SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT ZHURAVSKAYA, KH.YE. - ZHURAVSKIY, L.S.
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S
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100
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December 31, 1967
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SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
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111-HISMA Ail .1,
W--- 'USSR Human and Animal Morphology (Normal and:
Pathological). 'Nervous System, Peripheral
Nervous System.
Abs Jour Ref Zhur Biologiyap No 4, 1959$,No&~16925
Author Zhuravskaya,,N. A,_
Inst A 13613ruislan,501entifIC Research Demo-
Venereoloisical Insti tute
Title Development of the L Nervous Ap a~atus: of the
P
Skin of Man During the Intra-ut6i-Ine..
Period*, Report 1. :Development;of Vlater-
'Pacini Corpusoles .of Human Skin'~~Durlng the
Intra-uterine Period
Orig Pub Sb. nauchn..rabot Beloruesk, kozhno-
venerol., in-t, 1957t 5# 132-140
Abstract The skin of the palmt sole and.,flexor sur-
faces'of the fingers.of both extremities of:"
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33
Min
loam 11112mro:41111
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a I
AV, MAIVIMI(I ]III
[filli~llu4plitillEtSI7,4~$11MLollfillnr~IIL, - - MIRL .1
ZHUIrAVMWA, N.V.; BAMMU, I.T.; GIVCWAN, Me
4: Pathomorphological cont
~iology.of endocarditte lentao Part rol - 1
for studies on the role of filtmble forms ofAtre-pt,odoccus,viri4ans
in the etiology of andocarditte lenta. Zhur. mikroblol. epid, I'
immu~,* DO* 11:88-92 N 154. (MLRA 8:1)
griologichookoy,laborstorit (save prof. A.,K SIrdbWx*)
Iz bakt
nauchno-eksperiment ,ailnogo otdoia I terspevticheekik1h klinik (iaiv.
prof. TSA.Tareyev,tprof. B.A.Cherno6bov) Hoikovskogo oblastnego
nauchno-isi3ledovatellskogo klinicheskogo inutitutaimeni N.Y.
Tladimirskogo (dire A.P.Mmychanko)
(BED6CARDITIS, SMACUft IIACMIAL, baotericlogY q
-Streptoo. viridans patholo & morphol. aslecte)
p
(STRIPTOCOCCAL INACTIONS'
viridano, andoearditim, ~ubaau.te bactl. pathol. &
morphol. aspects)
Mll 16im FIRMSUW1221 W1021 MAIN I MUM 11IM1411t hillill IIIIIIIIIIIHIM111 111111111111111111 11111H IIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIII IRIN IIIIII 1AHIVII 131111FAIIIIIIN191 1411101131
USSR/Chemical Technology Chemical Produett'and.
Their Applications Pesticides,'
Abs Jour Ref Zhur'- Khimiya, No 3f 19V~O; 884:01
Author
a a and Matveevi M.A~
.A
.
Inst a~
demv~ e
of ~;
;
n
Academy of c ences of the Uzbek LSSR.~
Title Air-Borne Chemical Methods fot 'the Control
of Suctoridl Parasites of the Cottoii Plant
by Means of Internal-Action Che"micals.
Orig Pub Izv. AN UzSSRI 1956, No 1 ar*
23-33 ~-smm
y
,
in'Uzbek)
Abstract The air-dusting of.,cotton crops w1th mercap-p,
t0fos (0.5 Whectare in 100*1iters) and
oktametil (1.5 kg/hectare) is.highly effec-:
'
tive against:the cottonveb mite
(Tetranychus
urticae Koch) I the melon patch';or cotton plant
aphid (Aphis gossypii Koch), tile 1161cia ttee
Card 1/2
USSR/General and Special Zoologyolnsects ~'.Tnsect P
and Mite Pests. Posts of Coinmercial OH-Bebxing,
Medicinal anC Essontial Oil-Bearing Crop.,)*
Abs Jour i Ref Zh~r~-Biol, No 20$ 1958~ 8P-161
Japftids4*Thd opt'imtun'norm
of the Mites and
of tI
ae working jjqtilds in aeriall(th,-) most
practical) sprayl-rik, 100'150 liters per
hectare, in tractor spraying) P-50-J300 li-
ters per hectare. Octamethyl andmercapto-
phos stimulate additional grovith.of loaves
and the growth of-the primary r IaIote They do
not produce any substantialburns inUe~
plant and increase the quhntibg and quality
of the crop and accelerate its matuvingb The
substitution of thesb poisons by~thoso less
dangerous to warm-blooded animals is, possible
(methyl mercaptophos~M-81). A R, Adrianov,
Card 3/3
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21(8) PDR I BOOIC MWITaxon BOV/3439
Nikitina, T.S..t 'and A*S. Nuzininskiy
rE-
P61imry (9ffeet of1onizing RsAia~MZ~
Deystvi~% toniziruyushabikh izluchebiy n~.
on Polymers)' Moscow, C!oskh1,nJzdatj, 1959. IL01 p. (Seriem . ]Kooccyv. 1jawhm-
iseledovateltskiy inStit-at rezinovoy promphlennogti) En%ta Aip insetted.
4.000 copies printed.
Sponsoring Agenor USSR Sovet Ministrov. Gosudarst"nrqy komitet po khWi.
PURPOSE: This bookletis, intended for scientific vorkerspi ergLneers and technicians
exploring the possibility of using ionizing radiation for cbmigirg properties of
loz)4-chain polymers.
ovie..
COVEM04. An attempt is made to ff= up the Information tnu Sadet atid nou-S
on the behavior of high polymers vhen exposed to lilgh energy raAis;%ion.
The suthors review general pr1naiples of ionizing radiation and its affect on
high polymers, The mcbmism of `processes Induced by mcloar radiation in
Polymers is discussed along vith changes in chemical., phpic.almpinhanioal, an&
electrical properties of polMrs resulting f= exporare of the latter Ito
radiation.' Formation of IanIrAdL solawalesi excited w1emles4rid kree romeals
obtsined from the dissociation of icnized or exafted boletuUs is discussed-
'CiLrd T/4
Effect of X=1514 Radiations (Cont BOV/3439
end results of the IrradistXon of owh polvoric wtarialn,
and synthetic z;IlRber end fiber are analyzed. The role:, of oxnen in the
irradiation of yolymers, the.goo liberation and the dependlempe of change In
mole*W.ar veight on the radiation dosage is explainedt Mo st%%4 Of ~"ri-
mental results reveals that tVe irradiation of polywr 6011WMdg prodmts
substantiAl changes in all their a. Basicallyp -11w irradiation of
po3,ymrs remalts either in crosolinking or scission of tbitir ahains, Con-
ditions under vb1ah radiation takes place., such as tesperiLturej. radiation
dosep polymer phue., ate, we not oonsidered, The onentlIx listo & =nober
of irradiated polymers with changes in their pro rties indAud. by radiati6n.
There an 206 referencew 30 Soviet and 176 non-Soviet 12 ftglish, Dorman.,
Prench and Swedish.
rp OF a
Intioduction 4
1. General Information
Interaction of radiation and matter 5
Units of measurement exployed in the field of ionizing re&Ation 6
Sources of radiation
Card 214
Effect of Ionizing Radlations (Cont.) ~07/3439
General principles of radiation chemistry of high pol~uers 10
2. Radiation Chemistry Processes in Polymers. Change in PvTertles
of Polymers Resulting PromL the Exposure to Radiation, 14
Physicoebemical processes talting place In polymers exposed
to radiation 14
Crosslink-ing .15
Breakdown 20
Change in solubility and,molecular veight 22
Goa release
Oxidation 26
Change in concentration of double bonds 31
Change in physical properties ~4
Degree of crystallinity 35
Specific gravity 36
Coefficient of therwalexpLnsion 37
Electrical properties ~37
Chwge In mechanical properties
Th6r, -1 chaniml rties of irrAdisted polymers
Mbdulus of elasticity
Card 3/4
Effect of Ionizing Radiation's (Cont.) MI/3459
Stability and relative elongation 42
Penetrability of . gas 43
3- Iffeat of Radiation on Various High Polymer Xateri&U 45
Polymere built up by radiation 45,
P63,vethylene 45,
Polyetyrene 47
Natural and, syntlietic eexbou-chadn rubber 48
Polysiloxen 55
Wyvinyl ebloride., pol3mbloroprene., fluorim* rubbers 58
Polywre broken down by radiation 61,
Po3,vmtbyl methwryUte 61
Polyisobutylene
66
Plolytetrafluorethylene... polytriflaorochlormthylene 67'
Fibers
Conclusion 73.,
Appendix 74~
Bibliography 97
AVAUAM: Library of Congress
Card 4/4
W6-60
15(9) Sav/63-4_1-10/5~
AUTHORS: Kuzlminskiy, A.S., Professorp Zhuravskaya, Te,V.
TITLE: The Resistance of Rubbers-to the Action ol' Ionizing Radiat,ion
(Stoykost' rezin k deyatviyu io."iziruyushi:hikh izluchen_Zv)
PERIODICAL: r
Khimicheskaya nauka promyshlennostlq~19159,s Vol 4, N
p 69-73 (USSR)
p
ABSTRACTt The development of the atomio industry'need's radiation-re.
sistant rubbers. Thia resistance i-sAetcrmined by the azabil-
ity. relativa lengthenine, elasticity hgxdness, etc measured
after a fixod expo3ure time. Ionizing rudiation. produced large
amounts of ions and ex-j!.ted mollecules,*, dostroyBoh emical bands
and formsfree radicals. There are Tyco zrincipal proc.'erssesi
tbe lestruction of macromolecular cheins and the structure
formationy consisting in the formation of chemical C-C bonds
between separate polymer molecules* The increase of:the density
of the three-dimensional net is accompanied by a --edu'ction of
the relative lengthening and elasticity as well as by ar~ in-
'
crease of the hardness. 'At doses ot5 ', Ii 0a - _ 09 T;, m o a
t
rubbers are transformed into a brittle 31ass-like material.
Card 1/3 The effect depends easentially on the natuire of the rubber.
SOV163-4-1-10131
The Resistance of Rubbers to..the,Ao.tion of Ionizing Radiation.
The different rubber types may be arra~geei.fn'the follo'wing de-
clining seriest polydimethyl-siloxane:Tubb6r (SET), buAadiene-
-nitrile (SKN-26), sodium-butadiene (M), vinyl-pyridineo~
butadiene-styrene (SKS-30), naturalg and is-oprene rubber. The
equilibrium module is approximately proportional to the number
of cross connections per I cm3 of polymer.' Figure I shows the
changes of thia~ module at an irradiation of 26 - ln '6 r/holir.
The low structure formation of natural ru.bber is explained by
the simultaneous destruction. Butyl-rubber isthe less re-
siatant to ionization. Acrylateal chloroprene and nitrile
rs may be recommended at doses to -Lo7 r. Vulcan~izat'
polyme es
on the bass of butadiene:-styrene cop6l yver retain satisfying
physical-mechanical indicei'at doses,of 109 r. Heat'"! and ion-
ization-resistance was tested simultaneously in polysilicon,
urethan-isocyanate and fluoro-elastomerso: Urethan-isoeyanates
show good results at doses of-up t9,108 -,' 109 r. irradiation
of sulfur vulcanizatps by small doses loads'to the form6tion
of additional C-C cr6ss, bonds with increasied beat-resistance.
The radiation-resistance of synthetic' rubbevs is lo wer than
that of natural rubber. Vulcanization conditions have no
Card 2/3 effect on radiation-resistance. Th4 introduction of anti-
SOV/6 3 -1
The Resistance of.Rubbers to the Action of Ionizing Radiation
oxidants has a positive effect in this respect. The presence
of chemically bound sulfur reduces the rate of.,:,structure
form�Ltion. The use of large amounts of "heavY" fillers';like
lithoponeq accelerates the aging process. The brittleness
and hardness induced by irradiation cannot te:eliminated.by,
means of plasticizers; like dibutyl-eebacinate, dioctyl-
phthalate, etc.'-Protective additions are aniline and benzo-
quinon,e in the case of polymethylmethacrylate as well as ac-.
ceptora for free radicals? like m-dinitrober,zenep 2,4-dinitro-
phenol, etc.. ~"Modlfied"-fillers which adsorbed various in-
gredients on their surfa *ce and then subjected to irradiation
show good resultz rRelf 17-7.
There are 2 sets of graphs, I table, and 30 references,; 5of
which are Soviet., 24 English and 1 French.
Card 3/3
SALIMOV, M.A. ZHURAVSKkYA, Te.V.; KIYZ'141HSKIY, A.S.
Gbanges in the structure of sodium-butudiens rubber under
Ionizing radiationo VastoMoskouneSer.mat., mekh , aFstron.,
fiz., khim. 14 no,3:177-183 159- 641i~ 13:5)
1. Kafedra fixicheskoy kbimli Hookovskogo gosudarstvennw..univer-
aiteta I Naticbno-issledavatellakiy institut resinavc7 proaV-
RhlnrmnRtl.
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ACCESSION NR: AP4042191
S/0190/64/006/0fYI/1308/1312
AUTHOR: Kuzlminsldy, A, S., F6doseyeva, T. S., Lebedev, Ya.~S., Duehachenko, A. Lj'
I.Zhuravskaya, Ye. V.
I TITLE: Nature of the free radicals formed in irradiated polydimethylsiloxanes
VSOURCE: Vy*sokomolekulya=y*ye soyedinenlya, v. 6, no. 7, 1964,,~43&3-2312"
TdPIC TAGS: polydimethylsiloxane, Ohenylene derivative, hydroxypheny-tene derivative'
Irradiation, free radical, Gamma Irradiation, electron p~raznagnetlc xeirmance, EPR_
1: spectrum, polymer radiation effect
!ABSTRACT: The mechanism of action of. irradiation on polydimethylsuoxrme and Its phbaylene-
-and hydroxyphenylene~ containing derivatives during the formation of free radicals was
investigated by subjocting the polymers to -irradiation (C060 = 10000 g. equiw Ra.) at _Digac.
in vitcuum at a doso of 25 Mrad. Electron paramagnetic resonance opectnt aoWed that two
types of radicals (singlet and triplet) are formed corresponding to
113
t 46173-66
ACC. NRt _AP6021206 CA) SOURCE CODE: Ult/0138,166/000/003/00.49/0.033
AUTHOR: ChTR~~~Chapyzhnikovp B. A 1 Mjkhay1ovap_G# N,;.Zhuravskaya, To. V#;
WWI
Kuzlminskiy, A* S.
ORG: FIVSicochemical Institute im. L. Ta. Karpoy (Fiziko-khim!Loheskiy institut)VO
Scientific Research Institute of the Mibber Industr7 Oauobno-issiedovatell.skj in
tut rezin6voy promyshlonnosti)
TITLES Ridioactive method lolf determining oxygen in olastom'ra. during their:processin
and aging
SOURCES Kaucht* i rezinap no. 3, 1W, 49-53
TOPIC TAGSt wrygen,, elastomorp radioisotope
ABSTRACTS A method has been developed for determining the ox7gen.content Of polymers
directly during their processing and agingp the sample being unaffected bi the'analy-
sis. It consists in activating the nuclei of'oxygen and,:'oarboh 1:tosent in'the~ polymer
by'means of gamma radiation* then identifying the radiols'atc-ped romod. Since the
radioisotopes 015 and C11 &r? formed simultaneously during the irradiation, in order
to measure the activity of 0 5 against the background of.C1!i9a technique of discrimi-
nation involving the use of a laboratory scintillation analyzor was em~lojved. The
method was first applied to the study of the oxidation kinettes of raw mid cured rub-
bers during rollingg vulcanization, and radiation agin fend then to the Idetermination
Card 1/2 UDC1 678.41.1i543W44:621.D9.83_1~1
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sveki'
hur y 114
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1ITLEs On a genevalisati~'& of the mbdul 'trani f 6'riiiat'i one of :th
:theta functions
PERIODICAM
'
Referativnyy zhurnat,i*atem6tikaj no. ,5:v )96,p 71
,
abstrai
~t '5B379. (Z 19
ap.:Leningrad.,:gora4-
5 9
51 `66),
e cooling of a e:~: le adi 'to, the deter-'
The-problem.,of th
of_ absolution of,,the,equation
t m (0 .1)
-which satisf ies the initial odndiiioh.u simd~ the ~o a,r
/t~.O f Unr
conditions
I- ;M.O : f
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a rtm, of eigeni-
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u X, x :x
0~
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PHASE I BOOK ZXrLJOXTATWX 3a"001
Leningradakty elektrotekhnIcheakly I=tltut 2"1 In. N.A. Bonch-
amoviaha
3bornik studencheaklkh aAucbnykh rabot, T". I (Colldotl*-k of Stu-
dent 3cl*ntlflc Projects. Nr 1) lAnIngrad, 1959. 87 P. 500
copies printed.
C'
Additional Sponsoring Agency: U=. Malsterstwo svyaz*-. V:
leap. Id.j X.O. X2y&tmkln, Professor. Doctor or Techn1cal ftleucos;
Reap. Secrat&ry% O.M. Sapronov, UXLneari Tech. Zd~% q.v.
Wlohln&kAyas tdltorW Boards I.Q. Jayatakin (Rax2. 9d.)
Professor pootor or Teahaiama saiences, o.m. Sapronov, (A*sp.
Secretary$ Engineer, M.?. Prorexxor, D.P. Zhax-ave'laT.
Student. &.A. 0*11d", Znginesr, %.I. ProkopovIchs EnzInders Xh.
1. Cherno. Docent, Y.Y. R&xum-,vakiy. 104ant. I.M. Netter, Vo4wnt,
S.X. Reyman Doc:xxt va. TIk"now Xn&Uoor, I.S. Yomlchev, Z.Z.
3obm,a)mya: Doe nt: and )).I(. Docent.
PtMr=3 %us colloctlan of articles was published In order to &4-
quaint the'Vatato with the woric or students or the rAningra-i coc=,I-
n1cationat Institute 1A&AL N.A. Down-Bruyovlch- , Vie artIoles
may also be useful to commanicetion technicians.
COVnACM% The pap*ro presented at the 1 9$3 *4nf4r*6" of the $41en-
tine student Society of the Instit"s, concerned such "w problc=
AS electronic automatlo telephone aza%&Az*s* *Iwctror&14 coAputet,
colored television, and a2setronic tel*Zraph. This collectloA
"ftt&LrLa 12 articles which were selaot*4 from the 90 pa7tro sub-
nltt#d at the coniforenco. ** persorAUtioa are mantloned. Isr*r-
emes accompany most or the artleles.
TA= 07 CORrZKT3s
IWAXICT T.D., InV~StlgttJM of Junction Transistor ZIOCk%Ag 06611-
24 t
3econ4u7 A12 03 Ilectroo Ulesion 32
SorokIn. L.J, Description of laboralor7 Zqulpmant Par Uvest.Ozatlan
or ra=g wta Measurement or Field Strength b4
darinshtsyn, A.M. , Detarainatton of To r"7 trror of CloCtrICALL
53
P. -mmstruent For Vlauaz m4*rvati4n or Cryaw
Chajov--kcv A.S. in"atigation or Tize Parameters or a ST-35
xoz~' tv G.D. Capacitor UmleoMuctor =P-Spowd Memory
R-SImt9r HavIne &,I-tel TrI=tz- -4. -
:411ger. AAH ]~-_Wam or phagv bordazicm --l'-satroAle
AVAXIA=i Ubrary of Congresi
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Physiological nature of the synthenio of citric acill in
Aspergillus niger Mich, Trudy Inat. mikrobiol. no. 6-116-231
159.
(~M 13:10)
1., Veasoyuznyy nauchno-iseledovatellakiy institut konditerskoy
promyshlennosti.
(C'MICLACID) (ASPMIUUB NIMR)
ZRUUVSKIY,,q.4.,.;, Tlff=TIYRVA, O.F.
Overcoming the buffer capacity of molasses as a Sundamental prG,requi-
site.of its efficient utilization in the productlon of citric itald',
by submerged fermentation. Kikrobiologila 28 no,,4t605-61O JI-Ag 159.
1 - (KIP! UtU)
1. Vseooyuznyy usuohno-iseledovatel skiy instltul; koiftditorvloor'~
proEVehleunosti i LeningTadekiy zavod llmonnv Vtoloty,
(MLASSMS) (CITRIC ACID) (YMMMUTION)
j-, ... I - .-
Fill M~
-- -- --
asom
all)
Sir
4) LAO
inshener; TZMTIGH, D., radaiktor; THURHILROVA, A.,
"I~e hnicheekly rodaktor.
[Yinishing work; plastering and painting] Otdslo-:hnyo raboty;
shtukaturnyo i muliamye. Minsk. Goo. Izd-vo BSSR radaktafte. nauch-
no-tekhniaheskoi lit-ry, 1953. 92 Ouju 8:2)
(Plastering) (House painti4lo
lar It HiM Hill Illullf.11il, . ........ . .. .
inzh.; ZAVGORODNYI,- Y.K.,
ABRAMOV,, L.M., inzh.; ZIWA
inzh.0 retsenzent; PRFOBRAZHOSKIY, A.Yu.,, ro.d.; ELIKIND,
V.D., tekhn, red.
[Use of plastics in the manufacture of textile rutchinery]
Primenenle plastmass v tekstillnom mashinostroenii; Iz
opyta, proizvodstva priadillnogo oborudovanila. HoAva,
Mashgiz, 1963. 113 P. (MIRA 16:11)
(Spinning machinery) (Plastics)
Ali' IIIIIIIH
Plastic components for textile machiner7. Takatoprov. 20
no-2:28-32 2 160. (XM 13:6)
1, Iepolrq&yu9hchiy obyas-nnosti glavuogo.kenstruktora zavodA
Tashtekstillmash (for Zhuravskiy)* 2e.lachallnik.takhnologi-i
cheskogo Wale, Spetsiallnogo konstruktorskogo by= tekstill-
z090 mashiuOstMeulya (for Kogim).
(Plastics) (Textile machinM)'
ZHt1RAV3kLL-Lj.; MISHINA, M.B.
Ubjective method for determining the rate of healing.of woum4a by
first intention. Biul.eirep.biol. i mad. 43 no.4:12-4-125 Ap 10.
(MIRA 10110)
1. Iz kafedz7 obahchey, khirurgii (zav. - pr*f. A.O.Xaravanov).
Kelininskogo neditainskogo institute (dlr. - p-roJ'..R.I.aavrilo0,'
Predatavlena dayntvitelInym chlenom AMN SSSR'V.N.Ghernigoveine
(WOUNDS A14D INJURIES'
healing rate determ., method)
........ 11[mall;IIIIIIII 111mill ulto Ilia[ 1111113M. I
=41 VI?-A MAIL
r
1246. STATISTICAL DATA ON INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE BILE
DUCTS (Russian text) - Z h u r a v a k Y. L. S. - VESTN. EMR. 1957. 78A
(55-60) Tables 5
A number of numerical data have been recorded on the basis of 185 cases In the
surgical department and 95 cases in the department of internal medicine. They are
concerned with patients' age and sex, erroneous diagnouen etc. bi 467o of the cases
the pain had been accurately localized, in 14% not accurately localized and in 3.5%
of the cases absent. The temperature was normal In 52.01A of the Callen. Vomiting
was seen in 37.5%, jaundice in 17.2%, and muscle spasm wns,encountered In 34r,4#
of the surgical cases and in 716 of the cases in the internal w4rds. The gallbladder
could be palpated in 31;396 of the cases. Leucocytosis oncillat6d between 10,000 and
40.000. BSR between 15 and 74 mm. in the first hour, by the Westergren metho&
imes
Duodenal intubation was carried out 50 times. Lambliasts wau observed only t
Conservative treatment was given in 160 cases: of'these 100 patienta, 5 died (3.1%).
Of 74 patients treated by operation, 4 died (5.7%). The duration of the hospitaliza-
tion was in the majority of the surgical cases (6076) 1.5-2 months. Causes of death
were: peritonitis in 2 cases (operation at a late date), cholangitia In I case; in I
case the cause of death could not be determined. Cholecystectomy wan performed
66 times, and cholecystostomy 3 times. Drainage of the We ducts was done in 15
cases. Gallstones were found in 4L instances~ Surgical treatment is the treatment
of choice. Operation is often carried out too late, with the conasquent necessity of
a prolonged stay in hospital. Chwat - LAdt
-------------L
ZHMVSKIY, LG.j,,,MAlAMVA, IG,
Some deficiencies of the apparatus for other coqrgeu anesthesia. Bove made
23 noi,3:134-88 W 159. (xia zz;4)
I*-Ix kafedry fakulltetskay khb-urgii (zav. prof. A. G. Wavanov)
Xallninskogo gosudarstvannogo madits inskogo inst it.uta (dir. prof. IL I.
Gavrilov).
(AMSTMIOIM. IMMIAT101r, appare A Inotramonts,:
m1funotioning def ic. (Has))
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