TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000100170002-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 34
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 17, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 1, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
Seeret
GI TR 85-013
1 July 1985
Copy 5 2 8
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Focus: Terrorist Use of Beirut International Airport
17
Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns and Prospects, 1984/85
DI/OGI
27
Chronology of Terrorism-1985
DI/OGI
This review is published every other week by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be consideredfor publication.
Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to the Executive Editor
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Focus Terrorist Use of Beirut International Airport
For many years, terrorists have entered and exited Lebanon via Beirut
International Airport. Numerous terrorist attacks outside Lebanon-especially in
Western Europe-have been conducted by operatives who flew out of Beirut. In
addition, the airport itself has served as the site of a considerable number and
variety of terrorist activities, especially skyjackings. Although much use of the
airport by terrorists has occurred without our notice, the following Middle Eastern
terrorist groups are known to have been involved:
? Radical Lebanese Shias have transited the airport en route to and from Europe.
Some of their skyjackings have involved the airport.
? Operatives of the Musa Sadr Brigade, affiliated with Amal, probably have
passed through the airport en route to West European countries to attack Libyan
interests. The Musa Sadr Brigade has hijacked several aircraft, and most of
these skyjackings have involved the Beirut airport in some way.
? Most of the airport employees are Shias, and there is evidence that customs
clerks, porters, and taxicab drivers constitute a network of collaborators for Shia
groups hoping to kidnap foreigners or Lebanese notables going to or from the
airport. In addition they probably are available to support other terrorist
endeavors.
? Until June 1982, Palestinian terrorists made extensive use of the airport to move
materiel, as well as Palestinian and non-Palestinian personnel, to and from
Europe. Since the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Palestinian use of the airport has
declined, but both pro- and anti-Arafat Palestinian groups continue to move
personnel in and out of Lebanon via the airport.
? The Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction almost certainly has sent some of
its operatives and materiel to Europe via the airport.
? Armenian terrorists have flown from Beirut to Europe, where they conducted
attacks on Turkish diplomatic facilities. 25X1
Airplane hijackings involving Beirut International Airport have been a particular
problem. Our records indicate that 36 skyjackings-almost 15 percent of all such
incidents that occurred outside the United States-began, passed through, or
ended at the airport. This sorry 15-year record demonstrates the existence of a
chronic security problem there, one that the collapse of Lebanese Government
authority has only accentuated. for example, instead 25X1
of trying to keep terrorists out, sympathetic airport workers have actually helped
terrorists from various groups to pass through the airport covertly. 25X1
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GI TR 85-013
1 July 1985
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At present, security at Beirut International Airport is practically nonexistent. The
airport is surrounded by Shia Muslim slums in which pro-Iranian extremists
operate virtually at will. The radical Hizballah organization is strong in most of
the areas adjacent to the airport and views the
airport road as a place where foreigners and Lebanese Christians can easily be
kidnaped.
The airport itself is under no central authority. Militiamen of various affiliations
roam the passenger terminal, occasionally searching or robbing travelers.
Firefights between rival militiamen have erupted in the airport several times.
Moreover, artillery and mortar rounds from the surrounding civil war zone
periodically impact within the airport perimeter. The airport has been closed for
much of the past year because of damaged runways, and airport employees have
gone on strike repeatedly during the past two years to protest the dangerous
working conditions.
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Hijackings Involving Beirut
International Airport
14 June 1985 TWA flight 847 from Athens to Rome was diverted to Beirut. After two round
trips to Algiers, during which some hostages were released and a US Navy
serviceman was murdered, elements of Hizballah and Amal took control of the
operation in Beirut. The rest of the hostages were released on 30 June through the
intercession of the Syrian Government.
12 June 1985 A Palestinian protesting the hijacking of a Jordanian flight the previous day seized
a plane on a Beirut-to-Cyprus flight after it landed in Larnaca, Cyprus. He was
talked out of the hijacking by authorities.
11 June 1985 Six gunmen from the "Suicide Brigade Imam al-Sadr" stormed a Jordanian
airliner while it was on the ground at the Beirut airport and forced the crew to fly
to Cyprus, Italy, and back to Beirut before releasing the passengers and blowing
up the plane.
1 April 1985 A lone gunman commandeered a Middle East Airlines flight from Beirut to
Jiddah. The plane continued to Jiddah where the hijacker was persuaded to
surrender.
A Lebanese Druze, protesting the high cost of living, seized an aircraft on the
ground in Beirut and forced it to fly to Larnaca and then back to Beirut, where he
came under the protection of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. One person was killed
and seven wounded.
A group of Shias from the Musa Sadr Brigade seized a Cypriot airliner at the
Beirut airport and demanded that the Cypriot Government release two colleagues
held for an earlier hijacking. After apparently receiving the assurances they
sought, they departed the plane. The Cypriots later released the two prisoners.
4 December 1984 The four Lebanese Shias who hijacked a Kuwaiti airliner from Dubayy to Tehran
began their mission from the Beirut airport. Two Americans were killed in Tehran
by the hijackers.
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31 July 1984 Radical Shias diverted an Air France flight from Frankfurt to Beirut before
heading to Tehran, where they released their hostages and blew up the plane's
flight deck.
21 July 1984 An Abu Dhabi-to-Beirut flight was hijacked by a Lebanese Shia who demanded
to hold a press conference to denounce the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon.
24 February 1982 Terrorists from the Musa Sadr Brigade commandeered a Kuwaiti airliner in
Beirut.
7 December 1981 A Libyan flight from Zurich to Tripoli was hijacked by Amal members
demanding information concerning the Imam Musa Sadr. The plane was forced to
fly to Beirut, Athens, Rome, and back to Beirut.
24 July 1980 Two Jordanians, attempting to collect a debt from a Kuwaiti merchant, hijacked a
Kuwait Airways Beirut-to-Kuwait flight to Bahrain, then to Tehran.
10 March 1980 A man with a toy pistol attempted to hijack an Amman-to-Beirut flight to focus
attention on the Imam Musa Sadr's disappearance in Libya in 1978.
31 January 1980 Three Lebanese Shias armed with pistols and grenades were arrested at the Beirut
airport trying to board a flight to Paris.
28 January 1980 A lone hijacker diverted to Beirut a Middle East Airlines flight leaving Baghdad.
He was arrested by Lebanese authorities after he read a statement about the
disappearance of the Imam Musa Sadr.
18 January 1980 A Shia gunman demanding the return of the Imam Musa Sadr attempted to divert
a Middle East Airlines flight to Tehran. After allowing the plane to land in Beirut
for refueling, he surrendered to Lebanese authorities.
7 September 1979 An Alitalia Tehran-to-Rome flight was hijacked by three Lebanese Shia students
demanding information about the Imam Musa Sadr.
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16 January 1979 Six Lebanese Shias demanding the release of the Imam Musa Sadr hijacked a
Middle East Airlines plane in Beirut and diverted it to Jordan and Cyprus.
6 May 1978 A Swiss woman planning to hijack a Zurich-to-Cairo flight was arrested after
receiving explosives in the transit lounge at the Beirut airport. She had planned to
demand the release of Palestinian terrorists.
8 July 1977 Six Palestinians demanding the release of 300 prisoners in Arab jails hijacked a
British Midlands plane bound from Beirut to Kuwait.
5 June 1977 Two Arabs hijacked to Kuwait a Middle East Airlines flight en route from Beirut
to Baghdad. After the plane landed in Kuwait, government commandos
overpowered the skyjackers.
19 March 1977 Two Turks diverted to Beirut a Turkish airliner on a domestic flight. Upon
landing, they surrendered to authorities.
4 October 1975
Four Palestinian terrorists killed three and wounded 14 while trying to hijack a
plane bound from Beirut to Cairo.
Six Palestinians reportedly belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (PFLP) were arrested attempting to smuggle weapons and explosives
aboard a KLM aircraft in Beirut.
Two men claiming membership in the Palestine Liberation Army and demanding
release of terrorists held in Athens hijacked a British Airways flight out of Beirut
and forced it to land in Amsterdam.
Two Palestinians and one Lebanese about to board an Air France flight from
Beirut to Nice were arrested after their luggage was found to contain explosives
and timing devices.
29 October 1972 A Lufthansa flight from Beirut was hijacked and forced to fly to Munich, Nicosia,
Zagreb, and Tripoli by two Palestinians who demanded and obtained the release
from West German imprisonment of the surviving members of the Black
September terrorist group that had conducted the Munich Olympics massacre.
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16 September 1971
8 September 1971
10 September 1970
9 September 1970
22 July 1970
22 June 1970
A Beirut-to-Cairo flight was hijacked to Libya by Palestinians seeking political
asylum.
Two Fatah members tried but failed to hijack a Beirut-to-Amman flight.
Lebanese sky marshals prevented a member of Fatah from hijacking a Beirut-to-
Amman flight.
A Fatah lieutenant was granted political asylum in Libya after hijacking a Beirut-
to-Amman flight.
Three Arabs attempting to hijack a Beirut-to-Cairo flight were overpowered by
security officers.
A Bombay-to-London flight was diverted to Beirut and then to Jordan by three
PFLP members demanding the release of other PFLP members from prison.
A Beirut-to-Athens flight was hijacked by six Palestinians from the Popular
Struggle Front who demanded release of comrades in Greek jails.
An Albanian-born American hijacked to Cairo a Beirut-Rome-New York flight
to protest American involvement in Vietnam.
A lone gunman diverted a Paris-to-Rome flight to Beirut to protest American
assistance to Israel.
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9 June 1985
23 May 1985
Fall 1984
25 August 1984
25 July 1983
February 1982
February 1980
6 May 1977
Other Terrorist Activities Involving
Beirut International Airport
American University of Beirut official Thomas Sutherland was kidnaped by
several carloads of gunmen after arriving at the airport.
A French journalist and researcher was kidnaped while driving into Beirut from
the airport.
Fatah loyalists began reentering Lebanon via the airport. Personnel working at the
airport have reportedly assisted Palestinian operatives entering and leaving
Lebanon.
A Lebanese Shia terrorist carrying explosives in his luggage was arrested in
Zurich after arriving from Beirut on a Middle East Airlines flight. He was linked
to seven Lebanese arrested in Rome on 24 November for conspiring to bomb the
US Embassy.
A large suitcase bomb was defused at the airport.
Armenian terrorists flew from Beirut to Lisbon where they took part in the seizure
of the Turkish Embassy.
European dissidents traveled to Beirut for training in Palestinian camps. Many
instances of such travel have been reported.
Numerous members of Latin American insurgent groups were spotted flying to
Beirut for meetings and possible training with Palestinian groups.
A Norwegian was arrested when explosives were found in his luggage. He was en
route to Frankfurt.
Two members of the Palestinian group Saiqa held five persons hostage at the Pan
American hangar, demanding jeeps and trucks.
Two US businessmen were kidnaped from a taxi en route from the airport to
downtown Beirut. They were released four days later minus their money and
passports.
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GI TR 85-013
1 July 1985
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28 April 1973 Palestinians placed a bomb in an airport restroom to force the release of three
terrorists arrested the day before for a hijacking attempt at the airport.
5 October 1970 Forty-three Palestinian guerrillas held an airport official hostage until they
received guarantees that they would not be forced to leave Lebanon.
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Highlights
reportedly the leader of the important Rome column.
Red Brigades Leader Arrested
Barbara Balzarani, Italy's most wanted terrorist, was arrested near Rome on 19
June. Balzarani, the reputed head of the Red Brigades executive committee, was
the subject of 13 arrest warrants including one for the assassination of former
Italian Premier Aldo Moro in 1978. Her capture highlights a renewed
counterterrorist campaign by Italian police that also led to the arrests in Rome last
April of 14 suspected Red Brigades members, including Vittorio Antonini,
Salvadorans, government officials, and foreign diplomats.
Six Americans Slain on San Salvador Sidewalk
On 19 June gunmen in Salvadoran Army uniforms machinegunned a sidewalk
cafe in San Salvador killing 13 persons, among them four off-duty US Marine
security guards from the US Embassy and two American civilians. According to
the Embassy, the terrorists fired initially at the marines, then at other tables where
Salvadoran civilians were seated, and finally at passing traffic. Security in the area
of the attack has always been lax, even though it abuts the homes of wealthy
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GI TR 85-013
1 July 1985
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and a Salvadoran Army spokesman in March of this year.
Several days later, the clandestine Radio Venceremos stated the operation had
been conducted by the "Mardoqueo Cruz Urban Guerrilla Commandos of the
FMLN," the urban terrorist wing of the Central American Revolutionary
Worker's Party. The same unit ambushed a Salvadoran Army Signal Corps patrol
on 23 October 1984 and attacked National Police vehicles early this spring but has
not been previously associated with urban terrorism like the cafe massacre. This
action more closely resembles the type of attacks perpetrated by El Salvador's
most violent urban terrorist group, the Clara Elizabeth Ramirez Front. That
group, which surfaced in early 1983, was responsible for a number of lethal attacks
in San Salvador, including the assassinations of a US Navy adviser in May 1983
guerrilla splinter groups.
The unprecedented attack may herald a dramatic escalation of terrorism in the
capital, since its magnitude goes well beyond previous attacks by even the radical
departments.
Terrorists Escape From Prison
Luc Reinette, leader of the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance, and three of his
principal lieutenants escaped from a Basse-Terre prison on 16 June. Reinette had
been serving a 19-year sentence for terrorist acts committed in Guadeloupe. The
escapes may presage a new wave of terrorist violence in the French Caribbean
India-Canada Competing Claims of Responsibility for Airliner Crash Off Ireland
An Air India plane exploded and went down off the coast of Ireland on 23 June
killing 329 persons. An anonymous caller said the "Sikh Student Federation, 10th
Regiment" had bombed the plane to protest "Hindu imperialism." The 10th, or
Dashmesh, Regiment is a militant Sikh group responsible for many acts of
terrorism and communal violence in India between 1981 and 1984. A former
leader of the Canadian Sikh Student Federation denied that group had been
responsible, saying the federation no longer exists. A second caller claimed credit
in the name of the Kashmir Liberation Army, a group that seeks the transfer of
the state of Kashmir to Pakistan. We believe Sikh extremists were probably
responsible.
younger brothers are among the three youths released.
Suspected Terrorist Arrested
Five persons, three of them juveniles, were arrested on 2 June, when they were
observed digging up a Sterling 9-mm submachinegun near Heuven. A search of
their car turned up a copy of a Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) communique.
Two other persons were arrested the next day. The three juveniles were later
released, but police continue to hold Wladimir von Neuman, a Belgian Air Force
sergeant; Rosiane Carpentier, a friend of von Neuman and former member of the
same military unit; Louis-Jean Carpentier, brother of Rosiane and, until last
December, a Belgian Navy diver; and Angela Alvarez-Costales, whose two
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West Germany Rhein-Main Airport Bomb Kills Three
The blast, which also injured 40 persons, occurred in an area that services three
US and four West European airlines, making the target difficult to identify. The
bombers' intent (or willingness) to cause indiscriminate casualties probably means
they were not West German terrorists, who are usually rather punctilious about
the targets of their bombings and assassinations. An unknown, apparently Belgian
group of environmental extremists calling themselves the "Peace Conquerors" has
claimed credit.
also killed the colonel's chauffeur.
ETA Attacks Mar Common Market Entry
On 12 June the separatist group Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) moved its
spring campaign of violence from the Basque provinces into Madrid. Three
suspected ETA members gunned down Col. Vicente Romero, a lawyer for the
Army Construction Office who had no involvement in Basque affairs. The gunfire
terrorists shot and killed a Navy noncommissioned officer in Portugalete.
Two hours later, police discovered the terrorists' bomb-rigged getaway car parked
in the garage of a large department store. After evacuating about 8,000 people
from the vicinity, the police attempted to defuse the bomb, but two policemen were
killed and at least eight others injured when it exploded. Later in the day, ETA/M
government might renew its efforts to open negotiations with ETA.
Government officials saw these attacks primarily as an attempt to mar the day
chosen for the signing of treaties that will admit Spain to the European Economic
Community in January 1986. The attacks in Madrid were also a way for the group
to show its strength and gain maximum publicity amidst speculation that the
Aborted Bombing Attempt Against Munitions Firm
On 2 June Italian police confiscated a briefcase bomb containing 800 grams of
plastic explosive in a Rome hotel room. The device apparently had been abandoned
on 23 or 24 May by an individual traveling on a Lebanese passport. A leaflet found
in the hotel room indicated that the bomb probably was to be used in an attack
against an Italian firm which allegedly sells rockets and grenades to Iraq that are
used in its chemical warfare against Iran.
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not released.
Two LARF Members Sentenced to Long Prison Terms
On 18 June a Trieste court convicted Abdallah Mansouri and sentenced him to 16
years' imprisonment for carrying explosives and being a member of the Lebanese
Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF). He had been arrested in Trieste on
6 August 1984. Josephine Abdu was convicted of being his accomplice and
received a 15-year sentence. She also faces trial in Rome as a member of the
LARF, which has threatened to conduct reprisals against Italy if its members are
Lebanon-Cyprus Two Jordanian Jets Hijacked for Opposing Reasons
On 11 June six gunmen hijacked a Royal Jordanian airliner while it was on the
ground in Beirut and forced it to fly to Larnaca, Cyprus. From Larnaca, the
skyjacked plane proceeded to Tunis but was not permitted to land; eventually it
flew back to Beirut. There, the skyjackers evacuated the passengers and crew
(including eight Jordanian sky marshals) and blew up the plane. They then
disappeared into the neighborhood around the airport.
The Voice of Lebanon Radio identified the skyjackers as members of the Musa
Sadr Suicide Brigade, a group that has hijacked planes from Beirut before. One of
the skyjackers, however, issued a statement in the name of the "Martyrs of the
Lebanese Resistance." The hijackers' sole demand was that all Palestinians leave
Lebanon for Tunisia. We believe they probably were Shias angered by recent
clashes between Palestinians and the Amal militia and by Palestinian-Jordanian
cooperation.
aboard a Jordanian airliner. Upon arrival, he was arrested.
On 12 June a Palestinian with a handgrenade hijacked a Middle Eastern Airlines
plane in Larnaca, claiming to be acting in retaliation for the attack on the
Jordanian plane the previous day. He freed the passengers but held the
crewmembers, demanding to be flown to Jordan. After a while he was persuaded
to give up the grenade, however, and was then permitted to leave for Amman
responsibility.
Massive Car Bomb Causes Carnage in Tripoli
The car, rigged with 125 kilograms of explosives, blew up outside a candy store
crowded with Muslim customers buying candy to celebrate the end of Ramadan.
At least 75 persons were killed and 150 injured. No group has claimed
guerrillas are on trial. These were the group's first use of car bombs.
Sendero Luminoso Welcomes Argentine President
Sendero Luminoso (SL) guerrillas marked Argentine President Alfonsin's state
visit by staging a series of bombings on 7 June that caused power blackouts in
major cities and damaged several large commercial establishments in Lima. The
group is also believed responsible for detonating two car bombs-one outside the
Presidential Palace, where President Belaunde was hosting a diplomatic reception
for Alfonsin, and the other near the Palace of Justice, where several accused SL
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imprisoned MRTA members.
Tupac Amaru Adopts Robin Hood Tactics
On 3 June two members of the Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (MRTA)
reportedly intercepted an Army truck on the Pan American Highway a few
kilometers south of Lima and took the soldiers' weapons. On 7 June about 30
armed and hooded MRTA members invaded a high school in Lima and urged the
students to join the "armed struggle." The same day, another armed MRTA unit
raided two Lima shopping centers and seized large quantities of food, which it
distributed in nearby shantytowns. Although the latter events occurred on the
same night as two Sendero Luminoso car bombings in Lima, there is no evidence
that the two groups are coordinating their operations. Meanwhile, the US
Embassy is taking special precautions in response to reports that Tupac Amaru
may attempt to kidnap a senior US official in order to exchange him for
the captives on his own initiative rather than under orders.
Rebels Execute 11 Captives Before Fleeing Government Forces
A West Equatorial provincial official was among I 1 hostages of the Sudan
People's Liberation Army (SPLA) executed on 19 May by their guard, apparently
to prevent their rescue by approaching government soldiers. The SPLA has
kidnaped other government officials-their current status is unknown-but does
not practice assassination. In this instance, the guard may have panicked, killing
been offloaded from a Canadian Pacific airliner
Explosion Kills Two Workers at Airport
On 23 June at Tokyo's Narita Airport, a bomb went off in baggage that had just
on 21 June.
Wave of Bombings Leaves Eight Dead
Five bombs exploded in the capital of Kathmandu and the western city of Pokhara
on 20 June, leaving seven dead (including one of the bombers) and at least 19
others injured. On 21 June three more bombs went off in the southern border town
of Birgunj, killing one other person. The targets in Kathmandu included the Royal
Palace, the National Assembly, a government office building, and the country's
leading tourist hotel. An assemblyman and a constituent were killed in one
explosion, and four hotel employees including an Indian woman were killed at the
hotel. These were the first terrorist bombings ever recorded in Nepal. Two
previously unheard-of groups have claimed credit: the "Janwadi Morcha"
(Revolutionary Front) in a statement to an Indian newspaper, and the "Samyukt
Mukti Bahini" (United Liberation Army) in leaflets scattered around Kathmandu
democracy.
The blasts followed the King's annual speech to the Assembly on 19 June, in which
he reaffirmed that the country's 25-year-old partyless system of government would
continue. In May and June, thousands of opposition demonstrators were jailed for
protesting the partyless system and demanding the establishment of a multiparty
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are to start between Colombo and the insurgents in Bhutan in early July.
Major Insurgent Groups Agree to Cease-Fire
On 18 June, Minister of National Security Lalith Athulathmudali announced that
the five largest Tamil guerrilla organizations had agreed to an open-ended
"cessation of hostilities." The groups, all based in southern India, reportedly
agreed to the arrangement reluctantly after being pressured by the Indian
Government, which brokered the deal with Colombo. Members of the LTTE,
PLOTE, EPRLF, EROS, and TELO have generally observed the cease-fire,
although smaller groups have continued low-level attacks. Face-to-face discussions
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Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa:
Patterns and Prospects, 1984/851
Terrorism was not a serious problem in most parts of
Sub-Saharan Africa in 1984, and there is no
indication that things will be much different in 1985.
The number of international terrorist incidents did
increase somewhat in 1984, due to the decision by
insurgent groups in several countries to deliberately
target foreign missionaries, aid workers, or employees
of multinational corporations. The United States has
not been a priority target in these situations; the few
US casualties from terrorism in Africa in 1984 were
largely incidental to local conflicts. Indigenous
terrorism continues to be largely the byproduct of
ongoing insurgencies in which civilian targets are easy
to attack.
In central Africa, most of the terrorism in the last
year and a half has been connected somehow with
Libyan ambitions and concerns. In southern Africa,
the continuing conflicts in Angola, Namibia,
Mozambique, and Zimbabwe generated sporadic
incidences of terrorism. The African National
Congress (ANC) continued its terrorist campaign
against South African Government interests, while
Pretoria continued in a number of ways-some
illicit-to put pressure on its neighbors to constrain
ANC activities.
Central Africa: Libya's Terrorist Playground
Libya, the primary state sponsor of terrorism in
Africa, was more active in 1984 than in the previous
two years. Tripoli provided arms, training, and money
to insurgents in a number of African nations and
encouraged some of them to conduct terrorist attacks.
The Sudanese Government of President Nimeiri was
the primary target, but Libya also instigated terrorist
attacks by surrogates against the interests of France
and several other African nations that opposed or
impeded its military intervention in Chad.
Ithe Libyans
also encouraged some of their surrogates to target US
facilities in countries such as Chad, the Central
African Republic, Sudan, and Zaire. Only one
Libyan-sponsored anti-US operation-a plot to bomb
Secret
G/ TR 85-013
1 July 1985
the US Embassy in Sudan-was uncovered last year.
Numerous cases of Libyan surveillance of US
facilities were observed, however; they were probably
efforts to gather information for use in potential
terrorist attacks. The Libyans would doubtless like to
hit any number of US targets but have only rarely
planned direct attacks, probably fearing military
reprisal. A plot against the US Embassy in Cairo that
was discovered and broken up in early 1985, however,
may indicate a new willingness by Qadhafi to
confront the United States directly with terrorist
activity.
Sudan. The terrorism in Sudan arises primarily from
a guerrilla war. The Libyan-supported Sudanese
People's Liberation Army (SPLA), a powerful force in
southern Sudan, concentrates on legitimate military
targets, but civilians are often victimized by its
operations. In December 1984, for example, the
SPLA sank a steamer in the Nile to block water
traffic and cut off a Sudanese military supply line.
Subsequently, the SPLA took many of the civilian
passengers hostage and later killed some of them. F_
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In 1984 the SPLA deliberately targeted foreigners-
usually Westerners-more often than in earlier years, 25X1
hoping to force the withdrawal of foreign personnel
and the closure of their projects. For example,
employees of a French construction firm building the
Jonglei Canal were the targets of at least two armed
attacks and one kidnaping. As a consequence,
construction was halted, at least temporarily. Other
rebel targets included missionaries (one American)
and aid personnel from foreign governments and
international institutions. As the security situation in
the south deteriorated, many governments and private
institutions withdrew personnel. Now that the number
of potential targets is lower, the frequency of rebel 25X1
attacks against foreigners has lessened.F___~ 2-X1
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Libya has long fomented insurgent and terrorist
activity in Sudan in an effort to undermine the pro-
Western Sudanese regime. Countervailing Sudanese
support for Libyan exiles in 1984 gave Qadhafi an
additional reason to back violence by Sudanese
dissidents in their homeland. Considerable Libyan
resources were devoted to training, funding, and
providing logistic support to the SPLA-some from
bases in northern Ethiopia. Libya also encouraged the
rebels to conduct terrorist attacks in Khartoum
against various foreign-including US-installations.
In July 1984, for example, four Libyan-trained
Sudanese were arrested for plotting to attack the US
Embassy, among other targets.
The level of Libyan-backed terrorism in Sudan in the
future will depend in large measure on the policies
and strength of the new Sudanese Government. If the
new regime continues to build ties to Tripoli and to
deny support to Libyan exiles, Qadhafi may exercise
restraint in the near term-but he will undoubtedly
retain subversion and terrorism as policy options to
influence developments there. Tripoli is continuing to
mobilize money, materiel, and manpower for potential
operations in Sudan, and Qadhafi will be quick to
employ any terrorist tactic he thinks may intimidate
the new regime to his advantage, or even bring it
down. The Sudanese Government has already handed
the Libyans some useful tools: the establishment of
diplomatic relations, which gives Libya a People's
Bureau from which agents can operate; and the
release of all "political" prisoners, including those
incarcerated for terrorist plotting with the Libyans in
the past, which provides a pool of potential local
Libyan surrogates for future terrorist operations.
Chad. After the Libyans failed to install a pro-
Qadhafi government in Chad through direct military
intervention in 1983, they turned to terrorism in 1984.
Chadian dissidents backed by Libya began targeting
the French forces that had intervened to block
Qadhafi's ambitions. Although no successful attacks
were mounted against French interests in Chad, a
number of plots were uncovered. Chadian President
Habre was the target of one Libyan terrorist
operation: in September 1984 the Chadians arrested a
businessman planning to place an attache-case bomb
in a building where Habre was to attend a meeting;
under interrogation, he admitted he had been trained
and sent by the Libyans.' In January 1985 Chad
presented its evidence of this particular Libyan plot at
a special meeting of the UN Security Council.
Qadhafi is likely to continue to use terrorism in his
effort to bring down the Habre regime, although the
Libyans probably will not target French interests
unless Paris sends military forces back into the
country.
Central African Republic. In conjunction with its
campaign to replace French influence in Chad, Libya
has also backed local and foreign terrorists in the
Central African Republic. Early in 1984, for example,
Chadian dissidents and Libyan agents bombed a
French school and a restaurant in Bangui. Such
attacks were meant to intimidate the regime,
challenge the credibility of French protection, and
raise the cost to France of challenging Libya in Chad.
The Central African Republic was also used as a
staging ground for at least one terrorist attack against
a neighboring country: in March 1984, 26 persons
were wounded when two explosions rocked a French
airliner minutes after it had landed in N'djamena,
Chad. The aircraft had come from Bangui, where two
Libyans had been seen leaving the plane. In 1985
Tripoli has continued to support dissidents trying to
bring down the government in Bangui.
Zaire. President Mobutu's backing of the French in
Chad and his reestablishment of diplomatic relations
with Israel have made Zaire a target of Libyan-
sponsored terrorism. In January 1984 a suitcase bomb
exploded while being unloaded from an Aeroflot flight
at Kinshasa airport; there is evidence the bomb had
been put on the plane by Libyan agents. Later that
month, a hotel frequented by the French was bombed
in Kinshasa. In March, several Zairian facilities were
bombed, apparently by Libyan-backed dissidents.
Terrorist activity in Zaire has dropped off since then,
but Zairian dissidents continue to receive military
training and support from Libya, and the Libyan
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People's Bureaus in neighboring Congo 2 and
Tanzania are supporting the infiltration of saboteurs
and materiel into Zaire.
Angola: UNITA Turns to Terror
Angola is the site of a longstanding and increasingly
virulent insurgency. Supported by the South African
Government and by sympathizers in a number of
Western countries, the National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA) wages war against
the Marxist-leaning government, which is in turn
supported by the Soviet Union and its allies, especially
Cuba. Typically, UNITA insurgent forces mount
attacks against government military forces and
administrative and economic installations.
Last year, however, UNITA began specifically
targeting Luanda's foreign supporters-both
Communist and Western-to further its objective of
damaging Angola's economy and discouraging outside
support. After separate attacks against the mining
town of Cafuno in February and December 1984, for
example, UNITA took a total of 98 foreigners
hostage. Generally UNITA does its Western hostages
no harm: most are marched to a rebel stronghold in
another part of the country and eventually released to
the International Red Cross or another intermediary.
Of late, UNITA has deliberately been attacking
foreign targets, especially Eastern Bloc technicians
and advisers, in hopes of intimidating their home
governments into reducing aid to the Angolan
Government. For example, UNITA bombed the
quarters of Soviet, Cuban, and East German advisers
several times in 1984, reportedly killing as many as
200 persons.
UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi has warned that his
group intends to intensify attacks on facilities of
Western multinational corporations because revenues
from these corporations help to finance the
government's operations, including its
counterinsurgency effort. In addition, the heretofore
all but automatic release of Western hostages may be
2 Libya does not conduct terrorism in Congo, but Brazzaville is
reportedly a center of Libyan subversive activity in the region. A
1983 agreement between the two countries enabled Libya to
increase its official presence in the capital, where there is a
at an end. Savimbi has announced that the release of
all hostages must now be negotiated directly with
their home governments rather than through 25X1
intermediaries. Since Savimbi has used such direct
negotiations to demonstrate a measure of official
recognition, most countries had hitherto depended on
intermediaries.
The South African Border War
The black nationalist African National Congress
(ANC) has been responsible for most of the terrorism
in South Africa. The ANC's goals differ from those of
many other African groups that employ terrorism.
ANC attacks are directed less at their targets per se
than at its own constituency: each incident is intended
to demonstrate the group's viability, thus heartening
its supporters and validating its position as the leading
black militant organization. Although the ANC's
military wing is currently a terrorist organization, it
hopes that by gradually gaining popular support it will
eventually mature into a full-fledged insurgency.
The ANC's primary tactic has been bombing; it
commonly targets government offices, transportation
lines, electrical power transformers, and other
infrastructural facilities. It designs its operations to
maximize their symbolic effect, and it usually tries to
avoid causing indiscriminate casualties. The ANC
mounted more than three dozen attacks in 1984; they
appeared to be timed primarily to keep the group in
the limelight and to offer evidence that the South
African Government's counterterrorism programs had
failed to stifle it.
Unlike most African groups, the ANC has conducted
some of its attacks outside the borders of its own
country. In December 1984 in Swaziland, for
example, ANC operatives are believed to have
assassinated a high-level police officer who they
believed was collaborating with the South Africans.
The move backfired: rather than intimidating the
Swazis, the attack led them to crack down even
harder on the ANC.
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In recent years, through a variety of carrot-and-stick
approaches, Pretoria has gradually persuaded the
governments of most of the countries bordering South 25X1
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Secret
Africa to take steps to prevent the ANC from staging
terrorist operations into South Africa from their
territories. At the beginning of 1984, the ANC was
staging most of its operations into South Africa from
Mozambique. As one means of putting pressure on
Mozambique, the South Africans were supporting the
vicious insurgent group National Resistance
Movement (RENAMO). In March 1984 Maputo
capitulated and signed the Nkomati Accord with
Pretoria, whereby Mozambique agreed to prevent the
ANC from staging operations into South Africa in
return for South Africa's pledge to stop supporting
RENAMO
As a consequence of the Nkomati Accord, South
Africa was able to turn its attention from the
Mozambican border to other borders, thereby
impeding ANC efforts to infiltrate operatives from
other nearby countries. South African commando
raids against ANC facilities and personnel, coupled
with continuing South African diplomatic and
economic pressure, intimidated these governments
from trying to replace the support the ANC lost in
Mozambique.
Beginning in the fall of 1984, ANC terrorist activity
declined dramatically. Only a few bombings took
place over the next six months. In May 1985,
however, the pace of ANC attacks picked up again, at
least partially in response to South African attacks on
ANC personnel and facilities in Botswana.
Mozambique
The insurgency in Mozambique is a classic case of the
outs attacking the ins: RENAMO is composed mainly
of minority tribal and political elements not
represented in the government. RENAMO operations
have increased despite the Nkomati Accord; although
material South African support had originally spurred
RENAMO to increase its terrorist pressure against
the Mozambican Government, RENAMO was not
dependent on South African support. To the
disappointment of the Machel regime, there has been
no significant reduction in the level of RENAMO
terrorist activities since the accord with Pretoria. To
the contrary, RENAMO guerrillas have begun
operating in the suburbs of the capital itself.
RENAMO appears to go out of its way to cause
casualties among noncombatants. Among its most
common tactics are ambushes of civilian vehicles and
public transportation; during such attacks RENAMO
guerrillas are more likely to kill the occupants of the
vehicles than to take hostages, and those who survive
to become hostages often are found dead later. These
bloody operations impede transportation, deter
economic development, and demonstrate that
government forces cannot protect the people.
RENAMO shows no favoritism in its highway
ambushes; foreigners and Mozambican civilians alike
are subject to being killed, injured, or abducted.
RENAMO is believed to be targeting East German
technicians specifically, however, in hopes of forcing
East Germany to reduce or halt its aid program in
Mozambique. As a means of putting further pressure
on the government, in 1985 RENAMO reportedly
intends to begin deliberately targeting all foreigners,
including Americans.
Namibia
The South-West Africa People's Organization
(SWAPO) constitutes the sole armed indigenous
opposition to South African plans to retain control
over Namibia. With the onset of the rainy season,
SWAPO begins its annual military campaign; later in
the year, after its supplies and manpower have been
reduced, it turns to terrorist bombings as a way of
keeping up the pressure as long as possible. Most of its
bombings are directed against indigenous targets such
as government offices, stores, and service stations.
Some installations are hit year after year. SWAPO
does not deliberately target foreigners, but sometimes
foreigners become incidental casualties of the
violence. In April 1984, for example, two US
diplomats were killed when a SWAPO bomb exploded
at the service station where they happened to be
buying gas. A short time later, a South African was
killed when a SWAPO bomb exploded at the arcade
where he was shopping.
SWAPO's most recent offensive began late last year.
After encountering setbacks in its military campaign,
the group began its terrorist attacks earlier than
usual. The timing of the attacks and the devices
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employed this year have demonstrated clearly that
SWAPO has been trying to cause casualties. In
contrast to previous years, when most of its bombs
were set to go off in unoccupied buildings at night,
SWAPO has set off a number of antipersonnel bombs
in crowded stores in the middle of the day.
Presumably, this is a deliberate escalation in the
conflict, born of impatience and designed to bring
pressure on those who may be able to influence South
African policy.
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The Terrorism Diary for August I 25X1
Below is a compendium of August dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
event.
1 August 1291 Switzerland. Independence Day.
1 August 1960 Benin. Independence Day.
2 August 1903 Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Macedonia).
2 August 1964 Vietnam. Gulf of Tonkin incident.
2 August 1980 Italy. Eighty-six persons killed in bombing of Bologna train station. Neo-Fascist
Armed Revolutionary Nuclei believed responsible.
3 August 1903 Tunisia. Birthday of President Habib Bourguiba.
3 August 1960 Niger. Independence Day.
3 August 1977 Cyprus. Death of President Makarios.
3 August 1979 Equatorial Guinea. Coup d'etat overthrowing Macias regime.
3 August 1980 Equatorial Guinea. National Day.
3 August 1983 Burkina Faso. Coup overthrowing previous military regime (led to 1984 renaming
of Upper Volta).
5 August 1960 Burkina Faso. Independence Day.
5 August 1962 The Bahamas, Grenada, Jamaica. Emancipation Day (independence from United
Kingdom).
6 August 1825 Bolivia. Independence Day.
6 August 1966 United Arab Emirates. Accession Day of Shaikh Zayed bin Sultan al Nayhan,
Amir of Abu Dhabi.
7 August 1960 Ivory Coast. Independence Day.
8 August 1983 Guatemala. Coup by Gen. Oscar Mejia Victores overthrows President Rios Montt.
9 August 1965 Singapore. Independence Day (secession from Federation of Malaysia).
23 Secret
GI TR 85-0/3
/ July 1985
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9 August 1971
10 August 1809
11 August 1952
11 August 1960
12 August 1689
13 August 1927
13 August 1960
14 August 1947
14 August 1971
14 August 1977
15 August 1939
15 August 1945
15 August 1947
15 August 1960
15 August 1975
16 August 1960
17 August 1945
17 August 1960
19 August 1968
20 August 1953
20 August 1960
21 August 1919
21 August 1983
Northern Ireland. Internment without trial introduced.
Ecuador. Independence Day.
Jordan. Accession Day of King Hussein.
Chad. Independence Day.
Northern Ireland. Apprentice boys lock gates of Derry against James II's forces.
Commemorated by Protestant marches.
Cuba. Birthday of President Fidel Castro.
Central African Republic. Independence Day.
Pakistan. Independence Day.
Bahrain. Independence Day.
Pakistan. Military takeover by Gen. Zia Ul-haq.
Burma. Burmese Communist Party founded.
North and South Korea. Liberation Day.
India. Independence Day.
Congo. Independence Day (overthrow of Youlou regime).
Bangladesh. Military coup and assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Cyprus. Independence Day.
Indonesia. Independence Day (proclamation of the republic).
Gabon. Independence Day.
Czechoslovakia. Invasion by Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops.
Morocco. King's and People's Revolution.
Senegal. Independence Day (withdrawal from Mali Federation).
Afghanistan. Independence Day.
Philippines. Assassination of opposition figure Benigno Aquino by government
security personnel.
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23 August 1944
25 August 1825
25 August 1944
26 August 1945
26 August 1966
27 August 1979
29 August 1944
31 August 1957
31 August 1962
31 August 1980
Romania. Liberation Day.
Uruguay. Independence Day.
France. Liberation Day.
Hong Kong. Liberation Day.
Namibia. Namibia Day (day the United Nations asserted its jurisdiction over
Southwest Africa).
Muslim world. Id al-Adha. Holy day commemorating Abraham's willingness to
sacrifice his son, Isaac.
Northern Ireland. Assassination of Lord Mountbatten by Provisional IRA.
Czechoslovakia. Slovak nationalist uprising.
Malaysia. Freedom Day; Malaysia Day (independence from the United Kingdom).
Trinidad and Tobago. Independence Day.
Poland. Solidarity Trade Union founded.
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985
publication are not included.
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international terrorist events and
counterterrorism developments that have occurred or come to light since our last
issue. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in this
while the other two defendants were sentenced to five years each.
South Africa: Three men convicted of stockpiling explosives and weapons for
ANC. African National Congress militant Jobu Ngobese received a 15-year term,
fighting around the West Beirut refugee camps.
Lebanon: Several Western journalists leave West Beirut after receiving death
threats. They had written about Amal atrocities against Palestinians in the
caused extensive damage.
Lebanon: Presidential Palace hit by rockets fired from southern Beirut. President
Amin Gemayel was in the palace but escaped injury. A previously unknown group,
the Islamic Republic Organization, claimed responsibility for the attack, which
attack Italian interests if the accused radicals are not released.
Italy: Six Lebanese Shias indicted in Rome for plotting to bomb US Embassy last
November. Anonymous callers have threatened in the name of the Islamic Jihad to
that led to fatalities.
Ecuador: Three suspected AVC members captured after gun battle with police
forces. Armed members of Alfaro Vive, Carajo! riding in a pickup truck in
Guayaquil opened fire when police attempted to stop them, killing one policeman
and wounding two. This is the first time the group has been involved in an incident
new group, the "Children of the Economic Miracle."
West Germany: Man killed planting bomb at offices of Hannover Fair. An
accomplice escaped but turned herself in three days later, and investigations later
led to a second arrest. The three would-be terrorists apparently were members of a
2 June Lebanon: Air Force Col. Sulayman Dawud Mazlum assassinated by unidentified
gunmen. Mazlum was driving to his home in the Bekaa Valley at the time.
Malawi
Mozambique: Five nuns, four of them Portuguese, kidnaped by RENAMO rebels
during looting of school near Malawi border. Three other nuns were rescued by
security forces. The rebels and their captives may have crossed the border into
Secret
GI TR 85-013
1 July 1985
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rightwing death squads.
Guatemala: Unknown gunmen kill professor at Guatemala City's San Carlos
National University. While a government spokesman described the attackers as
"leftists," San Carlos professors and students have more often been targeted by
American companies from Bolivia.
Bolivia: Explosives thrown at La Paz offices of US oil exploration firm. An
improvised dynamite device caused extensive damage to the facilities of the
TESORO Corporation of San Antonio. Although no group has claimed
responsibility, students at a nearby university recently called for the expulsion of
Islamic Beirut.
Lebanon: Rockets hit TV building in Tallat al-Khayyat. The Hamyah unit of al-
Murabitun, the Sunni militia, claimed responsibility for the attack, which it
claimed was the first of a series to be waged against those distorting events in
for two others the same night.
New Caledonia: Bomb found in garage in town northwest of Noumea. The device
was similar to one used in an attack on a court building in the capital on 13 May.
Two anti-independence French settlers have been arrested for that bombing and
peasants several days earlier in the same region.
Peru: Sendero Luminoso guerrillas destroy Cuzco radio station. The station is
owned by a Roman Catholic religious order, and the attack may have been in
response to a priest's recent condemnation of alleged Sendero Luminoso killings of
weapons and involvement in a kidnaping in 1983.
France: Anti-Basque terrorist surrenders to police in Bayonne. Jean-Pierre
Echalier, a deserter from the French Foreign Legion and former operative of the
Antiterrorist Liberation Group (GAL), has been charged with illegal possession of
election dispute during the previous three weeks.
Malaysia: Arrests in Sabah bombings. Police detained four persons in connection
with three bombs that killed a fisherman and injured five other persons in an
evidently came from Cuba
Chile: Rocket attack against Presidential Palacefails. When triggered by a
timing device, the rockets misfired, severely damaging the room on the 1 1 th floor
of the Carrera Hotel where they had been emplaced by a couple who had
registered under false identities. The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FMPR)
or the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) are suspected. The rockets
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France: Spanish Basque's request for political asylum denied. Martinez-Beistegui,
tried and acquitted on 8 April in Madrid following his extradition from France last
year, sought asylum there on the grounds that the acquittal had proved his trial
was political. The French Government explained its refusal by stating that his
presence in France might invite retaliation by the Antiterrorist Liberation Group.
reportedly joined other members of the JRA at their camp in Lebanon.
Lebanon: Freed Japanese Red Army terrorist joins comrades in Bekaa Valley.
Kozo Okamoto, convicted for his role in a 1972 machinegun attack at Tel Aviv's
Lod Airport and freed by the Israelis in a prisoner exchange earlier in June, has
targeted a tourist resort.
Sri Lanka: Tamil terrorists level hotel in Trincomalee with gelignite bomb. No
casualties were reported, since tourists have avoided the area due to recent violence
there. The blast is believed to be the first time Tamil militant separatists have
higher, since the government usually minimizes casualties in such incidents.
Sri Lanka: Tamil separatists attack Sinhalese village of Dehiwatte, killing at
least eight civilians and burning more than 40 homes. Actual figures may be
Pakistan: Explosion at Austrian trade commission in Karachi seriously injures
one man. Al-Zulfikar may have been responsible. Nine members of Al-Zulfikar
are in prison in Austria after being convicted of a terrorist attack in Vienna in July
expansion.
Japan: Narita Airport contractors bombed. Time bombs detonated simultaneously
at the offices of two construction firms involved in expansion work at the new
Tokyo International Airport at Narita. Several violent groups oppose the
church.
Chile: Another Mormon church bombed in Santiago. There were no injuries
reported in this, the eighth anti-Mormon bombing in Chile since March 1984.
Slogans linked to the FMPR were found painted on the exterior walls of the
colonel) and more than 10 injured.
France: GAL attack leaves two French Basques dead in Ciboure. The attack is
thought to have been in retaliation for attacks in Madrid on 12 June by the
Spanish Basque group ETA that left four persons dead (including a Spanish Army
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civilian and military casualties.
Lebanon: Explosives-laden car explodes in West Beirut after Lebanese Army
soldiers fire at it. The driver had ignored their orders to stop. There were both
15 June Spain: French-owned department stores in Vitoria bombed by ETA. There was
extensive damage, but no injuries.
recent massacre of Buddhists at the Anuradhapura shrine.
Sri Lanka: Government forces raid Tamil Tiger hideout in Mannar. Security
forces killed 20 members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and
confiscated 25 rifles, 10,000 rounds of ammunition, 25 rocket-propelled grenades,
and a large quantity of explosives. LTTE is believed to be responsible for the
Malaysia: Explosion damages residence of Datu Humid Mustapha, Secretary
General of the United Sabah National Organization. Hamid's father is
attempting to overturn the election victory in April of the state's Chief Minister.
allegedly part of a plan to liquidate Eritrean leaders.
Sudan: Eritrean Liberation Front accuses Ethiopian Government of killing
Eritrean Red Cross official. The murder of the organization's chairman is
ammunition often used by the Basque separatist group.
Spain: Spanish policeman shot to death in Vizcaya, probably by ETA. At the
scene authorities found the casing of a 9-mm parabellum round, the type of
responsibility for the incident, but the ETA is suspected.
Spain: Bomb in Guipuzcoa bar causes no casualties. No group has claimed
probably were from the ETA.
Spain: Policeman shot in back and killed in Santurce. The three assailants
Palestinian or Lebanese.
Italy: Bomb explodes at Israeli shipping line office in Genoa, causing minor
damage. No group has claimed responsibility, but the perpetrators probably were
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