SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT BERLIN, A. A. - BERMAN, V. C.

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December 31, 1967
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SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
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to fc,.,:-: UDC 547,281.1-.547-455:546.65-36 FJ11XT OF RARF,EA1= P-ETA'- v-nrCXI= ON THE REACTION OF FORYALDE[r= CONDENSATION WIQ SU;tLM -1~1 1,--, 01-;:/ rkt-.'7~) , 611", 7 (Article by.A. A. Berlin, 0. V. kr 7lov and.Yuj_.Xq. Sinynk; Moscow, =xr.-aitiiEW'-R4snian, Voil, ?fu=, 19711 PP 33-36, r.-AtLPd far PUbl1CAt10n 9 BArch 1,,-701 Abbtrnct: '."his paper riven a review of the liter alture on c~4tAlyuts or the reaction or formaldehyde conden tion into n%ij-,arri. Tnkint! irta naco,~zt that every catalyat of thin r~nctlon rA3 an ion radiusf it is suggested that new catA- lyata thou.1d te scrarht a:zong reagents whose ion radius can. fOrms to "a required carAitions. Several catalysts based on lanthanides a-e considered suitable. It was found that f4t 1100C thuli,=, dy5pmajum, erbi=, CurOpLu:11, oWmri=j ceriur. ar-A sc%rAtum hydroxides accelerate the for=tion or cnrtoh~%Lratc5. Tne pro4uczion of carb6twl-raten is are of the wst Important links i a r-yetem for r!;ruduclor foods for man during future apace flights. Moat of the systemn for the p!iysicochemicel. synthesis of carbohydrates are based on the Vor=',Acn-,-.ir cendensatioo reaction. A. Y. &Atlerov (le6l) was the, first to d~rannLrntn the possibility or finythesizing carbohydrates from CHL) CIV(C-4)" t:2COV MCOH~' and N&V03 or' catalysts. 1~ate- Lza-V d-laco-rered tmt Aiv~;Itarxp4sly with the Cf~?O conaensatian reaction Lh-,rr Is 4L d.r-=&tat1a= proc~,s4' tnot ir, the eonnatloa or romic acid ana :ujtayl~ &Icahn',. The rate of thene processes is dependent on the c alkalinity a.- t" catalyst. With. Lin Iner unc in trio latter JNAOU, KOH) We "==uzLt1Q- process, la, accelerated; at the aamt tilne, UIA weak &I-kali ca(CH), rnvars the canderahtion process. The candenrntion r-t~ctlc-6 t r =1111, ft Ir-ost twice as rt%pld %;hci a of 3r* o,,At~v~, crlorldc in added to IN roacLion m4.xtur--; an t~rje otte.- nar,,i, potaraiLur. nitrate and sodium neetatm Blow 4,Wn tnis process. Polymers-and Polymerization USSR UDC 541(64+67):678.76 MkTNISHYAN, A. A., ZELENETSKIY, A. N., LIOGON'KIY, B. I., a d BERLIN-A.,.A. 'IDetermination of Redox Potentials of Electron Exchange Polymers Witha Conjugation System" Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 13, No 5, May 71, pp 1170- Abstract: An equilibrium method for determining redox potentials of insolu- ble, slightly swelling compounds (those unstable towards oxidizing agents, as well as compounds with low redox potentials) has been developed. The method is based on the calculation of the potential of a redox.pair in equilibrium with the studied system. When two redox systems,interact, an equilibrium will set up between them after sonte time, when Ei = E2. From the Nernst equation and above condition the formula was,developed for cal- culation of the unknown E2 0 /n [013 1/n, E E + 'r Irk R21% 02 = 01 [R [021) 1/2 USSR HMNISHYAN, A. A., et al., Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 13, No 5, May 71, pp 1170-1175 where (01], (R11 are the concentrations of the oxidized and reduced forms of the soluble system, and [021, [R21 -- of the insoluble system (test system), and n is the number of electrochemical equivalents. Using this formula, the normal redox: potentials of polyphenylenequinone, polyphenyl- 6nehaloquinone, polyphenylenesulfoquinone, indigo, thioindigo, and poly- thioindigo were determined for the first time. 2/2 L/2 022 UNCLASS[FiED: PROCESSING DATE--30OCTIO TITLE--OXIDATION OF DIPHENYLMETHANE:IN THE PRESENCE OF POLYPHENYLACETYLENE -4kUTHOR-(04)-BERLIN, A.A.v ASEYEVAr R.M., YARKINAP V.V.w KOBRYANSKIYI V.M. ~~.CCUNTRY OF INFO--USSR ::SOURCE--KINET, KATAL. 1970, llff 241-4 DATE PUBLISHEd ------- 70 SUBJECT AREAS--CHEMLSTRY JOPIC TAGS--BENZENE DERIVATIVE, OXIDATION, ACETYLENEv ORGANIC AZO -COMPOUNDy ORGANIC NITRILE COMPOUNDt CONJUGATE BOND SYSTEM, ANTIOXIDANT "ADOITIVE CCNTROL MARKING--NO RESTRICTIONS -DOCUMENT CLASS--UNCLASSIFIED -,:PROXY REEL~FRAME-1992/1620 STEP ND--UR/0195/1'0/011/001/0241/0244 CIRC ACCE SSION NO--AP0112614 UNCLASSIFIED 2/2 022 UNCLASSIFIED:~ PROCESSING DATE--30OCT70 ,CIRC ACCESSION NO--AP0112614 ABSTRACT~EXTRACT--(U) GP-0- ABSTRACT. THE REACTION WAS STUDIED MANOMETRICALLY. POLY(PHENYLACETYLENE) (1) INHIBITS OXIDN. OF PH SUB2 CH SUB2. INTRODUCTION PERIOD OF PH SUB2 CH SUB2 OXION. INCREASED ~.LINEARLY WITH I CONCN. ON REACTION WITH FREE RADICAL-Sw ABSORPTION OF I DECREASED AT DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS DIFFERENTLY. BEST, ~JNHIBITORS ARE THE PARTS OF I MACROMOL, HAVING EXTENDED CONJUGATIONo DURING A REACTION OF I WITH PH SUB2 CH'SUB2 THE CONCN. OF PARAMAGNETIC CENTERS IN I DECREASED. ANALOGOUS EFFECTS wERE OBSERVED WHEN I WAS KEPT JN THE PRESENCE OF AZOBISISOBUTYRONITRILE IN THE~ABSENCE OF 0. FACILITY: MOSK. INST. TONKOI KHIM. TEKHNOL. IM. LOMONOSOVA, MOSCOW, ~,USSR. l0jrl A.I;r%lFlr-n ldili-iw id il .1 .; 1: PI I I Acc. Nr. P0048826- 90938a El r -pendence on Dulov A '* A - ' Xhim. Fiz, 11 IZ(1), 14-bU ( poly(quinoned noneamine) ( ronediiinine), (VIV,wd p9 10-5 t 2 grou tion to ladder elec. cond.; t Ile activatio creased on tra Ladderlike p spins, suggest mation of par or NH-. A ectrical ,10scow. Kwss). ioxin) IV), ly(quirionephenodithiazine) nim. ps) like he n nsition olymers ing amagnetic 64% Abstracting Service: Ref. Code CHEMICAL ABST.~ -U 1? 0 q,~-y conductivity of polyquinones and its de- the chemical structure of the polymkr molecules. Gurov. A.A.; Liogon'kii. B. I.; Berlin', A-kAmt. USSR). I V'Vsokomol. lswq!T.;~ ~,er. A 1970, The elec. cond.. of pol~(quinone oxide) (1), (11), polv(quinonethioxin) (Irl), poly(qui- ne) _(V), p poly(quinonethiazi o y(quinonequi- (VD, poly(quinonenaphthoquinone' 1,4-diimine) (VIID measwed at Introduction nf 0 bridges (and W a lesser ex- in dec. co id. A'tr led to a marked decline I ansi- Prnpanied by. a i polymers was;accc n increase in increase was most significant in V1 vs. V111. enerKv increased :and the sp. ele~. cond. de- from the oxidized to the hydroquinone form. contained. a higher i ~ of " unpa-ir'ed that introduction of 0 bridgt., hindered the for centers considerably-strongor than either CKJR REEL/FRAME 19800589 mn f!N~, ~ 1111.11, V Abstracting Ser'ice: Acc. Nr: AFOO5f'T-!#534 CH ENMI CAL AB S T. Ref Code: 0 0 U1209s "Condensation" of a polymer solution. B r1in A, ---~~Aj Savadvan, A. A.; Enik-olnwan, N. S. (Inst. Khi.m.'A-7- Nts-- -r4ftV, USSIO. VYS(Ikumol, 5'(Wrir, -Scr. ff Moil I ~1(1 1, lb-- 19 (Russ). Math. anal. ofthL%theriniDdvhaniic:clittr,,)rl(,,ristic-sofdil. polymer solns. showed that when. 6e polymer nwis. have a ten. dency to interact, forming coik,'there is a crit, cohen. (c),above which there is a ten(leng toward formation of larpr colls contg. many mols. Under certain condition's tile polvmiir mavlorm a single, large dissolved. coil. In a poor solvent or ar the ~ Point C Hmvever, in a good solvent c < -. Also c ~lecrease4; with the increase in thv mol. wt, of the.undissocti. polymer. CPJR.j -07 F ID 1/2 LINCL ASS I E PRUCESSING DATE--090CT70 ..T-ITLE-THERI-~,'*L TR".NSFORMATICAS OF SLNE AROMAT I C P J3 L YA 4 10 (1 A ND '?OLYAMIXG;~MIOG ACIDS -U- OULD"Ir A.A.v LIUGONKIY,i Lk . -1 A.A. Vjj---- - UF iNFO-USSR S~ OR4- VV S L; i-S SE.4,. 1,3 7 .0 ,.1212) t401-~, .~nATE P *%;RZ5 LS, -Z: S U 6J E C T AR ~'L S - -N 1 S, Y _R M, I A' L S X "k y 0 1 F F -A AI IN f EC T.R M I C R U S C 0 P Y , C ON J U G A T E D: P:IE &T H E ai A I DEGkADATIL", Tfz~4 'RE MAT;ER'A-L- riElLAIUCYCLIL L ~T 4 i PULYnUCLEAR HYDROCARBON -CaNTROL MARKING-NO RESTRICrIONS -.00CUMEhT CLAS~---UNCLASSIFIED PRUXY REEL/fRAME-1992/0763 STEP CIRC ACCESSIGN Nij--AP0111955 UNCLASSIFIED 001 Jill! H-' 11 l1:: '1111,111 1-iiitl- ir; i i TI .212 070 UNCLASSIFIED OROCESSING DATE--090CT70 :CIRC ACCESSION NO-AP0111955 GP-,,- A3srRACT. TVE EFFECTS "F PYROLYSIS TEMP. WAS STUDIEFJ~Gri 1 IA IS A DIRECT BOND7 Ps CH susz, OR POLY INAPHTHOYLENEBI SbENZ I MI DALOLE OR IL (R IS A DIRECT BOAD OR 0), THE PREP%. OF WHICH WAS REPORTED 13Y A. A. BERLIN, If AL. ( 1.966-B) IR SPECTkrjsCGPYt X RAY DIFFRACTIONt ELECTRUN MICROSCGiPY, AND EPR --SPEC-TROSCOPY WERE USED TO ESTABLI.SH THAT THE ORD8RING oF I OR 11 PR 9- 400DEG-REES. THIS IS DUE TO 13 EEi)S AT SMALLER THAIN OR EQUAL TO FGRMATION OF THE CONJUGATED HETER0CYCLJC POLYMERS,; SUC*~i AS III OR IV. -:~'-'AT-500DEGREES AND SMALLER THAN OR EQUAL TO 800DEGREES,:THE-STRUCTURE .~~--ORDERING OF III ANO IV DECREASES OWING ra THERMAL DEGRADATION. FACILITY: INST. KHIM. FIX.s MOSCOW, USSR. 1-111'C L 4 SS t r- I E 0 1 2 023 UNCLASSIFIED ~PROCESSING DATE--11SEP70 T-'Mr--~-THERMODYNAMICS OF FORMALDEHYDE TPIOXANE POLYFORMALDEHYDE SYSTEM -U- AUTHGR- ERLIN A.A.t VOLFSON, S.A., OLEINIKt E.F.~v~ENIKOLOPYANv N.S. .COU.N.T.RY. OF INFO-T-USSR ~.SGUR.CE--VYSOKOMOL* SOEDIN. SER..A 1970,112(2), 443-9 ~.DATE PUBLISHED ------- 70 -SUBJECT AREAS--CHe-MISTRY OPIC.TA,GS--THERMODYNAMICS, IR SPECTRUMr FORMALDEHYDE, TRIOXAME, -,..~POLYFORMALDEHYDE C ONTROL MARK ING-NO. RESTRICTIONS r 30CUMENT CL4SS--UNCLASSIFIED PRMY REEL/ FRAME-1989/0245 STEP ND--Uq/0459/7n/012/()02/0443/!)44'-) CIIRC ACCESSION NO--AP0106901 UNCLASSIFIED 2/2 023 UNCLASSIFIED PROCESSING DATE--IISEP70 'Co I R it ACCESSION MO--AP0106901 ABST'RACT/EXTRACT--(U) GP-0- ABSTRACT. THE IR SPECTRA OF HCHO (G) ANn TRIOXANE (G) ( I ) i&R E 01 FFERENT .IR SPECTROSCOPY'WAS USED TG DET. THE ~.RFLATIVE AMTSIV- OF HCHO AND I IN THE VAPOR PHASE ABOVESOLID -POLYFORMALDEHYDE (11) IN THE 25-72DEGREES.RANGE. FROM THE RELATIVE CONCNS., AND THE REPORTED THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HCHO, It AND III- THE~THEPMDDYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF~:HCHOAND I POLYMN. WERE CALCD. THE ACTIVATION ENTHALPY, ENTROPYv AND FR Ef~ ENERGY ARE GIVEN OF SOLID f)R L10. LIQ. OR GASEOUS HCHO AND LIQqj"GASEOUSt OR SOLID 1. 11: FORMATION:FROM 1/ 2 ~017 UNCCASSIFIFD' ;7PROCESSING OATE--27NOV70 ,~-TlTLE--SYNjHESIS AND STUDIES OF S.014E POLYA14040 ACfOS -tl- _~--AUTHOR-(03)-BERLIN, A.A.t LIOGONKIYt SHXMRAYEVf G.M. COUNTRY OF INFO--USSR _SOURCE--VYSGKOMQL. SOEDIN., SER. A ~1970, 12(4), 938-47 DAT aPUBLISHED ------- 70 ~.SUBJECT AREAS--CHEMISTRYt MATERIALS. TOPIC TAGS--ORGANIC SW4THES[St POLYCONDENSATION, NAPHTHALE, NE, CARBOXYLIC AC, 10i ANHYDRIDEP AMINEP BENZENE DERIVATIVEt WOUND, PLASTIC POLYAMIDE c 'i FILMY.HETEROCYCLfC NITROGEN COMPOUNDI' POLYNUCLEAR. HYOAOCARBON CONTROL MARKING--NO RESTRICTIONS CLASS--UNCLASSIFIEO -i~~PROXY REEL/FRAME--3006/1494 STEP NO--UR/0459170/012/004/0938/0947 CIRC ACCESSION NO--AP0135155 UNCLASSIFIlr-0 777- -2/2 017 UNCL ASS IF I ED.~ ~PROCESSING DATE--2714OV70 CIRC ACCESSION NO--AP0135155 'ABSTRACT/EXTRACT--(U) GP-0- ABSTRACT. THE POLYCONBENSATION OF lo4t5i'SiNAPHTHALENETETRAGARBOXYLIC ACID;~:DIANHYDR:'IDE11) WITH 3,3 _:,PRIJliE,DIAMINO8ENZfDENEl '213 PRIME, 4t4 PRIME TETRAAMI)NODIPHENYLMETHANE, Oq ~3,3 PRIME, 41 4 PRIME,TETRAAMIN301PHENYL ETH'ER IN 'APROTIC SOLVENTS GAVE THE CORRESPONDING POLYAMIDES.- . THE. HIGHEST! VISCOSITY OF THE REACT[ ON -MIXT. WAS OBTAINED WHEN -1-2PERGENT I EXCESS WAS USED TO MAKE UP FOR I HYDROLYZED TO THE TETRACARBOXYLIC. ACID. NE EVAPN. OF THE SOLNS. GAVE. POLYAMIDE FILMS, WHICH ON HEATING IN VACUO 2 HR AT 300DEGREES GAVE IS 1ABSENT, 01 OR CH SU82). FACILITY: INST, KHIM. PIZ., MOSCOWs USSR. UNCLASSIFIEU 1/2 030 UNCLASSIFIED iPROCESSING DATE--040EC70 T-ITLE--DEHYDROGENATION AND CROSSLINKING OF SATURATED PQLYMERS -U- A.A., LIOGONKIYI B.1 I MATNISHYAN~ A.A.;, MVSOELYANI *COUNTRY OF INFO--USSR ~.,_:,,S OURC E--U S . S . R. 265,4313 EPROM. OBRAZTSYt TOVARNVE INAKI 1970, QATE -:PUBL I SHED ~-09MAR 70 ~.',-,~SUBJECT AREAS--CHEMISTRY TOPIC'TAGS--ELECTRON ACCEPTOR CHEMICAL PATENT, POLYMER, DEHYDROGENATION, POLYMER CROSSLINKING, QUINONE ~CONTROL MARKING--NO RESTRICTIONS ,,OOCUMENT CLASS VNC L A S S 11: 11: 0 PROXY REEL/FRAME---3007/Ll6ft STEP NO--UR/04821'10/()00/000/0000/0000 CIRC ACCFSSION 7,40--AA0137004 ~-_112~_ '025 _UNCLASSIFit6 01~OCFSSING DATE--13NOV70 -3.1 TL E- -S P PC L YC QAJ U GA T Eo ECIFICITY OF THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERT I ES 0 F SYSTEMS.-U- A U T H 0 R NFO--lJSSR 'COUNTRY GF-I C 1970, NO.' ~29, 187-9 SOURC-E--J. POLYM. SCI., PART ~,~DATE PUBLISHED ------- 70 SUBJECT. AREAS--CHEM ISTRY :JOPIC TAGS--CONJUGATE BOND SYSTEM, PARAMAGN ET ISM, Off,G AN I CCOM P L E X COMPOUN0, POLYMER, POLYETHYLENE, THERMAL STABI L ITY~l CONTROL MARK t,'ll,;--NQ ES TR I CT 1 ON S -'DO,CUi4ENT~~CLASS--UI,JCLAS'41FIED PP.OXY.KEEL/FRAAE--3001/0133 STEP 1,)fJ--US/0000/70/000/029/0187/01ii9 ACCESSION NO--AP0125954 02.5 UNCLASSIFIED Pik'OCES'SINIG DATE-13-MOV70 C- f RC ACCESSION NO--AP012'5954 ACT/ EXTRAC T-- (U) GP-0- ABSTRACT. A REVIEW (NO REFS.1 OF THE LOCAL ACTIVATJQ~ EFr-ECTS OF PARANIAGiNETIC C EiN, T ERS V,-l I I C HINFLUENCE T14E E 'TIES oF POLYCONJUGATED REACTI.VITY, PHYSICUCHEM. , ANO ELECT ROPHYS.. PROPER SYSTEMS AiND THE CO.MPLEXES THEY FORkit E. G. OF POLY (PHENYLAC E rYLENE) , :_POLY (TOLYL ENE) I i;lfjLY(TET'.- (RCOOCnU2n+ll+ + E 7--->RCOOfI + CnI12n 1/2 II J IiJI USSR KRYLOVA, S, V,, et al., Plasticheskiye Massy, No 1, 1973, pp 16-18 The results of the effect of the nature of the alkyl'radical of esters of phthalic acid an their resistance to y-radiation and.the effect of the -ature of the acid radical on the resistance of polyvinyl chloride plasticizers to y-radiation are tabulated. After subjecting dioctyl phthalate and dioctyl adipate to y-radiation with different initial acidity it was found that the greater the initial acidity of these compounds, the less the relative increase in acidity after irradiation.. The increase in acidity for dioctyl phthalate after irradiation was always less than for dioctyl adipate. Thus, dioctyl phthalate has self-defensive properties with respect to y-radiation. The high stability of "acid" plasticizers can be explained by the fact that the high content of free carboxylic acid in the initial esters prevents their decom- position under the effect of y-radiation. The stabilization of the esters by carboxylic acid probably arises from the absorption or dissipation of some portion of the y-radiationenergy. 2/2 Acc. Nr Ref Code-.;Ufl 0*43 PRIMARY SOURCE: Holekulyarnayd Bf'ologiya, 11970, Vol 4, Nr pP ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CONDENSED AND D117FUSE CHROMATIN OFNORMAL.AND MALIGNANT.CELLS A. . BERMAN, N. P. LEBKOVA. V. A. ARrAMONOVA, and 1. B_ ZBARSKZY Advanced Training Institute for Physicians, and Institute. of Epiderniology and- Alicrobiologg, Academrz=oe ical Sciences, USSR Moscow It Diffuse chromatin of both normal and malignant mouse tissues contains much more. polyanions (RNA, non-histene proteins] than the condensed chromaiii. For liver it,was shown that 35S-niethionine was incorporated 20-30 per cent faster into histories and40- 50 per cent faster into non-histone proteins of the diffuse chromatin as compared %vith the same fractions of the condensed chromatin. -Similar results were obtained in the case of hepatoma chromatin fractions. Experiments.involving DNA-RNA hybridization re- vealed that in the liver the DNA of the diffuse chromatin was more active in mRNA syn- thesis than that of the condensed one, In liver the condensed chromatin contains a part of DNA cistrons that are derepressed in hepatoma. REEL/FWtE PT~7_ 198.1147.3 1/2 010 UNCLASSIFIED PROCESsrNG DA-rE--Z30CT70 ,TITLE-EFFECT OF DIFFUSION ON THE COURSE OF CATALYTIC REACTIONS IN A CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM -U- AlUTHOR-(:03,)-BERMAN, A.D.t YANOVSKIYt M.I.y ROGINSKIYO S.Zo CUNT RY OF INFO--USSR Lae- RC E r- .S.OU --DDKL. AKAD. NAUK SSSR 1970, 190(4)t 864-7 WHYS CHEM) DATE PUBLISHED ------- 70 SUBJECT AREAS--CHEMISTRY TOPIC TAGS--CATALYSIS, CHROMATOGRAPHYl DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT CONTROL MARKING--NO RESTRICTIONS ~OOCUMFNT CLASS--U,14CLASSIFIED .PROXY REEL/FRAME--1995/1579 STEP NO--UR/0020/70/1901304/0864/0867 CIRC ACCESSION NO--AT0116987 UNCLASSIFIED 2/2 010 UNCLASSIFIED ~PROCESSfNG DATE--230CT70 C[RC ACCESSION NO--AT0116987 GP-0- ABSTRACT. THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSION ON CATALYTIC REACTIONS IN A CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM IS DISCUSSED CONSIDERfNG AN IRREVERSIBLE REACTION, 2A YIELDS B, AND A 2,ND ORDER REVERSIBLE --,REACTION, A FORMS AND IS FORMED FROM 2B. GRAPHS,FOR THE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATE CONSTS. ON THE DIFFUSION COEFF. ARE GIVEN. FACILITY: KHIM. FIZ., MOSCOWt USSR. UNCLASSIFIED 1/2 030 UNCLASSIFIED PROCESSM DATE--230CT70 T-ITLE--ON A CERTAIN METHOD IN THE THEORY OF STRONG tURBULENCY IN A PLASMA _u_ ,AUTHOR-(02)-BERMANg G.P&j ZASLAVSKIYt GoMo .C OUNTRY OF INFO--USSR ,SOURCE--ZHURNAL EKSPERIMENTALINOY I.TEORETICHESKOY FILIKII 1970t VOL 58, ~'NR 4t PP 1453-1465 OATE PUBLISHED ------- 70 -SUBJECT AREAS--PHYSICS ,,TOPIC TAGS--APPkOXIMATION CALCULATIONt TURBULENT PLASMA, PLASMA WAVEv SPECTRUM, PHASE SHIFT, NOkfNEAR EFFECT, KINETIC EQUATION CONTROL MARKING--NO RESTRICTIONS DOCUMENT CLASS--UNCLASSIFIED .PROXY REEL/FRAME--1988/1712 STEP*NO--UR/0056/70/058/004/1453/1465 CIRC ACCESSION ND--AP0106449 UNCLASSIFIED ..2/2 030 -UNCLASSIFIED PROCESSING DATE--230CT70 CIRC ACCESSION NO--AP0106449 :ABSTRACT/EXTRACT--(U) GP-0- ABSTRACT. NONLINEAR TWO DIMENSIONAL ION SOUND MOTIONS W[TH VELOCITIES SLIGHTLY EXCEFOING THAT OF SOUND ARE -CONSIDERED. IN THE ONE DIMENSIONAL CASE THE APPPOXIMATrON LEADS TO THE TWO UIMENSIOI. CAsE 'KORTEWEG DE VRIES EQUATION. IN THE NAL - THE SOLUTION IS NONLINEAR PERIODIC WAVES. -EXPRESSED AS AN EXPANSION ON ONE DIMENSIONAL THE EXPANSION PARAMETER IS A QUANTITY,WHICH IS THE RECIPROCAL OF THE SQUARE R.OOT OF THE REYNOLDS NUMBER ANALOG FOR THE GIVEN PROBLEM. THE LATTER.IS ASSUMED TO BE LARGE, WHICH SIGNIFIES APPRECIABLE NONLINEARITY. INTERACTION OF TWO NONLINEAR WAVES AND RESONANCE OF THREE NONLINEAR ~WAVES ARE CONSIDEkED. A CONDITIONFOR RANDOMNESS OF THE WAVE PHASE .SHIFTS IS OBTAINED FOR THOSE CASES WHEN A LARGE NUMBER OF WAVES APE EXCITED, A MASTER KINETIC EQUATION FOR AN ENSEMBLE OF NONLINEAR WAVES IS SET UP. IN THE GENERAL CASE (IF THE, MASTER KINETIC EQUATION AN EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE MANY PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IS FOUND WHICH LEADS TO A CONSTANT ENERGY FLUX OVER THE SPECTRUM, THE SOLUTION .. _~.CORRESPONOS TO STATIONAkY UNIFORM TUkRULANCE AND IS EMPLOYED FOR TURBULENCE SPECTRUM. IT'IS SHOWN HOW THE RESULTS ~DETERMINING THE ~OBTAINED CAN BE EXTENDED TO THE7THREE DIMENSIONAL;CASE. FACILITY: NOVOSIBIRSKIY GOSUDARSTVENNYY UNIVERSII:ET. USSR UDC 537.312.62 BEPMAN, I. V., BRANDT, N. B., SIDOROV, V. 1. "Superconductivity of Gallium Arsenide at Ifigh Pressures" Pis'ma v ZhETF (Letters to the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics), 1971, Vol 14, Wo 1, pp 18-19 (from RZli-Radioteklinika, No 10, Oct 71, Abstract No IOD300) Translation: A report is given on detecting supercondAictivity in GaAs in the pressure range exceeding 250 kilobars. Pressures up to 300 kilobars were cre- ated at room temperature in a high pressure chamber using anvils made of poly- crystalline superhard materials of the SV type, and they were analyzed by a calibration curve based on the reference lines of the phase- transitions of 13i, Fe, Ph, and Fe-Co. A force of tip to 4 tons wits created by a mechanical low temperature press. The transition temperature was 4.80 K at a pressure of 260 kilobars, and it decreased with a further decrease in pressure at an average rate of dT kIdp = 0.2-10-5 deg/bar. It is assumed that the transition tempera- ture of metallic versions of the compounds of groups AIII-13V must be close to the transition temperature of isastructural or metallic versions of the elements of group IV having an atomic mass close to the mean atomic mass of the compound USSR BEM414, I. V., et al., Pis'ma v ZhETF, 1971, Vol 14, No 1, pp 18-19 only in the case where the atomic weights of the elements differ little from each other, There is I illustration and a 5-entry bibliography. 150 I August 1973 LjDc 621.175.3.001.24 MFTHOnS FOR CALCULATING THE TUrPMAL PARAMETERS OF COOLING TOWERS [Article by L.D. Berman doctor of engineering sciences, and A. Zauer, candi;i~~~eering sciences, All-Union Order of the Labor Red Banner Heat Engineering Institute imeni F.E. Dzerzhinakiy and Moscow Order -or Lenin -Power Engineering Institute; M~===w, ESpLoenergeLlka. Russian, Vol 18, No S. August 1971, pp 41-451 11~w -,.nd IarGo Iv3stinr powar uzln~ nild nuclear fuol, dnsl~nqtad for collnL-uction -1 fu,.j._-., _nvc' S11,11 in e- niulibzr of cas;s I-ave a rovorse syster, Of Wat'.'r, *izp-l-, with coolinj of the circulation wnter in coolln,: taw:ra. Per n.13 anme system of wnter supoly or n hnnt rmi -:,nucr stntlc~n 1.1 txn atomic power station the most costly el,-,nent of the lc*.-7n1.cntja2 portion of the turbo-urilt, includin(; the turbine. cylinder, condenser, and !iysten cf clrculatln~7 watir Suv.:,"--I, is the coolinr tower. Capital exvonOlturos for !ts c on4t.-_c!1.1vn fLiounts to 4.0-50~; of the total expenditure- for t !is lva-~-,tential nortion and almost twice exc2adn the costs for -he turbizv~. low- prcn~iiro C--1;tWer ond ccndenscr. Therercrv, selection cf` tho~ opmrstion and dent pnrnmet~! a of the cooling towert bein,-, part or the cortlcr urorien of optrmizing -.Lhe of the low-pot-zittlal 1,ortion of the turbo-unlt, renders a d"i:lvo vrCoct on d~tornlnatlon of the optimum turbine co~mt"t*P.-.-ijxjr'3 under dasirn conditiona and, rosp.:ctively, the computed eccrp~mjc efficiency or the pow2r block an a wholo. Accuracy of t~zla na- loction nubntantInIly dnp,~ndc on the accuracy ol' tha design or the coolinC tower. Thq engineering dosign of the cool-Ing tower rocuiv,3s the joint solutlon or the system or itoit- and ma6s-oxchw%:;!i diffiren- tial equations and the equation or Gravity /I/. Ko*.,~In7 !n mind the reriux spr,y2r with a cnstant tranav,!:Ise cross Section %lonp. USSR UDC 621.646.958 BER~Wi, L. G., YEVL&"IPIYEV, A. I., KARLOV, V. I. "GTI-6 Halide Leak Detector" Moscow, Kholodil'naya Tt!khnika, No 6, 1971, pp 27-30 Abstract: The GTI-6 pressure-vacuum halogenated gas leak detector is described. The sensor of the leak detector comprises Lvo platinum electrodes (a collector and an incandescent emicter)reacting to the partial pressure of the test gas, It operates on the principle of emission of positive ions by incandescent platinum and a sharp increase in this emission in the prasencc of halide com- pounds. The operation of the device is described, and schematics of its assen blies are presenLed. Curves for the leak detcetar signal as a function of the volumetric flow rate of the Lest gas through the sensor at various Lempera- tures of the emitter show that. longer presence of halides in the sensor caused by a decrease in the volumetric flow rate to V = 0.05-0.1 Ifters/minute. increases the ionization efficiency and, consequently, the reading atiJ sennitivity of the detector. Below 0.05 liters/minute contamination of the emitter takes place. A table is preseritcd showing the comparative characteris tics of various Soviet and the best foreign halideleak detectors. The GTI-6 will go into scries production in 1971. 1/1 -~__--1/2 057 UNCLASSiFrED.~;ll PROCESSING DATE--040EC70 TITLE--14ECHANISM OF THE INFLUENCE'OF.PULSATING BLOWING ON THE INTENSITY OF -U7- ,-THE CONVERTER OXIDATION OF IMPURITIES AUTHOR-(04)-MINAYEVj YU.A.t GRIGORYAN, V.A.# BERMANr L.I., FILIPPOV, K.S. ot ,~.COUNTRY OF INFO--USSR .,'SOURCE--IZV. VYSSH. UCHEB. ZAVSD.I- CHE eN. MET. 19701 13(4)f 31-3 -F~DATE PUBLISHED ------- 70 w__ISUBJECT~ AREAS--t-)ATERIALS TAGS--METAL OXYGEN CONVERSION1 OXIDATION KINETICSr SLAG, GAS JETt NO I ZZLE FLOW EMULSION, VANADIUM,,GAS DYNAMICS, PERIODIC PULSF/(U)NTMK CONVERTER .CONTROL-MARKING--NO RESTRICTIONS ..DOCUMENT CLASS-UNCLASSI~IED .. PROXY REEL/FRAME--3005/0805 STEP NO--UR/0148/70/013/004/0031/0033 CIRC ACCESSION NO--AT0132902 UNC LA SS I F I E 0 -7-2/2 057 UNCLASSI~-IED PROCESSING DATE--04DEC70 C-IRC ACCESSION NO--AT0132902 -ABSTRACT/EXTRACT--(U) GP-0- ABSTRACT. OXION. OF IMPURITIES IN A CONVERTER BATH IS DETO. BOTH BY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THC K I tllcT I C CONDITIONS AND THE INTENSITY OF THE FEEDING OF THE OXEDIZER, AS WELL AS BY THE FORMATION DYNAMICS OF THE SLAG METALLIC EiULSION. THE .,DYNAMICS OF THE FORMATION OF EMULSION WAS STUDIEL) ON A NO, OF MELTS IN A NTMK 100 TON CONVERTER. INTERMEDIATE TIPPING OF THE CONVERTER WAS DONE SELECT THE SAMPLES FOR DETG. THE REGULUS METAL CONTENT IN THE SLAG LAYER. THE CONTENT OF THE ASSAY BUTTONS !WAS z COMPARED ~ WITH THE izATE OF TRANSITION OF V INTO SLAG AND.IWTH THE CaNSUMPTIOKOF THE OXIDIZER. 1 N ~.C~ASE OF ALL 8 TEST SAMPLES DURING THE COURSE OF T+iF ENTI-RE PROCESS THE RATE OF TRANSITION OF V INTO THE SLAG VARIES IN AC(ORDANCE W[TH THE CHANGE'lN THE NO. OF THE ASSAY BUTTONS.~ THUS2 DUREING OXIDN. OF V_IN THE CONVERTER THE RATE OF TRANSITION OF THE COMPONENT INTO THE SLAG IS ESSENTIALLY DETD. BY THE DYNAMICS,OF EIMULS.IFYIiNG OF THE PHASES. THE .,PARAMETERS CHARACTERIZING THE EMULS[ON DEPEND ON THE PHYS. CHEM, PROPERTIES OF THE METAL AND THE SLAG* AS WELL AS,ON HYDRODYNAMIC IN THE LATTER CASE, THE MANNER IN WHICH THE BLOWING IS .,.,-PROVIDED IS THE OETG. FACTOR, IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN THE MECHANISM OF THE ,'-EFFECT OF PULSATING BLOWING ON THE KINETICS OF THE TRANSITION OF THE .~.,_~_IMPURITIESt THE EXPTS. WERE PERFORMED ON A COLD MODEL OF THE CONVERTER. WAITER WAS'USED AS THE MODEL FOR THE METALLIC PHASE,.ANO PETROLATUM OIL 1~'AS THE MODEL FOR THE SLAG. THE 'APPLICATION'OF PULSATING BLOWING LEADS ''TO A DECREASE IN GAS CONSUMPTION AND TO.AN INCREASEtIN THE AV. PRESSURE -LEVEL AT THE NOZZLE* UNCLASSIFIED USSR UDC 621-382.233 TAGER, A. S. "A Semiconductor Diode in the Avalanche Breakdown Mode as a Controlied Reactancell 7 0 Co ~Moscow, Poluproyodnikovyve Pribory i ikh Lr_imereuive, 'a 24, I-d-v T et- skoye Radio", 1970, pp 149-154 Abstract: It is shown that the capacitarce and Q ccverage factor of a semiconductor diode can be considerably improved by utilizing the avalanche breakdown mode. As the avalanche current through the diode is increased, its reactance varies over a wide range, going from capacitive to inductive. This appreciably extends the adjustment limits of resonant systerns based on these diodes. In addition, use of the Townsend avalanche effect means that the Q of the resonator can be increased by nart;al ccmPensation of losses in the resonator by the back resistance of the diode. One disad- vantage of avalanche reactances is that they have a higher noise level than the conventional varica-D. Four figures, bibliography of three -1itles. 1/1 USSR UDC 621. A82.2 BER-?-',.AN, L.S., TAGER, A.S. 4gemiconductor Diode In A Regime Of Avalanche Breakdown As A Controlled Reactance" V sb. Polunrovodn. Priborv i ikh DrimeL (Semiconductor Dovices And 7heir e n ~,~e U-ion Of ldoi~~s`)-,- fasue 24, Moscow, "Sov.radio," 1970,p- 14 Application--Collec4 p q 156 (from RZh--E-lektronika i yeye primeneniye, No 4, April 1971, Abstract Nio 4Bi5q) Translation; 1he possibility in shown of a marked incioaae of' the overlap f.uctor of the capacitance and Q of a. semiconductor dioac by "oo of' a regime of avalanche breakdown. 4 ill. ref. 80 021 PROCESSING DATE--18SEP70 UNCLASSIFIED ~41TLE-EFFECT OF THE ELECTRICAL FIELD ON THE PHoTOCbNCUcTIVITY SPECTRUM OF .:..~.GERMANIUM WITH HYDROGEN LIKE IMPURITIES -U- :.AUTHOR-(02)-BERMA.No. L.V., ZHUKOV# A.G. 1,COUNTRY OF INFO--USSR ..SOURCE--FlZ* TEKH. POLUPROV. 1970r, ft(2) 401-3 :DATE PUBLISHED ------- 70 SUBJECT AREAS--PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY :T OPIC TAGS--ELECTRIC FIELO, GERMANIUM, HYDROGEN, PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY C Cl%'TROL AA K I NG--N`3 E S TR I C T I ON& GOCUMENT CLASS--UNCLASSIFIED 'PROXY REEL/FRA~4E-1988/0552 STEP NO--UR/0449/70/004/002/0401/0403 CIRC ACCESSION MG--AP0105537 L)NC 1. A SS I F I F D 2/2 02L UNCLASSIFIED PROCESSING DATE--18SEP70 CIRC ACCESSION NO--AP0105537 ,...ABSTRACT/EXTRACT--(U) GP-O-. ABSTRACT. THE AUTHORSiATTEMPT TO EXPL41N QUAL-HOW THE DEPENDE14CE OF THE LIFETIME OF THE P140TOCARRIERS AND THEIR MQ'BILITY ON THE ENERGY OF THESE CARRIERS JN THE BAND I*N WHICH rHEY ARE FOUND LEADS TO THE APPEAqANCE OF A DISPLACEMENT OF THF RED BOUNDAPY, AND WHY THI;S-CANNOT BE EXPLAINED IN TERMS .OF THE FRENKEL SHOTTKY EFFECT. .~,:THE EXPLANATIONS OF THIS EFFECT GIVEN PREVIOUSLY (B. AND ZIA., 1969) ARE RECAPITULATED. UNI-CALASSIFIED Ilip. 'iLl! 1 -USSR UDC: 536.24:536.42:669-154 GORBIS, Z. R. and BERMAN, M. I. "Process Investigation of Water Boiling in Porous Medium" Odessa, 11-yaVses. Konf. pa Vopr. Ispareniya, Goreniyai Gaz. Dinamiki Dispersn. Sistern, 1971 (11th All-Union Conference on Problems of Evaporation,. Combustion and Gas Dynamics of Dispersion Systems, 1971), 1972, pp 71-72 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal-Mekhanika, 1973, Abstract No 2B903) Translation: Experimental Investigation was conducted of the process of water boiling in porous medium under atmospheric pressure and with electric heat- ing of a horizontal heating surface. Effects were investigated of height, type of material, size of pores and differential temperature on beginning of boiling, heat transfer intensity, magnitude of heat flow and its limit indicated by the heat surface burn-out. ~ It is established that availability of dispersion mass results in reduction of the critical heat flow with Archimedes number 1/2 USSR GORBIS, Z. R. and BEWIAN, M. I., 11-ya Vses. Konf. pa Vopr. Ispareniya, Goreniya i Gaz. Dinamiki Dispersn. Sistem,,1971, 1972, pp 71-72 CI T3 51v 105 110 -7 0 T 300 t3/1? The results obtained indicate three boiling regimes under above condi- tions. Two design relations are obtained for a dispersion mass of limit density. The difference between the two is explained by the interaction of two mechaindsms; generation of steam bubbles along the wall and convection removal of steam by filtration through the dispertion mass. The effect of the first mechanism is believed to prevail with small &.7L, of the second with large &t the limiting effect of the second mechanism causes a process crisis with the increase of 6 2/2 - 48 USSR UDC 536.21 BERMAN, N-1,1, R., IOYSHER, A. M., and CHEBIM, V. G. "The Problem of Dynamic Heat Conductivity of a Hollow Cylinder" Kishinev, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Moldavskoy SSR -- Seriya Fizikotekhni- cheskikh i Matematicheskikh Nauk, No 2, 1972, pp 3-10 Abstract: The problem of a nonstationaiy temperature field with no phase transitions is considered under the condition that the thermophysical par-ameters of the medium and the cylinder material are independent of the temperature. This cylinder is assumed to be hollow and semibounded, and is drawn into an oven whose temperature is maintained constant; the rate at which the cylinder is drawn into the oven is also constant. It is. assumed that the outer and inner surfaces of the cylinder have specified boundary value conditions of the third kind and that the initial tempera- ture distribution is determined by the solution of the stationary problem at zero velocity of the cylinder. The problem is divided into three stages: determining the initial temperature; solving for the transient heating mode; and finally, examining the quasi-stationary state. It is noted that the solutions here obtained can.be used for describing the surface tempering of tubes, the cooling of glass tubes durLng Hie casting of miniaturized conductors, and other technical processes. USSR uDc 621-775.24 MONO S.I TV Kh. I., Moscoli Institute of Steel- ZA-.SS'=-Jl V. I.J, and D. L421 0 V; and Alloys., Chair of Pressing and Forging Production "Briquetting and Pressing of Granules of Aluminum-Based Allaystl Ordzhonikidze, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, wo 4, 1971, pp 127-131 Abstract: Differences in comDressive forces on upper- and fem-ale dies 'by briquetting and pressing granules of aluminum-based alloys on a vertical i2y- draulic press with a nominal Pressing force of 200 tons ifere experimentally investigated. The experimental conditions and investigation resul7s arc- dis- cussed by reference to diagrams showing the installation typical asci-1-1caraas. and compressive forces on dies. It was found that by a briquettiniz process granules with a lerigath-to-diameter proportion of 2.4 of t.he initial cha_-O--i;nC'7 quality bricks can be produced with a minimum energy expl:-,nditure in caZes -..-,,en the granules are in aluminum vessels and the briquetting~is proce-ased ,,rith ccn- tainer lubrication. By this method, the compressive forct-:! in the female die rises to 70-75% of the punch force. A further increase of the specific pressure does not produce a higher brick dersity. By pressing, brichs 40 high and 39 RLM in diameter, the maximum compressive force on died is az=oxi- matelY 70% of the forces when pressing without lubricatior~. Six Ulust.r., five biblio. refs. USSR UDC 7&.LESSKIY, V. I., and IMANOV, KH I Mos cow inatl ute of Steels and Alloys, Department of PLsLlng and Forging "Influence of Dimensions and Form of Aluminum Alloy Granules on the Properties and Structure of Pressed Semifinished Goodsit IVUZ, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, No 21 1971, pp 123-125 Abstract: nis work presents a study of the influence of the dimeasions and form of granules produced by centrifugal spraying on the prop~,r"Cies and structure of pressed semifinished goods. Granules of needle and circular sha,;)s of V96TS alloy were com- pared with sections cut from an ingot produced by semicontinuous casting. The granules and ingots were then both used to pro- duce bars, the mechanical properties of which were compared. The strength properties of the bars.producedL from granules were higher than those produced fro.-ii theingot, the strength pro- perties of bars from n6edle-shaped granules being highest of all. These;bars were found to have a finer grain structure than the other two types. 3 uss~ UDG 54,2. 911547-34.1 r.547-519. A 4 and HEUTO, 0. A. , likscon Ur.'versity 1TESKEYANOV, 11. A., P ( U J. ineni 14. V. LoNonosov "Reaction of Phosphorus I'lids with Perflucrobenmic." Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSRO Sariya nimichnalfa,*~L, Ho 3, 19,72P pp 605-0600" Abstract-t Ferfluorobarmene Is k-nown to lc)!;-, Olle of tho fIllan-ine d1=1m, nucleophj4.3-ic attack. Five conpounds ware prapare-di el-,volcol Ca"d KHR data am prosonted for severJl. of the con, poml.9, AD. Un i'(11~c1c..'Lor's Wor) cai-Aed out in anbydro= solventu In an atmosphero of d*ry pm.-o niiroaen. eor tho n= data, a working frequency of 60 MI. &nd. a CF CODH sta-,dard. wora used. Triphenylphosphinek-entaflitoraphonylnotbylone (III) was prerx-red. as follo-4st COF (731: it 1/3 USSR U11 C542. 91 t 547.311-11547-539-16 NESMA1191, hl. A., et al., lovestiya Akadomil Haulc B33R, Serlya JJAMicheskava' No 3, 1972, pp 605-606 From (III). 2,3,4,5.6-p~oiita-tluorol~,--n,-,yltriphanyl.pho3phordum iccu'do li-as preparedl ri= data gave a.d. t 58.5 (culitiplat), 72.7 (txlplot) and 82.2 (multiplet). Coapound (1VA)v synthtois:Aed fror. (111) by ih6 reaction + c c + (Q1 h)YO where R' P Hn 2004' There axe throo peak- (2sls2), m.d.i 66.o (iultiplot), 18.5 (triplet), 86.2 (Multiplet). Compound (IVB), stilbeno uan prolyared using an smlogouG roaction for Odch It, - p - C1.0041* The nur characterisilics were similar, with the triplet nhifting to 79.2 tho formor PaUltiDiCtS to 66.2 and the lattor ronaining, ut 6:5.2. 09, by the reaction 2/3 USSA msmryaw, la. Et ad. Izvo -'-Iya IA-adoipiii Hauk SSS No 3, 1972, pp 605-606 (CC115)SP -CII cl Ca Fs ("I F, The spectra Of 19 F has three multiplets, m&dot 58.3, 81.4, ama 86.61 313 25 USSR ~7 PUTYATIN, Ye. P., YURCHENKO, V. P., ABRAMOV, 0. NJ.,-LEVIKOV, V. B BERMAN, V. A. "Normalization of Rotations of Flat Images" ~Probl. Bioniki. Resj). Mezhved. Temat. Nauch.-Tekhn. Sb.' (Problems of Bionics. Republic Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific and Technical Collection], 1972, No 9, pp 61-69 (Translated from Referativnyy Zhurhal Kibernetika, No 4, 1973, Abstract No 4V706, by the authors).. Translation: With the goal of further development of the theory of construc- tion of normalization operators for patterns subjected to rotation transforma- tion, the unambiguity of correction of patterns to a standard position is studied, as well as the effects of interfering factors changes in bi,ight- ness and background level. 107 6 USSR UDC 530.46 EERIW and RYAZAINTSEV, Y-U. S (Moscolr) "Asymptotic Analysis of Steady-State Propagation of the Front of a Two-StaGre Sequential Exothermal Reaction in a Condensed.1-ledium" Moscow, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Mekhaniki i Teldinicheskoy Fizil:i, No 1, 1973, PP 75-87 Abstract: There is developed an approximte theory of *the st-_ndy-S7tjte propagation of the two-dimensional front of a two-stage exotheri,,ial seqitential chemical reaction in a condensed medium. The Tpethod of coalescin-17 asymptoic expansions is used in constructing the solutions, 'The e),mansion parameter is the ratio of the sum of the activation energies of the reactions to the final adiabatic tem-Derature of combustion. Characterictic limit regilries of steady- state propagation of the wave are developed, which correspond to various values of the paremeters involved in the problem. Approximate analy-tic exrressions for the wave velocity and for the distribution of the concentm-tions are ob- tained for each of the re.17im-s. These analytic relationships rake it porsil)lc, on the basis of the given pilysicochemical characterislicr, of the condensed sys- tem, to conduct a classification of the combustion regimes, to make an approxi- irate calculation of the rate of propagation of the combustion front, and to i vestignte the concentration cind ter.,rocrature profiler,. 1. fl~,,i_lrro. 6 M