SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT VLASOV, V.V. - VLASOV, V.V.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001860310013-8
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 1, 2001
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

AUTHOR: Vla-o-i V., V. 126-5-3-10/,:a
TITLE: in-~estigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails -in Moving Magnetic Fields (Issledovaniya Do
defektoskopii zheleznodorozhnykh rellsov v dvizhushchilk-haya
magnitnyhh polyakh) I. On Certain Problems of Electp")-
LlaGnetic Defectoseopy of Rails (0 nekotoryl:h voprosal-ch
elehtromaenitnoy defektoskopij. rellsov)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1957, Vol 57 J."Ir 3,
pp 4412-451 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the introduction the author reviews in detail ttae.
information hitherto Dublished in the Soviet Uiaicn as viell
as abroad relating to electro-magnetic defectoscopy,
mentioninC also the advanta,-'~es and the drawbacks of r--~ertain
ultl,asonics defecto-copes deBeT-Lbedl for instarce, in U.S.
and. German pub ligations,(Ref s .30 -31),Summarizing the res"alts
of investigations carried out in the Siberian Physico-
Technical Institute, A. B,, Sapozhnikov (Ref.52) stat"a's
that the surface magnetic effect for unipolar inductive
currents is not very pronounced in the case of railroad
rails. Therefore, the conditions of magnetizin6 z~ails by
means of a stationary and by means of a mobile electro-
magnet will be approximately equal. Furthermore the
card 1/5 relatively small intensity of the unipolar -Jr-duo*~i-'~'(.1-'

126-5-3-10/31
Investigations Relating to the Def_cctoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields
currents reduces the value of such currents from the
i)oint of view of defectoscopy. The author of this
paper believes that these conclusions are due to
incorrect a Dplicati on of the results of theoretical
and experimental work,earried out for weak fields,to
the range of relatively strong fields which are applied
in defectoscopy of rails. An important problem is
increasing the speed of the test apparatus and applying
for defectoscopy the eddy currents which are Oenerated
in the rails by a mobile source of the magnetic field.
Furthermore, there is the problem of separating out the
useful signals,since electromagnetic defectoscopes react
not only to dangerous defects but also to various
harmless rail non-uniformities. In the case of low
speeds, this is of little consequence since it is always
possible to stop and clarify whether the response was
due to a harmless or a dangerous non-uniformity. However,
at high speeds the separating oiit of the useful signals
is a very acute problem. The author believes that this
Card 2/5 can be solved on the basis of the part played by the eddy

126 ~-3 10/3~
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad ._i s in
Moving MaLnetic Fields
currents, induced in 4-he rails by the mobile source of
the ma6netic field, in the formation of the field of the
dlefect. From the point of view of practical rail
defectoscopy, the author considered it of interest to
study the problems of maTnetization of such cotaponents
under travelling conditions, the intensity of the eddy
currents Senerated in -the rails, the poscibil-it- of
applying these eddy currents for defectoseopy purposes
and also the problem of separatinE; out useful siE;nals.
In the first instance the author investiGated -the
mathematical relations SoverninG the magnetizatiDn of
the rails under conditions of movement 7 usinG the -'Jaxn'1011
equations, Eq.(l), p.W[7. He arrived at the conclusion
that the Problem of the density of eddy currents in
components during magnetization by a mobile source can be
reduced to -the solution of an integro-differential equation;
he does not deal with the boundary conditions whicIa have
to be taken into consideration when solvins these
equations, Eas.(9) and (10), p.449. in the second part
Card 3/5 of this paper- publiohed in Vol.VII Nr 11 1953, PP 74-32,

126-5-3-10/3~
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields
the author deals with the technique of simulating the
electro-magnetic phenomena on suitable analogues. The
analogy criterion of electromagnetic phenomenon for
the case that the source of the d.c. magnetic field and
the body magnetised by it are moving relative to each
other was formulated for the first time by the author of
this paper in his dissertation "Application of the
Analogy Theory to the Problem of Rail Defectoscopyl
(Sverdlovsk, 1947 and Dokl. Ak. Nauk, 1949, Vol (59,
pp 37 etc) The problem of analogy of electromafrnetic
.phenomena under conditions of relative movement ivere
studied in greater detail by I. M. Kirko ("Physical
Analogy and Analogy in the Magnetization of Ferromagnetic
Bodies" Ac.Sc., Latvia, Riga, 1955). On the basis of the
relations deri-O-ed from these analogy conditions, the
authors designed apparatus for simulating under laboratory
conditions the phenomena taking place in rails during
magnetization by a source moving with a speed of 50 km/hr.
The translatory motion was substituted by rotary motion
and measures were taken to compensate the dissimilarit7
Card 4/5 caused by the fact that a straight rail was substituted
by a curved rail. The rail sDecimen for the test was

126-5-3-10/31
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields
machined from the tyre of a railway wheel which from the
point of view of its chemical composition and method of
manufacture was similar to that of rails and was also
satisfactory as regards shape, dimensions and uatformity
of the material. The outer diameter of the model was
104 cm and the distance.betvieen the centres of the Doles
of the model electromagnet was 12.6 cm. A ;.ria--netic
shunt was used which in the given case was about 25 times
as long as the distance between the poles of the electro-
magnet. A photo of the equipment is shown in Fi-.2
(p. 80 Vol VI, Nr 1, 1958). Acknowledgments are
expressed to N. M. Rodigin for his comments.
Card There are 63 references, 45 of which are Soviet,
11 English, 1 French 7 6 German.
ASSOCIATION! Institut f iziki metallov Ural I skogo f iliala ATIT SSSR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Ao.Sc.,
USSR)
SUBMITTED: August 21, 1957
1. Tracks (Railroad) --Inspection 2. Tracks (Railroad) --Electro-
magnetic properties 3. Tracks (ftailfuq0q~Gesting equipment

VLASOV, V.V.
-- ---tome results of research on electromagnetic defectoscop7 of railroad
rails. Izv. Sib. otd. AN SSSR no.7:127-131 158. .-. (MIRA 11:9)
1.UrallekV filial AN SSSR.
(Railroads--Rails--Teating) (Magnetic testing)

AUTHOR: Vlasoy_~'~._ SOV/126-6-1-9/33
TITLE: "Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Moving Magnetic Fields (Issledovaniya po
defektoskopii zheleznodorozhr-ykh rellsov v dvizhushchikhsya
magnitnykh polyakh) 2. Technique of Simulating Electro-
Magnetic Phenomena on Models (Metodika modelirovaniya
elektromagnitnykh yavleniy)
PERIODICAL-. Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1958, Vol 6, Nr 1,
pp 74-81 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the introduction of Part 1 of this paper (same journal,,
1957~ Vo-1 V1) Nr 3~ pp 442-451) the author reviews in
detail the information hitherto published in the Soviet
Union as well as abroad relating to electro-magnetic
defectoscopy, mentioning also the advantages and the
drawbacks of certain ultrasonics defectoscopes available.,
for instance,in the U.S.A,, and Germany, Summarisinc; the
results of investigations carried out in the Siberian
Physico-Technical Institute, A. B. Sapozhnikov states that
the surface magnetic effect for unipolar inductive currents
is not very pronounced in the case of railroad rails,
Card 1/7 Therefore., the conditions of magnetizing rails by means of

SOV/126-E-1-9/33
Investigations Relating t-o the Defectoscopy of Railroa-d Rails
Moving Magnetic Fields. 2. Technique of Simulating Elecll;ro-
Magnetic Phenomena on Models
Card 2/7
a stationary and by means of a mobile,,electro-magnet will.
be appro-imately equal. Furthermore,, the relatively
small intensity of the unipolar inducti-ve !nirrents
reduces the value of such currents from the point of vie-,
of aefectoscopy. The author of this paper believes that
these conclusions are due to incorrect application of
the results of theoretical and experimental wQr_`,~:,carried
out for weak fields to the range of relativ-1y strc-ng
pplied in defectoscopy of rails, An
fields which are a7 -
important problem is increasing the speed of the test
apparatus ;~nd applyinE; for defectoscopy the_edd-j curreri-7.3
which are generated -in the rails by a mobile sour.,,e of th-e
magnetic Furthermore,, -'U-here is the P-robiem of
separating out the useful signals1since electromagnetii~~
defectoscopes react not only to dangerous de'A~3cts but E.31'o
to various harmless rail non-uniformities, IR the case
of low speeds, this is of lit-tle consequence sinoe It is
-1se
always possible to stop and-clarify whether the resljoin
was due to a harmless or a dangerous non-uniformity.

SOV/126-6-1-9/33
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields, 2. Technique of Simulating Electro-Magnetic
Phenomena on Models
However, at high speeds the separating out of the useful
signals is a very acute problem, The author believes that
this can be solved on the basis of the part played by the
eddy currents, induced in the rails by the mobile source
of the magnetic field', in the formation of the fiql-d of the
defect. From the point of view of practical rail
defectoscopy, the author considered it of interest to study
the problems of magnetization of such components unde:r
travelling conditions, "the intensity of the eddy currents
generated in the rails, -the possibility of applying these
eddy currents for defectoscopy purposes and also the
problem. of separating out useful signals, In the first
instance the author investigated the mathematical relations
governing the magnetization of the rails unde-- conditions
of, movement', using the Maxwell equations, Eq,,(l), p 447,
He arrived at the conclusion that the problem of'the
Card density of eddy currents in components during magnetization
3/7 ~y a mobile source can be reduced to the solution of an
integro-differential equation; he does not deal with the

SOV/126-6-1-9/33
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
MovIng Magnetic Fields, 2. Technique of SimulatinE; Electro-Ma;'7netir
Phenomena on Models
boundary conditions which have to be taken into considera-
tion. ,,jhen solvinE these equations, '. Eqs,(9) and (10), 1) 44c;'_
In the here published second part the author deals wit-b. -thi_-
technique of siwul_atin~; the electro-m::~gnetuic phenomena on
suitable analorues, Tbe analo~-y critOriOn Of eleCtrO-
maZnetic phenomenon for the case that the source of ttle d;,c,
magnetic field and the body ElaL~netised by it are mov-&ng
relative to each other vras. formulated for the first J-1ae
the author of this paper in his dissertation "Appliratic.-
of the A-nalogy Theory to the Pvoblem of Rail Defectoscopy
(Sverdlovsk, 1947 and Doki, Ak. hla~uk, 1949, Vol 60, pp 39
etc), The problaina of analogy of eler-tromagnetic phen.omce!~_
under conditions of relative movement were studied in
greater detail by I, M, Kirko ("Physi:,al Analogy and
Analogy in the 'Magnetization of Ferro~uagnetlc Bodies"-
Latvia, Riga, 19'55). On the basis, of the relaticjuz.
Card derived from these analog'/y conditions. the authorr~ design~id
4/7 apparatus for simulating under labora6ry conditions
phenomena takinb place -in rails during magn-~!tization by a

SOV/126-6-1-9/33
Investigations Relating to the Defectoseopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 2. Technique of Simulating Electro-Magnetic
Phenomena on Models
source moving with a speed of 50 km/hr, The translatory
motion was substituted by rotary motion and measures viere
taken to compensate the dissilimilarity caused by the fact
that a straight rail was substituted by a curved rail,
The rail specimen for the test was machined from the tyre
of a railway wheel, which from the point of view of its
chemical composition and method of manufacture was
similar to that of rails and was also satisfactory as
regards shape, dimensions and uniformity of the material,
The outer diameter of the model was 104 cm and the
distance between the centres of the Doles of the model
electromaE;net was 12.6 em. A maGne:6ic shunt was used
which in the given case was about 25 times as long as the
distance bet-ween the Doles of the elactro-magnet,
A photo of the equipment is shown in Fig.2, p m Ir
this part the author does not consider the problem of
applying the results of model tests for the case of
magnetization of rails under real conditions of operation,
Card 5/7 In the model a specific rail type was used, whilst in

SOV/126-6-1-9/33
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields, 2, Technique of Simulat-ing Electro-Ma6neti,,
Phenomena on Models
reality rails of various types are encountered differing
in dimensions, degree of wear, method of manufacture
and the rails way also be affected by the temperature
by seasonal chr-niges, Furthermore, it was found that thf:
rail model heats up during rotation inside a miagnetic-
field, Therefore, in Part 3 of this paper (Vol VI,
No 2,; -c:,p 247-253) the author analyses in the first
approxIMation -the influence cf i;he difference. in the
rails used under real Conditions from those used in
models so as to estlabl'Lsh -the -types of rails for which
bite model resulti', are ap~jicable and also the influence
of the relative movement between the source of the
magnetic field and the body magnetised by that field,
It was found that in the first approximation the erneri-
mental data obtained with -type IA rail models are
applicable to rails of other types used in railway
transportation, whereby in the case of differences in the
geometry, the magnetic and the electric properties of
rails from t-hose of the model, the similarity of the
Card 6/7 phenomena is achieved by changing the applied limits of

SOV/126-6-1-9/33
.Lnvestigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields, 2. Technique of Simulating Electro~-Jyagnetic
Phenomena on Models
the speed of movement of the source of the magnetic
field,, Appropriate relations aro derived for evaluating
the speed of movement of the source of the magnetic field
relative to the rails and some other physical magnitudes
from the data of model experiments. it was found that
detection of defects by means of the induced eddy
currents is more effective for modern heavy type rails
than for the older lighter type rails.
Acknowledf�uents are expressed to N. M. Rodigin for his
comments,
There are 2 figures and 41 references, 39 of which are
Soviet, 2 English.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov Ural'skogo filiala AN S&SR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Ac.Sc,,USSR)
SUBMITTED: August 21, 1957
Card 7/7 1. Tracks (Rail--oad)--inspection 2. Electromagnetic fiel(,Is---
Applications -1. Tracks (Railroad)--Model test results

AUTHOR: Vlaso)~,, V -V SOV/126-6-2-7/34
TITLE: Investigation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails
in Mobile Magnetic Fields (Issledovaniya po defektoskopii
zheleznodorozhnykh rellsov v dvizhushchikhsya magnitnykh
polyakh)
3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental Data
Obtained in the Case of Simulating on Models the
Magnetisation of Rails ('..A*kbtoryye voprosy obrabotki
opytnyl,,h dannykh pri modelirovanii namagnichivaniya
rellsov)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye 5 19581 Vol 61 Nr 2 7
pp 247-254 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the introduction of Part 1 of this paper (same journal,
1957, Vol V, Nr 3, pp 442-451) the author reviews in
detail the information hitherto published in the Soviet
Union as well as abroad relating to electro-magnetic
defectoscopy, mentioning also the advantages and the
drawbacks of certain ultrasonic defectoscopes available,
for instance, in the U.S.A. and Germany. Simmarising the
results of investigations carried out in the Siberian
Card 1/8 Physico-Technical Institute, A. B. Sapozhnikov states that

SOV/126-6-2-7/34
Investigation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails in 111obile
Magnetic Pields. 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimentaj-
Data Obtained in the Case of Simulating on Models of Magnetisation
of Rails
the surface maUnetic effect for unipolar inductive currents
is not very pronounced in the case of railroad rails.
Therefore% the conditions of magnetisino rails by means of
0
a stationary and by means of a mobile electro-magnet will
be approximately equal. Furthermore, the relatively
small intensity of the unipolar inductive currents
reduces the value of such currents from the point of viel;.7
of defectoscopy. The author of this paper believes that
these conclusions are due to incorrect application of
the results of theoretical and experimental work, carried
out for weak fields to the range of relatively strong
fields which are applied in defectoscopy of rails. An
important problem is increasii~g the speed of the test
apparatus and applying for defectoscopy the eddy currents
which are generated in the rails by a mobile source of the
magnetic field, Furthermore, there is the Droblem of
separating out the useful signals, since electromagnetic
Card 2/8 defectoscopes react not only to dangerous defects but also

SOIT/126-6-2-7/34
investigation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails in Mobile
MaSnetic Fields. 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental
Data Obtained in the Case of Simulating on Models of Magnetisation
of Rails
to various harmless rail non-uniformities. In the case
of low speeds, this is of little consequence since it is
always possible to stop and clarify whether the response
was due to a harmless or a dangerous non-uniformity.
However, at high speeds the separating-out of the useful
signals is a very acute problem. The author believes that
this can be solved on the basis of the part played by the
eddy currents, induced in the rails by the mobile source
of the magnetic field, in the formation of 'the field of the
defect. From the point of view of practical rail
defectoscopy, the author considered it of interest to study
the problems of magnetisation of such components under
travelling conditions, the intensity of the eddy currents
generated in the rails, the possibility of applying these
eddy currents for defectoscopy purposes and also the
problem of separating out useful signals. In the first
instance the author investigated the mathematical relations
Card 3/8 governing the magnetisation of the rails under conditions

SOV/126-6-2-7/34
Investip,ation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails in Mobi-le
Magnetic Fields. 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental
Data Obtained in the Case of Simulating on Models of 11.1agnetisation
of Rails
of movement, using the Maxwell equations, (Eq.1, p 447 of
Part 1). He arrived at the conclusion that -Che problem
of the density of eddy currents in components during
magnetisation by a mobile source can be reduced to the
solution of an integro-differential equation; he does not
deal with the boundary conditions which have to be taken
into consideration when solving these equations, 13,qs.(9)
and (10), p 449 of Part 1. In the second part (same
journal, 1958, Vol G. Nr 1) the author deals with the
technioue of simulating the electro-ma--netic phenomena on
suitabfe analogues. The analogy critoerion of electro-
magnetic phenomenon for the case that the source of the
d.c. magnetic field and the body magnetised by it are
moving relative to each other was formulated for the first
time by the author of this paper in his dissertation
"Application of the Analogy Theory to the Problem of Rail
Defectoscopy (Sverdlovsk, 1947 and Dolcl. Ak. Nauk, 1949,
Vol 692 PP 37 etc). The problem of analogy of electro-
Card 4/8 magnetic phenomena under conditions of relative movement

SOV/126-6-2-7/34
Investigation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails in Mobile
Magnetic Fields. 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental
Data Obtained in the Case of Simulating on Models of flagnetisation
of Rails
were studied ia greater dotail by I. 1A. Kirko ("Physical
Analogy and Analogy in the Yiagnetisat-lon of Ferroma6netic
Bodies"I Ac.Sc., Latvia, Riga, 1955). On the basis of
the relations derived from these analogy conditions, the
authors designed apparatus for simulating under laboratory
conditions the phenomena taking place in rails during
magnetisation by a source moving with a speed of 50 km/hr.
The translatory motion was substituted by rotary motion
and measures were taken to compensate the dissimilarity
caused by the fact that a straight rail was substituted
by a curved rail. The rail specimen for the test was
machined from the tyre of a railway wheel which from the
point of view of its chemical composition and method of
manufacture was similar to that of rails and was also
satisfactory as regards shape, dimensions and uniformity
of the material. The outer diameter of the model was
104 cm and the distance between the centres of the poles
Card 5/80f the model electromagnet was 12.6 cm. A magnetic shunt

SOV/126-6-2-7/34
Investigation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails in Mobile
Magnetic Fioldn, 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental
Data Obtained in -the Case of Simulating on Modols of Ma6netisation
of Rails
was used which in the given case was about 25 times as
long as the distance between the poles of the electro-
magnet. A photo of the equipment is shown in Fig,2, p 80
of Part 2. In this part the author does not consider the
problem of applying the results of model tests for the
case of magnetisation of rails under real conditions of
operation. In the model a specific rail type was used,
whilst in reality rails of various types are encountered
differing in dimensions, degree of wear, method of
inanufacturo,,and the rails may also be affected by the
temperature asid by seasoaal changoo. Yurtheimlor'~, it wa"~
found that the rail model heats up durinE; rotation inside,
a ma6netic field. Thereforel in the here published third
part the author analyses in the first approximation the
influence of the difference in the rails used under real
conditions from those used in models so as to establish
the types of rails for which the model results are
Card 6/8 applicable and also the influence of -the relative T.LLovement

SOV/126-6-2-7/34
Investigation by Means of Defectoscopy of Railway Rails in Mobile
11agnetic Fields. 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental
Data Obtained in the Case of Simulating on Models of flagnetisation
of Rails
between the source of the magnetic field and the body
magnetised by that field. It was found that in the first
approximation the experimental data obtained with tM)e I11
rail models are applicable to rails of other types used
in railway transportation,, whereby in the case of
differences in -the geometry, the magnetic and the electric
properties of rails from those of thes model, the similarity
of the phenomena is achieved by changing the applied liraits
of the speed of movement of the source of the magnetic
field. Appropriate relations are derived for evaluating
the speed of movement of the source of the magnetic field
relative to the rails and some other physical maEnitudes
from the data of model experiments. It was found that
detection of defects by means of the induced eddy
currents is more effective, for modern heavy type rails
than for the older lighter type rails.
Card 7/8

SOV/126-6-2-7/34
Investigation by Means of Defectosco-py of Railway Rails in'Yob-4-le
Ma netic Fields. 3. Certain Problems of Evaluation of Experimental
Data Obtained in the Case of Sjjnulating on Models of Magnetisation
of Rails
There are 3 figures, 2 tables and 10 references, 9 of
which are Soviet, 1 English.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov Urallskogo filiala All SSSR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Ac.Sc.,
USSR)
SUBMITTED: August 24, 1957
Card 8/8 1. Tracks (Railroads) --Inspection 2. Magnetic fields-
Applications

AUTHOR: Vlasov, V. V.
TITLE34: D_ere-cT_os_c`op-ySTudies on Railroad Rails in Moving tla~~netic
Fields (Issledovaniya po defektoskopii zheleznodorozhnykh
rellsov v dvizhuEhchikhsya maLnitnyk1i polyakh).
4. Study, of the Eddy Currents Induced in Rails from
theiv Ve-Vct-Lon on the F~riraary Field (Izucheniye vikhrevy1di
tokov, navodimykh v rellse po reaktsii ikJ1 na pervichnoye
pole)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1958, Vol 61 Ur 3,
pp 426-433 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In Part I of this paper (1957, Vol 5, Yr 3, pp 442-45l)
hitherto published information was reviewed and a
mathematical analysis of the problem was presented.
In the second part (1958, Vol 61 Nr 1, pp 74-82) the
straight rail was substituted by a circular strip of
similar metal. In Part 111 (1958, Vol 6, Fr 21
pp 247-254) the author analysed in the first approximation
-the influence of the differences in the rail analogue used
in the model from rails operating under real conditions
and he arrived at the conclusion that detection of defects
by induced eddy currents is more effective in the case
Card 1/5 of modern heavy type rails than in the case of older

SOV/126-6-3-6/32
Defectoscopy Studies on Railroad Rails in Movin6 Magnetic Fields
4. Study of the Eddy Currents Induced in Rails from their
Reaction on the Primary Field
lighter rails. In this fourth part of the paper the
author studies the eddy currents in the rail on the basis
of the reaction of this current in the primury
magnetic field. The investigation consi.sted of measuring
the longitudinal and the transverse components of the
resulting field at the side surface of the rail model in
the region of the leading pole of the electro-.rlagnet.
The relative location of the electro-maEnet, the part of
the circular model of the rail and of the coordinate
system are shown in Fig.l. The field was measured
ballistically by ejecting a small flat coil from the side
surface of the rail model beyond tDe limits of the field.
The coil constant was 130 turns-cm and the area of .
contact witli the surface of the rail analogue was 1 cm-,
The experiments were effected with the electro-magnet
described in -the earlier part of the paper under the
following conditions: the distance between each of the
pole ends and -the surface of the rail model was 5 am, tile
Card 2/5 LUJIF was 6600 ampere turns, -the speed of move-ment ofthe

A-DOV/126-6-3-6/32
Defectoscopy Studies orL Hailr,;a-_J. Loving !Ja6netic Fields
4. Study of the Eddy Ourrent,-. I--Idu,;cd in Rails from ttleir
Reaction on the Primary Field
rail model rela tive to Vie electro-magnet was 500 r.p.m.
These data relate to the case of wabnetisinE; the rail
by similar electro-i:,ia6nets with distances between the
pole ends of the electro-magnet and the rail equalling
17.5 mm-, an 1,.UdF of 23 000 ampere turns and a speed of
movement of the electro-wagnet of 25 km/hr. The reactions
of the eddy currents on the primary maEnetic field were
measured by measurim th- induction in the core of the
model by m-eans of a ballistic method usinr, switching of
the current in the clectro-ma6net in presence and in
absence of movement of -the model. The speed of movement
was such as to correspond to a speed of 45 kiii/hr on the
rails. The results of measurements of the induction in the
core of -the electro-ma6net are entered in the graphl Fig 6~
and it can be seen -that -the induction in -the core during
movement is less than in the absence of moverfient, due to
the eddy currents induced in the rails. The induction in
Card the air gap was also measured by a ballistic method and
3/5 the results are graphed in Fig 7; it can be seen from this

SOV/126-6-3-6/32
Defectoscopy Studies on Railroad Rails in Moving Magnetic Fields
4. Study of the Eddy Currents Induced in Rails from their
Reaction on the Primary Field
graph that,even at a low speed of movement and at a
relatively low external MY, the distribution of the
induction in the air 6ap differs considerably from that
pertaining to static conditions. An approxii-iiate
calculation is also made of the level of the eddy currents
induced in the rails. The lauthor sir-im,--arises his
conclu-,iioz1,3 thus: it In c5houn that "Aio muit~notic field in
the nei-hbourhood of the side- surface of_th~-,, rail head
will increase appreciably in the case ofymovini; electro-
magnet as compared to a static field even if the speed
is only 25 km/hr and the MF is 23 ampere turns; The
most intensive increase be observed for the longi-
tudinal field component under the pole ond in the region
adjacent to the inter-pole space of the electro-magnet,
which indicates that relatively intensive,-oredominantly
transverse currents are generated under tl~_ese sections of
Card the pole, It was established -that, as a result of the
4/5 motion, the induction in the core of the electro-ma(,net
decreases and in the air Eap, between the poles and at the

E"OV/126-6-3-6/32
Defectoscopy Studies on. Railro--i 2ail-- in 1,116-L-retic Fiel(_ls
4. Study of the 1.0,ddy Current.,_ IridUCOd in Rails from their
Reaction on the Primary Field
rail surface a considerable redistribution takes place,
the induction decreasinE~ under the frontal and increasing
under the rear edges of V..,(:.; poles. An approx-imate
evaluation is L~,~iVOIL Of IuJw- ordux- of mt!.Lnitudo of the
ci=eat in the rail accordinE to which in a type I-A
rail it amounts to about 90 A/cm for E-. speed of movea-ant
of the magnetic field of 45 km/hr and an e-,,ternal WdF
of 24 000 amDere turns.
There are 7 figures and 8 references, 7 of which are
Soviet, 1 German.
ASSOCIATIOB: Institut fizilci metallov UrallskoEo filiala AN SSSR
(Institute of Lietal Physics.Ural Branch of the Ac.Sc,,USSR)
SUBMITTED: SeDtember 11, 1957
1. Tracks,.(Railroad)--Inspection equipment 2. Tracks (Railroad)
--Magnetic factors 3. Tracks (Railroad)--Model test results
4. Electric currents--Applications 5. Electromagnett--Applications
Card 5/5

sov/i26-6-4.48/34
,AUTHOR: 51asov, V.1.
TITLE: Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Mobile Maguetic Fields. Part 5. Study of the
Eddy Currents Induced in the Read of a Rail by Means of
an Electric Field at its Surface (Issladovaniya po
defektoskopii zheleznodorozhnykh rellsov v
dvizhushchikhsya magnitnykh polyakh. 5. Izuchaniye
vikhrevykh tokov, navodimykh v golovke rel'sa po
elektrichaskoma polyu na poverkhnosti 7676)
PERIODICAL:Fi-zika metallov i metallovedeniye, 1958., Vol 6.
Nr 4, pp 628-632 (USSR)
ABSTRLCT: Part 1 of this paper was published in Fizika metallov
i metallovecleni7e, Vol 5, Nr 3, 19579 pp 442-451;
Part 2 in Vol 6, Nr 1, 1958., pp-74-81; Part 3 in Vol 6,
Nr 2, 1958, pp 247-254, Part 4 in Vol 6, Nr 39 19589
pp 426-432. For the purpose-of detecting transverse
cracks in railheads by means of eddy currents induced
in them by a mobile source of a field, the longitudinal
component of the current is of considerable importance.
Card 1/4 The current density in the railhead and at the joint

SOV/126-6-4-8/34
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 5. Study of the Eddy
Currents Induced in the Head of a Rail by Means of an
Electric Field at its Surface
between the head and the neck was evaluated by
K.M.Polivanov (Ref.1) in the case of magnetisation with
a relatively weak transverse field moving at a high
speed. As far as the author is aware, no simila'r
investigations lave been made for the case of
magnetisation with a relatively strong field. He
considered it of interest to evaluate, at least by means
of a rough approximation, the longitudinal component, of
the current density in the railhead in the case of
magaetisation under such conditions with a strong
magnetic field. In this paper experiments are described
which were carried out for studying the longitudinal
component of the electric field potential at the side
surface of a railhead by simulating on models, as
described in Parts 1 and 2 of this work (Ref.2 and 3).
Oa the basis of these investi6ati~ns an approximate
Card 2/4 evaluation is given of the longitudd-nal component of

SOV/126-6-4-8/34
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 5. Study of the Eddy Currents Induced
in the Head of a Rail by Means of an, Electric Field at its Surface
the current density in the railhead. A slotch of the
metering arrangement is shown in Fig.l. The obtained
results are graphed in Fig.2-5- It was established
that it is possible to evaluate approximately the
longitudinal relative speed of the component of the
current densities induced in parts which are moving
inside a magnetic field on the basis of the components
of the electric field potential. It is shown that the
longitudinal component of the electric field potential
at the side surface of the railhead, and thus also the
respective component of the current density in the
railhead, is identical to tho respective component of
the current density in the railhead within the area of
the inter-pole space of the electromagnet. A relation
has been derived for the dependencs on the speed of
movement of the potential of the.alectric field for the
railhead section located in the centre between the poles
Card 3/4 of the electromagaet. An approximate evaluation is

SOV/126-6- -4--8/34
Jnvestigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 5. Study of the Eddy Currents Induced
in the Head of a Rail by Means of an Electric Field at its Surface
given of the longitudinal component of the density of
eddy currents in the railhead for a particular case,
whereby the current density in the section of the
railhead located in the centre between the poles of an
electromagaA-t is large enough for detecting defects.
There are 5 fio-ires and 5 references all of Which are
Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut Fizild Yietallov Urallskogo Filiala AN SSSR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the AS USSR)
SUBMITTED: .11th September 19~)?~

AUTHOR: - Vlasov, V. V. SOV/126-6-5-5/43
TITLE: Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Moving Magnetic Fields (Issledovaniya po
defektoskopii zheleznodorozhnykh rellsov v dvizhushchikhsya
magnitnykh polyakh)
6. Investigation of the Magnetic Flux in the Railhead
(Izucheniye magnitnogo potoka v golovke rellsa)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1958, Vol 6, Nr 5,
pp 794-803 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This is part of a long study by the author of the problem
of detecting defects in rails by means of magnetic fields
generated from a magnet moving along the rails.
Parts 1 to 5 were published in various earlier issues.
Part r? "Approximate evaluation of the surface effect in
the railhead" is published in Vol 6, Nr 6, of
this journal, pp 1006-1010. Part 8, Vol ?, 1959, Nr 1,
pp 159-160, deals with the topography of the eddy
currents in the railhead, Parts 9 and 10, Vol 7, Nr 2,
pp 186-191 and 319-320 deal respectively with the role
of eddy currents in the formation of the field of a
defect and the study of the magnetic flux in the railhead
Cardl/4 for various dimensions of the air gap in the magnetic

SOV/126-6-571~.431 -
investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of -Railroad ai s in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 6. Investigation of the Magnetic Flux in
the Railhead
circuit.
K. M. Polivanov (Ref 1) investigated the distribution of
the magnetic flux in a type 1-A rail which is magnetized
by a transverse field, the source of which moves at a
low velocity. The author of 'this paper considered it
of interest to study the magnetic flux in the railhead
under conditions of I'longitudiual" maiSnetization by
means of a relatively strong field which moves at a
high velocity relative to the rail. Studies are described
of the magnetic flux in the railhead carried out by means
of model investigations of the prooess of magnetization
of the rail by a moving field sotir(.-e. The magnetic flux
in the model of a rail can be investigated relatively
simply by means of a coil which surrounds a part of the
rail and moves together with 'the rail relative to the
field. The nature of the magnetization of rails and of
the model are investigated, with particular reference to
Card2/4 the longitudinal component of the magnetic flux. The

SOV/126-6-5-5/43
Investigations Relatino to the Defectoscopy c.-C Rail-road Rails in
Moving Magnetic Rails. 6. Investigation of the Magnetic Flux in
the Hailhead
magnetic rlux during, Wie experiment manifested itself in
the form of an e.m.f., Lho oehomaWi dict-Kram of which is
given in Fig 1B. This emf is a derivative accordilij~ to
time of the magnetic flux cur7e (Fig 1 1C). In order to
obtain the flux curve it is necessary to apply integration
which has been done by means of an integration-amplifica-
tion circuit shown in Fig 4, P 798. The results of
qualitative and quantitative investigations of the flux
in the railhead are given a:a~ft dii,:cv-ssed, The autlacr
arrives at the following conclusions. Under otherwise
equal conditions magnetiza,tion of rails by a mobile field
differs considerably from magnetization by a stationiary
source of the field. The character of the changes c-F
the magnetic field in the railheads as a function of
time depends on the shape and the mag.-iitude of the
pole-shoes of the electromagnet. The lonGitudinal
component of the magnetic flux in a type 1-A railhead was
studied in the case of its magnetization by means of an
Card3/4 electromagnet with pole-shoes which -have a flat surface

sov/i?ra-6-5--5/43
Investigations Relating to the Defectos~cG'X,' Of lip- 1T,:,P-.d Rails 4Ln
. 41 41 1
Moving Magnetic Rails. 6. Investigation lif t-he Magnetic Flwl ir)
the Railhead
on the rail side. The lon-itudinal -,,ompor nt of the
flux in the section of the rail located in the ce-atre
of the space between the i3oles of the electromagnet
decreases with increasing sp(,-.,,,i antl this decr,~ase will be
the more pronounced the high-cr the intensity of the
external field. With increasinE, ~Asplacement of a
section of the railhead from the first pole of the
electromagnet to the second in the direction of movement,
the eddy currents in the railltead become at-enuated. The
results have the important rravl;ical consequence that in
the case of inspection of compoulents which are in move-
ment it is not advisable to an-.,I-v intensivz~ external
fields. There are 10 'LiE;ures and P) refe.reaces, 17 of
vejaich are Soviet, 2 English.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov Urallskogo filiala AN SSSR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch, Ac..Sc. USSR)
SUBMITTED: October 31, 1957
Card 4/4

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SOV/126-6-6-6/25 ,
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails Inside a
Moving Magnetic Field. Part 7, Approximate Evaluation of the Surface
Effect in the Rail Head.
importance for the defectoscopy of rails under conditions of
relative movement. The author considered it of interest to
evaluate the surface effect in rails during their magnetiza-
tion by means of a mobile field-source. A rail can be con-
sidered as consisting of a cylinder and of two plates, As
far as the author is aware, the surface effect in such bodies
during their magnetization with a mobile field has, so far,,
not been investigated. Due to the complexity of the problem-
the author limits himself to an approximate evaluation of the
depth of penetration of the mobile local magnetic field in
the rail head, which is based on cxperimental data on the
magnetic flux in the rail head (Ref.1). It is assumed that
the entire magnetic flux is concentrated in the rail head at
a certain depth whilst its central part remains practically
non-magnetized, This condition corresponds to the relatively
frequently applied assumption that the induction in the body
propagates in the form of a steep front when the field reache
Card 2/4

SOV/126-6-6-6/25
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails Inside a
Moving Magnetic Field. Part 7. Approximate Evaluation of the Surface
Effect in the Rail Head.
Card 3/4
a certain critical value, which is near to the coercive force.
The distance within which the induction remains constant ob.-
viously represents the depth of the magnetized layer, which
is also assumed as being the depth of penetration of the field;
this is permissible since the author considers magnetization
in fields which exceed very considerably the coercive force.
To simplify the investigation the rail head is substituted by
a cylinder with an equal cross-section and the magnetization
of the cylinder will be considered in a longitudinal field,
disregarding the transverse component. Thus, an approximate
evaluation is made of the depth of penetration of the magnetic
field into the rail head (of the Soviet type 1-A rails) in the
case of "longitudinal" magnetization of the rail by means of a
field of a mobile electromagnet of a certain type, as a
function of the speed of movement of the electromagnet with
various ampere-turn values, It was found that penetration of
the magnetic field is accompanied by a clearly pronounced sur-
face effect even at a relatively low speed of movement for
magnitudes of magnetizing fields which are currently used in
defectoscopy work. It was also found that the depth of pene-

SOV/126-6-6-6/25
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails Inside a
moving Magnetic Field. Part 7. Approximate Evaluation of the Surface
Effect in the Rail Head.
tration of the field depends not only on the speed of move-
ment but also on the magnitude of the external field whereby
the depth of penetration will increase somewhat with a de-
c,rease in the magnetization field. The author provides a
qualitative explanation of this feature in the given case,
The practical consequence of the derived conclusions is that
no attempt should be made to utilise relatively strong mag-
netic fields for defectoscopy studies of components under con-
~itjons of r 1 ive movement ?4 Ahe.mtgne~ij ftej~l..There are
figures ana i~ references, ovie an 9 Isn4
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov,,Urallskogo filiala AN SSSR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch, Academy of Sciences,
'USSR)
SUBMITTED: October 31, 1957.
Card 4/4

240)
AUTHOR: SOV/139-59-1-31+/31+
TITLE: On B.F. Kononkov's paper "Eddy Currents in Massive Bodies
Moving in a Constant Magnetic Field of Concentrated
Sources" (Po povodu stat'i B.F. Kononkova "Vikhrevyye
toki v massivnykh telakh dvizhushchikhsya v postoyannom
magnitnom pole sosredotochennykh istochnikov")
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Fizika,
19597 Nr 11 PP 174-175 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Kononkov's paper (Ref 1) is alleged to contain a number of
inaccuracies. The main mistake consists in the following.
Kononkov assumed that the eddy current density is
proportional to the electric field when the ferromagnetic
body moves in a magnetic field. In fact this
proportionality occurs only in one special case (Ref 10).
As a matter of fact the density of eddy currents in a
body moving relative to a source of a magnetic field is
given by:
6 = y (E + v x B)
Card 1/2 where 6 is the current density7 y is the electrical
conduefilvityq A is the electric field? X is the

SOV/139-59-1-34/31+
On B,,F. Kononkov's paper "Eddy Currents in Massive Bodies Moving in
a Constant Magnetic Field of Cmeentrated )ources"
velocity of the body relative to the field and B is the
magnetic induction, Thus the relation a = y9 will only
hold in the direction of motion in which case 3[ x 'B
There are 10 references, of which 2 are English and
8 Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut Fiziki Metallov AN SSSR (Institute of
Physics and Metals, Academy of Siaiences of the USSR).
SUBMITTED; December 7~ 1958
Card 2/2 uscoym-Dc-0,945

AUTHOR: Vlasov SOV/126-7-1-28/28
TITLE: Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails
in Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 8. Approximate Scheme of
the Eddy Currents in the Railhead (Issledovaniya po
defektoskopii zheleznodorozhnykh rellsov v dvizhushchikhsya
magnitnykh polyakh. 8. Primernaya skhema vikhrevykh
tokov v golovke rellsa)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol ?, Nr 1,
PP 159-160 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Part 9 of this paper is published in the 1959, Nr 2 issue
on pp 186-191 "On the role of eddy currents in the
formation of the field produced by a defect". Part 10 is
published in the 1959, Nr 2 issue on PP 319-320 "Study of
the magnetic flux in the railhead in the case of differing
air gaps in the magnetic circuit".
If defects in rails are to be detected by means of eddy
currents induced in them by the magnetic field, it is
necessary to have some idea of the topography of Vhese
currents. For instance, the possibility of detecting
defects of one type or another will depend on the direction
Card 1/ of the eddy currents. For instance, it can be anticipated
5that cracks located in a direction perpendicular to the

SOV/126-7-1-28/28
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 8. Approximate Scheme of the Eddy
Currents in the Railhead
lines of the current flow would be detected more
effectively than cracks at other angles relative to this
flow and that it will not be possible to detect such
cracks if the lines of the current flow are tangential
to the wall of the cracks. The topography of eddy
currents in rails depends on the method of magnetising
them. So far, it has not been possible to compile a
detailed topographical scheme of eddy currents in a rail
magnetised "longitudinally" by a mobile field of a d.c.
fed n -shaped electromagnet. However, on the basis
of results published in earlier parts of this paper
(Refs 1-3), it is possible to p.,esent for the given ease
an approximate scheme of eddy currents in the railhead
and the description of this scheme is the subject of'
this paper. The eddy currents developing in the railhead
can be imagined as being formed as a result of super-
position of separate excitations caused by the longi-
Card 2/5 tudinal and the transverse comDonents of the current,

SOV/126-7-1-28/28
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 8. Approximate Scheme of the Eddy
Currents in the Railhead
These are produced by the respective components of the
magnetic flux. These fluxes and the eddy current
components induced by them are represented diagrammatically
in Fig 19 p 160. Fig la (top) shows the transverse
component of the flux and the longitudinal component of
the eddy current induced by it, Fig lb indicates the
longitudinal component of the flux and the transverse
component of the current generated by it. In Fig 1 the
currents are represented by toroid6 cut by the plane of
the drawing which is imagined as being a vertical plane
dividing the profile of the rail into two symmetrical
halves, Polarities are assigned to the current compon-
ents taking into consideration the directions and the
character of the changes of the components of the flux
in the respective part-s of the railhead during movement
of the source of the magnetic field,, As was found
experimentally, Ref 1, the transverse component of the
current in the sections of the railhead located below
Card 3/5 the internal edge of the first pole of the electromagnet

SOV/126-7-1-28/28
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields., Part 8. Approximate Scheme of the Eddy
Currents in the Railhead
in the direction of movement exceeds the longitudinal
component of the current, There is reason to assume
that the same relation g o v e r n s the transverse
and the longitudinal components of the current in other
sections of -the rail, particularly those located in the
imterpole space of the electromagnet. In FiglB
(bottom) a scheme is drawn of the eddy currents in the
railhead taking this fact into consideration, It can
be seen from Fig 1B that the direction of the eddy
currents in the railhead depends on the location of the
section relative to the electromagnet; the eddy currents
in the sections located between the poles of the electro-
magnet have the same direction. The correctness of this
was confirmed by measurements of the magnetic flux in
the railhead (Ref 3) and of the longitudinal component
of the potential of the electric field at the surface
of the railhead (Ref 2) . The eddy currents decrease in the
Card 4/5 direction from the first pole of the electromagnet (in

SOV/126-7-1-28/28
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 8. Approximate Scheme of the Eddy
Currents in the Railhead
the direction of movement) to the second (Ref
and finally there is a change in the
direction of the current in the neighbourhood of the
second pole. The directions of the eddy currents in the
sections of the railhead located in the space between
the poles of the electromagnet are favourable for
detecting longitudinal cracks but they are less
favourable for detecting transverse cracks.
There are 1 figure and 3 references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov AN SSSR (Institute of
Metal Physics, Ac. Sc., USSR)
SUBMITTED: October 311, 1957
(Note: This is a complete translation except for the
figure captions)
Card 5/5 uscomm-Dc-6o.,774

12(3), 25(6), 32(3)
AUTHOR: Vlasov, V. V. SOV/126-7-2-5/39
TITLE: Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 9. On the Role of
Eddy Currents in the Formation of the Field Produced by
a Defect (Issledovaniya po defektoskopii zheleznodorozh-
nykh rellsov v dvizhushchikhsya magnitnykh polyakh.
9, 0 roli vikhrevykh tokov v formirovanii polya
defekta)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol 7, Nr 21
pp 186-191 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Part 10 of this paper,"Otudy o-' the magnetic flux in
the railhead in the case of differing air gaps in the
magnetic circuit",is published on pp 319-320 of this
issue. In earlier parts ofthis paper (Refs 1-5) the
author studied the electromagnetic phenomena occurring
in the case of movement of the soiL,?ce of a magnetic
field along a model of a rail which is free of defects.
The problem of detecting artificially produced longi-
tudinal and transverse defects and the shape of the
e.m.f. pulses induced in the search coil when the source
Card 1/4 of the magnetic field Wd the magnetised component move

SOV/126-7-2-5/39
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rai-Is in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 9. On the Role of Eddy Currents in
the Formation of the Field Produced by a Defect
relative to each other was investigated in earlier
published work of Khalileyev and the author of this
paper (Refs 6,7). The author considered it of interest
to study the degree of participation of eddy currents,
induced by the mobile magnetic field,in the formation
of the defect field. In some cases it is not imDortant
to achieve geometric similarity of the defects in models.
N. N. Zatsepin (Ref 8) has shown that in simulating on
models the magnetostatic field of surface cracks it is
not necessary to adhere accurately to strict geometrical
similarity. According to Sapozhnikov (Ref 9) the same
applies to the simulation on models of the flow of
direct currents around cracks, However, as regards eddy
currents, it has so far not been determined to What
e5ctent geometrical similarity. of the. defects must be ad-
I-Pxedto. In view of the fact that in the model experiments
the source of the magnetic field and the body maFnetised
Card 2/4 by it were in relative motion, it was considered necessary

SOV/126-7-2-5/39
Investiga.tion Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 9. On the Role of Eddy Currents in
the Formation of the Field Produced by a Defect
that the artificial defects should be near in shape and
dimensions to the real defects. In the here described
work the author studied one of the components of the
field of the defect by means of the e.m.f. generated in
the search coil during its passage above the defective
section, simultaneously wit~.the-taagndtising coil. TAe
artificially produced defects (slots) are shown in the
drawing, Fig 19 p 187. On the basis of the obtained
results it is concluded thaAthe formatio-ra of the e.m.f.
pulses is caused not only by the field of the defect
which brings about the magnetization of the component,but
also by the field of the eddy currents induced in the
components during their magnetization by the moving
source of the field. A critical speed was established
below which the defects are detected onthe basis of
magnetization of the components, whilst above this speed
they are detected on the basis of the eddy currents. An
approximate evaluation is given of this critical speed
Card 3/4 as a function of the external e.m.f. for artificial

SOV/126-7-2-5/39
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 9. On the Role of Eddy Currents in
the Formation of the Field Produced by a Defect
defects of the type of a transverse crack in railheads.
Fig 3 shows an oscillogram of pulses produced by a field
source moving at a speed of 16 km/hr relative to the
rails. Fig 4 shows an oscillogram pertaining to the same
rail for a speed of movement of 40 km/hr. The dependence
of the critical speed for a defect simulating a transverse
crack in the railhead on the external e.m.f. is graphed in
Fig 6; this graph was determined on the basis of the
relation expressed by Eq (2).
There are 6 figures and 11 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov AN SSSR (Institute of Metal
Physics, Ac.Sc., USSR)
SUEMITTED: November 30, 1957
Card 41L~

120), 25(6), 32(3)
,1UTHOR: Vlasov, V. V. SOV,/126-7-2-39/39
TITLE: Investigation Iblating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 10. Study of the
Magnetic Flux in the Railhead in the Case of Differing
Air Gaps in the Magnetic Circuit (Issledovaniya po
defektoskopii zheleznodorozhnykh rellsov v dvizhushchikhsya
magnitnykh polyakh. 10. Izacheniye magnitnogo potoka v
golovke relisa.pri razlichnom vozdushnom zazore v
magnitnoy tsepi)
PERIODICAL: Fizika Metallov i Metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol 7, Nr 2,
PP 319-320 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The magnetization of ferromagnetic bodies located in an
open magnetic circuit differs from that pertaining to
closed magnetic circuits. The problem of maf,,,netization
of a ferromagnetic in a circuit containing an air -ap was
D V
investigated grapho-analytically by V~ K. Arkad'yev (Ref 1)
and experimentally on rings with a slat by V..Vj. Volkov (Ref 23;
F. F. Panasenkov (Ref 3) investigated the magnetization
of rods and rails by means of a [I -shaped electromagnet
Card 1/5 being placed on them. These investigations showed that the
. difference between the magnetization corresponding to the

SOV/126-7-2-39/39
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails Ln.
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 10. Study of the Magnetic Flux in the
Railhead i-h the Case of Differing Air Gaps in the Magnetic Circuit
apex of the hysteresis loop and the residual magnetization
of the body has a maximum for a certain air gap if the
field does not drop below a certain value. The distance
between the pole of the electromagnet and the rail during
magnetization of the latter under conditions of motion
has a similar influence on the ma-netic flux in the
rail. The author considered it of interest to investi-a~-e
this point and for this purpose he studied '%-,-he longitudinal
component of the magnetic flux in the railhead by means
of an analogue (Refs L~ and 5). StutaCzIL-Ioqi~Wdinal component
of the magnetic flux in the railhead unaer conditions of
movement and various magnitudes of the air gap between
the poles of the electromagnet aLd the rail were carried
out on a test-rig described in earlier work (Ref 6).
For this purpose a rl-shaped electromagnet was used, the
end pieces of which were flat at the side of the model
rail. The investigations consisted in oscillographic
Card 2/5 recording of the longitudinal component of the magnetic

SOV/126-7-2-39/39
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 10, Stlidy of the Magnetic Flux in
the Railhead in the Case of Differing Air Gaps in the Magnetic
Circuit
flux produced as a result of integration of the e.m.f.
in the coil surrounding the head of the rail analogue.
The technique of investigation of the magnetic flux
was the same as described in earlier work of the author
(Ref 6). During the investigations the electromagnet
was placed in a position such as to obtain "longitudinal"
magnetization of the rail analogue. The movement of
the rail analogue corresponded 'to the movement of a
similar electromagnet relative to the rail with a speed
of 45 km/hr. The external magnetizing arapere turns
as well as the air gap were varied during the experiments.
0
The magnitude of the magnetic flux was evaluated fror.,~
the corresponding oscillograms for the section of -uhe
railhead located along the centre between the poles and
the electromagnet. This means that determination of
the magnetization in the railhead was effected during
the time of passage of the respective section froa the
Card 3/5 middle of the pole of the electromagnet (in the direction

SOV/126-?-2-39/39
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of RailroPd Rails
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 10. Study of the Magnetic Flux in
the Railhead in the Case of Differing Air GaDS in the Magnetic
Circuit
of movement) up to the middle of the distance between
the poles of the electromagnet. The results of these
investigations are graphed in Fig 1, which shows th~-
dependence of the magnetic flux in the section of tl-.e
railhead located in the centre between the poles of
the electromagnet and the air gap between the pole and
the rail at various magnetic field intensitie2. It can
be seen from the graph that the longitudinal component
of the magnetic flux in the railhead has a maximum. for
an air gap of a certain magnitude and not too high
e.m.f. values. This appears most clearly from curve 2
relating to an m.m.f. of 10 000 a7apere turns; the
dependence of the flux of the air gap with increasing
magnetizing ampere turns is less pronounced; in the case
of 20 000 ampere turns (curve 4) it practically ceases.
It is pointed out that in the case of a decrease in the
m.m.f., for instance in the case of changing over from
Card 4/5 20 000 to 10 000 ampere turns, i.e. from curve 4 to

SOIr/126-7-2-39/39
Investigation Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Mobile Magnetic Fields. Part 10. Study of the Magnetic Flux in
the Railhead in the Case of Differing Air Gaps in the Magnetic
Circuit
curve 2, the flux will decrease less in the case of an
air gap between the pole of the electromagnet and the
rail" d - 20 mm. (d = 5.5 mm. for the rail analogue)
than fo~ an analogous change in the case of larger or
smaller air gaps, for instance dl = 10.5 and 38.5 mm
respectively. The dependence of the longitudinal
component of the magnetic flux on the air gap in the
case of relatively small magnitudes of the external
mobile field is in agreement with the results obtained
by investigation in static fields (Refs 2 and 3) and
this is attributed to the demagnetizing effect of the
surface of the ferromagnetic.
There are 1 figure and 6 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov AN SSSR (Institute of M-etal
Physics, Ac.Sc. USSR)
SUBMITTED: November 30, 1957
(Note: This is a complete translation except for the
Card 5/5 figure caption)
uscow-Dc-60,914

SOV/126-7-4-6/26
AUTHORS: Vlasov, V.V., Voroblyev, A.1e and Uspenskiy, Ye.l.
TITLE: Investigatio ns Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in't-loving Magnetic Fields. 13. Defectoscope for
Testing Rails at fligh Speeds
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol 7, Nr 4,
pp 527-533 (USSR)
ABSTRACTt This is one of a long series of articles on the subject
of detection of rail failures by means of magnetic
fields moving at speeds which are acceptable in normal
railroad operation. Increasing the speed of movement
of the test apparatus is of considerable interest in
tracks with high traffic densities. This problem
has been relatively little studied. In earlier parts
of this work (Ref 2 and 3), the theoretical and
experimental fundamentals of rail defectoscopy in moving
magnetic fields are described. Particularly, it is
shown that it is possible to detect defects in rails at
relatively high speeds of movement, of up to 90 km/hr.
It was established that magnetization of the rails by
moving sources induces in the rails relatively intensive
Card 1/5 eddy currents which participate in the formation of the

SOV/126-7-4-6/26
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
J,loving Magnetic Fields. 13. Defectoscope for Testing Rails at High
Speeds
defect field; the role of these currents is the more
important the higher the speed of movement of the
external magnetic field. The obtained results show
that it is possible to utilise eddy currents induced in
the rails by a ii-ioving magnetic field for rail
defectoscopy purposes. Studying the shapes of the emf
pulses induced in the search coil by dangerous and
non-dangerous rail defects and by metallic components
of the track structure enabled relatively satisfactory
solution of the problem of separating out useful signals.
This enabled the introduction of considerable changes in
the practice of testing rails by means of moving
magnetic fields. In this paper the design is described
of apparatus fitted in an ordinary passenger wagon and
intended for detecting defects in the track rails. The
here described defectoscopy apparatus was built in 1952
(Ref 4 and 5) by modifying a relatively older type
defectoscope wagon (Ref 6) which operated at a speed of
Card 2/5 30 to 35 km/hr. The basic circuit is shown in Fig 1 and

SOV/126-7-4-6/26
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 13. Defectoscape for Testing Rails at High
Speeds
in general its conception is not original. The search
equipment consists of a coil which is located in the
middle between the poles of an electromagnet, the plane
of the windings of which is Perpendicular to the
longitudinal rail axis. The coil is fitted on a
0.5 mm thick sledge of non-magnetic stainless steel.
The emf induced in the search coil is recorded on a
35 mm film from an oscillograph; one cassette contains
UP to 300 M of film; the film consumption is about 5 m
per kilometre of track, recording the signals from both
rails of the track. The power supply is from a current
type rail dynamo. The here described defectoscope wagon
enables detecting defects in rails irrespective of
weather and it can travel with a speed of up to
90 km/hr. Defectoscopes described by A.A.Kosarev (Ref 8)
and others (Ref 9) operate at a running speed of 55 km/hr.
The defectoscope wagon detected satisfactorily the
following defects: relatively highly developed shallow
Card 3/5 transverse cracks in the railheads; relatively small

SOV/126-7-4-6/26
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 13. Defectoscope for Testing Rails at Ifigh
Speeds
transverse cracks in the railhead located on one side of
the vertical axis of the rail at relatively small depths;
relatively developed transverse cracks in welded joints
and also cracks which extend from the foot to the head
of the rail and transverse rail cracks; longitudinal-
horizontal layering of the railheads; longitudinal-
transverse cracks (as shown in the photo, Fig 5)
and more complicated defects (shown in Fig 6). If the
here described defectoscope is used, additional inspection
can be reduced to a minimum. Some information is given
about its characteristics and sensitivity. There are
8 figures, 1 table and 14 references, 12 of which are
Soviet, I German and I English.
n.b. In part 14 of this series (pp 689-693, Vol 7, Nr 5)
the substitution of the cinefilm recording by a
magnetic tape recording is described and this is
Card 4/5 stated to be considerably more satisfactory.

4
SOV/126-7-4-6/26
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 13. Defectoscope for Testing Rails at High
Speeds
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov AN SSSR (Institute of Metal
Physics, AS USSR)
SUBMITTED: December 19, 1958
Card 5/5

SOV/126- -7-5-9/2.5
AUTHORS: Vlasov, V.V., Subbotin, Yu.S.. and Babusnkcin, V,1,
TITLE: Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails.
in Moving Magnetic Fields. 14. On Applying a Magnetic
Memory in the Defeat Checking of Ra.11s (Issledovaniya I.-,
defektoskopii zhele--nodorozhnykh rellsov v
sya magnitnykh polyakh. 14. 0 primenenii magnitnoy
pamyati pr! kontTole rellsov)
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedeniye, 1959, Vol 7, N;,
pp 689-693 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This is one of a long series of articles on the sub.je~-.-t
of detection of rail failures by means of magnet4c fields
moving at speeds which are acceptable in normal -;ail.-rload
operation. In the case of a speed of 45 km/hr, the J-P~J-i
test truck travels a distance of 12.6 m in one se~i~ and
in the case of travelling at a speed of 90 km/hi7 it
traverses the same distance in half a second. In the
given cases the duration of the signals produced by
transverse cracks in the railheads are 4 and 21 msec
respectively. During that time it is necessary to
record not only the presence of an electromagnetic
Card 1/3 disturbance above the defective parts of the raii but it
is also necessary to determine its character, i,e, the

SOV126- - -7-5-9/`5
C- ,
Investigations Relating to DefectoscopY of Railroad Rails in Moving
Magnetic Fields. 14. On Applying a Magnetic Memory in the Defect
Checking of Rails
shape of the e.m.f. induced in the search equipment of
the defectoscope. At present such defectoscope equipped
vehicles are fitted with an optical method of recording
signals from the defects onto a normal negat '4-ve cinefilm.
The authors propose to substitute this by recording on a
magnetic tape. The block schematics of the recording
circuit are shown in Fig 1. A single 6.35 mm wide tape
is used for recording the signals induced by both rails
of the track. The kilometre markings are produced by
changing the amplitudes of the signals by means of plates
placed onto the sleepers. A schematic diagram of the
signal reproduction mechanism Is shown in Fig 5.
Experiments have shown that the signals produced by
defects of Tails and also by other metallic components of
the truck can be satisfactorily detected from the
magnetic tape recordings. Any part of the recording can
be analysed in detail by keeping the tape still relative
Card 2/3 to the rotating disc carrying the reproduction heads~
If the tape moves at a certain speed relative to these

SOV/126-- -7-5-9/2z~
Investigations Relating to Defectoscopy of RailToad Rails in Mov1.nz
Magnetic Fields. 14. On App--,v.ing a Magnetic Memory in the Defe,-~t
Checking of Rails
rotating reproduction heads, the signals recorded can be
read off. The tape recordings allow easy amp! If lcation
of the e.m.f. curves in amplitude as well as In tlLme~
The first is achieved by controlling the ampli-ficati.oo.,
the second by increasing the scanning speed,
Consequenti.yj the magneti.c. tape is a considerably more
flexible tool for detecting Ta--*Ll defects thari oinefilm
Card .1/3 rer-ordings.
There are 5 figu-es and 7 references, 5 of VrLi.c;h a'--e
Soviet, I English and 2. International.
ASSOCIATION: Institut f-4zi-k-.L metallo,.r AN SSSR
(Institute of Metal P1hysics, Ac.Sc. USSR)
SUBMITTED: August 12, 1958

AUTHORS: Vlasov, V.V. and Ushakova, G. G. sov/i26-7-6-5/24
TITLE: Investigations Relating*to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Moving Magnetic Fields. 15. Spectra of Signals
from Certain Defects
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovederdye, 1959, Vol 7, Nr 6,
PP 837-841 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This is one of a long series of articles on the subject
of detection of rail failures by means of magnetic fields
moving at speeds which are acceptable in normal railroad
operation.
The spectral composition of signals produced during high-
speed defectoscopy of rails has so far not been studied.
The authors investigated experimentally the spectral
composition of three types of signals which occur most
frequently in rail defectoscopy and are produced by
transverse and longitudinal cracks in the railhead. Since
the signals produced by the defects consist of non-
periodic pulses, it is difficult to determine their
spectral composition by currently used experimental
Card 1/3 techniques. However, spectra of non-periodic pulses can
be studied by periodic repetition of the investigated pulse

SOV/126-7-6-5/24
Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 15. Spectra of Signals from Certain Defects
shape. This substitution is based on the relation between
the spectrum of the individual pulse and the spectrum of
periodic sequence of such pulses, dealt with in the book
"Spectra and Spectrum Analysis" by A. A. Kharkevich
(Moscow, 1953). The mathematical analysis of this
relation is briefly discussed and it is shown that the
curve of the continuous spectrum represents the geometrical
loci of points TAk characterizing the line spectrum of a
periodic sequence of pulses formed by repeating the pulse
under investigation. Investigations were carried out by
means of a model described in earlier parts of this series
of articles (Refs 5 and 6). A diagram of the experimental
rig is shown in Fig 1. It consists of a circular model of
the rail which rotates under a d.c. fed electromagnet.
The investigated defects were produced artificially by
transverse filing of the rail model as described in an
earlier paper of this series (Ref 2). To separate the
studied pulse from those produced by other defects a
simple switching device -was used, by means of which the
Card 2/3 amplifier was short-circuited during passage under the

sov/126-7-6-5/211
investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Railkj in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 15. Spectra of Signals from Certain Defects
electromagnet of all the defects except the one actually
studied. Oscillograms of the pulses produced by
transverse cracks in the railhead are reproduced in Fig 2,
the spectra of the signals are reproduced in Fig 3. It
is concluded that the frequencies corresponding to the
maximum spectral. density of the pulses produced by the
defects are practically equal, for a given speed of
movement of the defectoseope, irrespective of the
difft,Lences in the shape of the pulses produced by the
defects. With increasing speed of movement of the
defectoscope, the spectrum of the pulse will change, the
maximum spectral density will shift towards higher
frequencies and the entire spectrum will become blurred
as a result of an increase in th~~ high frequency components
of the spectrum.
There are 3 figures and 9 references, 8 of which are Soviet
and 1 English.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov AN SSSR (Institute of Metal
Physics, Ac.Sc., USSR)
SUBMITTED: February 26, 1959
Card 3/3

SOV/126-7-6-22/24
AUTIJORS and Korobkova, Lel.
ITITLE: Investigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad
Rails in Moving Magnetic Fields. 16. Study of the
Possibility of Detecting Defects from Their Reaction an
the Primary Field
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedoniye, 1959, Vol 7, Nr 6,
PP 937-939 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This is one of a long series of articles on the subject of
detection of rail failures by means of magnetic fields
moving at speeds which are acceptable in normal railroad
operation.
At present the wagon which carries the defecto5copy
apparatus is pulled by means of a separate locomotive.
However, it would be useful to be able to attach the
defectoscopy wagon to any train. This would be possible
only if the test apparatus were not less than 100 mm
above the rails, which requires increasing the air gap
between the electromagnet and the rail from 10-30 mm. to
100 mm and to lift to the same level the search equipment.
Card 1/3 This obviously leads to a considerable drop in the
sensitivity of the defectoscope. The authors considered

SOV/126-7-6-22/24
Inv'estigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
Moving Magnetic Fields. 16. Study of the Possibility of
Detectirg Defects from Their Reaction on the Primary Field
it of interest to study the possibility of detecting
defects from their reaction on the primary field and
particularly from the disturbance of -the magnetic flux
in the core of the magnetizing electromagnet. Therefore,
they studied the possibility of detecting an artificial
defect of the type of a transverse crack in the railhead
for various vertical distances from the rail to the
electromagnet, which is used for generating the magnetic
field above the rail, the search coil being located
directly on the core of the electromagnet. The
investigations were carried out by using a model, dealt
with in earlier parts of this series of articles,
Refs 2 and 3. A diagrammatic sketch of the model is shown
in Fig 1. For magnetizing the rail model, an
electromagnet was used with a core made of 0.35 mm thick
transformer sheet (30 mm wide, with a packet width of
20 mm). The experiments revealed that, at least
Card 2/3 extensively developed defects, can be detected in rails

SOV/126-7-6-22/24
Inve'stigations Relating to the Defectoscopy of Railroad Rails in
-Moving Magnetic Fields. 16. Study of the Possibility of Detectin-z
Defects from Their Reaction on the Primary Field
by means of an electromagnet located 100 rnm above the
rail and that the defects can be detected more easily by
means of a coil located on the second (trailing) pole in
the direction of movement than on the first pole (pole S
of Fig 1). The authors recommend that for solving the
problem the carried out laboratory experiments should be
supplemented by experiments on normal tracks.
There are 3 figures and 3 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki metallov AN SSSR
(Institute of Metal Physics, Ac.Sc. USSR)
SUBMITTED: April 7, l9q8
Card 3/3

67755
1? 1100 SOV/126-8-5-7/29
AUTHORS: Vlasov, -.V., and Yershov, R,Yg.,
TITLE: On tle -Dependence of a Crack!-type Defect Field on the
Thickness of the Metal Layer Covering It
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedeniye, Vol 8, 1959, Nr 5,
pp 689-693 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: On the basis of an experimental and theoretical
investigation of the dependence of the field of a
cylindrical defect on its depth of location,
A.P. Sapozhnikov (Ref 2) concluded that the leakage
field is caused not only by the walls of the defect but
also by the metal located above it. Therefore) with
decreasing thickness of the layer above the de'Lect7 the
intensity of the defect field should increase, but only
until the defect zone of the metal is directly affected.
In the case of an open defect, such a zono is completely
absent and the defect field can be smaller still. To
verify this result, the authors studied artificial
defects which were covered with magnetically differing
Card layers (Refs 7,879). The main drawback of these earlier
1/3 experiments was that the defect was covered by a
separate piece of metal. In the present paper

67755
SOV126-8-5-7/29
On the Dependence of a Crack-type Defect Field on the Thickness
of the Metal Layer Covering It
experiments are described with strongly work-hardened
1% Si-steel plates 120 x 80 x 9 mm. In these7 the
defect (25 x 1.3 mm) simulating the transverse crack
was located in the centre of the plate (Fig 1) with its
length in the transverse direction and its breadth
(1.3 mm) in the direction of the longitudinal axis.
The plate was placed between the poles of an electro-
magnet. The dependence of the tangential component of
the defect field H on the induction B in the plate
for thicknesses of the material above the defect of 0,
2.51 7.1+ and 28.3 mm, is plotted in Fig 3~,+ Fig 1+ shows
similar curves for a defect breadth of 0. mm in the
absence of any material above the defect, and in the
presence of a 1.5 mm thick layer. Further data are
plotted in Fig 5. The experiments have shown that the
magnetostatic field of a crack-type defect increases
Card with decreasing thickne6s of the covering layer, which
2/3 is in agreement with the data In the literature for the
field of a cylindrical defect. The divergent results
obtained In earlier work of one of the present authors

67255
3 011/126-8- ~- 7/29
On the Dependence of a Crack-type Defect Fiald on the Thickness
of the Metal Layer Covering It
(Refs 7t 8) appaar to be dne to experimental errors.
Acknowledgements are expressed to Professor R.I. Yanus
for his critical mments.
There are 5 figures and 9 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut fizilzi metallev AN SSSR
(Instit-atp, of _AS~4(LpLay
-6 -ie n-, c-e- -s,-Tj-S,,S"R,
SUBMITTED: March 31, 195'9
Card 3/3

VLASOV, V. V., Doe Tech Sci -- "Rapid electromagnetic defect-
oscopy of railroad rails." Tomsk, 1961. (Min of Higher and
See Spec Ed RSFSR. Tomsk Order of Labor Red Banner Polytech
Inst im S. M, Kirov).(KL, 8-61, 239)
- IZ-)- -
- -kor- -

'P/755/61/0001003/00~./027
N
AUTHOI~S,.:., Bychkov, Yu~ F.,, Vlasov, V. V., Rozanov, ',A.
TITLE: 50M6 properties ofternary solid solutions~ of zirconium with ni~oiura
and molybdenum..
SOURCE; Moscow. Inzhenerno-fiziche ski institut. Metallurgiya i metalldv'e-,
y
deniye chistykh metallov. no.3. 19610 8?-9,5.
TEXT: The pape r provides a literature survey and A report on an experimental
investigation on certain alloys of the Zr-Nb-Mo which exhibit a highly stable solid
solution and which have good over-all mechanical properties, good heat resistance,
forgeability, and refractoriness. The literature survey is largely based on I~The
metallurgy of zirconium" (B. Lustman, F. Kerze, Jr., eds., MzGravv-Hill, 1955;
.Foreign Lit. Publ. House, Moscow, 1959), the contribution of 0. Ivanov, and V. K.
Grigorovich at the Zd Internat'l Conf. on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy,
Geneva, 1958, a paper by Yu. F. Bychkov, et al., (Atomnaya ener-iya, v.2, no.2,
1957, 146), Dornogala, R. F., et al. (J. Metals, v.9, no.10, sec. 11, 1957, 1191-6).
The espacial objective ol the present investigation was the study of the ternary P
solid solutions of Zr with Nb and Mo in that region of the phase diagram in which
..such solid solutions could be expected. to exist to form refractory alloys.
Card 1/4

Some properties of ternary solid solutions S/755/61/000/003/009/027
The partial replacement of Nb by Mo is-of espe6al inte'rest since a given Mo addition
is trice as effective in stabilizing the phase (O.Ivanov loc. cit.). The preparation
of the'alloyfi in an arc furnace in an atmosphere. of chemically pure Ar, purified by a
Zr getter melt, - is described; the alloy composition is summarized in a half-page
table. Corrosion tests were made on 10-mm diam, 6-mm high, cylindrical speci-
mens prepared from 8-10-time remelted 20-25-g powder batches, which were
surface-ground and acetone-washed. Mechanical tests were performed on 80-90-mrr.
long rods weighing 65-70 g, elongation- te st specimens were 3 mm diam, ZO mm
long. Heating for hardness tests was performed at 5OC/min, with 3-min hold at test
T and a one-minute diamond - py ramid impression under a 1-kg load. Th.-. m.p. was
measured pyrometricaUy by observing the interior of a small aperture ir., the speci-
men up to the moment of the filling-in of the aperture. The modulus of normal , ___-
elasticity was measured by means of- the--flexural-resonance-freqiienc y- of a freely
susDen,ded-cast rod-on-the-vaC"-fii-equipment described by the senior author, et al.
which was also employed
'(11nXtomnayaenergiya, v.Z, no.Z,1957,152)anequipmem
for resistance measurements by means of a twin bridged-T type Thomson network.
A vacuum dilatometer was used in: the, elongation measurements. The refractori-
ness of the various alloys was tested by IZ5-~hr air oxidation at 6000C. The most
refractory of the alloys tested was found to be the alloy with 15% Nb and 1056 Mo.
Small (0.1-0.5%) additions of Fe, Ni, Cu, and Ag increased the refractoriness of all
Card 2/4

Some properties of ternary P solid solutions ... ~/7551161/000/003iO06/027
Zr N
I b-Mo alloys substantially. The kinetics of the oxidation. com-orise a low-~ratc
first stage, in which a black, tightly-adhe ring, o~xide filin is forme~j and a more
steeply rising second stage,. 'In which a grey oxide forms on the edges of the s i~ I
ecl-
The black film on the heat-resistant alloys was itudied by X-ray diffrkction
and was. found.to contain not only ZrO 4 (as an pure Zr), but a small quantity of
compounds such as Nb2o, .6ZrO? (cf. Spitsyn, V. L, et al., Akad. n. SSSR. DqVk ,
V.131, no.4, 1960, 858, and Klo~p, W. D., ot al., Report,no.71Z at the Zd intc~natll
Conf. on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, b558). The mechanic~V
tests (H of a 501o deformed specimen versus T upon, 30-min hold) show th4 the
solid RC solution in the optimal alloy has significant stability, but is not;~hermo-
dynamically stable and decomposes at high T with the formation of a second piase.
The heat resistance of the alloys was tested by HV and stress-rupture tests aA
various T. The HV of most of the alloys dropped rapidly beyond 500'DC (excppt for
the 7500C break of the. 4876 Ni, 3% Ti alloy recommended in--Nu-cl. Sci. Abstracts, -- - -- -
v.28, no.2232, 1959). Alloys of the-,I 5Nb-10',Yfo- type -ha'Ve about the same HV at 6800C
--- as',Zirc.alloy-Z has--d:t-'3000(~ The high heat resistince of P solid solutions of Zr
is in consonance with the-findings'set forth in- D,Douglass's brief communication in
Reactor Core'Materials, Aug. 1960, 44..' The physical properties of the 15Nb-10 Mo
alloy were further investigated. Its m.p. is 1,640oC; with the addition of 0.5% each
Card 3/4

Some properties ofternary solid solutions ...
of F6,' CVL, Ni, and Ag its m. p. is i152~5'OC. E lit room.T is 8,600 kg./mmz, i.e."
less than that of Zr (10,800 kg/mm but at 9000C the E of the alloy is 6,750
2
against that of Zr which is 3,420 kgImm . The linear expansion coefficient is small
-6 0
(6.5-10 JOC) and almost T-independent in the 100-800 C range. The calculated
heat- conductivity coefficient at 5000C of the alloy is somewhat higher than that of
Zr (0.2 against 0.16 w/cm-OC. There are 7 figures, 3 tables, and 14 references
(6 Russian-language Soviet, 2 Rus sian- language translations of English-language
originals, and 6 En glis h- language).
ASSOCLA.TION: MIFI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute).
Card 4/4

BUZDOV,
Nature of--the products obtained in tho thermal dissociation
of dolid solutions of iron and manganose carbonates. Zhur.neorg.
khiln. 8 no.1:160-162 J& 163'. (MIRA 16-5)
(Carbonates) (Solutions, Solid)

BORISOVA, L.A.; YEFILIMU, M.V.? VIASOV, V.V.
Phase diagram of the system T12Te ~Bi,2Tej a4 properties of
the alloys obtained. Dokl.AX SSN 149 no. M7-119 Mr 163.
F (MIRL 16%2)
1. Khimicheskiy inst'Aut im. A.Ye.Arbuzova AN ~SR. Predstavleno
akademikom A.Ye.Arbuiovym. It I
(Thallium-teUurium-bisiouth aUoye-J&rmal properties)

_J
A
ID
. lar. 986-1, io june
~A
RIFFERENTIAL.THERMOPILES (USSR)
Vlasov V. V, Priborostroyeniye, no, 4, Apr IS,63, 274 - 28.
S 1119/63/000/004/009/010
developed by the author for temperature meas'ure-
mer C on S i
''ing of 2 50 series - connected thermocouples have been in-
vesti!ya-'-~,d to deta~rmdre the dependence of their thermal emf on tirne during
heatin,-,- al,d ccolir.'~~' in s.-.r and in transformer oil. The experiments have con-
'ir, L ir
a med -hat wit*.i -E'ne transfer of the pickups -' om'a heated to a c o o I medium-
oz, vice var4a 4-1 e-r ~h,~~rmal em-2increases to a maximum and then decreaSes.
T, L
hiz n- 'Ns it possible to utilize them as temperature sigmalizers which YieLd
an elz~ct_ricai pulise at- rapid temperature variations. Therefore, providad the
concliluc.ns fo_- the s-11r.1king o-' pickups in the heated or cooled. medium,.~referdbly
liquid, are ident_J'Qal, it would be possible to measure ~ffie temperature of a inedium
dr, t'.-,e bazis of the therm.,~,.l emf ma:dmum of differential thermopiles. The meth-
o'd wouldlbe especially advantageous in the case of remote-control measurements.
DW]
Card 1/1

/wv I/FlTdPW
tomrarlvlzh -4nako-T. ao 1 65

ACCWSIOIJ HR: Ap5()08222
vilaaa ghf,~,f ,i, i-ho -0=~ -: f
,
I .
il ,

ASTAKHOVp A.G.; UA"-V,.Vlk;__.Oi)LTjBFV9 A.I.; CRIISEW), P.I.;
FEDGROUKIY, KJ.
k system for the automatic controll of fuel proportioning
processes in sintering plants. Met. i gornorud. prom. no.4:
12-13 JI-Ag 165. (KMA 18:10)

AIABUZIFEVI P.M.;--VI.ASOV V.V.
j
Analysis and synthesis of a piston-actuated air drive with
application of a variable reduced external force. Fiz.-tekh.
probl. razrab. pol. iskop. no.5!91-99 165.
(MM 19: 1)
1. Elektrotekhnicheskiy institut, Novosibirsk.

VLASOV V.V jkand.med.rauk (Novosibirck).
Ibrpertrichosis and hy-potrichosis following thermal burns..
Vest. derm. i ven. no.5;66-68 t65.
(1,11 RA 18: 11)

VLASOV, V- V.; KUZNETSOV, A. V.
Melanterite and the products of its alternation Zap. Vses.
min. ob-va 91 no.4:490-492 162. ~MIRA 15:10)
1. Kazanskiy filial AN SSSR.
(Tatar A.S. S.R.-Melanterite)
(Udmurt A.S.S.S.--Mela.terite)

GORBACHEVO B.F.; SITDIKOV, B.S., LE~S-Ovpl-y-
Weathering crust on the crystal3line rocks of the base of the
northeastern part of the Tatar A.S.S.R. Dokl. All SSSR 146
no.1:195-198 S 162. (MIR;, 1~~:9)
1. Kazanskiy gosudarstvemyy unliversitet im. V.I. Ullyapnva-Lenina
i Kazanskiy filial AN SSEL*R. Predstavleno akademikom N.M.
Strakhovym ~Tatar A.S.S.R.-Petrology)

VLASOV, V.V.
Mineralogical characteristics of phosphorite concretions In
Devonian sediments in the southeast of Tatarstan and the adjacent
regions in Kuybyshev Province. Rent.min.syr. no-3-147-150 163.
(MIRA 17:4)
1. Geologichaskly institut Kazanskogo filiala AN SSSR.

VLASOV, V.V.; REMIZNIKOVA, V.I.
X-ray determination of kaolinite and some other olay- minerals
and layered silicates. Lit. i pol. Iskop. no.2:177-180 Mr-Ap t65.
(MIRA 18:6)
1. Geologicheskiy institut Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo
universiteta.

LEVITSKIYp ~llv -
Iron. and phosphorus-bearing allophanold from the Up-- 'ur&ssic
sediments of Ullyanovsk Province, Zaps Vaes. min. ob-va, 94
no64t465-468 1656 (MIRA 18:9)
1. Geologicheakiy Institut Xazanakogo filiala AN SSSR.

KIRSANOV. N.V,; VLASOV. V.Vbj SABITOV, A.A.
Mineralogical compooition of bentoniteo in the Nurlat dejosit,
of the Tatar A.S.S.R. Lit. i pol. iskop. no.3t96-104 VV-Js
165. (MIRA 19:10)
1, Geologichoskiy institut, Kazan'.

VDOVIN, Tu.A.;,T4~0v,)., V.V.; ZATSEPIN, N.N.; KOROBEYNIKOVA, Me.; MIKHETEV,
M.N.; RODIGI 11-1, N,.~TOMILOV, G.,).; SHTURKIN, D.A.; YATTUS, R.I.
Wscussion on nondestructive t,,oting methods. Defektoskopiia no.1:90
165. (MIRA 18:6)

VLASOV, V.V.) I:and.fiz.-.mat.nauk; SUBBOTIN, Yu.S.
New phase sensitive eddy current method of detecting
in netal products. Report No.l: Physical principles.
1 no.3:71-73 165.
surface cra-ckB
Defektoskopiia
(MIRA 18:8)
1. Institut fiziki metallov PJI SSSR.

.V Z) U D () 0 t I n
y
T 1 TLE New
~Y CUTFent rnpt;hQ.4 r-Or L4e deteCtion of surface
crac s metallie productse 1.
Nov. 31 1965', 71-77
TOPIC TAGS: phase-aensitive defectoscope, surface crack dete:vion, eddv C,Jrt_F71~
ABSTRACT: Existing eddy-ciirren, di~f e G D C- i an i f e 1
because of --tr
gy

oz a new
ixu ra;r buv;
OMER: 001

L6 12-7-65 F.11Td/7-7-
TIT LE New t
r a
TOPIC TALS: phase-sensftLve defectoscope, defectoscape desIgn, eddy current
defectoscape, crack datectle
ABSTRACT- In the first part of this article, the ak-thors qhnwpi rkp,
ma Rri i ~
ud~ and'
pi,asc siufc of r-ne ema
r o r e c3 L a - t i s- n,i
z Z

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0
Ftg. 1. Theoretical diagram of rhe defsctoscop~ undir
1 ferrom-agnetic core, 2 - --,i- -d". nz
r a -~ 3mi. e r mz- i n wi. n C1

BE PC, L. ~~, ; F71t,' ~* *:1 ' Y: 7, 1. ~~ 11. V.
fl'-. :J~;x of kaollnlte and sodil= h7drcx.,de.
1. -f~ .
Win, i kh:'M,ti*-kh-,, 8 no.2i,.181-18,5 lf,5.
y (MlRA 18:8)
1. KazansM.y uni~oersltet imani Ullyanova-.Lenina,
kafedra nroorganicheskoy khlmll.

VLASOVI M., kand, med. nauk (Novosibirsk); BROKHFS, L.I. (Novosibirsk);
'-~~MTMMS, Yu.S. (Novosibirsk)
Effective anticoagulant treatment in thromboembolism of the pulmonary
artery. Xhirurgiia 40 no.11t121-122 N 165. (MIRA 18:7)

: VLASOV, V.V.,, kand.med.nauk
Experience with the treatnent of superficial burns. Test. derm,
i von. 38 no*7z/+3-47 JI 164. (MIRA "'-8!4)