SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT ZHILIN, I.S. - ZHILIN, YU.L.

Document Type: 
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP86-00513R002064810012-7
Release Decision: 
RIF
Original Classification: 
S
Document Page Count: 
100
Document Creation Date: 
November 2, 2016
Document Release Date: 
July 20, 2001
Sequence Number: 
12
Case Number: 
Publication Date: 
December 31, 1967
Content Type: 
SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
File: 
AttachmentSize
PDF icon CIA-RDP86-00513R002064810012-7.pdf5.99 MB
Body: 
L . I I i I -; 1~18:3200 78195 SOV/133-00-3-20/24 AUTHOR t: Zhilin3 I S. (Engineer) TITLE: Practice, in Converting Heating Furnaces of Plate Mill to Firing by Natural Gas "..'PERIODICAL: 1960 Nr 3 pp: 278-279. (USSR) ABSTRACT: The new,injec.tor burner Was designed and:built' the -"S erp, and Molot" plant.(zavod "Serp - i.' Molot in-1958 The--combination gas-injector burner is install;d 100-150,mm from tuyere opening (of 200 mm ,, diam'and-359mmllength) in the wall of the furnace. Ga8-.and cbmpressed air are a the burner upplied -to not"mix inside the burner, making separately, and,do. . .,the burner explosion proof. Depending on the'rata of burning,'~he consumption of compressed airamounts to 0.1-0.5.m.:)/m3 of gas.. ' This burne ':r, 'having. normal flameradiation, can be used on any type of furnade and boilex., and can replace any matut(petroleum'residue Card,1/3. A~ .-., -V I I V f ~ i q - Vi I M t I i_ ; - r , t, j i -;! I - ,t - - ". ~f 1.~ I " I N ~ ~ -V - 4 !;1 - !. 1 Y: ill- ~ :i I it V ~'. .1, K , i I : 11 ~ IR I jIll."ll, I I iff )~ 11' 11 1 ~! I - I I - ~~ 4 , ; I !~ A., , T I! ~ 1 , 0. T :1 T !, 1:; 1 -, ; Ii IrUl! I'l III ~1 I U I I' U1 . , i ji - i lp~ ,.1 ~,~ ! ; ! .. ~ . i I I . - q I I 43~?; ~ 11:11M, ~ fil `;~: 11 ~ I I,! I I I ~ 11, i PIEVI, ` ~ I ,, '.I ,ll~ 1 ,. N : III !!* I I I ` I' 1~1 I .,I Ili ~li M- Rillmllil i , I i r4i i . v , I , I . C. i I I I : , ~' El I :.vl! I i I III[ ~ 117" 1 - '111" 1 "It bill" , ; join 41-40 a L-91 W-1 a* fro 0 JAW4 4-17 1 L_ I IV I I/ A - l S S 0 vy - - . . tn . Zristr. IM Cbm. No 3 S. -1. 1;1 U-5.-Tht . beer Is pdastallows: Pawl.o(bollins l r water it of pmnd rn twitback. the l M wt k DO C. of Timak Is added. After the mtxt. has stood 24 hr!L In the cold, the fiqukl 16 ai- r - I addio, g ' . . . . Phomd off % K .". I 1-614,11A P*Ntd Into are iaiik~'Axid 4itfi-aaum oUL"JobacdIat 'M 'lMk pkilu and Torpla imd starW for " lot. , ta lus 0.1 20.VA = 5% a W-9.91, ak-. I -A5-2 and 0.S =I . 1. 1 . ,r ve a d It t h t h I . r1gratilm Vista on ton of d at 1 . . owe o a tft s s , in the pres- cric yw ur. 400 'W X l $Fee moo s s i'. I A- OuLLIaMAL: Ufuntat CLAUWKATM, s I low Ot"Ok"T e IF Is i I al ` - , 1, 1 ft. 11 ll d i ii .14 q. N; I . I I ... ".t. . ~ I ... i . ~ I.11 111 1 1~ I I I ~ I ~ I I 1 111 A I E., 1 IRI t l'-'. . . I I I I , 'i : U. .1 !~, -,. ~Vt!' I I . ZHILjA6jjjV* doktoristorichankikh naukg polkoyniko rodaktorsHOZANOT, IoG. IWR" polkoynik, redalktor; LBYINSX&TA, NA., takhnichaskly redaktor. (Most important operations of the Great ftt*otic War of 1941-1945; a collection of articlenj Vashneithie operateil Velikoi Otschastven- noi voiny 1~41-1945 gg.1 mbornik statele Moskva, Voenoixd-vo M-va obor.SSSR,, 1956. 622 pe Owu 10: 4) Vo Id i r far, 1939-1945-Campaigns) ( Name: ZHILIN Pavel Andreyevich Dissertation;~ Kut-uzov's skill in military leader- i I . i fli I ,i 'I I I' I I I c, i i1 [111, 1 4 A f I ! 11, " , it w J I I p . ~ : I - - ,, ~,f I i 1 1 1 I I :0 0 so**,* 0 00-0 0 0. 0- 1 0 00,0400*0#000 0 0 6~9 00 0 0 a uAd 4 1 ", I b, b, #~ x , a ;, r a -a a L A I I I . - -" -L.AM--PP c NO St Ile Oqf$ At* fee t!14 amm Pa N ter do pmflmloatr ddetAtion sad 7 am "twituft. P. Z ~I Z,A SM44 wul It. P. Stsukv"L-- VO Tr".-FA. INJI, "1 19- 34000);; XUNL~ xcuwi ZAV.- IM. No. 70 thatim coe6ditiamiltrg. and cusgulating "". at well as coagula Poo got, U t DVMDS a no. Of nomaigan's"I tained ks bat WM thC,p"Wfk`V Of No Vd . I HSIMMS4 tape ThWhAlowltv opthum 1W Of rMcukth'a **A at prottinsweradad.r PH 2-4 in" mtdia and It inalk. inmis-, iti~ the p 111 vahar dvcn-junl rijagulallon r" a proltifte Offmt 61 soger am alkali an the rpid! of It mutpd. of protein with Ouse wu obftsvtd, All itud, mnpds. o(C% had in optimum ppit. histalorros. no-A I I in tba pnM"M W Toll Ow ppin. decreand. owing 1. t exem at lifur &off sea to the bYdralysis at the Md. substant". W, R lirnn ago ooU see C, of j a'. I L.C 1124M *"LAW :a;- -va., AM :U.S AV 0 is a A j 5 two a flar'bleas 3,18 Pr a a 6 o 40~ ~11 I V! N i I . 1, - - I - I j riv.? , " T-i -11- "MMIN ;. I i i: I lit .,i i I -~ 1 '11 ! looffilmnallil Ill-RE"Allio. :~i PODLEVSKIY, A.V.; KOGAN~ Vu'; GORCHILKOVA,.Yu.P.; YELIZAROVSKIY, G.I.; RY&BOSHAPKA,_ A P -'REZNIK S.R.; GOLUBEV, T.L; GINTSE,, L.As; RASKIN MAI~ZUYENKO~' P.G*; KHOMIK S.R.; KATSNELOSON, I.A.; HTLINP S.I.; LYSENKOVI-M.N.; ROMANOV, B.G.; SAVENKOV, D.A.,, L.T,~;. LMNA, Ye~S.;~ VGVKI, A.S.; 1WLEDOV, F*F. Annotationa, ZhurmikrobioL,epid.i immn. 32 no.M120_12~ D '161. (KIRA 15i U) Tz Leningradakogo iftstituta usovershenstvovaniya vrachey imeni Kirova-(for Podlevskiy).'2. Iz Ukrainskogo nauchno-iBeledovatellskogo Instituta koumnallnoy,-gigiyerv (Tor Kogan). 3. Iz Voronezhakogo Meditsinskogo instituta ~fdr Gorchakova). 4. 1z Arkhangellskogo M, itsinskoz6-in6titiita~ for Yelizalrovskiy). 5. Iz Kiyevskogo., ~instituta',epid~niol6gi,i::'i:.mikrobiologiI (for Ryaboshapka, Reznik). Leningradskogo nyasokombinata imeni SOM.Kirova (fdr,Golubev). ?. 1z Gosudarstvennogo kontrollnogo instituta neditsinskikh;biologicheskikh preparatov imeni Taraseviche, -(for Gintse). 8. Iz-Chitihskogo instituta epidemiologii., mikrobio- .1ogii i gigiyeiny (foi Rdskin). 9. Iz Ternopollskogo moditainskogo (for Z46nM). 10. 1% Rostovskogo instituta epidemiologii, mikrobiologii-i-gigiYeny-(for Khomik). U. Iz Chelyabinskogo meditsinskogo "stit~ta~(for Gill, Levina, Vovki, Posledov). (IMMUNDLOGY-AMTRACTS) (EPIDEMIOLOCY-ABSTRACTS) (Coal preparation) (rndustrial buildiW) :iy, -, I I ~V '; I tri ~ I , I . 1: 1 P ?I ."111 Ill I E I -V6,0226 d EEC W-2. Ewp(l I -j1'P-(d ACC. NRl AT6014775 SOURCE C-0D9.--'tMT2Y5-2),. 7W-1-16656-10b6`:6--'t Mom AUTHOR: Zhilin, V.,A ORG: none TrME:~-Automadcprooe6sing of data received from pulsed radio-navigation systems using electronic digital techniques SOURCE: Leningrad. TsentrallM nauchno-issledovatellsldv Institut morskogo nota. Trudy, no. 51 1963. Vychislitalluaya tekhnIka I avtomatizatslya na morskom floto (Computer technology and automation In the merchant marine), 5548 TOPIC TAGS: electronic data processing, data processing equipment, telemetering data, digital computer, radio transmission, navigation system ABSTRACT: The article deals with the fundamental problems involved in the automatic proc essing of data obtained from the radio receiver-of a, pulsed radio-navigation system search, automatic tracking, measuring), It Is shown that data processing equipment based 0 discrete techniques enjoys a number of advantages over equipment using continuous. sipal p ciples. An analysis is made of Information losses due to the quantizing of a continuous rand" function, and a determination Is made of the efficiency of the quantizer as a function of the -ACC NRt AT6014776 quantizing step. It is found that the use of discrete -action circuitries for the automatic detec--,; tion of a radio -navigational signal In the presence of noise, automatic tracking, and time inter- val measurements makes possible the complete elimination of electromechanical componentsi reducing gears, and other high-precision elements. A digital device Is socn to consist essen-; tially of standardized functional components which can be developed in a transistorized micro- module format. The use of discrete.-action arrangements for, the detection of a signal-noise mixture makes possible the easy realization of the Wald method. which provides a gain in opera tional speed of approximately 2 times over, the classical method. At the same time, such a digital system for automatic tracking IsBignificantly simpler In design than the conventional electromechanical system desigaatedfoi the same purpose provides practically the same order of accuracy, and gives read-outs of measured time lerval values in a binary code which. is suitable for direct input into a navigational -type digital computer. Orig. art. has: 9 figures and 12 formulas. SUB CODE: 09917/ SUBM DATEt none/ ORIG RE F: 005/ OTH REF: 003 b Card 2/2 I NIV* I : 141 Z 4J' ~ 11 j 11 ;4 f !,; ! i -.i , 'It , , 1 ; '1 11 ~ V -- - ~ ~~- -o . . . .... - I.: .~, - - .. . . 1. . . - I . , .- - I .. . . . , - I . I. I . ~az- I I- 11 ABSTRACT: An Author Gertiffeebe has been fasund f-mr q r-r,--4 I ,All."! 45 1~ ~,~: i.~ T- .: T. ~ I ~; ~. E; I I ;~ '' ~AVIRIT~ ~ , ic 12MOKIR - . 1 1. .1c " i '. .. -, . 11; . ! t I I t ; , i , ! 111i"A. ; . I ; , ~,; I . I ,11 i I I ~ I I ,u, " ~ I 'll 1''I ~! i : ti ACC NRo AP6008099 SOURCE CODE: UR/0076/66/040/002/0504/0506 AUTHOR: Zhilin, V. F Zbarskiy, V. L. Shutov, G. M. Orlova, Ye. Yu. 45 ORG: MsQicQw _Chemical Eng Ineering Institute im. D. 1. Mendeleev (MoskovskijAhimiko- tekhnologicheakiy institut) TITLE: Methods of studying the li~ ~netlcs~f fast reactions 'SOURCE: Zhurnal fizicheskly khimit, v. 40, no. 2 1966, 504-506 ~.~..TOPIC_TAGS: chemical reaction kinetics, heat of reaction,: exothermic reaction, tertiary amine, nitric acid -ABSTRACT: An attempt was made to work out a technique which would make it possible to, minimize the error introduced by the period of mixing of the reagents in exothermic reactions. To this end, use was made of the reaction of hexamethylenetetramine$r its dinitrate with anhydrous nitric acid (which yields Icyclotrimethylenetrinitroamine); -The heat of reaction to 88. 0 kcal/mole when hexamethylenetetramine Is used, and 41. 7 kcva/moIe when its dinitrate Is employed; to eliminate the overheating (which would raise the reaction temperature to 160C for bexamethylenetetrainine), the reagents were first cooled. A method is given for calculating the "equivalent time of mJxtngllfi'eq, i.e., the reaction time at a constant temperature T, required for the desired concentration of the product C Caid IZ2 UDQ 541/.54 1 ci - A - , ~ I . " " :1 ~! I * ; I il I ~ i'll - V: ~ I' I ~ ~l :~ , iM ~i 4 M" i~! ]I-;,, I il Im."I At I ~ I ~ i SH L , Ni , i ~i I . I~1 -. "i.. ~. i 1 ; . . m AM* h. ti, . 11 N01,11111,11,11 I - ~ ~11 I I , , f. i 1 .11 7. I : 1 : H-11' I : i u 2!4 0 i i I , I .. i 1 ~-' I ;~ i YtUTHORt ~Zhilin, V.0 Engineer SOV-91-58-9-1129 TITLE Th B i D l e t T d as c eve s in Thermo-Power Engineering for : e ren n opm the Period 1959-1965 (Osnovnyye napravleniya razvitiya te- ploenergetiki v pari.o.d-1959-1965) PERIODICAL: Energeti.k., 19589 Nr.:9, ppll-5 (USSR) ABSTRACT: E166tric,'energy,,:production.ini-the USSR.is to be raised from V 21 0 -billion:kwh In 1957 to'500-515 billion kwh in 1965, ith . an increase in:the rated capacity of electric power plantai ' from 48 t0`108,million kwo- Several measures for achieving e*are listed. this increas Plant capacity must be enlarged. . , Thermal also tric plants with a ca acity of 600-1 200 Mw and p a - 150 or 200 Mw turbines for steam at 130 atm, 565 C, are at present being constructed. The next step will be the intro- ducEon~ of 300 and,600 Mw turbines for 8team at 240 atm, 580 C, with intermediate heating to 565 C. The capacity of Condensation power.plants will be raised to 2,400 Mw. The -lay adoption',of the.block -out system for power plants, com pared to the crossconnection system, avoids the necessity of using complicated steam piping and favors the introduc- tion of automation and-centralized remote control. These Card 1/4 changes.necessitate corresponding changes in the design and BOV-91-58-9-1/29 The Basic Development Trends in.Thermo-Power Engineering for the Period 1959-1965 le, -out~of plant7buildings, The turbines should be installed across the machine.hall instead of along it and there should be a..single combined bunker-deadrator assembly. A table -showing..fue.1 consumption versus. the kwh generated is plot- ted.. f or.'.the various capacities of a generator, arranged in this way, This shows~that 2,400 Mw Power plants with 600 IN generators need only half the capital investment of plants of the same.capacity fitted with 50Mw turbines. In the fu- ture, 300 andi6.00 Mw turbines for steam at 240 atm, 580/5650C, must be developed with a fuel/energy ratio of not more than ~1,810 to 1,830 large cals/kwh and fitteUwith boilers pro- ducing steam at 9M-to 1,800 ton/h, efficiency 91.5 to 93% with coal and,dried-out lignite and 90-91% with anthracites moist.lignites.. The production of natural gas in the VSSR will rise,from.9 billion cu m in 1955 to 150 billion M. in 1965'andi subsequently, to,280 billion cu m in 1970. A large part of this will be consumed in,gas-turbine electric power. plants. . Compared with power plants using coal fuel,. such plants cut capital investment costs by 20 to 284'' per- sonnel by 20 to 35%, electric power consumption inside the plant by 305fo., the cost of electricity generated bY 7 ~to 11% .Card ,2/4 and the.building time by 8 to 10 months. Plants with 100 to OOV-91-5e-9-1/29 The 'Basi'c Development Trends In Thermio-Power Engineering for the Period .,200 Mw~capaoity would be fitted with 25, or 50 YN gss tur-, -bines. From. 1959 t.0.1.965, gas turbines with a total ca- 'pacity of.1,000 Mware to be installed in 7 electric power Plantp. To cut building costs and save,on materials in short supplyl open or semi-open power plants are to be built. Gas turbines are.'very suitable.here. Special electrical equip- ment for, these conditions is already being produced. By 1965t 9 open plants 'with a total capacity of 4 million kw and 11 semi-open plants with total capacity of 14,175,000 kw.arelto be constructea. The use of an open or semi-open design cuts building time by 4 to 6 months. Apart from new power plantsi the efficiency and output of existing ones can be improved. Power plants with capacities of.50 Mw and over lend themselves.to economical modernization, For this purgose 100 Mvi And'50 Mw turbines for steam at 300 atm, Card 3/4 650 C or 240 atm, 6800C, could be installed in addition to k~d E-N 1 1 ~ I -it I! I R .I .. r: ~ i 11.-1 1 N ~ " , ~ ! . ii I.- ~ I ~qt; !:V.- A i; , ILI I - I I F I - I j a j - ! ~ !I- s:.AflE 11111,11i f,N2 " 1 .1 ii 1 11 1 P"'I ~J` 0, ., . , . 1 , I . I : I -it ~~, 'i f~,f . .1'. 1W." F ; I f * . - 1, 1 - I [ I . il IT, ! i i I p fli I I ~ i ; ;,11 . ~, 414' ~ k I . ~'.. t."llil 1: 4 , I I - I I ~ I - I ~~'l P, I "', `i~ i , ; I I . . : : ~ -I l.if . I ~lffl III IR 11 ~ 1': 1 4" 17 ~,; I i ;L~t .t I 111111HRIti 1~ W . i I i t 1 4 t, i :I. I .7 . . 1 . t 4 I z II I---- - ,1. 1 -I I ! I , ".., !. ; I I t .i 1~ f 1 1 .1, 1, V; I I . - I I I 06 112-3-6541D Translation from: Referativnyy Zhurnal, Elektrotekhnika, 1957, Nr 3, p. 206 (USSR) AUTHOR: Zhilin, V.N. TITLE:, Investigation of a Cyclic Pulse-Amplitude Telemetering. System (Issledovaniye amplitudno-impul'snoy tsiklicheskoy teleizmeritel'noy sistemy) ABSTRACT: Bibliographic entry on the author's dissertation for the degree of Candidate.of Technical Sciences,,presented to the Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute (Leningr., elektrotekhn. in-t), Leningrad, 1956. ASSOCIATION:-Leningrad-Electrical Engineering.Institute (Leningr. elekt'rotekbn. in-t) Card 1/1 : ~, If. AUTHOR. Mlins Vo NO 57.4-o-4713i TITLE. On 'the Theory,of Work of-the Receiving Apparatus at Repeated Teleme.asurements (K voproau o,,teorii raboty priyemnogo uBtroy3tva pri mnbgokratpykh,tsiklicheskikh teleizmereniyakh)o PERIODICAL. Zhurrial Tekhn. Fiz.; 1957., Vol. 27j Nr loj pp. 2392..2397 (USSR). ABSTRAM, The problem of the dependence of the pulsating amplitud~,as function of the scheme parameters as-wel1as of the impulse transmission in the case of stabilized and transition processes, which up to now has not been treated in 14-terature,.is investigatedi The knowledge of this dependence as well'as ihe.possibility to.determine*the time of the transition process is very important, as by-means of it the nel~etfon 9f the parameters of the measuring instrument is carried out4 The 'theoretical analysis'of the reaction of'the valve scheme with a memo- 'ry condenser 'is c-irried out according to the method of consecutive integration,,This makes it possible,to solve the problems. for anal- ready stabilized as well as for a transition state., The characteris- tics of this method consist in the fact that the process of the stan bilization of voltage i6'regarded as a process; of the'inareasing and Card 1/2 drereasing of the voltage of the memory-condenser. The effect.of im. Al ~. : ; "I I, q:. . I.Iiiiii'lilili~iiii~~t~lii;il,il.ltl~"l'i'll~"Il,"~,~'i li " i. li F, I I - ii I ~, A , I., i.; i f ; i " X. I I i 1 1 , I - 1, ~ ., - , , ; 1.1 , 11 L i i _ 0: . ! 11 ", [ 1-1 14 V-11"% i I 1 7 kAC:: -NR: AT7003291 SOURCE CODE; U11/3152/66/000/014/0078/0086 'AUTHOR. Zhi I in, -Yu'. A. ORG: None Barometric levelling in themountains of [Soviet) Central Asia SOURCE. :Razvedochnaya geofizika no.,:14, 1966, 78-86 TIOPIC TAGS: geographic expedition',,Cjeophysic,expedition, geophysic research facility, ^&odet i csurveyi-geo~detic~instrument,*.tr iangulation, barometer, helicopter, ground Survey,--gravimetrie'survey meteorology, meteorologicAeX instrument ABSTRACT.- The experimental-production.work of barometric levelling in order to -tain grit vimetri6~points accurate to'within :t 5.0 motors, done in the summer-fall pIeriod (June-October)'1964, by the vNriGoof.izik jointly with the Southern Goo- physical Expedition of the GPGK of the Tadzhik SSR in the central Tadzhikistan area, is described. 'An MIA-helicopter was use d in the work. Data on the meteorological factors influencing.,the accuracy of barometric levelling in the area are list d, and: .I.the methods used for triangulation' Are.daiieribed. Mean square errors with re:pect ated. The spatial triangulation to absolute elevationalof.fixed points,are tabul method is recommended as simplest and most economical for areas similar to those Ca*rd 1~2 UDC: none Is ;T - 1. IT ;* "',l: 10-11, .11,111".- aaza oi a uingie upper STaTion Ok, IPIIS - DarlO OaSIO OWL IrOM WtatlOnG 01: We relperence AUTHORt Zhilin Ut (Moscow) 40-21-2-9/22 TITLEs Wings~of Minimal Resistance (Kryllya minimall,nogo soprotiv leniya) PERIODICALs Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, 1957,Vol 21,,Nr,2, pp, 213 220 (USSR) ABSTRACT: Ifa body io.flown with supersonic velocity and if.it disturbes an the flow only littlep then the forces acting to the body c be expressed by integrals which are expanded over surfaces which surround~this body. Taking theAwo characteristic sur- faces of.the body as such asurface, then one obtains for the components.of-the acting force v -q 00 2 2 2 2 X = 2 U +V +W +2uvfi+2uwf dydz ~f f . Z] S 2 Y -U q (V+uf )dydz 00 cc y 2 Uc) _30, (w+uf Z) dydz Card 113, S2 is Wings.of Minimal Resistance 40-21-2-0/22 Here x - f(y,z) is the equation of the hinder characteristic surface F 132 f2 + f2 '.S the projection of P onto 29 y I z -2 2 x const, upv,w the components of the velocity of disturbance) Uoo and Ja) the supersonic velocity and the density. Further- more because of the reservation of the nass t 2 U (17fz+vf U)dydz 00 y S2 where is the difference of the projections of the final and the initial arose section of the body. These equations are used for the determination of the potential of disturbance velocity _P(x1yjz) at the hinder characteristic surface..of a wing of minimal resistance. It is shoTm that the sought potential satisfies a Laplace equation with mixed boun- dary.value conditiones 0 Pz) Lpff(Y,Z)py ZI TOYY CPOzz 'fo (Y afo q for y 0 z 9n 2 Card 2/3 JU 1~i! i Wings of Minimal Resistance 40-21-2-9/22 where 1 is the span width and q the Lagrange's constant de- pending on the uplift. The author reminds of the close re- lation"of his~formulas with.the results of R.Jones [Ref 31 Furthermbre the results of a mechanical solution of (1) are collected in some tables and are discussed And the equation for the potential-of disturbance velocity for bodies of mini- mal resistance with fixed given final cross section is established..There are 3 references, 2 of which are 3ovietp and 1 Americans SUBMITTEDs AuguBtlt,1950 AVAILLBLEs Library of Congress MiSs Of rOvolution-Supersonic flow-Theory Card 3/3 FRI i,~ V #101,111"m MIM-11,111"N 91111t. 41l. 1 0 -~l :!. " Al - I: i:~ i.. a, V, .