SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT ZHETVIN, N.P. - ZHEVAKIN, S.A.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R002064720012-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 20, 2001
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

S1133162100010061OW015
Continuous electrolytic pickling of... A054/Ai27
plied instead of lead ones.. The a1.6
pickling of -mm diameter 1Xh18N9T steel wire
at current densities of 34 42 a/dm2 for 12 seconds yielded the optimum result,
a bright, clean surface. When Applying the possiblo maximum current density for
the given conditions (42 a/dM2) a satisfactory surface was obtained in 9.6 seconds.
Electrolyte C) gave results similar to A); electrolyte B) was unsatisfactory.
:-Increasing the current density above,110 a/dM2 did not accelerate the process:
the required.time could not.be shortened under 12 seconds. The alkaline solution
and electrolyt A
es A) and C) can also be applied in Eickling car~pn steel wire.
'In that care, at a current density of 15 - 18 a/Am the output of-the process
:,increases by a factor of 1.6 - 1.7 as compared with the continuous chemical pro-
cess. The indu -mm wide baths of
strial-scale tests were carried out by setting 90
JKh18N9T steel in the conventional thermal pickling equipment, filled with the
following solutions:
+ 5% Naci at 46o - 4700C
~Alkaline bath: 65% Kam 30% NaN03
Acidic bath: 18,P*'H~304-+ 1% NaCl + 5% N
aN03 at 80 - 850C
1-:.Bleanhing bath:
a . I I I at room temperature
:1 1 W M03
:t In pickling 3.6 mm diameter OAh18N9T and Khl8NllM steel wires, a clean, bright
And scale-free surface was obtained at a rate of 10.5 m1min, (20 sec. in the al-
Card'V3

3113316210001006/0121015
Continuous electrolytic pickling of... A051VA 127
kiline,,29 sec. in the acidic and It see. in the bleaching bath) . In the simul-
..taneous pickling of 24 wiresl at a rate of 2D ton/day, a generator power of
kK (51 v, 2,750 a) is required., In pickling stainless steel strips,- (0-5 mm
thick,' 40 mm wide) in the pilot'installation, the cathode and anode plates (0.6
mm long in the alkaline bath and 1 m long in the acidic bath) were set. parallel
to the movement of,the strip., Onaccount of the larger surface ofthe strip, the
maximum current density was lowered to 12 - 15 a/dm2. ~hc strips tested were made
of nhl8N9T, iniNg, M 432 (ru432), OR 435 (E1435), X 13 H It r 9 (Khl3N4G9) and
1X 13 (lKh13) steel grades. In the,alkaline bath 100-% Na0H (at 4500C), in the
acidic.bath solutions A) and*C) (at 700C) were tested. A satisfactory surface
was obtained with these,solutiQn*j when keeping the strip 6 - 9 seconds in the
alkaline bath and 9 - 15 seconds in the acidic one. As in-currentless continuous
~chemical pickling - under industrial conditiona.- the pickling of the same strip
requires 82,seconds, the electrolytic method increases the output of the process
3 - 4 times. For pickling strips 0.5 mm thick and 400 mm wide at a current den-
of15 a/dm2 and with electrode Plates 7 m long,'the generator power required
willbe 1,260,kw (150 v, 6,400 a). There is I figure.
ASSOCIATION: Zavod "Serpi molot". ("Serp i molot" Plant)
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~~ACC-_NR MOYW5 0/0213/0218
AUTHHOR: _jbdyjA,_j. Pt Frid, Ya. L,; Kontse.vaya, ~e. X.-I Sokol, 1. Ya.; Iyukovichp
V
ORG: no'ne
TITIE.- Study of the kinetics of hardening and softening of heat resistant alloys with
the~aim of choosing the.temporature interval for hot plastic deformation and beat
tr6a'tment
Z: 214 SSSR. Institut metallurgii. Svoystva i primenoniye zharoprochnykh splavoV
nd a a sistant alloys
a of he tre Moscow, lzd-,vo NaukA, 1966,
f7
18
i:-UtOPIC Toss heat resistant alloy, metal deformation, metal heat treatment
ABSTRACT: The experiments were carried out on hot rolled samples of alloy Brand ZIB28
with-.a thickness of 273 mm, and cold rolled samples of alloy Brand EMO with a!
thickness of i.0-1,.5 mme The chemical composition of the alloys is shown in the
following tables

AC~Nks~Ao-~O
Alloy C Hn Si S P Ni Cr
E1828* 0,03 ~traces 0111 o,oo6 0,005 base 9155
EF460* e a OpO3 traces 0,07 0,010 0,008 base 8,85
Alloy 140 W Ti B A Ce N%
EMB28* 8o8l 5,01 0,06 0,008. 4,50 M5
EMO 2*2411~ 1,8 1,87
The samples were subjected to hardening ina laboratory electric furnace at A
t6mDerature of 950-1200'C. and aging at temperatures of 650-1000* with'& holding time
UP to 12 hours. The mechanical properties ((I bt 6 RB Ad and the microstructuro
were determined before and after aging. A phase anal~sis'was made of the precipitates
which separated out from the hardened and aged samples of alloy EIB28, and a
dilatometric examination of the samples was made on a differential optical dilatomoter~l
On the basis of the experimental data, a study was made,of the kinetics and the
temperature interval for the formation of the intermetallic phase of the type N13A1 or
Ni.,(Ti, Al). The following conclusions were drawns 1) the decomposittion of the solid
solutions at aging temperatures starts the minuto the aging process starts; 2) a
I
maximum degree of hardening is achieved (at 8000) in an alloy contatUng 27% of the
intermetanic, phase; 3) weakening of the aged alloy Brand F&460 is reached on heating
to 10~00 and above, while for alloy -EIB28, this tomperaturo is shifted to 12000.
"The x ray anal~mis was done by S. S. Potapova, and the analysis of the IntemPtalli
precipitate by A, P, Pogodina Orige art. has s 5 figures and 2 tables.
LLM_SqKz; all suBm DATst lojun66/ CHM REN 0041 OM Wi 001

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ZHETVIN,, N.P. kand.takhn.nauk
Now developments in research. Stalt 24 no,6-.548 Js 164. Od U 17%9)
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ZREUROVp L.V.
Work practices in using multistage bits in air drilling
at the "ChikalovskiiQ strip mine, Hot. i gornorud. prm.
no.3t82 MY-Jo 165.. (HIM 18811)
13 1

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OL
1(0) PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION sov/2835
Moscow. Aviatsionnyy Institut Im, Sergo Ordzhonikid2e
Vopro.sy proyektirovaniya samoletov; sborni~ statey (Problems
in Aircraft Designing Collection of A-Aticles) Moscow, Obor-
ongiz, 1959. 74 p. i3eriest Itst Trudy, vyp. 108)
Errata slip inserted, 3,100 copies printed.
Sponsoring Agency: Ministerstvo vysshego obrazovaniya SSSR.
Ed.: A.L. aimmellfarb, Candidate of Technical Sciences,
Docent; Ed.,of Publishing House: K. I. Grigorash; Tech,
FA,; L, A. Pukhllkov; Managing-Ed.: A.S. Zaymovskayal,
Eniind&.
PURPOSE: This book Is intended for personnel in the. design,'-,....,
..,offices of aircraft plants. It may also be used by students
at aviation institutes.
COVERAGE: This collection of articles describes the results of
thebretical and experimental investigation connected with the
determination, during the designing stagepof bAsic aircraft
and Wang parpmeters, tgtal weight of ajurci!ftpanglits m-
pin nrop 4p of. ergined a~d th$ amount of e ro ems
d

Problems in Aircraft Designing (Cont.) sov/2835
aircraft strength and stability are also considered. No
personalities are mentioned. References appear in the text.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Preface 3
Fomin, k~.A. (Candidate of Technical Sciences), Methods
for Determining'the Basic Parameters ofAircraft and
Airpraft-:Wings 5
The'Author determines basic parameters of aircraft
and selects from them the most important, These
are:. Total weight of airarafto wing-surftae design
and weJght, and the necessary th,ru s t. for starting.
aimmellfarb,, A.L. (Candidate of Technical Sciences],
Calculating Necessary Fuel Supply and Total Weight of
Aircraft.During ~he Designing Stage 37
In this,artiale the author deducts simple weight
formulas basedon only two sVatio coefficients:
Card 2/4
ff Iff;

Problems in Aircraft Designing (cont.) SOV/2835
weight efficiency and fuel consumption;
N.N Science]* Compar-
Fadeyev. (Candidate of Technical
ative Evaluation of Aircraft Engines According to Their
Weight in Flight 41
A method is given to-help in the selection of an
engi,ne'for a given aircraft and for determined r4imes
and flight distances
Zhevagina A_A_ [Candidate of Technical Sciences), Deter-
--IM J-
R na ~onof Critical Stresses in Laminar Compressed Panels
With Veneer. C69orin''g,--'. 52
Results of an investigation show that sufficient sup-
port is.formed for a'thIn.veneer lining by a gilling
with ~he specific weight of o.o65 ; 0.1 gr/ema. With
this fillingthe panel:behaves as a homogeneous body
until themomentof a general lose of rigidity.
Voyt, Ye.S. (Candidate of Technical Sciences], Stability of a
Crossed-Bar Assembly Which Has Been Compressed in o~ e
Direction 59
The author is concerned with the plane and curved
Card 3/4
H, tt0t".

Problems in Aircraft Designing (Cont.) SOV/2835
reinforced panels used.in ship And aircraft construe
tion. lie analyses the influence of separate factors
on the stability ofthe panels and'indicates practical
methods of choo'singi in the fife't !Tproximation,, the
most convenient disposition of basic elements of the
panel.
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 4/4
11-23-59
J~,

STURWp AN., voter, vrach (Strashonakiy rayon, 14oldavskaya MR); BUWAKOYI
YUSN., voter., folldshor (SttAshmniskiy rayon, Moldavokays. SSR); KAL'-
NITSKIY, F.I., voter, vrach (StraBhenskiy rayon, Noldavokaya SSR);
OCHAKOVSKIYI ZA, voter. 1,rach (Stmshenakiy rayon, Moldavskaya-'
SSR); GOTSENOGA, A.D. (StrMhenakiy rayon, Moldavskoy- MR); ABRAM-
YAN, G.I.p.vater, vrach; MEKHTIYEV, M.G , voter. felldaher (a.Shi-
roz1u, Vedinskogo rayona Armyanskoy SSR;; KIRAKOSYAN, A.A., voter.
vrach; GEORGIYEV, YU.P., vater..vrach; LOMAKIN, A.M., nanchnyy so-
trudnik; IEV, L.A., voter. vrach.; TARASOV, I.I., assistant;
,, SHEPE
.ROMASHKIN, V.M., voter. takhnik; ANDRIYAN, Ye.A.; BARTENEV, V.S.;
KOROL'v YaJ., voter. tekhnik; VMSHEMKO, A.K., aspirant; BAN2EN,,
YA.P.; SARAYKIN, I.M... prof.; VZYAGIN7-k-,~etmr. vrach,- BUTW-
YANOV, D.D.i.voter. vrach (Klimovichakiy rayon, Mog~levskoy ob:Laa-
ti BSSR);,SHALYGIN,, B.V., voter. vrach (KlimovichsKiy rayon, Mogi-
levskoy oblasti, BSM),- RYABOKON, G.T., vetoir. folldsher; IA.OVSUY,
ZAIE, K.Ks, prof,-, DUGIN, G.L., aspirant; TITOV,, G.I.', nauchnyy sotrudnik;
MEDVEDEVI I.G., voter. vrach.; ALMYEV, V,k; ALLENOV; O.A., veterovrachn
Prophylaxis and treatment of noninfectious diseases in calves and
'pigleta. Vaterinarila, 40 no.2s4O-47 F 63. (MIRA 17:2)
1, U11yanovska" oblastnayn -veterinarno-bakteriologicheskaya IAbr-
ratoriya (for Sturmn). 2, Kolkhoz imeni Kirova. Volakonovskoeo
(Continued on next card)

STURMUP A.V.- (continued) Card 2.
rAyona,,Belgorodakoy oblao-ti (for Bulgakov). 3. Sovkhos "Akhuryans-
'kiy",.ArmSSR (for Abramyan). 4. Ellkhotovskaya vaterinarno-baktari.
ologicheakaya laboratoriya Severo-Osetinnkoy ASM (for Allenov). 5,
Shagatskiy vaterinarnyy uchastok, Siaianskogo rayona, ArMSSR (for
Kirakoeyan), 6f Sovkhoz "Vokhno", Pskovskoy oblanti (for Georgiyov).
7t Leningradakaya lanotekhnichaskaya akademlya Imeni S.M.Kirova (for
'Lomakin). S. Siverskiy vaterinarnyy uchastok, Gatchinskogo rayona
Laningradskoy oblasti (for Shapelev). 9. Saratovskiy zooveterinar*7
institut (for Tarasov A- Yeroshanko). 10. Sovkhoz "Gormlishchenskiy"
Panzenskoy oblasti (fdri Romashkin). 11. Glavnyy veterinarnyy vrach
plemennoqo sovkho m imeni Litvinova, Frunzenskogo rayona, Luganskoy
oblasti kfor Andriyan). 12. Svinosovkhoz imeni Podtalkova, Koshars-
kogo rayonal: Hoistovskoy oblasti (for Bartenov). 13. Sovkhos "Shakh-
ter" Donstakoy oblasti (for Koroll). 14. Zernosovkhoz "Mikhailovskiy
TSelinnogo kramr(for Banzen). 15. Kiishinevskiy sallskokhozyaystvan-
nyy institut f0 Saraykin, Zhavagin). 16. Klimovichakiy rayon, Mo--
gilevskoy oblasti, BSSR (for Butlyanovp Shalygin). 17, Kalkhaz,lmeni~
Shevehenko-Tallnovskogo rayona, Cherkasskoy oblaati, Ukr5SR (for.Rya-
bokon'). 18. Laningradskiy vaterinarnyy institut (for Movsum-zadelp
Dugin). 19..Buryatakaya nauchno-proizvodstvannaya vaterinarnaya Ia-
boratoriyajfor Titov). 20. Buryatskiy sePskokhozyaystvsnnYv insti-
tut.(for ~%dvedev).~
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Nam Lis -111riliffil MR IMMIN

.5�n-L6 Ewr(l)
ACC NR: Ap6OOO2Ol
SOURCE CODE- UR/00~/6~649/005/1457/1462,
AUTHOR: Bezuglyy$ Zh"o$. S.: Ye. - Denisenkoj V. 1.
ORG: PI-4raicatechnical Lartitute or zow IMratures, Ac!leg of Sciencea)Ukr=
(Fiziko4eZMcfieokiy institut nizkith temperatur AXadM11 nuU_ UkrSBR)
TITLE: Mgnetoac'c;~18%4c Investigation of the Fermi surface of molybdenum
SOURCE: Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i teareticheskoy fiziki.. v. 49, no. 50 1965P
-14.,-T-1462--
TOPIC-TAGS: molybdenum mgnetoaccustic effecto single crystal., DafTetic anisotropy,
1&gk-.qr_r2e i wakle V'kP_ekrU A A-C I (Lit
TRACT: In fiew of the fragmentary ~~rimei= 18a WA= so Cfl%lr on the
magnetoacoustic effects in molybdenum, the authors investigated this effect in
greater detail by studying the anisotropy of the oscillation periods of the geo-
metrical resonance in transverse wgnetic fields when the acoustic wave Vector was
oriented along the principal crystallographic directions of a single-crystal sample
of molybdenum. The measurements at 200 Me frequency and 4.2K used the pulse pro-
cedure of A. A. Gaakin and A. P. Korolyuk (PTE, no. 6, 199, 1960). The temperatures
were 1.8K ift the case of q 11 (1JDOj and 4.2K in the case q 11 (110] and (111]. The
results showed that in diffdrent angle ranges, three diffed~ent oscillation periods
are observed in the absorption coefficientp one short-period and two long-period. It
is shown that the short-period oacillationap observed for q 11 (100 1, give the dimen'
sions of the electronic surfacej, while the long-period oscillations are associated
Card
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ZHEVAKHOV, D.S., doteent, kand.tekhn.nauk
Increasing theaffectiveneve of heat exchangers for TY-1000
mercury-sro rectifiers manufactured by the "Urnlalsktroapparat"
?1ant. Isy.vys.uohab,sav.; anerg. 2 no.12:66-72 D 159.
(MIRA 13:5)
if Uiallakiy politakhnichaskiy inetitut, imeni B.M.Kirova,
Predstavlana, kafedroy tpploanorgatichookikh ustanovok.
(Heat exchangers) (31actr,ic currant rectifiers)
101F.-
SO PHI .1,111. M 1, 1' - M-19-HrIM. 11JjR, 1111~ 11--] 1 Idit

8(3) 8011/143-59-2-9/19
'AUTHOR: - Zhevakhov, D.ST, Candidate of Technical Sciences
TITLE: The Investigation and Improvement of Cooling Devices
for Mercury Rectifiers (Iseledovaniye i uluchsheniye
okhlazhda shchikh ustroystv rtutno-vypryamitellnykh
ustanovok~u
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy Energetika,
1959, Nr 2, pp 68-78 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The author bases his article on the experience of the
plant "Uralelektroapparat" in building cooling equip-
ment for mercury rectifiers and on experience obtain-
ed during the operation of this equipment by the
Omsk RR line. ~Por c6ql~ng mercury rectifiers, a
closed primary water circulation cycle is used. The
heaA is removed from the mercury rectifier housing
by d'istilled water, which in turn is cooled in a
heat'exchange accordtng to the system water - air.
Figure 1 shows a sohemat~c diagram of this cooling
system. Initially, for cooling the mercury recti-
Card 1/6 fier RMNV-500 x6 two laminar heat exchangers were
N -1 VIN W-11
3

The Investigation and Improvement of Cooling Devices for Merrury
Rectifiers
used (as in the PVS-6 ventilation system) with an
axial fan Nr 7 of TsAGI and a centrifugal pump 2K6B
for the distilled water. The eight-blade fan was
powered by a 1.7 kw motor and had a discharge capa-
city of 12,000-180000 m3A at a pressurs of 14-17
/h at 16.5-
mm, The PUMP had a capacity of 10-25 m
22 mm water column and was powered by a 2.8 kw motor.
The heat removed by this device amounted to 28,000
kcal/h. This performance was unsatisfactory to the
plant designers and to the installations operating
the rectifier equippent, aince it Sid not provide
the necessary cooling effect at 30 0 air temperature.
An investigation of the available heat exchangere
showed that none of the standard types met the re-
quirements for a~rectifier_cooling unit. Therefore,
a new heat exchanger was designed which consisted 2
of 96 tubes of.1 m length, having a surface of 50 m
Card 2/6 Using the TsAGI fan, about,309400 kcal/h of heat

411-41-3--5-9-2-9/ 19
The Investigation and Improvement of Cooling Devices for Mercury
:Rectifiers
were removed, which is adequate for the RJAffV-500x6
rectifier., -The plant "Uralelektroapparat" developed
on these data a heat.ezohanger with riffled tubes
which was mass-produced later on. At a large number
-of installations, these cooling units worked satis-
factorily, with except ;on at the Omsk RR, where an
air temperature of +40 0 and a humidity of 53% were
observed. In addition the rectifiers had to work
constantly on full capacity. The heat to be removed
amounted to.30,000 kcal/h. The series c6oling units
were therefore inadequate, For this reason experi-
ments were conducted for increasing the heat trans-
fer by spraying the heat exchanger with water. Fig-
ure 2 shows the so-called irrigation cooling. It
was established that the irrigation cooling increas-'
ed the heat transfer factor o-f a riffled surface by
at least three times. However, the plant "Uralelek~-
Card 3/6 troapparat". was not satisfied with this method, since

BOV/143-59-2-9/19
The Investigation and Improvement of Cooling Devices for Mercury
Rectifiers
the designers feared corrosion effects, rusting,
etc. The irrigation oooling proved its effective-
ness at a.number of RR substations. The plant de-
veloped a new type of heat exchanger consisting of
oval tubes, as shown by figure 5. Table 2 shows a
comparison between the round, riffled tubes and the
oval ones, whereby the latter require less space.
The difficulties,in producing and fastening of the
oval tubde have been overcome recently and will not
be an obstacle for the maso-production of this new
heat exchanger. However, the application of the
oval tubes does not solve problems as they occur
during summer.at the Omsk RR, Therefore various
other cooling methods were Investigated: 1) using
a water - water heat exahanger with a cooling tower;'
2) using a Freon refrigerator; and 3) using an ice
tank. In his conclusion, the author points out
Card 4/6 that the refrigeration equipment should not be used,
F,

- --- --- - - - - --
SOV/143-59-2-9/19
The Investigation and Improvement of Cooling Devices for Mercury
Rectifiers
since the AX-2-PU-30/15 refrigerator unit costs
twice as much as a water cooling system with a
cooling tower. Ice may be used as a cooling agent
only in those areas where it can be readily produc-
ed. Experiments conducted in 1936 by Engineer
Gogolin showed that about 167 kg/h of ice were re-
quired for obtaining a cooling efficiency of 31000
kcal/h. The author recommends the application of
ice tanks for West Siberiap where a cooling unit
would be used only during one month in summer. Final-
ly, the author recommends moistening the heat ex-
changer surfaces on the condition that the latter
are protected by a corrosion-resistant coating.
There are 5 diagrams, 2 graphs, 2 tables and 1 Soviet
reference#
ASSOCIATION: Ural'skiy politekhnicheekiy ~netitut imeni S.M. Ki-
Card,5/6 rova (Ural Polytechnical Institute imeni S.M. Kirov)
717

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~8(6)
SOV/143-59-12-9/21
-.:~AUTHOR: Zhevakhov, Docent, Candidate of Technical Sciences

TITLE: Raising.the Efficiency of TV-1000 Heat Exchangers of
-MlercuryRectifiers from the "Ur.alelektroapparat" Plant
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vyss4-kh uchebnykh zavedeniy: Energetika,
1959., Nr 12's pp, 66-72 (USSR)
ABSTRACT; This is an account of the-TV-1000 heat exchanger, how
. it.works, and its porformanee figures. It was improved
in design by the Kafedra teploenergeticheskikh ustanovok
Ural " skogg, politekbnicheskogo~instituta ("Chair of Ther-.:
malPover L2stall_tilons ~ of the Urals Poly-technical institute)
in collaboration with the IrMaieiektroa
pparat" Zavod
("Urdlelektroapgarat" Plant), and is designed for the
circulation coolinG of mer ury rectifiers on a rectified
current of 1000 a by means of distilled water intro-
duced into the c7avity of the rectifier: this viater is it-
self cooled by water from the source of supply. Figure 1
Card 1/+

SOV/143-59-12-9/21
Raising the Efficiency of TV-1000 Heat Exchangers of Mercury Recti-
-fiers from the "Uralelektroapparat" Plant
.is a photograph of the TV-1000 heat exchanSer, Figure
2a.is a diagram of it in its original form and Figure
shows it after reconstructionoTable 2 gives per-
formance figures for the heat exchanger before and af-
ter the reconstruction. Before, the coefficient for
heat exchange was 886, afterwards - 1710 and 3530. V/
.1tsoriginal drawbacks were that it had only one water
passage, the water moved comparatively slowly and'the
~cooling surface was limited. To obviate these, a system
of ring pipes wasadopted, which Increased the heating
surface, although the size of the apparatus remained the
same. It was very important.to raise the efficiency of
the heat_exchanger~without making basic alterations in
its production process. Figure 3 shows the altered con-
struction 'of one of the pipe couplings of the water
chambers: ar. I indicates the new pipe plate into which
8/10 mm. pipes are rolled, placed.inside 17/19 mm pipes;
Card 2/4 an additional water chamber; 3 an additional in-'
I mill I I,Ijf~j
AC'UR R~ I

SOV/143-59-12-9/21
Raising theEfficiency of TV-1000 Heat Exchangers of Mercury~Recti-
fiers from the "Uralelektroapp4rat" Plant
let pipe. Before reconstruction, distilled water from
the mercury rectifier entered the space between the
ring pipes from inlet 1; after the reconstruction it
came through inlet 3 and reached the 8/10 mm pipes.
Figure 4 shows the experimental stand. Test conditions
corresponded to.those for normal operations. Table 1
shows the results. The method put forward by the Czech
engineerSchneller CRef. 1.7 for comparing the various
cooling systems was used, Figure 5 gives the comparative
results. The two methods of introducing the water are
approximately equal in effect. The relationship of the
heat exchange coefficient to consumption of cooli% wa-
ter is shown in Figure 6. A specimen model of the new
heat exchanger has been produced at the plant for a
mercury.rectifier on a rectified current of 10,000 a.
It consists-of 3 elements, instead of the former 107
Card 3/4

SOV/143-59-12-9/21-
Raising the Efficiency of TV-1000 Heat Exchangers of Mercury Recti-..
fiers from the "UralelektroappaLrat",Plant
and is now.beizig,tested and perfected. The proposed
reconstruction method-will greatly increase the efffei-
ency of operatingInstallations and this may be special-
ly important for rectifier substations on electrie.rail-
ways, There are 2 photographs$ 3 diagrams, 1 graph,
2 tables,and 1 Czech reference.
ASSOCIATION: Urallskiy politekhnicheskiy institut iment S.M. Kirova
(Urals Polytechnical Institute imeni S.M. Kirov)
SUBMITTED: June 27, 1959, by the Kafedra teploenergeticheskikh
ustanovok (Chair of-Thermal Power Installations).
Card 4/4

a icheskikh nauk.
Selecting the type of nozzle for spraying basins. Blek.sta. 25
no.2:16-17 P 154. (K= 7:2)
(Water--Aeration)
Fm

Mi~KARI-INKOI-1,L~.-;-2HZVAKHOV~-p.;
"ABC-of automation" by I.I,"etslkyi. Reviewed by L.YAkarenko,,
P.Zhevakhov. Nauka. i zhytti& 12 iio.3-1:63 N 162. (MIRA 16 t.1)
tr-,--4. . it" T -r I

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ZHEVAKROVA T.S., aasluzhannyy vrach UkrGSR (Cherkassy (obl.), ul.
--1:::~nko, dom 242)
Ossifying hematoma of the elbow Joint. Ortop., tram i
pIrotes. no.8s65-U 062. ~MM 17:10)
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AID P-231
Subject USSR/Astronomy
C.8 rd 1/2
Author Zhevakin, S. Ae
Title on.the Theory~of Stellar Changeability. II
(Phase Displacement between the Variations In Brightness
and in Radial Velocity in the Cepheid and Long-period
Variables).
Periodical Astron. zhur., V. 31, 2, 141-153, Mr Ap 1954
Abstract Unsoundness of known present-day attempts to explain the
phasedisplacement between thevarlations in radial veloo-
ity and in brightness of variable stars is demonstrated.
A multilayer discrete model of a fluctuating non-
adiabatic-envelope of a star is constructed. On the basis
of this model a theory is developed of non-adiabatic pul-
sations of the envelope. The theory is of interest:
1) in the study of auto-variations of variable stars of
"largezequence", the variations being sustained by the
negative dissipation created in the zone of critical
ionization He II;_ and 2) for the study of the conditions

!I. t i,
" I ~! A ~
.-,c .. z it i. I ~ 1'4; , " I
:-
Illit lll~

AID P 427
Subject USSR/Astronomy
Card 1/2 Pub.' 8, 6/16
Author Zhevakin, S. A.
Title Onthe.Th~ory of steMr Changeability, III (Phase
Displacement between the Variations in Brightness and
in Radial Velocity in the Cepheids and Long-period
Variables)
Periodical Astron. zhur., v. 31-4, 335-1057, Jl-Ag 1954
Abstract (See Part II of this article, AID P-231). Demonstrated:
t-hat under certain conditions a phase lag between the
maximum emission of radiation and the phase of maximum
contraction of a star is equivalent to j of the oscil-
lation period. Simultaneously negative dissipations
appear producing auto-oscillations in the star. The
author establishes that in a single layer atmosphere
of a star a succeeding radiation emission will not
change the phase displacement in the cephelds.
Formulae, 10 tables, 5 graphs., 7 references.

USSR/ PI~Mics Radio wave propagation
Card S 1/1 Pub. 118 7/7
Authors iGetmantserv , Go 0. Zhavakin, So A. Kobrin , M. M. and Wlir M. A.
Title IPropagation of radio waves
-2 8'
5j/2': 9 303, June 1954
Abstract IThe book "Propagation of Radio Waves" written by V. If. Kessenikb, is
criticized. Many fundamental orrcre fn interpretation of tho subJect
covered by the book vere found. Also, the unmel-hodiocl arrarWgererit
of many experimental data, includ,~d in the book, render it xiveles3
even for reference. In short, the publication of the book by the
"Gostokhizdat" (State Pabl. Rouse for Teoh. Uterature) is considered
to be erroneous.
Institution I*too
WbrAitted ttoo&
77--

-__11WR/AitiA&n_omy -6' Cephei
CArd 1/1 Pub. 22 - 8/40
Authors 'Zhevakin, S. A.
Title I Revvdip& W theory., -star variability
Dok, AN SSSR 99/20 211-220o Nov 11, 1954
Abstract I A theory on the variability of the I and II Class (after Baade) stars
Cephei type) is described. The theory adequately exnlains almost all nhenom-
ena observed. Tt Is based on the asgumotion of a radial sell'--oscillation, of
sta,rs due to the so-called "niaFrative dissination" 1-f ery-ra , which of!curs In
critical zones of helium 11 tonizattor, a.,d whioh i., (itie to the hii~h-
tem-erature of' the zones T(= (10,43-
1954). Diavram.
Institution ; Fhysico-Technical Institute of the 3tate Univur3ity at Gorkiy
Presented by: Academician M. A. Leontovich, June 16, 1954
T fat !" --mr, Tc -1:
L

.As-tronow - Variable stare
card 1/1 Rub. 22 - 14/40
Authors i Zhevakin, S.A.
Title iOn phane lagging in glitter variations (vibrationa) with v5spect to those
in energy radical-velocity
Periodical iDok. AN SS3R 99/3, 353-356, Nov 21, 1954
Abstract iThe phase lagging in gAtter variatione with respect t; those in anera
radical-velocity of variable stars is exolained. rbe exnlanation is
presented analytically. 1he correctness of the analysis is proved by
substitution of a 38mDle of exemplary data ob~_alned through actual ob-
servation of 8 Ceohas'. Ftve rererences; 3-11V)R (1Q1, Pi:tgrams;
grar)h.
Institution: Gorki _cLaLe University

_JA
Radio Vhysics. Propagation of Radio Wave s, 1-6
Abs Jour Rof Zhur Fizika No 3, 1957, No 7318
Author Zh9vakin, S.A., Kobrin, M.M.
Inst:-' 6~ffmv University
Title Calculation of-the Field Intensity of the Sky Wave at Short Ra-
dial Waves.
-ap. Gor1kovsk. un-ta, 1966, 50, 02-136
,Orig Pub i Uch.
Abstract A method is proposed for calculating the i'l eld intensity of the
space wave in the case.of ionospheric propagation; thi3 method
takes into account separately the absorption in various ionizing
layers, Calculations are given for the absorption in the D layer
and for the case of reflecti;,ii from the E Fl, and F2 layer. E-
quations for the absorption cooffioient, obwained by using a n
del of a simple layer, mke it possible to calculate t1le field
intensit-y from specified radiation and propagation conditions
(transmitter Dower, directivity pattern and impedance of the an-
tenna, wavelenEth, zenith anGle of the sun/,, and' the 1 onGth and
Card 1/2 43
USSR*/ Radio:PIlynics. propagation of Radio Waves, 1-6
Abs Jour Ref Zhur Fizika No 3, 1967, No 7318
Abstract dir on of the communicatioil route) using the quantity f -r
coo rE
a4 is tile critical frequency of" the E layer). whIch
depunds on th
solar activity, and Using the universal constants
LID and AB, determined from the field-oomparison re aults. The o-
quations obtained wore oxnerimontally Confirmed in the 25 __ 120
motor band. , E:mpirical eqaations suitable for tile Viold intensity
durini3 ni..-ht time propagation, au woll as many nomograzio to faci-
litate tile caicula~Aoila, are also Given. Bibliography, 36 titles.
AV IF! 1 14 1! 11 1 4" 1

~rx t_ Vr kk Vs- - 4
UBW/lFa Rophy'sica - ~Radio+rave,,,Propagation. Ionosphere 1-6
Abst-Journalt Referat Zhur Fizika,'No 12, 1956, 35296
'Authorl Zhevakin, S. Ao~ Fayn., V. M*
Instittttion: None
Title: On the Theory of Nonlinear Effects in the lonoaphere
Original
Perioaicalt Zh..eksperim. i teor.~fiziki, 1956, 30, No 3, 518-527
.Abstractt In the calculation of the nonlinear effects in the ionosphere., the
authors use a velocity distribution function for the electrons. ob-
"-tained by one of the authors (Referat Zhur - Fizika, 1956, 131D for
the ease of propagation of an amplitude-modulated high frequency
field of arbitrary.amplitude Bof in the presence of a permanent mag-
netic f leld. This makes it ]Posdbl~ to calculate the valA!A of the
cross-~modulation and other nonlinear ionospheric effects withwA as-
sumingthe magnetic field of the waveitp-be small, asome done earlier
by other authors. It is shown that even at transmitter povers greater
than 250 kv and under usual conditions of radiation and propagation of
Card 1/2
[Pw-
~TH

USSR/Radiopbysies Radio-wave Propagation. Ionosphere, 1-6
Abst Journal: Referat Zhur _.Fiz;Lka.$ No 12 1956 35298
Abstracti '.radio waves, a noticeable deviation occurs from -the rasults ot tba
approximate theory of crose-modulation (linear ~dlh respect to the
square of theK ude of the field~Eo of a strcme station). Thus.
in the. examplelvwt consideration, at a transmitter pvver of 500 W,
the factor characterizing the depth of the croso-modulatiaa., aasumfng
collisions between the electrons and molecules, -Is calculated from
the exact thgory to be 0.465, but the linear apprcyimatinu (ViVa
respect to Iro-) results in V~O assuming colllt4p with icws. this
factor.becomes 0.455 and 0". 0% respectively. A-calcul~xtion is made
of the nonlinear effect of pbase self-modulation, occurring upon the
passage through the ionosphere of an amplitude-modulated radio-gave~.
It is shown that this affect amounts to several radians per second,
i.e.s it canbe detected experimentally., and,used to study the
ionosphere. Bibliography,, 10 titles.

tit

P- SE I BOOK EXPLOITATION 704
ZhevLkIA S. A-#--
Teoriya pullsatsionndy zvezdroy peremennostij avtoreferat
dissertatsii na soiskaniye-uchenoy stepeni doktors, fiziko-
matematicheskikh nauk (pulsation Theory of Stellar Variability;
Abstract of a Dissertation Offered for the Degree of Doctor
of Physical and MathematioAl Soiences) Leningrad, 1957. 8 p.
150 copies printed.
Sponsoring Agenoyt Leningradskiy,ordena Lenim gosudaristvennyy
universitet imeni A.As Zhdanovae
PURPOM This booklet in the author's abstract of his dissertation
for the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and
is intended for advanced students of astronomy and professional
astronomers*
COVERAGE: The object of the dissertation is to present a theoq of
pulsation variability for variable gtai-a of "large sequence
Card 1/5
III V M
H

Pulsation Theory of Stellar Variability (Cont*) 704
population I and Olarge sequence"~population 11 (Baade). Each
of these sequences~,:Ls characterized by Its own correlations of the
spectrum and luminosity periods, The existence of these
correlations which relate,variable stars of the Cepheid type.,
semi-regular and irregular variables .9 and the long-period
variables entering into each of the sequenees leads to the post-
ulate'of a common nature of variability of these star typbs,
The theory assumes that the helium content in the atmosphere .s
of variable stars Is 10 to 15 percent by the number of atoms.
The theory leads to several conclusions concering the helium
content in atmospheres of variable stars., the masses of variable
stars..' the degree of concentration of mass of the variable star
at'its center, the role of convection In transferring energy
within the'ionized zone of the variable start eta* The author
,states that his study represents a first attempt.to apply this
theory in this direction and by no means exhausts all possibili-
ties.
Card 2/5

Pulsation.Theory of Stellar Variability (Cont.) 704
The dissertation consists-of 7 chapters, each of which the abstract
annotates. Ch. I.# the Introduction,, deals with the physical
content of thetheory of stellar variabilitv and the principal
results to which it leads, ~In Ch. 11 an analysis Is given of
ordinary oscillations of a distributed stellar.model in a quasi-
adiabatic approximtiono D1551pation of energy of the star's
own ordinary os*illatione-la determined by this approximation.
Ch. III digw~eez the non-adiabatic oscillations of the ionized
t), _
zone and e st&1lar:atinosphere above It as observed with the
aid of a single-layer discrete model. The single-layer model is
selected with the view of getting-its quasi-adiabatic oscillations
as close as possible to the quasi-adiabatio oscillations of the
distributed model analyzed in Ch* II, It is indicated,that the
use of an ordinary single-layer discrete model brings qualitatively
:correct results. In Ch. 17. the non-adiabatic oscillations of the
star's envelope are calculated with the aid of a 5-layer discrete
model., which makes more precise the results obtained in Ch, III*
Card 3/5
R

Pulsation Theory of Stellar Variability (Cont.), 704
The next ohapter.;Indicates that the transfer of enerrJ on the
envelope in variable stare.must take place by radiation and not
by convection. Ch. VIdeals with non-adiabatic oso-illations of
the stellar model* The similarity of ordinary non-adiabatic
oscillations of a distributed model to the correspondizg adiabatic
oscillations of the same.model testify to the fact that ordinary
oscillations may be studied on a discrete model, so long as the
latter's nonadiabatic oscillations remain close to tht- adiabatic
oscillations of the same discrete model, This supports the method
of discrete treatment of -non-adiabatic stellar osoillations 0 which
forms the basis of this dissertation. The ex-ror of D.A. Frank-
Kamenetskiy on non-adiabatic stellar oscillations and the Cepheid
theory is also pointed out# The last chanterorefutes the objections
of D.A. Frank-Tamenetskiy to the theory of stellar variability
presented in the dissertation. The objections of L.9, Gurevich
and A,Is Lebedinskiy are also reviewed and traced to a misunder-.
standing* The conclusions of the author's dissertation have
Card 4/5
1~1111JI*J 11114 111 1i 1"

Pulsation Theory of Stellar Variability (Cont.) 704
already appeared in Articles published In the Astronomichesky
Zhumalp 1953,, 1954, and 19551 Doklady Almdemii nauk., 19 0
Sbornik,-pamyati akad, A.A. Andronova AN SSSR., 1955; Tmdy#
po voprosam kosmogonii., AN SSSR, 1955. There are
no references.
AVAILABLEt Library of Congress (QB835.z48)
BK/kav
11-22-58
Card 5/5

-i_

.

30) SO'7/33-35-4-7/25
AUTHORs Zhevakinp SA,
TITLEs The Dissipation,of the Energy of Oscillation of a Pulsating-
Star (0 dissipataii energii kolebanij pullairuyushchey
zvezdy)
PERIODICALs Astronomiclieckiy zhurzial,1950o Vol 35# Yr 4 -PP 583-59609811)
ABSTRACTs The author deduces an.approximative expression -for the energy
dissi-patimof a radial, fundamental quasidiabatio-osoill&t-
ion of a star under radiative transfer of energy., The error
of the~obtained expression is shown to be at mont'4%, The

form la 0 author gives into
of th rmations on the parameters
on whioh-the-Aiseripatior. of oscillation energy actually do-
'
penderp-.provided that-tho
vonoentration of mass of the star
th
towards 9 center in sufficiently high. It is of interest
for ths,theory of stellar variability.

124 -58-9-9570
Translation from: Referativnyy-zhurnal, Mekhanika, 19581 Nr 9, p 16 (USSR)
AUTHOR:. Zhevakin, S. A.
TITLE: On the Self-excited Oscillations of Variable Stars of,the 1100it
Si4tieticell.,I., (Ob avtokolebaniyakh peremennykh zvezd "boll shoy:_
posledovatell nostill)
PERIODICAL: V sb.: Pamyatl Aleksandra Aleksandrovicha Andronova.
Moscow, Izd-voAN SSSR, pp 629=656
ABSTRACT; A summary of the resiilts of preceding works of the author
(ref. Astronom.,zh.', 19531- Vol 30, Nr 2, pp 161-179; 1954,
Vol 31, ~Ne 2, pp 141-1,53; NrA', pp 335-337) on the perturbation
theory of the oscillation of stars as applied to the He Itioniza-
tion zone. As SUM that the shell of a star is constructed
ac~o.rdifig to a poo~Tlrgo_pe with index 3, the values of the radius
and the massthat satisfy the the ?M are sought. For (5
Gephei a. radiant flux ~=,7. 9 x 10 erg/sec is obtained I
Ro 48RE) = 3. 36 x 10 -cm and M=6.75Mo = 1. 35 x 10 9.
The revised value of the mass is s4nificantly lower than the
value that corresponds to the mass iradiant-f lux ratio. The
Card I/Z valuis,obtained for the radius agree well with Wesselink' s

124-58-9-9570
On the Self-excited Oscillations of Variable Stars (cont.
results (W esselink', A. Bull. As~tron. Inst. Netherl. , 1947, Vol 10, Nr.380);
by contrast, the results of the photoelectric me.asurements by Stebbins
(Ptebbins, J. ,Astrophys. J. ~ 1945, Vol 101, Nr 1) cannot be reconcili7&
with theory. The calculationjs extremely sensitive to theassumed value of
the index of the polytrope;' thus, for a,polytrope with index 3. 5 the parameter
of the nonadiabatic oscillation of the zone Would have been 3. 8 times as
large,
D. A. Frank- Karnenetskly
I. Stars--Oscillations 2. perturbation theory--Applicationa 3. oscillations
--Theory
Card 2/2
k

Atmospheric radlo,emiselon and InTestigation of-absorption of

AUTHORt Zhevakinp S. A. 20-119-5-18M
TITLE: i fiifori Interpretation of Various Types of
the,'Puleation-Dependent Stellar Variability
-i
(0 yedinoy nterprotataii razlichnykh tipov
pull satsionnoy zvezdnoy poramennosti)
PERIODICILs: Boklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1958# Volo 119j, Mr 59
pp. .907-910 (USSR)
JLBSTRACTs ~The author shows that on the'baeis of the.caloulation of
the non-adiabatic oscillations of a multilayer discreet
spherical model of a stellar shell (in linear approximicion)
that all known types of pulsation-dependent stellar
variability (whioh'are distinguished by phase relation's
between the osoillat-lons of brightness and the oscillations
of the stellar.radiua) can be obtained froar this model with
various values of one of the parameters ofthe model. Thin
~parameter is the parameter 7 of the non-adiabaticity
zone
of the oscillation's of the zone of critical ionization,of
Card V3 He Il. In the pase,of the1ong-period variable stare of the

A unif Q_rm- Interpretat i-o-no-f Various Ty-p-e-e-oX
the Pulsation-Dependent Stellar Variability
type 0 Ceti the beginning of the period, of maximum
brightnes 8 passes the period of the maximum compression-
of the stars by 1/4 of the oscillation period. Besides
there are long-period variable stare in the case of which
these two periods approximately coinciding. The last type
is called RR,Herculie-type according to one of its
representatives. The same phase displacement as RR-Her is
also displayed by the variable stars of the type 8 Can Majo
The shell of such stars consists of a zone with double
critical ionization of helium and of the stellar atmosphere
situated above it. In the case of a given dependence of
the non-tranaparency coefficient of the stellar shell on
the density and the temperature (dependent on the chemical
composition), the character of the non-adiabatic oscillations
mainly depends on. the value of the parameter yzone
as well ai; on the value of the ratio m
atmosphere/Neone
while the residual parameters aro of only little influence.
A diagram 6we the displacement of the phase kf between
Card 2/3 the epochs f maximum brightness and the minimum of the

,A Vniform, Interpretation of Various Types of 2,0-119-5-18/59
the Pulsation-Dependent Stellar Variability
stellar radius as well as the ratio between the' amplitude
of the radiation current wits emission from thattar
and the maximum of the amplitude of the radiation current
which is.reached before its entering the ionized zone.
After this the various types of stellarreaotion are
discussed consecutively. There are I figuref I tablep and
22 referenceop 6 of,which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONs Nauchno-iosledovateltskiy radiofizicheskiy inetitut pri.
Gorikovskom gosudarBtvennom universitete im. No 1.
Lobachevskogo (Radiophysical Scientific Research institute
of Gor,lkiy.Uhiveraity imeni No It:Lobachevskiy)
PRESENTED: December 9P 1957, by M. A. Leontovich, Memberp Academy of
Soienobsp -'USSR.,
-1-9 1957.
r-d
j

30)
AUTHORt SOV/20-123-2-11/50
TITLEt On the So-Called "Relation Period-Luminosity" of Cepheids
(0 tak nazyvayemom 11sootnoshenii period-evetimost' 11 u tsefeid)
PERIODICALt Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1958# Vol 123P Nr 2, pp 252-255
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: A revision of the relation period-,luminosity for the qlassical
Cepheids (which was undertaken bv,~'the author on a 200-inch
telescope because of Baade'92(RIJ? 2) observatiops) showea1he
unreliability of statistical da0=4inations hitherto carried
out of the above-mentioned zero from self-motions and from
trigonometric parallaxesp and how much optimism had beendis-
played by the authors of earlier papers when estimating the error
limits of the zero values found by them. The author first gives
a s'hort.report on 6 theory he developed in 1953. In December
1957 Sandidge (Sandidih)t at the 90th-seedion of the American
Astronomioal-Sooiety, he described hie inve3tigations of the
period-luminosity ratio~of Cepheids. According to Sandidge a
spread 1T2 of luminosity corresponds to a given value of the
pariod;,,thus, instead of a curve period-luminosity, a strip of
Card 1/4 the breadth 1T2 ii obtainedo '2hua, an unexpectedly good confirm-

On the So-Called "Relation Period-Luminosity" of
Cepheids
ation of the theoretical3j predicted spread of IT2 could be,
given by means of the experimental results obtained by
Sandidge.-A diagram shows the results obtained by Sandidge
for the galactic Cepheids. The author then shows how to ex-
plain,Sandidge's results;by means of the theory of the varia-
bility of stars. His in-bstigations are based on the follow-
ing asaumptionst a) The variable stars have homoloeous internal
structures. b) The shells of variable stars contain one and the
same.quantity of helium. a) The d'egreo of ionization of He Il
does not depend on gas pressure antl is determined solely by
temperature, d) The shella of variable stars are co natructed by
means of the p Iolytropic index n. In -the case of a given period
Y--= 9 r--%
"'.. R IK , th'e relation R -TY11' then holds, where R and M
P
.denote the radius and the mass of the stars respectively.' For
the temperature in the shell it holds that T - Mu/R, where u
denotes the Emdenfunction with the index n. In the zone of
critical ionization it holds that U - R/M. Next, it is assumed
that the luminosity Lo of the star does not depend on mass, and
Card 2/4 that the masses of,the Cepheids (at laqt within their various

On the-So-Called ','Relatlon Period-Luminosity" of BOV/20-123-2.-11/50
Cepheide
'groups (ehort-period-,long-period- eta.)) are approximately
equal. It thenholds that u -.#L . Here u denotes the
zone 0 zone
Parameter of the non-adiabaticity of the oscillations of the
zone of oritioal ionization 'of He II in a variable star. With a
given period P the following variability of stare of the
Cepheid type is possiblet Am 2-54lgLo - 2-5-0-5 - 1T25o
which agrees well with the value 11P2 found by Sandidge. The
true.spread of luminosity-is probably within the interval of
O~8< Am OT25. With a given period, CapheidB with great lumin-
osity must, have a smaller amplitude of self -osoillaticns than
CephPids of the.aame period with a lower degree of luminosity.
There are 2 figures:and 20 references, 10 of which are Soviet.
Card 3/4

HE,M~ii
I I'I :if,I
i.
.Tilmi, II I ~. if I !j!, I i ~ 1 - IT", ~ ~ -i
? 'fl ~ A
I
'111 1 rA 7 1 :,if -t -'I T,

S07/109-4-1-4/30
AUTHORS:Zjjerakin, S. A, and.Troitakiy, V. S.
TITLEI.-~ Absorption of Centimeter Waves in a 'Ztm+,:Xied Atmosphere
(Fogloshcheniyo santimetrovykh voln v sloistoy atmostere)
PERIODICAL:.Radiotekhnika i elektronika, 1959, Vol 4, Nr 11 pp 21-27
(USSR)
,ABSTRACT: The article gives complete formulae for the evaluation of
the~absorption in the atmosphere, which take into account.the
curvature of the Earth and the refraction. The formulae per-
mit the calculation of the absorption for centimetre waves by
using bhe temperature and the absolute humidity at the Earth's
surface as tha basic data. A path L between points 1 and
2 aV heighta h, and h2 in the atmosphere is considered
(see the figuxe on p 22). The complete expression for the
reflection coeffic.Lent at a height h is given by:
(h)
X2T2
where x, is the absorption coefficient due to -the presence
Card 1/5

BOV/109-4-1-4-/30
Absorption of Centimeter Waves in, a Stmtified. Atmosphere
of hydrogen and K2. is,the absorption cefficient due to
wate-r vapours; yj and (P2 are functions of height such
that (pl(O) "02 (0) 1 and (P 1 (P 2 0 The
absor tion,in Ian element of length dt is equal to
e_K(I13dI, I so thatthe~total absorption is expressed by
Eq.(2), where J Iand: J0 are field intensities at any point
in the presence of absorption and in the absence of absor-pt-
ion.. respectively. Since di, can be expressed by Eq.(5)-,
n1 is the refraction coefficient at point 1 and a
-is the refraction coefficient at a given point of the path L
the total attenuation coefficient for the wave can be written
in the form of Eq.~6). This can also be written-as.Eq.(7),
where quantIties t., and 1,2, are expressed by Eqs.'(8). The
quantities Z I an(' 12 denote the effective path lengths in
-a dry atmosphere.and in the presenee of water vapours. The
pressure and the temperature for the standard atmosphere at
a height h can be represented by Eqs.(9). On the other
hand, the absolute humidity at a height h is given by Eq.(11)
Card.2/5, where VO is, the humidity at h - 0 and go is a

SOV/109-4-1-4/30
Absorption of Centimetr~e Waves in a stra,,ified. Atmosphere
characteristic quantity for 'the Water vapour-which, for the
U,98R,, is equal to about 2.6 kno The absorption coefficient
due to the hydrogen is expressedby Eq.(13) where D is a
constant,
, V is frequencyl, T is the absolute temperature
of the hydrogen, N is the molecular concentration of the
hydro en, &V is the width of the absorption line and
6 -,N/c . For the waves of 1. 5 to 10 cm the hydrogen ab-
sorption coefficient can be simply expressed by Eq.(14). Ror
the stand ard atmosphere the function 91 can therefore be
expressed by Eq.(18). On the other hand.9 the function T2
which takes into account the absorption due to the presence
~of water vapours,~is expressed by Eq.(22). -The final,ex-.
~pression for the absorption coefficient is therefore given by:
h h
x(h) e I apoe 2 (24)
Card 3/5

SOV/109-4-1-4/30
Absorption of Centimeter Waves in a st-mUfled Atmosphere
where H, 5.3 km and ~H2 2.1 km.' The quantities
.12 scan therefore be expressed by Eqs.(27), provided
the simplification defined by Eq.(25) is adopted; % in
Eqs.(27) denotes the effective Earth radius. The quantity
of Eqs.(27) can be expressed by Eq.(29) or Eq.(30); this can
also be written a.s. Eq.(31). Similarly, ~2 can be expressed
by Eq.(32). Function f(t) in Eqs.(31) and (32) is evaluat-
ed in Table 1. Eqs.(31) and (32) were used to.determine, ti
and t2 for various L 1 0, and h2 The values obtained,
are shown in Table 2; these were calculated for H, w 5.3 km,
H2 = 2.2 km and ae = 9000 Icin. From the table it is seen, that
the maximum effective path length in a dry atmosphere does not
exceed 274 km and that in tho water vapour of the atmosphere,
is less than 176 km. The authomexpress their gratitude-to
Card 4/5

It ~ ! i "! 0~~.
* I - I 111 11 ~ u~ I I., it I 1~ 1: 11 E 11 li"Ill"' ~ ~ 1
I , ,,
T ~ i ,