc ZDC12-KCI applied as a lubricant showed a mLnL-
mum close to 200C whereas the autectLe toWerature appeared lowest near 230C,
Or@g. art, hams I figure mxW 3 tables.
ASSOCIATION: None
SUBMITTED: 00 D= ACQ: 19Dw63 EXCL., 00
SUB CODE t M NO REIF SOVI 006 OTM: 006

S/020 63/148/002/024,'r,37
B108/B186
AUTTTORS': Troitskiy, 0. A., J,1Lkh1zan.__Y__I___-
TITLE:* The arisotro-Dic action of electron and gamma radiation
:on the deformation,of zinc single crystals in brittle state
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk.SSSR. Doklady, v. 148, no. 2,'1963, 332-334
4TEXT; A mercury layer can reduce the strength and ductility of zinc
@ingle crystals considerably. This effect is further intensified when
mercury.covered zinc sample is exposed to,gamma or beta radiation.
@ensile tests with amalgamated Zn irradiated dur4ng the process of
deformation showed that.the orientation of the crystal base plane toward
t6 source of radiation is of essential significance. The crystal became
more brittle shen the base plane was perpendicula'r to the direction of
irradiation, and it became more ductile when the base plane was parallel
to the direction of irradiation. This effect, though weaker, was also
observed on samples without a surface-active medium. There are,4 figures.

-L 1698"3 -Ept(a)Aw (Olma W/BDs mu 7 0 A -w Pr-4 JD
5/020/6 /149/005/012/015
03
AUTPHOR-
0. A. and ikhtman, V.I.
Troitskiy L
TMM. The @conbined eggq.C@qf @@rqut-L ionAn the
_p@@_radicactive radiat
mechanical properties of single crystals of.zinc
::PMIODICAL: Akaderdya nauk SSSR. DoIclady, v. 149@ no 5 1963, 1115-1118
TM: 41 The authors investigate the of more or less *prolonged irradiation
of amIgarraled single crystals of zinc with and'i - emitters of the
laboratory type. The zinc crystals, 10 nm long and~ 1 mm in d-j'ameter, were grown
by the zone =61ting method; and coated with mercZll the contact deposition
method. @A:Ctcr irradiation, the crystals veresub@ected to the presence of
tests of compressive strength and plasticity at -@960C and +200C, which revealed
a decrease in the strength and plasticity ofthe specimens. There are 3 figures.
ASSOCMIOTT: Institut, fizicheskoy khirxii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute'of
-FhysicaL Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR)
1 StaMiTTEP Dec6mber3,.1962
-Card 1/1-

t 61030-65 E'd@(e)/EW(m)/EPF(n)_2/
EW(t)/ElilP(k)/5ilp(z)/~rl~-P(b) Pf-4/ -4 c.)
ACCESSION NR: AR5017418 LjR/0137/65/000j006/G028/G028
SOURCE: Ref. zh. Metallurgiya, Abs. 6G194
qil@ 55
AUTHOR-, Shataloyi,@ K.' G.; qarbunov. N. S.; Likhtman V., 1.
TrME: Investigation of density distribution over the height of briquets during
vibration compacting of powders
CITED, SOURCE: Tr. 7 Vaes. nauchno-tekhn. konferentsfi Po p2roshk. miPUUUr_
gii. Yerevan, 1964 101-105
vibration,
TOPIC T-AGS:464der- metal compaction -tungsten, obalt, specific
d V7
ensity
TRANSLATION- An investigation was made of density distribution over the heighV
-after vibration -compacting at a frequency of 260 cycles; the powder
of briquetE4
was a mixture of fungsten- powders containing 20015 cobalt, wetted with a solution of
glycerin.iti alcohol (0. 3 glycerin). The diameter of the briquets was 20 mm, and
ithe height from 7. 75 to 106. 80 mm The compacting pressure in aU cases was*
/mr,12. The I rations were intensively damped in the layer of the briquets
:1 25 kg vib
1/2

SHATALOVA, Irina Georgiyevna, kand. tekhn. nauk; GORHUNOV,
flikolay Stepanovich, prof.p doktor khim. nauk; LIKHTWI,
Vladimir losifovich, prof. doktor fiz.-m-atem.
ikadeinik., otv. red.; CHMNYAK, A.L., red.
[Physicochemical principles of the vibrational compression
of powdered materials] Fiziko-khimicheskie osnovy vibratsion-
nogo uplotneniia poroshkovykh materialov. Moskva, Nauka,
1965. 162 p. (MIRA 18:3)
1. Ru-kovoditell Institute, fizicheskoy khimii AN SSSR (for
Rebinder).

-L 1652--66 DIT(m)/KM(c)/T/EWP(~)/EWP(k)/EWP(b)/EWi(e) TJP(c) EWIJDIIIWIDJ
ACCESSION NR: AP5021583 UR/02lk6/65/0()0/013/0055/0055
665.5
AUTHOR: Veyler Ya. Petrova N. 'V. Zali
TcKmashov, N. D. valar, F. P. Ljkht=n V. 1110,
Yfl 13
TITLE: Method for applying lu-6ricaiing film., Class 23, No. 172hh5
SOURCE: ByUlleten' izobreteniy i tovarnykhZnakGV,, no. 13, 1965, 55
TOPIC TAGS: lubrication, film lubrication, solid lubricant
ABSTRACT: hor
i@ Certificate introduces a method for.hot working alumin= an
alloys frh
its ch the anodized layer serves as the lubricant. AZ
iz
ASSOCIATION: none
SUBMITTED: 16JU162 EffCL: 00 SUB Com is Im
NO-REF SOVS. 000 OTHER: 000 ATD PRESS: 0

L oo3a-66 ~'EWP(e)/El.4T(m)/MIP(W)/EPF(C)/EWP(,i)/r-,WA(d)/T/Ewp(t)/Ewp(z)/
EWP(b)/ETCJM) MJWIBWIJDIWWIDJlrSIWII
ACCESSION M.
00M
AT5020434 0/0000/65
ow/ w
11@W 0 V
AUTHORS i _kovoki_v, N. Vs; Likhtman Vw Is
TITLE: FricWAnd wear of @Aite materials during operation in fluid contaot
gr
-face seafW-
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Nauchrqy sovet po tr Ieniyu i smazkam. Teoriya amasochnogo
deystviya i noyne materialy (Theory of lubricating action and nev materials)*
Moscov,, lad-vo KaWm, 1965p-83-88
TOPIC TAPS: lubri graphite, lubricant seal., vear seal
g/cm2
ABSTRACT: The friction and wear of graphite (compressive strength 17W k
=20
elastic modulus 1200 kg/ poros,
impact strength 3,5 kg cms 17% 1