SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT MAKAREVICH,, A.I. - MAKAREVICH, N.I.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001031420015-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENCEAB

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Irar~latlon from:
AUTHOR ~

PERIODICAL:

SOV/124-59-9-10634
Referativn3ry zhurnal, Mekhanlka~ 1959, Nr % p 147 (USSP!

Makarevich, A.I.

The Mean Metal Flow Pressure Within a SramF. Hollow of 5[ng

Sb. nauchn, tr Fiz.-tekhn. ln-t AS 5~SR, 1958~ Nr 4, pp 112-123

~ne au%hot considers the plastic stress state arising at the
ex%rusionJ%of a metal ina ring-like stamp. It is presumed that
the direction of the main normal stresses coincides with the
direction of the press strain. On the basts of the pr. esump?
mentioned, ca/�ulation formulae for the stresses and ~tra'~ns are
derived� Test data from extrusion of lead are presented

A D. Tomlenov

�~rd ~/~

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S/571/6o/00o/006/o02/Oll
E193/E385

AUTHORS

TITLE:

S OURC E;

SeverdezLko, V.P. and Makarevich, A.I.
St m. ng of inter liy--- -b bea forgings

Akademiya navuk Belaruskay SSR,, Fiziko-tekhnichesl(iy
institut. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov,, no. 6. Minsk,
1960. 8 - 33
TEXT: An internally-webbed ring (driving flange ) is one
of the most conunon shapes produced by drop-forging,. Since the
web accounts for the bulk of material used up in the fabrication
of components of this type, the general trend is to reduce its
thickness. A decrease in the web thickness~ however, can be
attained only at the price of increased forging pressure,
intensified tool wear and an increased proportion of faulty
forgings. Since no fundamental studies of drop-forging of
internally-webbed components have been reported in the literature,
the optimum web thickness is usually calculated from empirical
formulae, in which the geometry of the forgings only is taken
into account~ Hence the present investigation - whose object was
to relate the geometry of the part under consideration to
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S/571/60/OOO/006/OO~/Oll
Stamping of .... E193/E383

deformation and flow of the metal, contact friction, stress
distribution and heat-transfer during the process studied with
a view to developing a method of determining the optim,nn web
thickness� The first chapters of the article are devoted to
an analysis of results of earlier studies (Ref. 6 -
AoI~ Makarevich - Sb. nauchnykh trudov FTI AN B$SR, nO o 4
izd.. AN BSSR, 1958) of metal flow in internally-webbed f. or~lngs
which are carrelated with the experimental results reported mn
the remaining part of the paper T'.~e conclusions reached can
be s~nmarised as follows~
1) A characteristic feature of forging of internally-webbed
components is non-uniform distribution of the stress and
deformation, both in the web and at the mouth of the flash
clearance (guttez ). The general la~ governing the flow of
metal in round, symmetrical forgings apply also to internally-
webbed rings.,
2) In calculating the forging force, pressure due to deformation
of metal between the top and bottom punches (fullers ) has to be
taken into account in addition t.o that set up zu the annular par!
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Stamping of

s/57~/6o/ooo/oo6/oo~/o~
E193/~383

(rim ) of the forging.
3) The flow of metal is confined mainly to the inner layers
of the web. Consequently, wear of the punch due to movement
of the metal relative lo the tool surface is insignificant-
~) In the absence of work-hardening, the specific contact
friction force, f increases initially with increasing normal
stress, ~ and then reaches a constant limiting value of
n
= 0.5 PT where PT is the yield strength of the alloying~
fmax ( kg/mm2 )
This is zllustrated in Fig. 2, where f is plotted

against ~-~ (kg/mm2) . Curves 1 and 2 in graph A relating to
lead and tYn. Curves 1, 2. 5 in graph ~ relating to aluminium~
copper and brass, respectively.
5) Non-uniform distribution of stresses normal to the die
surface has been established~ A, so-called. "indentation"
method was used for this purpose, It consisted of drilling
a ntumber of blind holes in the working surface of the die in
which hard alloy plugs were subsequently inserted with one end
flush with the die surface and the other end, tapered to a point.
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S/57 l/60/000/006/002/011
Stamping of .... E193/E383

pressed against a soft steel disc placed at the bottom of
each hole.. The maximum normal stress (ioeo that set up in the
final stage of tile forging operation) was determined from tile
size of the impression made by the pointed plugs in the steel
d_lscso The results are reproduced in Fig. ~ ~�here
c~ (kg/mm2) is plotted against the distance (mm) from the die n
axis the cross-.section of the d~e being shown under each
graph. The flash clearance in all the experiments was maintained
constant at 2.2 mm. The curves in Fig.. 5a represent results
obtained for a die with a punch diameter ~ = 40 nun used to
produce forgings with web thickness . h ranging from 20 mm
(bottom curve) to 2 mm (top curve), the curves in Fig. 3~
represent results obtained for d~ ~ 30 mm and h ranging from
15- 2mm
6) The magnitude of O'n at any point at a d~stance r from
the die axis can be calculated from a formula derived by the
present author-~
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S/571/60/000/006/002/01
Stamping of .... E195/E585

i 2~B + /t.8
~n = PT + 1.2 + --
h

where ~ is the friction coefficient,
PT is the yield strength of the metal.
B is the thickness of the rim,
� the flash clearance,
h web thiclcness and
rL~ web radiuso
The accuracy of this fortnula is demonstrated in Fig. 5, showing
the calculated (broken curve) and experimentally-determined
(continuous curve) distribution of o'n for a die with
h = 2 mm and r~ = 15 mm.
?) The magnitude and distribution of ~'n de,2cnds on contact
friction, as determined by the surface condition of the die.,
This is illustrated in Fig. q, showing the distribution of ~n
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S/5'71/60/000/006/002/011
Stamping of .... E193/E385

resultant from the use of dies ~:ith t]',e flat face of tire .unch
roughly machined., polished and lubricated (Curves
respectivelyv
8) High normal stresses in the central portion of the web
cause a distortion of the punch and are the main cause of its
ex�essive wear � The maximum value of c~n for any glvell cas e
can be calculated from formula (~), If this value is equated
to the maximtun stress. P~UI to which the punch can be subjected
without distoring, a formula for the minimum permissible web

thickness is obtained in the form~
2~ru~5
h =

(8)

 Pp~O. 1.~1 ~ - (~-~B + 4,8)
T
9) A reduction of c~ and a correspondingly lonser life of
the die can be attained by increasing the thickness of the web

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S/571/60/OOO/OO6/OOZ/Oll
Stamping of .... E193/E383

in its central portion. It is for this reason that so-called
"combined" forging is advocated by some workers. In this
Drocess, side-by-side with forginE of the ,lain internally-webbed
component, another componont situated ill the central portion of
the web is stamped. As a result, metal consumption is reduced
because the internal part of the web is utilized and the secondary
for~in~ has no flash, the production capacity of the press is
increased and manpower requirements are reduced.
10) The maximum c~n increases rapidly with decreasing h/dt~
ratio, and the optimum diameter of the web corresponds to
h/d%l~= 0.2 - 0.1.
11) Experiments described in the present paper were conducted
at room temperatures. In industrial practice, the temperature
of the web decreases rapidly with a corresponding increase in
the temperature of the punches. With decreasing temperature,
the resistance of metal to deformation increases and higher
forging pressure are required whereby the life of the instrument
is shortened. Since tile flow of metal is confined mainly to the
internal layers of the web, the temperature of this region is of
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Stamping of ....

S/571/60/000/006/002/011
E193/E383

practical importance~ An approximate formula was derived by
the present authors, from which the temperature, ~ , of tile
central layer of the web at any stage of a forging operation
can be calculated. The formula has the form of:

 = 1 erfc + erfc x (14)
1 + K�

where K
H

h
x
a1

is a coefficient characterising the heat-conductivity
of the web relative to the punch material,
is the thiclcness of the blank,
time of contact between tile web and the punch,
the web thickness after time ~ and

thermal dif�usivity of the web material.

The validity of this formula was confirmed by experiment~

Car~

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:3/.% 71/60/0c0/006/002/011

'P'~e critical %;e[, "' ;" ',,:;:; il is that ~,'hich ~:ill ensure that

tile te::lper.~tul'o i.:: t'~e intorior lnyers of the x~eb at the ~inal
..:o:.~ent of t'~,~) roi'L1. :] op~rnti nx is not ap:~reciabty lower than
i~itial tmzlp~ratu~'o o[' t~lo ~lal~,.. Dasod on tl~o analysis
formula (1/1), a fol".'.ula for ll,.; ~ ~;as derived in the form:

].1.2 'V�T../c�z

(16),

~:here t i~ t'.~o l~oat-conductivity coefficient,
c specific hont and
� the density o� t:~e ',';eb :aaterial.
There are 12 �i~ures and 1!'. Soviet-bloc references.

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-?':')::i ~:.[ ACCI::SSZ0~[-':~{::/:'AP5009106 S/0250/65/009/002/0091+/0096 Ir'/'

SOURCE

/
Makarevich, A.. I. u'/'4

Preparation of aluminum single crystals by accumulative recrystallizatlon
r 14 -
AN BSSR. Ooklady, v. 9, no. 2, 1965, 9~.-96

TOPIC TAGS: aluminum single crystal, accumulative recr~stallization, aluminum
~ recrystalllzation

.ABSTRACT: The star, lng material used was sheet aluminum of 99.5% purity and 1 mm
thick subjected to rOlling and annealed-for 5 hr at ~50�C in ord. e~, to produce a
.preferred 'grain oPientation in the completely recrystalllzed specimen. To acceleP-
ate the accumulative recrystalltzation, the specimens were subjected to a unlfovm
1~5-2,0% extension along rheim entire length. The specimens were then annealed at'
600oC, and steps were taken to keep the numbe~ of "seeds" aPising in the metal to
a minimum. A:'speclal device was used to tnsu~ a smooth and uniform immersion of
the 'Specimens. in a salt .melt (50% NAN03+ 50.% KNO3) maintained at 600oc. Dependtn~
upon the mechanical and thel~al t~oatmenti the. optimum -immersion rate was 18 to '30
mm/hr. Aluminum.. s in8le crystals, measU~ln~ 0.5 x 4 x 150 and 0,2 x 4 x 150 mm with the

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ACCESSION tlR: AP5009106
orientation~(lli)-[ll0], (Ii0)-[111], (100)-[110], etc. were obtained. Orig. az~.
has: 1 figure.
ASS~IATION: Fiziko-~ekhnlcheskiy insti~t ~ BSSR ~sicote~nlcal Inski~uke
~ BSSR) .... . - ..:'.' � ~.-' :- "-
S~D: 10Feb6q' "~ '~ ~' ENCL:. '~ ~'..:. - ... SUB CODE:

',o ~r"S�v,~.~ .:005` :'.;-..-:-'-'":--';.-..; ;:~'.,, .'--' om :'" 0ol ::~.; . "'?.-' '"~'
.. .3.~'~:'l -:-.,,< -. _.., . % ....:. .- . . .,... ,. ,., .
"'~. %"~'~'~:::!.::','..-.... -' .... :-'.%- '.-' ' � . ';. : ": '"~' -':" - -

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MAKAREVICHj B.K.; MIKHEYEV, V.M.; TIKHVI~SKIY, V.I.; PANKIN, A.V.,
doktor tekhn, nauk, retsenzent; FEDOROV, V.N., dots.,
retsenzent; MAKOVSKIY, G.M., red.; AB~.~0VA, Ye.S., tekhn.
red�-

[Reconditioning m~tal-cutting tools] Vosstanovlenie re-
zhushchsgo instrumentao Moskva, Gos. nauchno-tekhn, izd-vo
mashinostroit, lite-my, 1948. 174 po (MIRA 15z4)
(Metal~cutting tools--Maintenance and repair)

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Subject
Ca rd 1/l
Authors

AID F - 4495
: USSR/Engineering

Pub. 128 - 22/29

: Makarevich, B. K., Kand. Tech. Sci., Manager of the
~4easur~ng La-~ora~ory of the Central Scientific Research
Institute of Machine-Building Technology (TsNIITMASh) and
S. P. Rodionov, Engineer, Chief of the Main Inspection of
Production Quality.

Importance of Inspection Technology in Heavy Machine-
Build lng.

Vest. mash., #4, p. 78-79, Ap 1956

The authors emphasize the importance not only of the
proper inspection of the finished product but also of an
analysis of the causes of technical flaws. They believe
that Central Measuring Laboratories (TslL) and Departments
of Technical Inspection (OTK) in many leading machine-
building plants must be Increased, properly equipped, and
professionally staffed.

None

No da te

Title :

Feriodical :
Abstract :

Institution :
Submitted :

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MA?LAt-:EVICH, B. K.

In~erchaugeabillty, Aecura~-y and Messur.lng. Mstlx~h~..in Machine
~ashgiZ,'l~50~ 251 p~. "(flb0rnlk Nauchn~-tekh. o'bshch. ~ashinostXOftel'noy

This eo~leetion of artl~_leo deals with th~ t~pie~ di;ctmzed at the ~rd
Ime.u~.ctlon ~tethoc]~ in ~b~ne-buildln� smd Inn~.rum~n~-~lng, he~ld .1.8-22 ~,~r ]957.

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~AREVICH, B.K. (~skva)

~7:216-219 '58. (~ 11:10)
(Optical measurements)

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MAKAR2VICH, B.K., k~nd. tekhn.nauk, NOVIKOV, N.I., inzh.

Remote optical measurements of large o~rta.
v mashinostr. ;mezhvus.sbor.no.2:339-350 '60.
(Optical measurements )

Vzaim. i tekh. izm

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23465
$/119/61/OOO/006/001/O06

AUTHORS: Novikov, N.I. and t~mkarevich,
TITLE1 Automatic Measuremen~ ~' the Dimensions During Turning
P~RIODICAL! Izmeritel'naya tekhnika, 1961, No.6, pp.5-6

T~XT: In TsNIITMASh a new device was developed for measuring
the external diameters of components being machined (Engineers
A. Ya. Peliks and ~. L. Abramzon participated in the development
work). A roller 1 (Fi$,l~ containing an inductive pick-up is
pressed onto and driven by the component being machined 2, the
diameter of which is to be measured. The roller is fixed onto
the rear tool-rest 3 of the lathe and is made to approach the
component to be measured by rotating the worm of the tool-rest.
The pressure applied to the roller is controlled by means of a
spring. Rotation of the roller generates in the sensor a.c.
signals of a frequency depending on the frequency of rotation
of the component, the diameter of the roller and the number of
teeth of the inductive pick-up. These signals are converted into
short duration voltage pulses which are fed into a pulse counter.
The phase state of the signal changes during each revolution a

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Automatic Measurement of the ...

23465
5/115/61/000/006/001/006

certain number of times in strict relation to the angle of
rotation of the sensor. The revolution marker k emits command
signals for starting and stopping the pulse counting. It
consists of two coils with a permanent magnet, the magnetic
circuit of which is closed by means of a cross-piece fitted onto
the chuck of the machine tool. The cross-piece rotates together
with the spindle and closes the magnetic circuit during each
revolution. On closing the magnetic circuit a signal appears in
the coil; this is transformed into a short duration pulse which
is fed to the pulse counting circuit. The revolution marker
gives one signal for each full revolution of the machined part.
The sensor (Fig.2; consists of two toothed rims 1 and 2 which
are able to rotate independently of each other. In a ~-shaped
slot of the rim 2 a coil 3 is placed which is fed by direct
current. The shaft { is hollow to allow for passage of the
leads of the coil. The larger the diameter of the component the
larger w~ I1 be the angle by which the sensor will turn for a pre-
determin~ number of revolutions of the component and the larger
will be t~.,: number of signals generated and counted. The equipment

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Automatic Heasurement of the o..

23465
$/11 ~/61/ooo/oo6/oo 1/006
EO73/E535

is capable of generating 840 signals per revolution for a roller
diameter of 210 mm. Exneriments for determining the influence of
speed of cutting on the accuracy were carried out at 'speeds of
20-250 m/min and these have shown that the scatter in the results
does not exceed O.O3 mm for a roll pressure of 70 kg. The surface
roughness of the components was within the'limits of 10 to 80 ~.
Use of cutting fluids had no influence on the accuracy. The'
experiments were carried out On a lathe with a centre height of
500 mm. Random errors are within the normal Gauss distribution,
the mean square deviations being 21 ~. There are 2 figures.

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~,f'~ 32/'~z1'656/~ 0~./5C, 5/0C, 6
D2 2 '~/z,5.5 2

.... . ............. -.- !,~vice designed by
a,~i~_~ry time is :akc:: us by ...~,:o~.,.:...u.,~s .... ~

Ts:[~...~Sh uses a burnishing roller with an kncu :~,,.e transfiucer
and a contactless fevo['Aglon COK~iZO:' ~o .... ~ a~om:'.tic measurement
-Z~ comzcnents ~ ........ :heZr z. aci~inind on lathes, _:.,~ . iple
- . - -- . a...e ~e
r. oZ require a~dltzona- se ....... ~e~ c;:ancin;~ ...... one ! r ~o
az,other. The rotor an~ s.,:~.- are zoo~l.ed, and the
the coil varies with tlc -' ~ ~ . .......
~c~.. aha cavities o~ the former. The ~ .... of ~-,i

their ratio determines the speed cf ro'~"'~'' c the rotor .... e out-
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~evice :'or ...... ic ...............

elec:ronic ~e-
u: oz ~he trar. sJucer :or::.s a s.r.e ..,,,~v,::
vice. ~n~ linuar expres3zc;~, of t)~e
:,a...~;ter o -[-.e Sy. ly~L' f0__'22
work~iece ar,-~ z is the nu::.b..: :~
roller. The expe ' ' ts
svab!e results are ensured with a
fec~ :f "'~ '~ ~sh the accuracu,
s~ _~oe .... o:i
devia:i"ns =1-0.03 C.34 ~"~ -
~:.bu:ion. ~he tyans~uoer Ls eonzzo~-~ - ~ br ~ ' The electronzc
� . ~.~'~-o~ wi~?. '.he trar~uce:.
cLrcult is described ar.d illustrate?,,
-. ' '
_:t~ authors ar. alyze :he v&sL:,us erroz's '.'z~ic?: a:-Lse in the .....
--~--+ a..u ln~.u~e ~..~ ~o~a_ error w~no~ considering inaccuracies
.... � ,~ 'cvice allows a 60 - 80 4 reduction of the
u';e to .e,_;~e_at~-e. The
au:.:i!iary time to be achieved. Use of the indicated vressure
:[.e roller against the worKpkece !emcns:rates a negmL5~ zY small
~i_p, ~d thu~ ha~ no ~ffeot on th~ readlr, g~. There are 5 figures
and 4 Soviet-bloc references.

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MAKAREVICH, Do N.

Multistage air hammer.

Biul,, TSIIC}~4 nco2:Z~ '6i. (~.~i A
( i'neumatic tools.-,-~'atents )

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 06/20/2000 C1'A-RDP86-00513R001031420015-4"

"APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 06/20/2000 CTA-RDP86-00513R001031420015-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 06/20/2000 CIA-RDP86-00513R001031420015-4"

"APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 06/20/2000 CTA-RDP86-00513R001031420015-4

New ways

l. ~'!os-