SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT YEFIMOV, S. - YEFIMOV, V. A.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001962410004-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 19, 2001
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

25(l)
SOV/25-59-11-21/3-8
AUTHOR: Yefimov, S.
TITLE; Vacuum Welding
PERIODICAL: Nauka i zhizn', 1959, Nr 11, p 65 - 66 and page 2 on
centerfold (USSR)
ABSTRACT! The article contaLns particulars on the design, use
and the advantage.3 of the IISDVU-211 device for diffusi-
ion vacuum weldia.3 displayed at the Exhibition of the
Achievements of t*:ie USSR National Economy. It will
soon be used in tne Pervyy gosudarstvennyy podshipni-
kovyy zavod (First State Bearing Plant) for manufac-
turing cutting tools and high-temperature bearings.
be wglded is carried
The joining of the parts_ o
-
out in a high4vacuum (10 10 mm Hg). With a
vacuum of 10- mm, Hg, the purity of the atmosphere
surrounding the welding parts amounts to approximate-
ly 99.999987%. The welded parts preliminary rinsed
in any organic solution to remove the fatty film),
Card 1/3 are brought into a close contact and then subjected
L

SOV/25-59-11-21/38
Vacuum Welding
to a slight direct pressure, and are then heated by
means of high-frequency currents to the required tem-
perature. At this stage, atoms and molecules mutually
diffuse and form a durable welding seam. This method
might be applied for welding without smelting ceramics,
metal-ceramics, heat-resistant and non-ferrous metals
and alloys, steel and cast iron. Vacuum welding con-
siderably improves the quality of the welding seam.
There is no noticeable change of the physico-mechan-
nical quality of the welded materials. The new method
was suggested by N.F. Kazakov, Candidate of Technical
Sciences, in 1953 and was adapted for use in 1958.
With the IISDVU-2" device, 12 hard-alloy plates can
be welded simultaneously with cutting tool holders in
about 12 minutes. The author states that vacuum weld-
ing will cause a real technical revolution and save
thousands of tons of non-ferrous metal. The new method
is also used for manufacturing brake shoes for high-
Card 2/3 speed machines. It has been calculated that the manu-

SOV125-59-11-21138
Vacuum Welding
facture of brake shoes with the SDVU-2 device saves
more than 10 million rubles annually. The laboratory
for diffusion vacuum welding of the Moskovskiy tekhno-
logicheskiy institut myasnoy i molochnoy promyshlen-
nosti (Moscow Technological Institute for the Meat and
Milk Industry) headed by N.F. Kazakov, is continuous-
ly working on the improvement of the new welding me-
thod. A semi-automatic IISDVU-311 device has already
been developed and serial production will be started
in one of the Moscow machine building plants. A
drawing shows the general view of the SDVU-2 device.
A description of the various parts is also given.
There is 1 photograph on page 2 of centerfold.
Card 313

wl~!?V" S.,- LEROV) ZO
Members of the Comminist Youth League of the "Kauchuk" Plant
Prepare to make the gift of a "saved day." Tekh.mol. 29 no.8:
6-8 161. (MIRA 14:11)
(Rubber industry-Technological innovations)
-T- -7

YEFIMOV -S-~
Electronic exploration of a muscle, Hauka i zhizn' 28 no.9:
6l--~ s 61. (min 1/,: 12)
(muscle)
(Electronics in biology)

YEFIMOV, S., inzhener
Contribution of mathematics to the national econw~y. Nauka i
zhizn' 29 no.2,20-24 F 162. (MIRk 15:3)
(Electronic calculating machines)
U
n

~Ot

im
YEFIMOV, fnvh.; DMITRIYEV, V.F.., InAl.
efflCiAUMY Of 010 PX-3 arld P73-3 cutter-loaders. Sbor.
iio.10:348-353 '64- (min 18:9)

TZIFTI-IMP S. G.
TJSSR/Hydrology.:--, Irrigation -_Aug_31~
"Construction of Small Alluvial Dame, Built of
Bound Soil," S. G. Yefimov~ Engr
"'Gidrotekh-i Meliorat" No PP 45-54
Yefimov considers this project of great importance
for achievement of large and stable crops in re-
gions using systematic irrigation and dams. Com-
piles tables and graphs of granulometric compn of
the pitin the building of alluvial dams.
182151
_. ;, ~Pll

FROLOV, Petr Terentlyevich, kand. tokhn. nauk, prof.; GINKEVICH,
Fetr Stepanovick, kand. tekhn. nauk, dots.; JEEINOX,
Saraza-GrigarflavIchl kand. takhn.nauk, dots,j BAUMAN, V.A.,
retsenzent; SHADRIN, I.A., prof., retsenzent; DUBINSKIY,
P.F., doktor tekhn. nauk, prof., reteenzent; MPNAKHOV, I.G.,
dots., retsenzent; FIITSUKOV, M.A., dots., retsenzent;
CHERNYAKOV, L.M., dots., retsenzent; ANDREYEV,*B.K., dots.,
retsenzent; SHADRINA, G.N., dots., retsenzent; VAYNSON, A.A.j
nauchnyy red.; SHAROVA, Ye.A., rod. izd-vt; VORONINA, R.K.,
tekhn. red.
[Principles of the mechanization construction work) OBnovy:me-
khanizatsii stroitellnyl:h rabot. Moskvaj,yys~nhaia shkola, 1962.
299 P. I (MIRA 16:4)
1. Chlen-korrespondent Akademii stroitellatva i arkbitektury
SSSR (for Bauman). 2. Kafedra stroitellnogo proizvodBtva Mo-
skovskogo instituta inzhenerov zheleznodorozhnogo transports,
(for Nti4skiy, Monakhvt Fiitsukov, Chernyakov, Andreyev,
Shadrina). 3. Zaveduyushchiy kafedroy stroitellnogo proizvod-
stva Moskovskogo instituta inzhenerov zheleznodorozhnogo tran-
sports. (for Shadrin).
(Construction equipment) (Automatic control)

YEFTMOVY S*10
Experience in the work vith stationary cableway type rac,~Jnenj.
Tekotiprom. 25 no.11:28-31 N 165.
(MIRA l8sl2)
1. Nachallnik takhnicheiskogo otdola fabriki. "Kanat".

Food y9ast propagation without using chemical antifom agents.
Gidroliss i lesekhIm.prom. 8 no.5122 155. (Km 9:1)
1.9achallulk Prioserskego oullfituo-spirtovogo saved&.
(Yeast)

YEFIMOV, S.I.
Improved system for yeast production# Gidroliz. i lesokhim.
prom. 14 no.8:20-21 161. (MIRA 16:11)
1. Priozerskiy sullfitno-spirtovey zavod.
OR WN M I NFROMIN I

in inveotlgal, ru: La
Lng --y
--!,i twc-cy~~,,-3 engines. Tz v. v7z. u che b. zav. ;.Manh Itics L--~
R-t. ;.8; a.
uchilishchf, Imeni N.F.Bawmana.
.1. Mcsko-skoye vyaslley, telklaillcheskoy

YJFIKOT S.F.
Farm management system in the Moldavian S.S.R. Zemledelie 8 no.12:
3-10 D 16o. (MIRA 13:11)
le Ministr sel'skago khozyastva Moldavekc7 SSR..
(Moldav ia-Agr iculture)

DEMEZYUK, Eduard Sillvestrovich; YEMELIYANOV, Nikolay Alekseyevich;
KHOLDEYEV, P.I., inzh.,, retsenzentlijy~EFIMOV~.S.K.p prep.,
retsenzent; MDIAYEV, B.I., prep., retsenzent; O.G.,
kand. tekhn. nauk, spets. red.; KRUGLOVA, G.I.,, red.;
SOKOLOVA, I.A., tekhn. red.
[Heat engineering equipment for -enterprises of the bakery
and confectionery industry) Te~lotekhnicheskoe oborudova-
nie predpriiatii khlebopekarnoi i konditerskoi promyshlen-
nosti. Moskva, Piahchopromizdat, 1963. 341 p.
(MIRA 17:3)
1. Moskovskiy mekhaniko-tekhnologicheskiy tekhnikum pi-
shchevoy promyshlennosti (for Yefimov, Minayev).
_74

Z e~l
YEFIMIKO, G.G.J. inzh.; VOYTANIK, S.T., inzh.; YEFIMOV, S.P., inzh.; MACHKOVSKIY,
A.I., inzh.; RUDKOV, A.K.p inzhx.; RUDKOVSK1T,--C-.r.-,-1nzh.; Prinimali
uchastiye: KOVALFV, D.A.; GOTOVTSEV, A.A.; VASIL' EX, G.S.; a;MLYANOV,
A.A.1 KUKUSHKIN, S.N.; MATYNA, M.G.; LOVGIIANOVSKIYp V.A., KRAMNIKI T.A.;
NECRESOVA, N.I.; MARTYNENKO, V.A.,- KURARSIN, D.I.; LETYAGIN, N.L.
Intensifying the sintering process by the use of a special charge wetting
device. Stall 23 no.12:1061-1064 D 163. (MIRA 17:2)
l.'Dnepropetrovskiy metallurgic.-haskiy institut, zavod i1n. Dzarzhinskogo
i Yuzhnyy gornoobogatitallnyy kombinat. 2. Dnepropetrovskiy metallurgi-
chaskiy Institut (for Kovalev, Gotovtsey, Vasillyevp Zemlyanoy, Kukushkin).
3. Zavod im. Dzerzhinskogo (for Matyna, Lovchanskiy, Kramn1k, Nechasova).
4. Yuzhnyy gornoobogatitellnyy kombinat (for Martynenko, Kuraksin, Let-
yagin).
7!,

YEFIMOV, S.P.
Temperatures of sinter soft-aning. Izv. v7s. ucheb. zav.;
cherm. met. 7 no.706-42 ~64 (MIRA 1728)
Z

YEFIMOV, S.P.y otv. red.; KABLUCHKO, G.A.~ red.; PELYAKII, M.A.,
red.; UNGURYAN, P.N., red.; LUKASHUICH, P.A., red.;
TALITSKIY, V.I., red.
(Reports and communications delivered at the Plenum of the
Section for Fruit Culture, Viticulture, and Subtropical
Crops of the Moldavian Scientific Research Institute of
Fruit Culture, Viticulture, and Wine Making] Doklady i so-
obshcheniia na plenume sektsii sadovodstva, vinogradarstva
i subtropicheskikh kulltur) 23-29 avgusta. Kishinev.
No.2. (Viticulture] Vinogradarstvo. 1960. 255 p.
(MIRA 17:2)
1. Kishinev. Moldavskiy nauchno-issledovatellskiy institut
sadovodatva, vinogradarstva i vinodeliya.
"S .7P 51-

YEFIMOV, S.P., otv. red.; KABLUCHKO, G.A., red.; PELYAKII, M.A.,
UNGWAN, PA.., red.; LUKASMICH, &'.A., red.;
TALITSKIY, V.I., red.
(Reports and communications delivered at the Plenm of the
Section for Fruit Culture, Viticulture, and Subtropical
Crops of the Moldavian Scientific Research Institute of
Fruit Culture, Viticulture, and Wine Making] Doklady i so-
obshcheniia na plenume sektsii sadovodstva, vinogradarstva
i subtropicheskikh kulltur, 23-29 avgusta. Kishinev.
No.2. [Viticulturej Vinogradarstvo. 1960. 255 P.
(MIRA 17:2)
1. Kishinev. Moldavskiy nauchno-issledovatellskiy institut
sadovodstva, vinogradarstva i vinode2iya,

V, -F~
yjFIMOV. T *
dio system for three republics- Radio u0.11:11-12
Loug-distgnee r9 (KIBA 10:10)
1 '57. (Radio relay systems)

E
000299 URI
W Pbnograph
Gittis.- Vladi mir Yullyevich; Bonduenko, VladiTrdr Leonidovich, YEfimov Teodor
P tTrivich. Polyakov, YUriy Gavrilovich; Churbanov, B6ris Mikh-;~K-Vrct-
L17
Theoretical principles of the operation of marine diesel enrines (qboreticheskiye
osnovy elopluatatsii sudovykh dizeley) it? 1965- 375 P.
illus., biblio. 3000 copies printed.
TOPIC TAGS: diesel engine, intemal coribustion engine, engine performance character-
istic, shipbuilding enEdneering, - marine engineering, marine engine
PUFTOSE AND 03VERAGE:: This book is intended for engineers and technicians working
with marine dies6l power units, and ffoy be used as a textbook by students and degree
candidates in.ftio)er educational institutions and marine and shipbuilding institutes
The book attetts to relate the theory of intemal-corrbustion engines, propellers,
and hydraulic resistance actual operation of diesel-engine units, Problems
involving fuel corrbustionAkReat distribution in engines are- reviewed along with
the operating char-act tics of diesels under shipboard conditions. The effect of
use conditions on diesel operation and the monitoring of the quality of diesel
operation under varlous.ship running conditions ate discussed. Recomrondations axe
given for selecting diesel: operating conditions, and methods are presented for
plotting and using capacity charts for monitoring the propulsion gear (engine, screw
hull) of a vessel. The authors thank Doctor of lbehnical Sciences, Proftssor V. I. L
Nebesnov fbr his valuable remarks and suggestions.
Card - 1/2 uDc: 621.43i.MoA

L 16841-66
ACC NRs AW)000299
,TIAME OF CCUrEWS (AbridErd);
Foreword---- 4
nt
M.",l I Tb6dretical., al fbr--the 1L-asibility'ol'sn efficient operating cycle
Ch. II. The variation In the working-process parameters of a diesel during operaticn
according to different characteristics -.13
Cb. III. The effect of use factors on marine diesel operation 118
Ch. IV. Oper-ating conditions,of marine diesels 227
Ch. V.' The use of capacity (initial) charts for monitoring the quality of operation
condition of marine diesels 332
and
Appendices -365
References 371
SUB ODDE: 1.3,21/ SUBM DATE: 28ja65/ ORIG PEF: o8g/ o9m REF: 007
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NOVJKOVO _V.;_gREBRENNIKOVA, A.
Equip .-very !!ctivist with the best practice in trade-trion work.
Sov. prorsoiuzy 17.no.8:35-38 Ap 161. (H~M 14:3)
1,-Tredsedatell dorozbnogo komiteta. profsoyuza rabotrAOv zhelez-
xwdorozhnpgo transport& Vostochno-Sibirskoy zhelezno~ dorogi
(for-lMvikov). 2. Di-rektor profsoyuznykh kursov Beloi-ubhkogo
respublikanAogo soveta profsoyusov (tox~,Yefimov). 3.'biAktor
profsoyuznykh kursov Irkutskogo soveta profsoyuzov (fdr Berebren-
nikova).
Trade unions)
U."
0? R
Om

YEFIROV9 V-
a. Stroitell no*6:9 jo 16le
140,dboard vith lateral blade (KMA 14:7)
(Bulidozers-EquiPment and onpplies)

Struggle of the party for.an upsurge in the collective and
state farm economy. Vop. ekon. no.12tl6-24 D 162.
(MIRA, 160.)
(Communist Party of the Soviet Union-Party work)
(Agricultural policy)

YEFDIIIOVI V. A. (Veterinarian)
30 years in veterinELM profession.
SO: TABCON Veterinariya; 23; 5-6; May/June 1946, Unclassified

YEFMIOV, V. A.
Bovine leptospirosis (infectious jaundice). (Per material submitted to the
editorial office.)
SO: TABCON Veterinariya; 23; (12); December 1946) Unclassified.

YI-Te'EV! V. A.
?innoz nnI'mkokhozyay5tvennvkh zhivotnykh, o:)ainov~tl .,iTpo dl-.,a clvtlov,-~kn Cb!p'~-
worm of Fam Anirna15 -and 43 Dang~r to "Fn) 1`)"). 1.2 octavo.
The pamphlet descriv:!s vrays and meann of c ntaninatinf', hunrinn ~.n(i aninn1n 1,,,Jth
tapeworm, %rmptor,1.5 for recornizing it Pnd mcanurc!s to prevtnt it.
The paniphlet in preparde for ,-iorkirs on -#,tock fams
U-/t258

YEFD(OV. VIA
Novosibirsk Province veterinary bacteriological laborattry.
Vaterinariia 32 R*.10:31-34 0 155. (MLRA 8:12)
(DDVOSIBDtSK PROVINCZ--VETIRINMT L&WRATORIES)

TT
YAPIMOV v
Co-trolling murine roderits. Veterinarila 34 nO.9:78-80 S #57.
~ (KLRA 10:9)
1. Glavnyy veterinarno-sonitarnyy inspektor upravlonlyn voterinerii
Ifinisterstva sellskogo khozyaystva RSFSR.
(Rate--Xxterminntion)
ff --,:jI

BOYKO, Vasiliy Ivenovich, prepodavatell; YXIFIMOV, V.A.. red.; GUREVICH,
v1-.1- "a
M.N., takhn.red..- PXVZM, ore
.1" tech
[Laboratory exercises in the anatomy and physiology of farm
animals] Laboratorno-praktichookis saniatiia po anstonii i
fisiologii eel-'akokhoz1aiStT*tnykh thivotnykh. Noskyal Goo.
izd-vo sallkhoz. lit-rY, 1958. 207 P. (MIRA 12:2)
1. Plaarevahchanakiy zoovaterinarnyy tokhnikum (for Boyko).
(Veterinary anatomy-Laboratory manuals)
(Veterinary physiology-Laboratory manuals)

VT-
SPIROVI G. A.;
For the strengthening of measures in the control of socnoses,
V'eterinarlia 39 no.5tl2-20 My 162 (MIRA 1811)
1. Glavnyy veterinarnyy vrach Uprav-leniya veterinarii, Mini-
sterstva seltskogo khozyaystva RSFSR (for Spiror), 2. Glavnyy
veterinarno-sanitarnyy inspektor 'Upravleniya veterinarii Mini-
ataretva Pallakogo khozyaystva RSFSR (for Yef1mov)o

SHISHKOV, V.Ye.; YEFRIOT, V.A.
Planning of veterinary and sanitary meanures on demonstration
farms. Veterinariia 39 no.6258-61 Je 1621' (MIRA 18i1)
1. Zameatitell nachallnika Upravleniya veterinaril Ministerstra
proizvodetTa i zagotovok sel'skokhozyayctvennykh produktc
FSFSR (for Shishkov). 2. Glavnyy veterinarnc-Sanitamyy iu.,pektor
Upravleniya veterinarii Ministerstva proizvodstva i zagotovok
sellskokhozyaystvennykh produktov RSFSR (for Yeftmov).

V V, 4.
1)
USSR/Cultivatod Plxnt5. Fruit-s. Boryics. H
Abs Jou-o t 7Iw*,,,-BioI., No 15, 1~,"Q 6G352
I,UtIaox, : -Ycf-iIaOV7 V6 AIILO
I n s Ju- : ficaduny iEioni A.
Tinirlmzcv.
Titlo t Thu Dopandunco of Cherry cm(." I-VotiUl"y
upo-n Rolicf.
Orig Pub : Do,':I. 11,116sh., s.-)-.'i. akad. i,,,i. K. I.. Tiniryazov"',
1957, No 28, 297-3'03
Abstract : Obsorvations m~-cL- a-L-1 thi Bogucharo-vo sovA-ioz
1-10 -1 -iorry
(Tul-,*Oblast') dc, nstraju-od that c.L
troos Ul", set olit On ~ slo-,-)Q~ yielcts arc
highor on the upper Imcl, r.Adf7lo port-ions of
the Tho yi-aldo frori ono 0-10 -uar old
U r c o of' thu o,., Lyubskaya E:tr-.iins
Card 1/2

0 U' iWit 11 ...
Buvricis.
kb s Jo Lu7 Rof Zhu::--Bjol., !,fo 1~-, 60352
u
vari,~,,d --?run 20 kilograls oi, Ui:.~ uppc3! and-
middlo portions of sl(-,pc -'t.,o 8-i 0 J-ilo-
grans on the lo-,;o-r -.).art. In savoro r,
thil, luvor on thu -Dart
Of, "'10PC9 anet 6*-'ac.- f1ovcp buds fpcono.
In :Addition2 v.,.Acr :~'Lw'lin- dovin Slopcl
Collects at ~h-~ bottori,
Lh-. :-,oil
c il~ --c--valz~,-p b~L.-ttc-- .,.n!' b-a2
fruitS on I-ess 1---.ci(l- soiIs. --fo. L.
Card 2/2
172

~asslstent
Cold injuries to cherry trace. 1xv. TSKhA no.6M-101 160.
OURA 13 S 12)
(Cherry) (Plants--Frost resistance)

YZFIMOV, V.A.,-starshiy nauchnyy setrudnik
Flowering of soiLr cherries as related to air temperature (with
summary in English]. Izv. TSKHA no.3tl48-154 163. (~Mk 16:9)
1. Flodavaya opytnaya atantsiya Timiryamovskoy sel'skoldiozyayst-
vonnoy akademii imeni Lenina.
(Plants., Effect of temperature on) (Plants I'lowering of)
(Moncow Province- Charryi

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*00 Was MX.J. Soo to, it., All't IMAIrd vvith F 101 1 tit Plkt, colmd"s hal. CAWM. 41, 1251-111 Mill. -1-Allylvellutoile Ili fampt" 0 0
.0d SAIN, 14flvf "110-13 the ltltlns~C dC(91- WA* ftjt4tAted IlSell Variett (loin 44". UtO Anti .1WkTntitlQiW, viscosity in 0 0
0*4 (uq"ly fig.) drrfrasc WAS found) and the colicil, sirul, M-, cotien. to 49.2,~ UtO and viscosity.
dlov WAI AIIA11101 (Of InAtll)4".C allit 9414CUMC (j)hClIyIIIYllrAVMT rht r4tt of,0 ablo"ption and the length of the Induction coo
and muck adl atictlimls, file 210 1P.111 Ili file ffl- Writid tire I tit a I.Iticat of the degree of autntitutlim or -
0 '4 tiralt wAs fermented w ith.lituthatomp fiteterisidt.14 -30 his. 4 vix-osity within the murnrnially avful rinses. Dalt4 0
AO-11 at 2&-32 "aild the amt. Of fitIMUIL-1111C 1AISAF dttd. (coinpitte )btained at temps, from 09 to 108' show that the tflect 0
ucow, MAJIMO~V. an 9a A ow occurs . 5 one of 0", tion And not merely the rate of difluslois 0 6
be ementinS sutais were AnAly" (Solkawsky) )10 into the I sranules. The peroxide content shows an I
inctitylptatosell, xylonic " (by tit-Cd iult), and mmedite .1tvcItnittlent with 0 abutcltion will passes all 0
(2-m littly1hydrazone)o With 2 CMICCII011 11VOUgh S 111AX. at an AbliMPOOD Of 3M Milliatoms Of 0
R IR: factor Of 0.8, C following Ittallis art xivra (Of the fit )a slucim unit. The CWl coutimt continues to rise j;400
and &N hydittlysis Steps: 1'. exceli-s-glucost 377.5 mild hrougb the entire range of meAsuftruent. The RtO U00
,t:j 4M, mAnDo%e 13 anit 30.5. gAlActme 9.4 and 1.0, xykvw militent did not cluinge furs lowaLmsorplion of 0 but tbtn~
24.4 sold 7.2. arabinow 7.8 and 0.7, incthyllpentosts 0.3 tectcavA ripittly from approz. 49 to 45%; this was (of.
M will trAce, urvinic acitis 9.0 and 2%, P. sikcaris-b-1.4 owed bys much sloircrdeemule allicbmatintled through.
GAP
ilw 25.9. lVAM and 67.2, 7.8 and travel 19-0 and 3.4. mt the cittive reaction. The peruxide formation iudicates
lww 4 antl tram. 7.1 and 2.2%; L. jillirkd- in initial attack of the 0 to form peroxide- once formed,
lll~ - Ll Ila-and 91 gei~~pn. Tbe
1:4:12' and 2.1, 03,3 anti 1.4, 15,3 and 2.3, the pervilliles undergo a simultaneous
trace
WIVE 3 e
~.fl apd.0.16, tram. 0.6 and .5 Thu% the max. in the curve indicate that the rate of decoulpa.
4nd
T
oll
0 0 0 0 0 Ill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :1 0 S S 0 o 0 0 0 a Sol
0TO'd 0

0 a 0

0
00
90 00
of
so
00
00 Ifolem to -0)' 2.1. 7.2. u.0. In the lopuntion
of hyffrordlukise by partial I,Ytlt,4yhl!,
the easily by. 00
00 ,
Alrolyrable fraction is n"t re"jovtd C101o of the diameter of the corresponding cross section of the ingot.
Longitudinal cracks at the edges of a corrugated ingot develop for the same
reason as corner cracks. Am experimental check-out of molds of new cross
section, having corrugated edges, for 6.45-t ingots showed that when steel
was cast in such molds corner cracks are eliminated completely and only
4016 as many edge cracks form. Deviation of the stream from the vertical
in bottom pouring, which results in uneven solidification of the skin,may be
avoided by using a cylindrical nozzle with a diameter 201o smaller than the
diameter of the runner and, when round and polygonal ingots are poured, a
king brick onto which the stream of metal is brought tangentially. To pre-
vent the formation of skin at the surface of the metal in bottom pouring it is
recommended that high center runners and a closed system thereof be used
to assure varying pouring rates along the height of the ingot.
S-~eel--Castingo 2. Castinge--Surface properties 2. ';-Ueel L.K.
Card 2/2 --Cryotallization

SOV/137-59-5-9947
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1959, Nr 5, pp '11 72

AUTHORS: Yefimov, V.A., Sabiyev, M.P., Grebenyuk, V.P.
il
TITM, Investigations on Improved Casting of Steel Into Large-Stze
Sheet Ingots
4
PERTODICAL: V sb.: Vopr. Prqiz7vastali, Nr 5, Kiyev,, AS UkrSSR,, 1958,
pp 119 - 145
ABSTRACT: The authors investigated the connection between steel castiag
conditions and the development of cracks on the surface of 5hest,
ingots of 12.8, 9.6 and 8.6 ton weight. It was established that
the temperature was distributed most irregularly over the open
metal surface during the filling of the mold. The crust tempera-
ture at the edges of the ingot was 40 - 800 lower than along
ingot axis. To obtain a normal ingot, the steel must have a
high temperature and must be cast without a crust; eddy cu.-rent-~
in the ingots during the pouring of the metal into the izoli Cis-,
Card 1/3 be insignificant. The weight inflow of the steel into the mold
MP

SOV/137-59-5-9947
investigations on improVed Casting of Steel Into Large-Size Sheet Ingots
per unit of time must increase during the casting. The authors recommend
a casting speed of 0.9 - 1.2 t/min for the lower part and a speed of 1.3 -
1.4 t/min for the upper part. Formulas are given to determine the optimum
steel temperature at the moment of tapping. For casting 9.6 ton ingots it
,is-. tta = (t, + tsol) / 2 + 85 + 70/1-5. W, where ttap is the steel tempera-
ture dur ng tapping the furnace, t is the temperature of liquidus, tsol is
the temperature of solidus, W is tL weight speed of teeming in t/min.
Casting of steel with a smobth surface was carried out in experimental smelts
at a tapping temperature of the steel of 1,6200 - 1,6500C. It was established
that the shape of the nozzle placed into the mold, had an effect on the forma-
tion of the crust on the surface of the metal ascending In the mold, It Is
recommended to use nozzles with rectangular or oval-shaped outlet cross-
sections. The authors investigated heat flows from the ingot to the mold
during casting. During the first minute the heat flows attain 20,000 to
25,000 kcal/min m2; during the following 2 - 3 minutes they decrease to
7,000 - 6,000 kcal/min m2. In high-speed casting of relatively cold metal
heat flovis at the mold walls were irregularly distributed over the ingot
height. Mostly the heat flows occurred in the zone of intensified circulation
Card 2/3

SOV/137-59-5-9947
Investigations on Improved Casting of Steel Into Large-Size 10heet Ingots
of the steel, at a: height of 700 mm from the bottom part of the ingot. In
low-speed casting of the lower part of the ingot and speeded-up casting of
the upper part, heat flows were distributed uniformly over the mold height
and their values were lower by 1.5 - 2.0 times than in high-speed steel
casting. A high metal temperature and variable speed of filling the molds
with liquid steel provide satisfactory conditions of the ingot surface. in
casting low carbon steel sheet ingots of 8.6 - 15.3 t weight, from the top
by a single flow directly from the ladle, longitudinal cracks are forming
along the edges and angles of the ingot. In casting through an intermediate
funnel with several apertures a smaller amount of the flow penetrates into
the ingot and a lesser circulation takes place. Therefore, the crust,
crystallizing on the mold walls, is not washed away, thus ensuring a satis-
factory quality of the Ingot surface.
Ye.K.
Card 3/3

SOV/1 37-59-3-5359
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal. Metaillurgiya,, 1959, Nr 3, p 62 (USSRj
AUTHOR: Yefimov. V. A.
TITLE: Crystallization and Deformation of the Outer Layers of Steel Ingots
During Casting (Kris talliza ts iya i deformatsiya naruzhnykh sloyev
stall.nykh slitkov vo vremya ikh otlivki)
PERIODICAL: Sb. Vopr. proiz-va stali. Nr 5. Kiyev, AN UkrSSR, 1958, pp 146-
.J4,162
ABSTRACT: The processes of shrinkage (S) and growth of stresses in the crust of
solidifying top- or bottom-cast 6-ton steel ingots (1) were studied by
means of speci~il, indicators and tensometers or strain gages built
into the walls of the mold (M). It was established that in the lower
portion of an M [ lower- case'61ette r I'm" in Russian Text. Trans. Notel
having straight walls the gap forms almost simultaneously on all the
faces of the 1. There is no separation of the I corners from the M
during the first 10 min in the zone of steel circulation which begins
when the M is being filled with the metal. This impedes the S of the
crust on the I faces. In the upper part of an I having concave faces
Card 1/2 the S begins at the corners of the I and proceeds along its edges. The

SOVA 37- 59- 3-55 359
Crystallization and Deformation of the Outer Tayers of Steel Irao~s Dijrinig Cast:7:-g
slowing down of the S of the I crust is explained by the welding of Ahe crust onto the
M surface, especially in the corners. When the metal is top cast this phenomenon
develops throughout the height of the M. The most rapid S with either method of
casting occurs on the edges in areas adjoining the corners of 1. Most of the crack
formation occurs in these areas, also. It was established that the stresses in 1
crust increase through ferrostatic pressure in the process of casting and during
further crystallization through the sJowing-down of the S on the I surface, The
welding of individual portions of the I onto the M increases the development of
stresses and contributes to the formation of inner and outer cracks. The stresses
whi -h take place in the crust located in the zone of steel circulation are greater
in b.)ttom casting than in top casting. Taking into consideration that the thickness
Of 01C crystallized crust and the susceptibility t.6 crack formation are dependent on
the temperature and rate of casting, steel casting at elevated temperatures is
recommended in such a way that the lower part of the I be poured radier slovily
and the upper part as rapidly as possible. Curves of the progress of shrinkage
and deformation of I crust in the process of its solidification are adduced.
I G.
Card Z/2
7
J".

YBFIMDV, V.A.; SABIYEV, M.P.-. GRENBENYUK, V.P.
Effect of hydrodynamics of molten steel entering the mold on the
quality of steel ingots. Vop.proizv.otall no.6:87-95 138.
(MIRA 12:3)
(Steel ingots)
4
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WSM &-lot am asa-savlat

--XAfjtPV, V.A.J- DANILIN, V.I.; LAPSHOVA, H.P.; GRBBNNM, V.P.; KISNLNV, A.A.
Effect of the temperature of pouring and the nold shape on the quality,
of steel i ots. Vop.proizv.stalt no.6:96-iog '58. (MIRA 12:3)
Tteel ingots) (Metallurgical plants-Cpality control)

T-EYI14)V, V.A.;. SABIYET, M.P.: OSIPOV, V.P.
Reducing top and tail cropping, during ingot rolling. Top.proizv.stali
no.6:110-122 158. (MIRA 12:3)
(Steel ingots) (Rolling (Metalwork))

T~
YEInMY, V.A.; OSIFOV, V.P.; MELSSHKO, A.M.
Studying conditions of rolling sheet slabs with undulated edges. Top.
proizv.ntali no.6:123-129 '58. (MIRA 12:3)
(Rolling (Metalwork)) (Steel ingots)
'k
--g 4
OU
wN am ME P- 13 1,11,

YEFINDV, V.A., kand.takhn.nauk 4%.
W
a of improving steel lngo surfaces. lzv.vys.uchob.zav.; chern.met.
ay
fio-9:2-3-28 S '58. (MRA 11:11)
10* Institut ispollzovani7a gaza AN USSR.
(Steel ingots)
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v
25(l); 18(5)
FHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/2859
Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii
Goryachiye treshchiny v svarnykh soyedineniyakh slitkakh i otlivkakh (Hot
Cracks in Welds., Ingots, and Castings) Moscow, Izd-vo PJI SSSR, 1959. 163 P.
2,700 copies printed.
Ed.: H. N. Rqrkalin, CorTeeponding Member, USSR Academy of Sciences; Ed. of
Publishing House: V. S. Bzbeznikovj Tisch. Ed.: Yu. V. Bylina.
PURPOSE: This book is intended for metallurgists and welding engineers.
COVERAM: This is a collection of scientific papers dealing with the formation
of hot cracks in ingots., castings,, and welded products. Some papers are con-
,,cerned mainly with the nature or mechanism of the phenomenon; others examine
the effect of factors such as steelmaking procedure. Sufficient evidence is
presented to identify some of the causes of hot cracks. Various means of
investigating and preventing the phenomenon are described. A number of ref-
erences, bolhSoviet and non-Soviet, &ccompLuy the papers. For further coverage
see the Table of Contents.
Card 1/8

Hot Cracks in Welds (coat.)
SOV/2859
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Dobrokhotovo N. N. Effect of Steelmaking Technique on Qmlity of Open-
hearth Steel 3
The author makes the following recommendations: At the end of the run
the basicity of the slag, i.e., the ratio of CaO to U02 , should be
within the limits of 2-5 and 3.0, and the fluidity of the slag, as
tested by viscosimeter., should amount to some 30-60 mm. Preliminary
deoxidation of the steel in the furnace by means of bl4st-farnaoe
ferrosilicon should not be carried out. If ferrochrome and ferro-
manganese have been added, the time for holding the heat should be
determined by the formula z = 1-5q , min.., where q - the weight
of ferroalloys added (in kg)., and P P=-tbe output of the furnace
(t/24 hr). In the production of carbon and low-alloy steel,
alloying and deoxidation should be carried out in the teeming 1a41
Government standards (GOST 380-50 and 5521-50) for rimmed steel
should be revised so as to specify a manganese content of 0.30-0-50
percent instead of the present 0.35-0.6o percent.
Card 2/ 8

Hot Cracks in Welds (Cont.) SOV/2859
Yefimov., V. A. Causes of Cracks in Steel Ingots and Means of Prevent-
in"g_TlWm~ 20
The following causes of ingot cracks are discussed: shrinkage and
plasticity of steel at high temperatures, crystallization conditions
in the ingot mold, ingot-mold design and teeming conditions, hydro-
dynamics of ingot-mold filling, and sticking of the ingot to the mold
and other factors associated with top pouring.
Pronov, A. P. Mechanism of Hot-crack Flormation on Steel Ingot SuXfaces 30
BldvJ.ya., P. N.., V. G. Grazinand V. N. Saveyko. Formiation and Pre-
veAtion of Hot Cracks in Steel Castings 39
As a criterion for the quantitative determination of the resist-
ance of steel to the formation of exterior hot cracks, the author
finds it convenient to employ the concept of "crack resistance", or
the force required to form a crack during the shrinkage of a standard
cast specimen with rigidly fastened ends. Fbr mild carbon steel and
low-alloy (Cr, Mo, V) structural steel, pouring temperature is one of
Card 3/8

Hot C-,acks in Welds (cont.) SOV/2859
the most important factors in crack development. Filling the molds
with steel at the temperature of the liquidus or below should be
avoided. A direct relationship between crack resistance and
linear shrinkage, fluidity, and gas liberation was established. In-
creasing the fluidity of the mushy stage by changing the composition
or the conditions helps to increase the crack resistance. Sulfur,
hydrogen, and methane decrease the crack resistance of steel.
Additions of manganese, molybdenum, and vanadium to carbon steel or
law alloy steel increase the crack resistance. The manganese con-
tent should be held at a maxt-im so as to assure a ratio of Mn/s 13-
GulyayevL, B. B.j I. I. Lupyrev, and L. M. Postnov. Formation of Hot
Cmaks in Steel Castings 51
The author reco nd the following measures for controlling hot
ciacks in steel castings: 1) decreasing the size of the casting and
eliminating projections by casting in several pieces with subsequent
welding of the components) 2) Equalization of the cooling rates of
various parts of the casting and elimination of conjugate parts
through a rational determination of the thickness of their elements;
3) Increasing fillet radii; 4) rejection of X-shaped designs and
conjugate walls at angles of less than 90*; 5) increasing the pli-
ancy of molds through the use of more pliable molding media and by
card 4/ 8
IN Q`
T"
1-NA

Hot C_-%,*a in Welds (cont.) 8011/2859
pitting the molds; 6) strengthening weak spots through the use of chills
and ribbing; 7) regulating the metal composition, insofar as possible,
and the pouring conditions so as to reduce the probability of crack
development. Consistent application of these measures, the author states,
will effectively prevent hot cracks from development. Consistent appli-
cation of these measures, the author states, will effectively prevent hot
cracks from developing.
Pokhodnya,, 1. K. Hot (Crystallization) Cracks in the Hard Facing of High-
Carbon Ijow-Chrome Steels 68
7he author discusses the nature and mechanism of hot-crack formation
and examines various factors contributing to it (chemical composition
of added metal, cooling rate., etc.).
Medovar, B. I. Hot Cracks in the Welding of Chrome-Nickel Austenitic
Steels 92
Prokhorov, N. N. Intergranular Strength of Metals 108
The author points out that hot cracks are one of the main causes of
rejection of welded and cast products. 7b solve the problem he
sugae-sts intnnsive study of the hot strength of metals,, using several
different Ft,--,r_--nches: 1) investigation of deformations caused by

Hot Cracks in Welds (cont. SOV12859
welding and casting prooeases, accompanieaby development of compu-
tational methods of determining deformtions and their concentration
s; 2) sttidy of the mechanical properties of metals
at high texpem-ture
du7o..g crystallization and cooling; 3) development of a single working
hypothesis of intergremular strength of metals which would guide
investigators and manufactux-ers in solving theoretical and practical
problems connected with hot-crack formation (in this connection the
author suggests the utility of his own hypothesis*based on a comparison
of the numerical values of the deformation and plasticity of metals
within a definite temperature range of brittleness); development of
unified methods-of tt-vating metals for susceptibility to hot-crack
formstion in welding and casting; 5) development of quantitative
methods of determining the effect of the shape of the product, as re-
quired by manufacturing and constructional considamtions, on inter,-
granular strength of veltled and cast products; 6) systematic adoption
of new scientific methods by manufacturers.
lashko-Avskyan, S. V. $ and N. F. IALshko. Intergranular Crystal-
lization Cracks in the Casting and Welding of Aluminum Allo a 131
y
According to the author, certain alloys ordinarily iubject to the
forma;Uon of cystallization cracks after welding can be
Card

Hot Cracks in Welds (Cont.) SOV/2859
rendered resistant to such etracks by the use of an added metal
(alloy) which satisfies the following conditions: (a) the weld
metal must not be subject to crack formation after delding; (b)
the liquidus temperature of the weld metal must not be higher .
than that of the parent metal; (c) the weld metal must not contain
components that in penetrating the base metal along the boundaries
of fused grains in the heat-affected zone would form alloys with
significantly lower eutectic temperatures than that of the base metal.
Petrov G. L. New Methods of Determining the Susceptibility of '
WeJd14--',"al to Hot-Crack Formation 147
The article describes new methods developed by N. 0. Okerbl6a and
associates, Weldir,; Department, Leningrad Polytechnic Institute.
The methods make It possible to determine the effect of various welding
materials and basic welding parameters on the development of hot
cracks in weld metal.
Card 7/8
0
3
1;

Hot Cracks in Welds (wat'. ) sov/2859
Resolixtion. of the Conferenne on tbr,- Pr)blem of Ho" Cracks in Welds
Casting:;, 2ad Tiugota (MIDI at -Cne Inatitutc of Mctallurj7ji USSR
AcadOmy of Sciences, Jivin 9 11 1-gr
162
AVAILRBLE: Library of C,)ng,,%-,sB
card 8/8 GO/fal
1-14-59

"I,. PHASE i BooK mmiTATion sov/4W5
Yefimav., Viktor Alekseyevich
.... . ...........
Teoret.icheskiye oanovy razlivki stali (Theoretical Principles of Steell4i4)
Kiyev, Izd-vo Uki-SSR., 1960. 179 P- 3,000 copies printed.
Reap. Ed.: N.N. Dobrokhotov, Academician of the Academy of Sciences 0drSSR; Ed.
of Publishing House: N. M. Titova; Tech. Ed.: A.M. Lisovets.
PURPOSE: This book is intended for engineers and scientific workers concerned
with improving steel-ingot production.
covL?T=E: The book deals, with the thermophysical processes which occur during the
teeming of steel and the solidification of Ingots. The author describes in de-
tail the influence of the turbulent flow of liquid steel in the mold on the solidi-
fication of surface layers ardthe formation, of skin defects. The shrinkage of
steel in the mold is analyzed and its effect on the quality of steel ingots is
determined. Certain rational shapes of molds are developed on the basis of data
obtained and from the analysis of the distribution of stresses in the skin of
Card-lq%,

Theoretical Principles of Steel Teeming SOV/4W5
ingots. These mold shapes are said to be responsible for a better quality of
metal and a decrease of defects in ingots. The author analyzes the influence
of temperature and speed in teeming of steel on the formation of ingots, and
makes reccmmendations for the selection of these parameters. No personalities
are mentioned. There are 87 references: 63 Soviet, 19 English, 3 German, and
2 French.
TABLE bF CaffMS:
Introduction
Ch. I. Crystallization of the Outer Layers of Ingots During Teeming
1. Effect of the turbulent flow of liquid steel 5
2. Speed distribution in (metal] flow inside an ingot during teeming 15
3. Distribution of temperatures inside an ingot during teeming 19
Ch. II. Shrinkage of Steel and Its Effect on the Quality of Ingots
4. Volumetric shrinkage of steel 29
5. Linear shrinkage of steel 31
Card=2t4
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YEFIMV, V.A.:
Thermopbysical 'processes during steel pouring. Yop.proizv.stali
no -7:117-134 16o. (HIM 13:8)
Oteel ingots) (Solidification)
~0
7",
_4
J

YEFIMOV, V.A.; SABIYEV, M.P.; GREBEHM, V.1.; OSIPOV, V-P-
Steel shrinkage and deformation of the mold during the casting
of sheet ingots. Top.pXoizv.stali no-7:135-140 '60.
(MIRA 13:8)
ksteel ingots)
(Ingot molds)
-a
'M9

FHME I BOOK MIPLOITATION SOV/5254
Yefimov., Viktor Alekseyevich
Stallnoy slitok; razlivka stali i formirovanlye slitka (Steel Ingot: Steel
Teeming and Ingot Molding) Moscow', Metallurgizdat, 1961- 356 p. Errata
slip inserted- 5,300 copies printed.
Ed. (Title page): N.N. Dobrokhotov, Academician of the Aca4my of Sciences UkrSSR.
Ed.,of Publishing House: N.D. Gramov; Tech. Ed.: Ye.B. Vaynshteyn.
PURPOSE: This book is intended for t-chnical personnel in metallurgical and
machine-building plants,, scientific research workers., and senior students in
allied fields.
COVERAGE: The author discusses the steel teeming process, the occurrence of de-
fects in steel ingots (including the effect of shrinkage), moid design, the
hydrodynamics of the mold-filling process, and pouring rate. Existing teeming
methods are revieved_qand practical reca=endations are given concerning the selec-
tion of optim,= temperature and pouring rate, the calculation of mold shape, effi-
cient metal flow, and other teeming parameters which contribute to improving the
quality of steel ingots. Practical measures-dre suggested for preventing
C,ra--V6-
140,; -Y
0~ V,

Steel Ingot (cont.) SOV/5254
mold-to-ingot welding, folding of the skin,, and other defect-cazz, ing V&enemeMs.
The author thanks N.N. Dobrokbotov, Academician, for his editorial assistance
and V.I. Lapitskiy, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Yu.N. Yakoviev,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, and VoI* Danilin, Director of the Central
Industrial Laboratory at the Krasnyy Oktyabr' Plant, for their valuable advice.
There are 149 references: 3.15 Soviet, 30 Eng3ish, 2 French, and 2 German.
TABLE OF CONTEM:
Foreword 5
Introduction 6
1. Principal Types of Steel-Ingot Defects 9
1. Surface defects 10
2. Subsurface defects 19
Card-2/6

YEFIMOV, V. A., Dr. Tech. Sci. (diss) "Investigation and Improve-
ment of Processes of Pouring Dead Melt 5teel, "Moscow, 1961,
39 pp. (Inst. of MeLallurgy im A. A. Baykov) 150 copies (KL Supp
12-61, 04160).

,_WMMV,_Bktor Alek!~epvjch; LAPITSKIT, V.I., prof., doktor takhn-unuko
kand.tekhn.nsuk, rotsenzent;
retoWn__z'Dnl~~'o YAKOVLW-. YU-11- - mik, red*;
NILI)T. V.I,, rotsenzent; DC1BJMM(W# y.11., skede
DA V.311 red,izd-va; VATN=pyX, yo.B., tekhn.red.
GROKOT,
[Steel ingots; caoting and formation of the Ingot) Stallnoi
Pod red. II.N.Dobro-
slitok; railivka "tali I formirovenie slitk" I
.jzd-vo lit-ry po ch0=01
khotova. Hook7at GOB.nBuchno-tekhn (mIRA 140)
tovetnoi metallurgjit 1961 . 356 p.
AU USSR (fo Ir Dobrokhoto'v). 2. Wachallnik TS6ntrallnoy zavodskOY
in).
laboratorii zavoda "Krasnyy Oktygbrlw (for Danil
(Steel ingots)
S/133/61/000/005/004/oog
A054/A133
Os'Pov, V-P.,, Engineer; Yefimov
ences; ~~~ V.A~i CandIdAte of Technical qci
MatevOsYan, P.A.,'tnglneer;
shova, M F-, Engineer; Selivanov, Dan"'n, V-I-; Engineer; lap-
gineer. V-M-P Engineer; Lisov, I.V., En_
TIITIE: Pouring Of high-alloy steels
PERIODICAL: sta.1',' no. 5, 1961, 415 - 418
TEXT: When staInlesS steel is poured, the surface layers of the Ingot are
,deteriorated by folds, blisters and Pock marks, which are mainly the result of
oxides and gases in the metal. To avoid such defects, tests were carried out
with-pouring low-melting synthetic slags on the metal surface in the ingot mold.
The hot- liquid slag decreases heat losses through radiation and checks the oxi-
dation of the metal. The main purpose of the tests was to determine the effect
of various factors on the formation of defects and the most suitable composition
of synthetic slags to be used in this process. The slags were meltedin a 20-ton
single-phase are furnace with conductive graphite bottom. The low-melting con-
stituents (fluorite, cryolithe) were charged at first, onthe bottom, next the
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Pouring of high-alloy steels A054/A:133
other materials. The melting of a 50-kg batch of synthetie'slag took 1 1/2 h.
The slag Was poured into a ladle and from this into the mold. When the metal
level in the mold had rintn to about 150 - 200 mm, about 15 - 16 kg slag was
poured-on its surface. In the tests Y23H18 (Kb23N18) and IXIN97 OKM8149T) steel
was bottom-cast into 4.1-ton ingots. Simultaneously withpauring into uncoated
molds with synthetic slag, motal Wan Also poured Iinto lacquer-coated molds for
comparison. Four types of slags were used with the following composition:
group CSF, NNAIF. SIO, Al'o' COO htgo M"o
1 .35-40 - 35-40 10-15 10-15 - -
if 33,3 33.3 - 33,3 - -
1Yj 20 15 15
IV, 76 25 - -
The best results were obtained with Group-I slags which are light grey-bluish
when solid; when liquid, they humidify the metal very thoroughly. During smelt-
ing Kh18N9T steel, the slag composition changed as follows (numerator: composi-
tion before smelting; denominator: after smelting):
810, Cao MnO 710. Cr,O. FeO A1,O. F NA
35,4 37,12 0.31 0,35 0,48 0.11 11.42 14.30 2.12
32.72 35.99 1.50 .6.17 _1.74 0.97, 13.16 13.40 1.00
It can be seen that synthetic slag adsorbs chrome and titanium oxides, which is
promoted by the presence of CaO, moreover by CaF2, Na3AlF6 (cryolithe) and Na2S")3
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Pouring of high-alloy steels A054/A133
soluble glans). The adsorption of chrome and titanium oxides takes place also
very rapidly. Whon lKhl8NW steel is poured in-to the mold to half its capa0ity,
the titanium oxide content of slag increased from 0.6 to 2.5%, tke chrome oxide
content from 0.03 to 0.8%, while, when pouring was finished, the content of the
above oxides increased to 3 and 1%, respectively. No folds were observed in the
ingots which were poured under Group-I slaga. The ingot surface was covered with
a thin slag layer (like it enamel"), the thickness of which between Ingot and mold-
wall on the edges was 0.3 - 0.5 mm, on the angles 3 mm. The test ingots had a
flawless, smooth surface, while in the check-ingots the usual folds in the upper
part and blisters in the lower part were found. Due to the synthetic slag layer,
the intensity of heat removal from the ingot surface decreased 1.4 times; the
shrinkage stresses in the ingot case also became lower. The intensity 3f shrink-
age decreased and, moreover, the liquid slag flowed into the pores of the mold,
hereby eliminating the delay of shrinkage and promoting the contraction of the
ingot along the mold wall. The mechanical properties of synthetic slag-treated
steels are partly equal to those of the conventional steels (strength limit and
relative elongation), in some respects they are even better. In the test.-speci-
mens of synthetic slag-treated 1Kh18N9T and X1841242T (Khi8Nl2M2T) steels no in-
tercrystalline corrosion could be observed during the tests. There are 2 figures,
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1-1 ~PZLMMM7
,RM

MEN
S/133/61/000/005/004/009
Pouring of high-alloy steels A054/AI33
2 tables and 3 Soviet-bloc references.
Figure 2: Effect of coating on the
forming of the external ingot surface
when poiiring under synthetic slag.
A - without coating; B - the mold is
raphite-coated (a - solidifying
9
sieel; 2 - liquid steel; 3 - liquid
slag).
44
0 0
distance from mold wall, mm

0/128/62VCOO/C04/008/010
A004/A127
AUTHORS: Grebenyuk, V.P.; Yefimov, V.A.; Sapko) V.N.
TITLE: Formation and elimination of cracks in steel castings,
PERIODICAL: Liteynoye proizvodstvo, no. 4, 1962, 31 - 33
i TEXT: The authors point out that the main defects of steel ingots are
longitudinal and transverse cracks. Among the forces affecting the formation of
cracks, the authors mention in the first place the force originating owing to a
deceleration of shrimkage of the primary skin. They present formulae for calcu-
lating the stresses originating in the ingot skin for the cases of a uniform and
nonuniform skin thickness and stress the point that the quantity of sulfur and
hydrogen impurities in the steel affect the tendency of steel to hot-crack forma-
tion to a considerable extent. It is stated that large additions of aluminum lo-.
calize the harmful effects of sulfur. Apart from the effect ori the modulus of
elasticity, the steelcomposition affects the magnitude of the coefficient of 1i-:
near shrinkage, which decreases with an Increase of the carbon content. There-
fore, steel with a C-content of some O.Z-6 possesses the greatest tendency to
crack formation. It is stated that a nonuniform formation of the clearance be-
i 6ard 1/3
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2a

S/128/6z/ooo/oo4/oo8/6io
Formation and elimination of cracks in .... A-004/A127,
tween the crystallizing ingot and the mold and the washing away of the crystal-
lizing skin by the circulating fLow of liquid steel contributes to a local thin-
ning of' the skin and thereby to the formation of cracks. It was found that the
clearance between ingot and mold is formed in the first place at the ingot corn-
ers and, to eliminate corner cracks, the rounding-off radius at the ingot corners
should amount to 0.1 of the length of the shorter ingot side, or less. According
to data obtained by G.P. Ivantsov the heat-transfer coefficient from the ingot to,
the mold decreases by a factor of 4 - 5 after the forination of the clearance.
After the complete or partial separation of the ingot from the mold walls, the
destroying action of the hydrostatic pressure force of the liquid metal of the
ingot core affects the skin of the solidifying metal. Calculations have revealed
that the magnitude of bending moment5 arising under the effect of hydrostatic
pressure forces are the lower, the more points of the ingot skin are pressed
against the mold wall. The authors point out that, to create favorable condi-
tions for the crystallization and shrinkage of the ingot, the inner surface of tyn
ingot mold should have a wavy profile. They present details on the most expedi-
ent wave shape and state that the most dangerous stresses depend on the cooling
Intensity of the ingot surface. The use of heat-insulating coatings of the mold
makes it possible to reduce the cooling intensity of the Ingot surface by a fac-
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