TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200340003-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 60
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 1, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
April 1986
DI TR 86-005
April 1986
Copy 5 /~
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Terrorism Review) 25X1
1 Focus: Japan's Chukaku-ha: A Threat to the Tokyo Summit?
7 Highlights
25 Lebanon-France: Hostage Negotiations Appear Stalemated
29 Terrorism Against French Interests in 1985
33 Syrian-Sponsored Terrorism in Western Europe
37 Terrorism in Asia in 1985-A Regional Profile
This review is published every month by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be consideredfor publication.
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Terrorism Review) 25X1
Focus Japan's Chukaku-ha: A Threat to the Tokyo Summit?
The successful disruption of Japan's national railway system last fall by Chukaku-
ha (Nucleus Faction), Japan's largest radical group, and recent improvements in
the group's weapons raise concern about its ability to threaten the Tokyo
Economic Summit in May. Chukaku-ha, however, must overcome numerous
obstacles, including constraints on its finances and manpower and the
extraordinary measures that the police are certain to mount against any attack on
the summit sites. Even though protection cannot eliminate the possibility of a
large-scale operation, given the difficulties facing the radicals, we expect they will
opt to launch attacks against less protected facilities away from summit activities.
(It is not yet clear whether Chukaku-ha launched the unsuccessful 25 March
rocket attacks on the US Embassy and the Imperial Palace. Because of the
crudeness of the rockets, police speculate that another leftist group may be
responsible.)
Chukaku-ha Raises Its Profile
Although primarily a radical leftist group noted for its opposition to the expansion
of Tokyo's largest airport, Chukaku-ha recently has stepped up guerrilla
operations against a wide variety of targets in Japan. In the last few years, the
group has begun to exploit the capabilities of covert branches located in western as
well as eastern Japan, which together have an estimated roster of 120 to 150
members. Chukaku-ha's covert cadre have more than doubled their terrorist-type
activities since 1984 (see table 1). Their most spectacular success-and the largest
guerrilla operation in Japan since the late 1960s-occurred last November. In a
well-planned operation in support of the leftwing railway workers union, Chukaku-
ha paralyzed the national rail system by cutting signal cables throughout the
country, as well as setting fire to a Tokyo train station. These incidents caused long
delays for millions of Japanese commuters and $10.2 million in damage.
The November success, combined with Chukaku-ha's stepped-up activities,
suggest that the group has become stronger and more threatening.' A review of the
group's recent weapons improvements lends some credence to this assessment.
Until the last few years, Chukaku-ha's incendiary devices were crude, limiting
their ability to strike protected installations such as government buildings and
military bases. More recently, Chukaku-ha has improved the reliability of some
weaponry, including a truck-mounted flamethrower with a range of 200 meters.
The group has also employed a homemade rocket capable of traveling 1,000
meters, which has exploded successfully about half the time.
In early 1985, Chukaku-ha renounced its traditional policy of not attacking people, but it has yet to
Secret
DI TR 86-005
April 1986
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Table I
Chronology of Selected Chukaku-Ha Attacks
7 May 1982
Military recruiting office
Flamethrower
Building slightly damaged.
I March 1984
Narita Airport offices
Truck-mounted launched
incendiary device
Damaged two floors, first time
device used.
10 August 1984
Camp Yao Airfield
Launched incendiary device
Six bombs launched but none
exploded.
19 September 1984
LDP Headquarters
Truck-mounted flamethrower
Fire damaged five floors,
$2.4 million damage.
1 January 1985
US Consulate Kobe
Launched incendiary device
Three rockets launched, no
damage.
17 February 1985
Osaka Police unit
Truck-mounted launched
incendiary device
Ten rockets launched, none
exploded.
20 February 1985
Narita Airport
Incendiary device
Damaged building and two
vehicles.
12 April 1985
Haneda and Narita Airports
Truck-mounted launched
incendiary devices
Fifteen bombs launched, hit
several targets.
I November 1985
Narita Airport
Platform-launched incendiary
device
Four rockets landed on runway,
no damage.
20 November 1985
Narita Airport sites
Incendiary devices
Slight damage to airport
officials' homes.
29 November 1985
Tokyo, Osaka, southern Japan
Cut railroad lines, firebombed
rail station
$10.2 million damage, halted
rail service.
29 January 1986
Tokyo
Incendiary devices set near
railroad lines
No disruption of rail service.
8 February 1986
Narita Airport sites
Incendiary devices set at Narita
Airport sites
Damage limited to equipment.
Counterbalancing the group's enhanced weapons capabilities is its loss of support
because of the general decline in popularity of the leftists in Japan. In part, the
public has become disillusioned with constant bickering among the radical
movement's leaders. More important, issues long identified with the radical
movement-for example, opposition to US-Japanese defense ties-no longer
provoke interest among Japanese students. The loss in student support poses a
problem because students-unlike members with jobs-can frequently be counted
on to give full-time commitments to group activities. The loss is also adversely
affecting Chukaku-ha's finances, because it used to derive much of its funding
from student associations.
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The Tokyo Summit: Chukaku-ha Scales Back Its Plans
Chukaku-ha's recent aggressiveness is designed in part to attract new
sympathizers, Its leaders believe that
events in Japan during April and May 1986 will provide ideal opportunities to grab
headlines and gain members. Among the events Chukaku-ha reportedly plans to
disrupt is the 60th anniversary celebration of Emperor Hirohito's ascendancy to
the throne on 29 April. The group views the Tokyo Economic Summit on 4-6 May
as an even more important target.
According to their own literature, Chukaku-ha's leaders originally hoped to create
an "atmosphere of terror" that would lead participants to scuttle their plans to
attend the Tokyo summit. Chukaku-ha wanted to re-
create the mood present in 1960, when the Japanese Cabinet canceled President
Eisenhower's visit because of violent demonstrations over the US-Japan Security
Treaty. Recent attacks at Haneda, the airport that foreign leaders will use, seem
to have this goal in mind. The November attack on the national railroads was a
key element in this campaign as well.
facilities-like the plans to prevent the summit-will be difficult to pull off,
Legal and financial worries, stemming from the
arrest of over 300 members last year, are a major impediment to guerrilla actions
Japan's Police: Taking Few Chances With Security
Security measures by the police are by far the biggest challenge confronting
Chukaku-ha. The police have a good track record in providing protection during
high-level visits and meetings, and also have taken a preemptive approach in recent
months, identifying and arresting as many Chukaku-ha activists as possible to
disrupt the group's plans and preparations. The heart of the police program is a
"roller strategy," first used in the early 1970s to contain the terrorist threat posed
by the Japanese Red Army (JRA). Officers in each precinct visit every residence
and business to identify anyone in their area who may be a potential security
threat. The dragnet will be concluded with a final round of visits just before the
summit. In addition, the police have placed the group's overt headquarters in
Tokyo under constant surveillance.
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The police have been rewarded for their efforts thus far. Several Chukaku-ha
members, including a key tactical leader of one of the covert branches, have been
arrested More important, other overt members who have been
arrested are talking freely, allowing the authorities to indict those detained. The
arrests also have yielded valuable information on the group's organization and
weapons that the police are certain to exploit.
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National Police Agency officials plan to mobilize 25,000 to 30,000 policemen to
protect the summit meetings, a massive show of force of the kind that has
discouraged Chukaku-ha in the past
during the visit of South Korean President Chun Doo Hwan in September 1984,
Chukaku-ha officials admitted that an attack on Chun was impossible because of
the tight police security. Some of the same concerns were expressed recently by a
group leader in regard to this year's summit.
Whether these police efforts will be sufficient to guard against a guerrilla attack
will depend in part on Chukaku-ha's weaponry, as well as the rapidity with which
the group can pull plans and manpower together. A security ring of 1,500 meters
established around most summit sites should prevent a successful attack if the
Chukaku-ha relies on its older rockets. The newly developed rocket, with a range
of 4,000 meters, poses more of a risk. The accuracy, payload, and other details of
the new rocket are unknown, but its range would enable the group to fire it from
beyond the conventional security perimeter.
If it is unable to directly attack summit facilities, Chukaku-ha might choose to
launch attacks against less protected buildings away from the actual summit in the
Akasaka Palace. Police speculate that the group could attack a government agency
not directly linked to the summit or other public facilities, such as the railway
system, to embarrass Prime Minister Nakasone and the political leadership. An
attack on a US installation also cannot be ruled out. Chukaku-ha has suggested
that it might set off small incendiary devices at such sites-presumably to make a
statement rather than do real damage-and police admit it may be impossible to
protect all possible targets during the summit period
Other Terrorist Threats to the Summit
Although Tokyo police are concentrating on preventing a terrorist attack by
Chukaku-ha, the recent discovery that a member of the JRA slipped into the
country undetected has raised concern about the potential threat posed by other
radical groups.
similar threats before the 1979 Tokyo Summit. It was, however, unable to mount
an attack at that time because of tight security, and the group appears even less
capable now. In fact, the JRA has not staged a successful operation in nine years.
Nor is it likely that other radical groups pose a threat to the Tokyo summit. Most
European leftist terrorist groups limit their operations close to home, while Middle
Eastern terrorists have not traditionally targeted such international gatherings and
are not well positioned to operate in Japan.
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Highlights
West Germany US Consul General Facilities in Frankfurt at Risk
Unknown persons apparently conducted surveillance of the residence and offices of
the US Consul General in Frankfurt-am-Main. On 14 March, the contents of a
box of 9-mm ammunition were found on the sidewalk and in the grass 15 meters
from the residence. The next day, two persons tried to enter the grounds of the
Consulate General building. Several more instances of surveillance were detected
through 17 March.
with a small firebomb.
The residence has previously been a target of Red Army Faction (RAF)
surveillance. Two such incidents occurred during the RAF hunger strike campaign
of December 1984-February 1985. After one of these, the residence was attacked
use in a separate terrorist operation.
LARF Plans More Terrorist Operations in France
In early March, Joseph Abdallah, the current leader of the Lebanese Armed
Revolutionary Faction (LARF), announced plans for a major terrorist operation
within the next month in France in order to gain the release of his brother, George
Abdallah, George Abdallah is the former
LARF leader who was arrested by French police in October 1984 in Lyon. Joseph
reportedly is also willing to smuggle a Soviet surface-to-air missile into Paris for
This announcement was followed by the bombing of a Paris-to-Lyon train on 17
March that injured 10 persons. The bombing was claimed by the Committee of
Solidarity With Arab Political Prisoners and the Middle East. This group warned
that the train bombing was "the first in a new series" of attacks unless three
prisoners, including George Abdallah, were released. The other two prisoners cited
were Varoujan Garbidjian, a member of the Armenian Secret Army for the
Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), convicted in the July 1983 bombing at Orly
Airport, and Anis Naccache, leader of a five-man commando team convicted in
7 Secret
DI TR 86-005
April 1986
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the attempted assassination of former Iranian Prime Minister Shahpour Bakhtiar
in Paris in 1980. Press reporting indicates that this same group claimed
responsibility for three bombings in Paris in early February in which 20 people
counterterrorist policy.
The bombing campaign and demands to release convicted terrorists will provide an
early test for the new conservative government, with its election call for a tougher
Significant Developments
Fourth Major CCC Safehouse Discovered
The Belgian police's discovery on 25 February of a fourth major Communist
Combatant Cells (CCC) safehouse in Liege may hamper rebuilding efforts by
CCC members still at large. Police believe the safehouse was used by CCC leader
Pierre Carette, who was arrested in December. An identity card, a driver's license,
arms, ammunition, communications equipment, money, and CCC stationery were
to prove the group's viability.
The December 1985 arrests of four CCC members and the subsequent discoveries
of their safehouses will reduce the likelihood of terrorist attacks in Belgium in the
near term. Remaining CCC hardcore members, however, could-possibly with
support from other European leftist groups-carry out attacks on public officials
in order to pressure the government into releasing their imprisoned comrades and
France-Spain French Court Decision May Have ETA on the Run
A French court decision in early March may indicate a hardening of that country's
counterterrorist policy toward the Spanish Basque organization Fatherland and
Liberty-Military Wing (ETA-M). On 13 March, for the first time, a French court
sentenced alleged members of ETA-M as common criminals rather than as
political refugees. This decision reportedly has prompted more than a dozen
alleged ETA-M members to leave their French safehavens. Some Spanish officials
believe that Spain's 12 March decision to remain in NATO may lead ETA-M to
target Spanish or even US interests in Spain in the future. The recent
disappearance of the ETA-M members may indicate preparations to carry out
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in Spain and elsewhere in a broadcast from West Beirut on 18 February.
Za'tar" threatened to attack Spanish interests if two Palestinian prisoners held
there were not released within two weeks. The group issued the threat to retaliate
Palestinian Group Threatens Spanish Interests
A Palestinian group called the "Organization of the Sons of the Martyrs of Tal al-
with the murder of two Israeli seamen in Barcelona last October.
Syrian Ambassador or Embassy in Madrid.
"Martyrs of Tal al-Za'tar" is believed to be a covername for Fatah's Force 17.
This group sent a letter to the Swiss Ambassador in London threatening reprisals
if the Swiss did not release two Palestinians held in Geneva. The two Swiss
prisoners are probably Force 17 members who were arrested in a safehouse in
Madrid last July. Press reports indicate that the two were planning to attack the
there was any foreign involvement.
No Apparent Progress in Palme Assassination
Swedish police on 12 March arrested Viktor Gunnarsson, a 32-year-old Swede,
and attempted to indict him in connection with the 28 February assassination of
Prime Minister Palme. According to press reports, Gunnarsson once belonged to
the European Labor Party, a staunchly anti-Soviet and anti-Palme fringe political
group. The party said it cut all ties with Gunnarsson in May 1985 "after noticing
some unbalanced features." The police were unable to hold him past the initial five
days allowed under Swedish law, however, and, when witnesses could not identify
him, he was released. There have been no other arrests in the case, and we are
unable to state conclusively either that his murder was an act of terrorism or that
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Cache of Grenades and Explosives Found
On 10 March, a woman found four Soviet-made handgrenades, a pipebomb, a
chemical timer, and a detonator of Western origin in a trash container in Munich.
Police have offered a reward for information on the owners of the cache. They
speculate that the items may be left over from a Palestinian cache, because similar
grenades were used in the 1972 Munich Olympics attack and some of the material
was wrapped in a newspaper dating from February 1971.
Switzerland Crackdown on Libyan Terrorist Activity
Swiss authorities have found increasing evidence that Libya is misusing its
diplomatic privileges to cache weapons and false identity documents, according to
the German press, and Libya may be targeting two persons for assassination.
Swiss authorities recently opened a diplomatic
pouch, probably to look for weapons, an indication that they are already taking
steps to thwart Libyan activity. Tripoli reportedly believes its missions in West
Germany and the rest of Europe also are being carefully watched.
Likely targets of Libyan terrorist activity are anti-Qadhafi dissidents or pro-
Arafat Palestinians who were sentenced in late March for bombin s of Libyan and
Syrian installations there last year.
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Norwegian armed forces, and a number of police and security organizations.
have reportedly been produced and are in service with the Austrian Army, the
Threat of "Plastic Pistol" Exaggerated
Recent public reports alleging that the Austrian Glock-17 pistol represents a
significant terrorist threat because of its plastic parts overstate the case. Although
it has been claimed that the weapon is made mostly of plastic and can pass security
scrutiny at airports, the pistol is actually 83-percent steel and is as easily
discernible through X-ray and metal detectors as all-steel models. Furthermore,
this is not a new pistol developed to be undetectable; more than 80,000 Glock-17s 25X1
their caliber (9 mm) and magazine capacity (17 rounds) make t em
handguns.
desirable weapons, and they would be no more difficult to conceal than any other
Libya Planning Terrorist Campaign?
Tunisian dissidents or radical Palestinians could act as surrogates.
relations with Tunisia and infiltrating terrorists has become more difficult,
Tunisia to punish Tunis for its close ties to the United States. Libyan radio
attacked the visit of the US Sixth Fleet commander to Tunis and described it as
provocative. Tripoli presented a diplomatic note a
virtual declaration of war. Vice President Bush's trip to Tunis in early March
almost certainly increased Tripoli's ire. Although Libya no longer has diplomatic
Tripoli may be prepared to undertake terrorist attacks in
Series of Bombings Against Phalange Party Offices
Between 21 January and 8 March, a wave of bombings terrorized the Christian
community in East Beirut. Most of the bombings occurred near Phalange Party
offices and killed a total of 33 persons and wounded 165. Damage was extensive:
shops were destroyed, cars were burned, and hundreds of windows were broken.
The most significant incidents were:
21 January A car bomb exploded in a busy commercial area,
killing 22 and wounding more than 100.
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3 February A suitcase bomb exploded in a building 300 meters
from a Phalange Party office. There was extensive
damage to shops and parked cars, but no casualties
were reported.
12 February A bomb exploded in front of a theater next to a
Phalange Party office. The bomb contained the
equivalent of 20 kilograms of dynamite and killed two
persons and injured another 15.
24 February A car packed with explosives and mortar shells
exploded near a busy supermarket, killing five persons
and injuring 12. The blast set an apartment building
on fire and destroyed 15 cars.
Pro-Gemayel Christian officials have arrested 64 persons in connection with the
bombings, which began shortly after ex-Lebanese Forces leader Eli Hubayqa fled
to Syria on 15 January. No group has claimed responsibility for the bombings,
although the most likely suspects are elements of the Lebanese Forces loyal to
Hubayqa, who supported the Syrian-backed Lebanese peace agreement. The
Hubayqa forces, probably acting with encouragement from Damascus, are trying
to intimidate Gemayel and his supporters into signing the Syrian-brokered accord.
Party office nearby was not damaged.
8 March A car bomb exploded in a residential neighborhood,
killing four persons and injuring 38. A Phalange
carrying out the attack.
Truck Bomb Explodes in Damascus
A powerful bomb exploded inside a refrigerated truck under a bridge overpass in a
Damascus suburb on 13 March. The blast reportedly killed six military cadets and
seriously wounded as many as 110 other persons. Syrian television broadcast the
"confession" of a Lebanese man who claimed Iraqi authorities coerced him into
The bomb was the first attack in Damascus since a series of explosions last fall
believed to be linked to Syria's role in Lebanon. While Iraq may have been
responsible, some Syrian officials are blaming Lebanese Phalangist elements,
Pro-Jordanian Mayor Assassinated
The pro-Jordanian mayor of Nablus was assassinated outside city hall by an
unidentified gunman on 2 March. the
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine killed Zafir al-Masri to intimidate
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terrorist attacks in the West Bank.
other Palestinians who may be thinking of cooperating with the Israelis. Israeli
authorities said the weapon used was the same one involved in at least two other
States and Europe. There were no attacks following those threats.
TNT is believed responsible for about a dozen attacks against Arab and Christian
holy places in the West Bank since 1980. The group conducted a similar letter
campaign in 1984 aimed at political, media, and union officials in the United
of danger" that is not limited to the territory of the United States.
US Officials Receive Threatening Leaflets
US officials, including a member of the US MBFR delegation in Vienna and an
assistant to the US Ambassador to Jordan, received leaflets signed by the Jewish
terrorist group Terror Against Terror (TNT) attacking the Peres government and
pro-Arab US officials. The leaflet warns Arab-Americans that they are in a "zone
extent of the group's involvement in that incident.
Israeli Citizen Killed in Cairo
The wife of an Israeli Embassy employee was killed and three other Israelis were
wounded when terrorists ambushed their car leaving the Cairo Trade Fair on 19
March. One car reportedly blocked the victims' vehicle while gunmen opened fire
from another. The attack was claimed by a group calling itself Egypt's Revolution,
a self-described nationalist movement violently opposed to the Egyptian-Israeli
peace treaty. The group has taken credit for at least two attacks on Israeli
diplomats in Cairo in the last two years. The hijackers of Egyptair Flight 648 last
November used the name "Egyptian Revolution," but we cannot confirm the
Saudi Arabia Increased Security in Eastern Province
Riyadh appears concerned about the security of its heavily Shia-populated Eastern
Province.
The large pro-Iranian minority among the Shias had reacted
enthusiastically to recent Iranian battlefield successes, and radical pro-Iranian
sentiment has grown significantly over the last few months. Radical religious
leaders are drawing larger crowds, and conservatives-although still a majority-
are losing support.
government, however, before they were lifted on 15 March,
control equipment sharply increased tensions between the Shias and the
armed police guards at government buildings, visible street patrols, and riot-
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The tight security reflects Saudi determination to prevent antigovernment
demonstrations or Iranian-inspired terrorist attacks by radical Shias. Potential
economic and military targets in the kingdom are heavily concentrated in the oil-
producing areas of the Eastern Province. Although there is no evidence of direct
Iranian meddling among the Shias there, the growing fervor of young radicals has
increased the possibility of antiregime activity. Saudi security forces will quell
public demonstrations ruthlessly but would have more difficulty preventing
Separatist Violence Linked to Libya, Cuba
French Caribbean separatists receiving support from Libya apparently were
behind the violence intended to disrupt local elections on 13 March. A police
station in Martinique was bombed on 28 February, and molotov cocktails were
thrown during two Gaullist political rallies in Guadeloupe, injuring three persons.
the media explaining why the organization had been created.
New Terrorist Group May Be AVC Splinter
A group calling itself the Montoneros Patria Libre (MPL) (Free Homeland
Guerrilla Fighters) on 22 January occupied the Heroes of Independence
Monument on the outskirts of Quito, overpowered four guards, and stole their
weapons. The MPL called for freedom from US "imperialism," and sent leaflets to
Persistent rumors of internal dissension within the terrorist group Alfaro Vive,
Carajo! (AVC) lend credence to the suspicion that the MPL is most likely an AVC
splinter group. Furthermore, the January operation resembled the AVC's modus
Colombia-Peru-Ecuador Terrorist Groups Join "America Battalion"
Members of the Peruvian Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) and
the Ecuadorean Alfaro Vive, Carajo! (AVC) have joined the Colombian M-19's
new insurgent unit-the America Battalion-J
M-19's long-term goal is to
form the nucleus of a multinational "Bolivarian army" in the Andean region. The
M- 19 initially enlisted the AVC-with which it has had close operational ties since
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the latter was founded in 1983-to contribute members to the new unit, and in late
February the MRTA announced that three of its squadrons were participating in
it. The battalion has recently skirmished with Colombian troops in the south.
members that they can afford to send large numbers to the new unit.
The America Battalion probably will remain a predominantly M- 19 insurgent unit
over at least the next six months. The M-19 is not in a position to actively foment
regional revolution. In addition, neither the MRTA nor the AVC has so many
President Khamenei in January.
Tensions With Libya
Pakistani authorities have detained a Libyan executive of a joint Libyan-Pakistani
holding company for his alleged involvement in a series of murders that last year
provoked rioting against Pakistani police ineptitude. Authorities may be preparing
to portray the murders as a Libyan plot to erode confidence in the government.
Islamabad believes Libya has undertaken other efforts to undermine the
government, including plans to hijack a Pakistani airliner earlier this year and the
funding of pro-Iranian, anti-US demonstrations in Lahore during a visit by Iranian
Tokyo in May could have been responsible for the attacks.
These incidents are reminiscent of the 1 January 1985 rocket attack staged by the
radical group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction) on the US Consulate General in
Kobe. There were two major differences in the latest attacks, however: these
rockets were less sophisticated than those the group had previously used and some
that it reportedly is developing, and these attacks were staged during working
hours, increasing the chances of casualties in the target areas and among
bystanders. Because of these differences, Japanese police reportedly believe that
some other leftist group opposed to the Western Economic Summit to be held in
any casualties, although one rocket did land on the roof of the Embassy.
US Embassy, Palace Hit by Homemade Rockets
On 25 March, at about 1315 hours local time, three homemade incendiary rockets
were fired from a parked car into the grounds of the US Embassy in Tokyo.
Virtually simultaneously, two more rockets were fired from another vehicle into
the grounds of the Imperial Palace. None of the rockets did any damage or caused
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Secret
an incendiary attack on the US Embassy in the fall of 1983.
We have not ruled out Chukaku-ha as a likely culprit, for a variety of reasons:
? The vehicles apparently used timers and self-destruct devices, hallmarks of
Chukaku-ha incendiary attacks.
? Chukaku-ha devices frequently fail to explode after they reach their targets.
? Chukaku-ha is known to have been planning surveillance of US diplomatic
targets in Japan in early March and is known to have planned and later canceled
Chukaku-ha intends to create a climate of chaos
Secret 16
generate maximum publicity in their attempt to derail the summit.
These incidents support the view that the perpetrators are reacting to time
pressure, and we believe they are likely to continue to carry out attacks that
during the runup to the May summit, but the group faces manpower,
money, and time constraints and might not be able to conduct serious attacks.
predominantly Muslim state.
Bombings Mar Sabah State Politics
Between 12 and 20 March, a series of 26 bombings rocked the Malaysian state of
Sabah, leaving three persons dead and seven others injured. Two other persons
died in subsequent rioting. Similar low-level bombings occurred last spring
following elections that brought a Christian-dominated party to power in the
These bombings, and the first set in 1985, are believed to have been perpetrated by
Muslims loyal to the party that led the previous state government. The bombers
apparently intend to create sufficient chaos to pressure the mostly Muslim (but
secular) national government to step in and run the state. To the extent that Sabah
Muslims remain disaffected with the current regime, more such bombings are
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Overview of International
Terrorism in 1985
The level of international terrorism has increased
dramatically over the last two years, both in number
of incidents and degree of lethality. From an annual
average of about 500 incidents during the early 1980s,
the level increased to nearly 600 in 1984. Preliminary
figures for 1985 indicate the total is higher still-
about 800 incidents.' Several disturbing trends are
discernible from the 1985 figures:
? The United States and its friends and allies
continued to be primary targets. Israel, Egypt, and
Jordan, for example, suffered more attacks in 1985
than in any previous year, and several of our West
European allies were attacked by resurgent
domestic terrorist groups, ostensibly because of their
ties to NATO and the United States.
? Terrorists increased their attacks on businessmen
and other nongovernment targets, thereby widening
the impact of their operations.
International Terrorist Incidents, 1980-85
? The number of persons killed or injured in
international terrorist attacks in 1985 exceeded
2,200-more than any other year. The previous
record year was 1983, when the US and French
contingents of the peacekeeping force and the US
Embassy in Lebanon were bombed, causing record
levels of death and injury.
? International terrorists continued to exhibit a
greater willingness to harm innocent bystanders
through indiscriminate attacks. Increased use of
large bombs accounted for many of the heightened
casualty figures.
Middle East
Terrorism of Middle Eastern origin accounts for
much of the increase in international terrorism over
the past two years. In 1983, Middle Eastern groups
Worldwide
incidents
Incidents
involving US
accounted for 28 percent of all international terrorist
incidents. In 1984, this share grew to 47 percent-a
larger share of a larger total. Such groups operated at
nearly the same level in 1985.
The continued high level of international terrorism by
Middle Eastern groups owes much to state
sponsorship-particularly by Syria, Iran, and Libya.
Although the percentage of such incidents has
declined from the level of the previous year, state-
sponsored terrorism still constituted a significant
proportion-about 25 percent-of all Middle
Eastern-origin incidents in 1985.
Secret
DI TR 86-005
April 1986
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Secret
Casualities Resulting From International State-Supported International Terrorist
Terrorist Incidents, 1980-85 Incidents, 19858
A dramatic increase in Palestinian terrorism more
than compensated for any decline in state-supported
incidents. Palestinian terrorism accounted for more
than half of all Middle Eastern incidents in 1985,
compared with about one-third in 1984.
Many of the attacks in 1985 were conducted by
radical Palestinians-such as the Abu Nidal
Group-that are known to receive extensive support
from Damascus. One of the most dangerous Middle
Eastern terrorist organizations, this group conducted
23 attacks last year, more than 60 percent of them in
Western Europe. The number of dead and wounded
was 34 and 327, respectively.
Syrian-supported groups staged some 30 attacks in
1985-compared with 21 in all of 1984-including
two against US facilities. President Assad continued
to use terrorism to dissuade opponents and
uncooperative allies from pursuing policies inimical to
Syrian interests. In 1985, for example, Syrian-
supported groups conducted about twice as many
terrorist operations against Jordanian officials and
facilities as they did the previous year.
Syrian-supported groups have also attacked US
facilities in Jordan. We do not know if Syrian officials
explicitly approved such attacks and doubt that
President Assad is intent on directly targeting US
personnel and facilities. We believe, however, that he
exploits the anti-American militancy of these groups
in order to penalize the United States for policies that
he opposes.
Iran and Iranian-supported groups were responsible
for over 30 international terrorist attacks in 1985.
France, the United States, and Iraq remained the
primary targets, but the Persian Gulf states also faced
threats. Iran also became increasingly involved in
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Selected Chronology of 1985
High-Casualty Incidents
2 February A popular bar in the Athens suburb
of Glyfada was bombed by unknown
terrorists, injuring 78 persons,
including 57 US servicemen and
their dependents.
A restaurant outside Madrid was
bombed, probably by radical
Palestinians, killing 18 Spaniards
and wounding another 82 persons,
including 15 Americans.
19 June An armed attack on a cafe in San
Salvador in June by terrorists tied
to the Farabundo Marti Liberation
Front killed 13 persons, including
six Americans.
23 June A Shannon-bound Air India flight
from Toronto was bombed over the
North Atlantic, probably by Sikh
extremists; 329 passengers and
crewmembers were killed.
8 August A car bombing at Rhein-Main
Airbase-claimed by the West
German Red Army Faction and
French Action Directe-killed two
Americans and wounded 17 other
persons.
The seizure of Colombia's Ministry
of Justice by guerrillas belonging to
the 19th of April Movement resulted
in more than 100 deaths when
government troops stormed the
building.
An Egyptian jetliner was hijacked
from Athens to Malta by Abu Nidal
terrorists, possibly with the
cooperation of Egyptian dissidents.
Before Egyptian commandos
stormed the plane-killing some 60
persons who remained aboard-the
terrorists executed five persons,
including an American woman, and
wounded the other Americans
aboard.
The bombing of two department
stores in Paris by a hitherto
unknown Middle Eastern group left
about 35 holiday shoppers wounded.
27 December Near-simultaneous attacks at the
Rome and Vienna airports carried
out by the Abu Nidal Group left
more than 20 persons, including five
Americans, dead and some 120
wounded, including 20 Americans.
agitation and propaganda activity among Muslim
populations in countries as distant as Nigeria,
Pakistan, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Iran trains and finances numerous dissident and
terrorist groups, such as:
? Radical Shia elements in Lebanon, including
Hizballah, the group responsible for the bulk of
anti-US attacks in Lebanon.
? Iraqi dissidents, who last year staged two attacks in
Iraqi President Saddam Husayn's hometown.
? Shia dissidents from Kuwait and Bahrain. Pro-
Iranian dissidents attempted to assassinate the Amir
of Kuwait last May, and Shia terrorist cells were
uncovered in Kuwait, Bahrain, and the United Arab
Emirates during 1985.
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Iran continues to target
In 1985, Libyan-supported terrorists also operated
elsewhere, most notably:
anti-Khomeini exiles. Last September, for example,
an exiled Iranian tribal leader with close ties to the
Shah was gunned down in Karachi.
Iran uses some of its diplomatic and cultural missions
to support terrorists. Many elements of the Iranian
Government, including several senior officials, are
directly involved in terrorist activity.
Libyan-supported groups or clandestine state agents
staged 15 successful attacks in 1985, mostly against
Libyan exiles. Last year, Libyan state agents attacked
so-called stray dogs in Greece, West Germany,
Cyprus, Italy, and Austria. Egyptian-based exiles
were frequent Libyan targets. Tripoli also apparently
targeted exiles participating in last year's pilgrimage
to Mecca, but did not act on its plans. About 8,000
Libyan pilgrims-some in possession of explosives-
did, however, stage a violent demonstration in Mecca
immediately after the Hajj.
In addition to providing training, arms, encourage-
ment, and funds to dissident and insurgent groups,
Libya increasingly strengthened its long-term
relationship with radical Palestinian groups. Abu
Nidal, the notorious Palestinian terrorist, reportedly is
living in Tripoli and has moved part of his
organization there. Qadhafi almost certainly views the
radical Palestinians as potential allies in his terrorist
operations against Libyan exiles and non-Libyan
opponents.
Libya also focused increased attention on the United
States. Libyans were observed taking pictures of the
US Embassy in Sudan and also exerted pressure on
the Somali Government to lease property adjacent to
US Embassy housing in Mogadishu. In addition,
Qadhafi has made references in recent speeches to his
contacts with American radicals.
? In Tunisia, about 50 suspected Libyan-backed
saboteurs were arrested last fall. The terrorists were
infiltrated into Tunisia when Libya expelled more
than 30,000 Tunisian workers. Libyans carrying
false documentation were among those arrested.
? In Zaire, security officials claim to have thwarted a
Libyan-sponsored plot to kill President Mobutu in
September.
? In Chad, Libya continued to target President
Habre.
We have identified Palestinians as the perpetrators of
more than 200 international terrorist incidents during
1985. The continued internecine Palestinian feuding,
coupled with Arafat's apparent inability or
unwillingness to control hardliners aligned with him,
indicates that the large share of international terrorist
attacks carried out by Palestinians will continue. This
increased Palestinian activity was reflected in:
? A rise in terrorist attacks inside Israel and the
occupied territories, with virtually every Palestinian
group claiming credit.
? An increase in the number of attacks by Syrian-
sponsored groups-especially the Abu Nidal
Group-in Western Europe.
? Intra-Palestinian terrorism resulting from the split
last year in the Palestine Liberation Organization,
and pressure from Fatah hardliners opposed to
Arafat's political strategy.
Increasingly, Middle Eastern terrorists are
conducting attacks outside the region, particularly in
Western Europe, and the data for 1985 affirm this
trend. The 70-odd incidents of Middle Eastern-origin
terrorism that occurred in Western Europe last year
exceed 1984's total and are double the annual average
for 1980-83. Most of the Middle Eastern-generated
activity in Western Europe has not directly affected
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Middle Eastern-Origin Terrorist Incidents
in Western Europe, 1980-85
US interests, although this appears to be changing.
The TWA hijacking in June, the seizure of the
Achille Lauro in October, the diversion to Malta of
the Egyptian airliner in November, and the attack on
the Rome airport in December all resulted in US
fatalities.
Western Europe
Some 200 international terrorist incidents occurred in
Western Europe during 1985. About one-third of
these were directed against US or NATO-related
targets, primarily by West European terrorists.
Although the growing number of incidents conducted
in Western Europe by terrorists of Middle Eastern
origin is of increasing concern, European authorities
have also had to contend with continuing activity
In West Germany, sympathizers and hardcore
members of the Red Army Faction (RAF) carried out
more than a dozen attacks against US and NATO-
related interests last year, including the car bombing
at Rhein-Main Airbase in August. Despite
counterterrorist successes against the organization,
West German security officials continue to believe
that the RAF is capable of conducting another major
In France, Action Directe conducted 22 terrorist
attacks last year, including the assassination in
January of a high-level official in the Defense
Ministry. Nearly all of these were directed at
domestic political targets. In December, however,
terrorists bombed the office in Versailles of the
Central Europe Operating Agency, which monitors
the NATO pipeline.'
Most of the dozen or so international terrorist
incidents that occurred in Italy during 1985 were
conducted by Middle Easterners against non-Western
targets. However, one of the most spectacular attacks
of the year-the hijacking in October of the Italian
cruise ship Achille Lauro-victimized many
nationalities, primarily Western. An American tourist
was killed before the incident ended.
Belgian terrorists carried out some 30 attacks in 1985.
Most of these were conducted by the Communist
Combatant Cells (CCC), which surfaced in October
1984 in connection with a series of attacks against
NATO and defense-related targets. The group
bombed offices of the Motorola Company in Brussels
on the day of President Reagan's meeting with allies
to discuss the Geneva summit. In December, it blew
up a control station on the NATO pipeline in western
Belgium-within a half hour of the Versailles
bombing. Since the arrest by Belgian security officials
of key members of the group in mid-December,
however, there have been no further attacks.
The separatist Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
remained Spain's most serious terrorist problem in
1985, despite counterterrorist successes by Spanish
and French police and continued murders of ETA
members by the Antiterrorist Liberation Group,
which Spanish and French press sources have linked
to the Spanish police. Spain's other major terrorist
2 For a more detailed examination of terrorism affecting French
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group, the leftist First of October Antifascist
Resistance, spent much of the year attempting to
recover from a police sweep in January.
The level of terrorist activity in Greece remained high.
One-third of the incidents that occurred there last
year were directed against US targets, many in the
form of arson and bombing attacks against vehicles
belonging to US military personnel in Athens. The
Revolutionary People's Struggle and the virulently
anti-US 17 November Revolutionary Organization-
which in years past had murdered two Americans and
wounded another-continue to pose high threats to
US interests in Greece
In Luxembourg, unknown persons carried out some
14 bombings against domestic targets since April
1985. Luxembourg officials believe the attacks were
intended to discredit the government.
West European authorities are particularly concerned
about indications of coordination among several West
European groups-the German RAF, the French
Action Directe, and the Belgian CCC, including the
following:
? Since the middle of 1984, these groups have
conducted, more or less simultaneously, a number of
attacks against NATO and defense-related targets.
Some of these operations required a great deal of
planning.
? The terrorists have stated publicly that they acted in
concert: Action Directe and the RAF, for example,
issued a joint communique in January 1985
declaring war on the "imperialist" system. Both
groups also claimed responsibility for the car
bombing in August at Rhein-Main Airbase.
Latin America
Some 130 international terrorist incidents occurred in
Latin America, nearly two-thirds of which were
directed against US interests. The majority of the
incidents were bombings, followed by armed attacks
and kidnapings. The use of terrorist tactics by a
variety of groups, including drug traffickers,
continued.
The threat to US facilities, personnel, and interests
from terrorist groups is particularly high in the
Andean countries of South America, where a number
of the anti-US incidents occurred. The breakdown of
the Colombian Government's efforts to achieve peace
with various guerrilla movements and domestic
problems in Peru and Ecuador have provided fertile
ground for terrorist activities. Increasing evidence of
cooperation among groups in this region heightens our
concern. We expect that US interests in South
America will continue to be one of their primary
targets in 1986. Elsewhere in the region, Chile was
the locale of more terrorist incidents (most of them
domestic) than any other country in the world.
In Colombia, leftist guerrilla groups such as the 19th
of April Movement (M-19), the Ricardo Franco
Front, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia,
and the National Liberation Army continued to
target US interests. Despite the M-19's defeat at the
hands of the Colombian military during the group's
ill-fated takeover of the Palace of Justice in
November, the M-19 still retains the ability to stage
terrorist operations.
In Ecuador, the threat came from the Alfaro Vive,
Carajo! (AVC) terrorist group. The small, urban-
based organization is strongly anti-US and maintains
links to Colombia's M-19. Government officials are
concerned that such ties to the larger, more
experienced M-19 will significantly enhance the
? French, West German, and Belgian terrorists used,
in separate operations, explosives that belonged to a
lot stolen from a Belgian quarry in June 1984.
? Points on the NATO pipeline in Belgium bombed
by the Belgian terrorists in December 1984 had
been marked on a NATO document confiscated
from Red Army Faction members arrested in West
Germany that summer.
AVC's capabilities.
In Peru, the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
(MRTA) and the Sendero Luminoso (SL) posed
serious problems for the Garcia government. There
were more than a dozen international terrorist attacks
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in Peru during the year, mostly directed against US
interests. In November, members of the MRTA threw
bombs and fired machineguns at the US Embassy in
Lima, as well as at US businesses. Sendero Luminoso
continued to target US interests, primarily by
dynamiting and shooting at the US Embassy.
In Chile, which saw more than 865 bombings, some
two dozen international terrorist incidents occurred
throughout 1985, a number of which were directed
against US interests. The Communist-affiliated
Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front conducted most of
the anti-US terrorist attacks in Chile.
Outside the Andean Region, the terrorist threat was
greatest in Central America, especially in El
Salvador. Of particular concern to authorities there
was a possible resurgence of urban terrorism.
Elements of the Farabundo Marti Liberation Front
(FMLN)-in particular the urban terrorist wing of
the Central American Revolutionary Worker's Party,
the Popular Liberation Forces, and the renegade
Clara Elizabeth Ramirez Front-continued to target
US personnel in El Salvador. In fact, the greatest
single death toll of US citizens last year came as a
result of the "Zona Rosa massacre" in downtown San
Salvador in June: six Americans, four of them Marine
security guards, died in the attack.
Cuban President Fidel Castro continued to support
political violence in selected Latin American
countries, despite his efforts to portray himself as a
responsible statesman. Castro's policy of
revolutionary subversion and his support for leftist
guerrillas will continue to be a stumblingblock for US
counterterrorist programs. Cuba maintained its
longstanding support to terrorists in countries such as
Colombia and apparently undertook new initiatives in
Bolivia and Argentina in support of regional terrorist
groups.
Asia
Asia remains on the periphery of international
terrorism. Our preliminary compilation of incidents
for 1985 shows that only about 6 percent of all
international terrorist incidents occurred there. The
activities of two Asian groups, however, raised
concern in 1985:
? Sikh terrorism in 1985 was international in scope.
Its attacks victimized foreigners and resulted in
high levels of lethality. Sikh extremists were
probably responsible for the worst single incident
ever recorded-the Air India crash last June. The
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provide staging bases for future Sikh terrorism.
? Japan's radical Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction)
conducted more attacks last year than in most
previous years. It began the year with a January
rocket attack on the US Consulate General in Kobe
and demonstrated its capabilities to disrupt
Japanese society when it shut down a large section
of Japan's commuter rail system in late November.
Thus far, this group has refrained from deliberately
causing casualties.'
For a more detailed treatment of terrorism in Asia last year, see
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Lebanon-France:
Hostage Negotiations
Appear Stalemated
One of the first challenges facing the new
conservative government in Paris will be the problem
of the French hostages in Lebanon. Earlier this year,
a deal fell through, and the stakes were raised when
the kidnapers distributed photos of one French
hostage they allegedly killed and four more
Frenchmen were seized in Beirut. The new
government may support most of the concessions
made by President Mitterrand in January, but the
sticking point is likely to be the reluctance of the
Lebanese Shia kidnapers to agree to a deal negotiated
through Iran and Syria.
Alternatively, it is possible that the deal soured
because elements of the Iranian Government imposed
last-minute demands that France was not willing to
Although pressure to reach an agreement eased after
the Socialist defeat in the 16 March parliamentary
election, we believe the new government is likely to
accept most of the concessions agreed to by President
Mitterrand in January. New Prime Minister Jacques
Chirac, a conservative, strongly supports Iraq,
however, and his government probably will be
reluctant to halt arms sales to Baghdad, even for a
In early January, Socialist Party officials in Paris
hoped to bolster their party's chances to retain power
in the March National Assembly elections by
negotiating for the release of the French hostages in
Lebanon. The shape of the deal Paris reportedly
agreed to earlier this year remains murky, but
President Mitterrand apparently accepted Iran's
principal demands. These were the release of five
Iranian-backed terrorists imprisoned in France for the
attempted assassination of a former Iranian Prime
Minister in May 1980,' the repayment to Tehran of
$1 billion deposited in France by the Shah, and a
clampdown on Iranian dissident activity in France.
We suspect that the agreement fell through because
the Hizballah element actually holding the hostages
was not directly involved in the negotiations and was
not willing to accept the terms agreed to by France,
Iran, and Syria. The kidnapers' demands have not
changed since early this year, and we do not believe
they will issue new conditions in the near future.'
' French officials told US diplomats that Paris would release one
prisoner for "medical" reasons and would guarantee the release of
' In an interview with a French newspaper in mid-February, Syrian
President Assad acknowledged that a deal had been worked out to
release the French but the "persons covering the hostages" backed
out at the last minute. Assad denounced the captors for reneging
and said that Syria's relations with the group could not improve
until it released its foreign hostages
Mitterrand may now decide to direct the negotiations
personally. Outgoing Defense Minister Quiles
complained recently that he, outgoing Foreign
Minister Dumas, and former Prime Minister Fabius
were being kept in the dark by Mitterrand,
Dr. Razah
Ra'd, a Lebanese-born French heart specialist, has
occasionally acted as "unofficial" emissary to Beirut
and Damascus, and, soon after the elections, a Syrian
businessman named Omran Adham told the press
that he was Mitterrand's r al envoy to Syrian
President Assad.
There is no evidence that the American hostages have
been part of any negotiations to date. Should Paris
successfully negotiate the release of its hostages in the
near future, the deal will not include the release of the
American hostages. Although the same Hizballah
element holds both sets of hostages, the demands for
each are different. Hizballah has consistently said
that it will set the American captives free only if the
United States forces Kuwait to release the 17 Dawa
prisoners arrested for the bombings of the US
Embassy and other targets in Kuwait in December
1983. The terrorists have showed no willingness to
agree to a compromise for anything less.
Secret
DI TR 86-005
April 1986
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Following is a chronology of significant developments:
22 March Diplomats Marcel Fontaine and
1985 Marcel Carton are kidnaped in West
Beirut. Danielle Perez, Carton's
daughter and a secretary at the
French Embassy, is also taken
hostage, then released on 31 March.
"Islamic Jihad" and the previously
unknown "Khaybar Brigades" claim
credit.
23 May 1985 Journalist Jean Paul Kauffmann and
researcher Michel Seurat are
kidnaped in West Beirut. "Islamic
Jihad" claims credit.
Early
January 1986
these reports.
French press reports indicate that
Paris is close to a deal to secure the
release of the hostages. French
officials confirm the substance of
10 January French officials tell US diplomats
1986 that negotiations are at a stalemate.
19 February Paris expels four Iranians, four
1986 Iraqis, and three Lebanese. Two of
the Iraqis-Hamza Hadi Fawzi and
Hassan Khayr al-Din, members of
an Iraqi opposition group-are sent
to Baghdad. Press reports claim that
8 March 1986 An anonymous caller claiming to
speak for "Islamic Jihad" threatens
to kill one of the French diplomats
unless Paris arranges the release of
the two deported Iraqis. The caller
also demands that Paris send Dr.
Ra'd to negotiate with the kidnapers.
Ra'd was involved in hostage
negotiations last summer.
Four members of a French television
crew-Phillippe Rochot, Georges
Hansen, Aurel Corenea, and Jean-
Louis Normandin-are kidnaped
after covering a Hizballah rally in
Beirut's southern suburbs. F_~
9 March 1986 An anonymous caller claims that
"Islamic Jihad" was responsible for
kidnaping the TV crew.
The French Ambassador to Iraq
meets with the expelled Iraqis in
Baghdad. Both are reported alive
and in good health.
9-13 March A series of official and unofficial
1986 French mediators arrive in the
Middle East to explore all possible
avenues in the hostage crisis. Foreign
Ministry officials travel to Beirut,
Damascus, and Tehran.
at least one is executed in Baghdad. 10 March
Tehran, which supports Iraqi 1986
oppositionists, is said to be angered,
further setting back negotiation
efforts.
6 March 1986 An anonymous caller tells a foreign
news agency in Beirut that "Islamic
Jihad" has executed Michel Seurat
as a spy. He also criticizes Paris for
deporting "innocent Muslims,"
particularly its two "Iraqi brothers."
The caller warns that French policy
in the Middle East is endangering its
nationals and demands that French
officials "move away from the
destructive policy that they are
pursuing, and abandon America and
its affairs."
Unidentified couriers deliver a
statement in the name of "Islamic
Jihad" to a foreign news agency in
Beirut, along with three
photographs. The statement says
they are intended to prove the
execution of the "specialized
intelligence expert" Michel Seurat.
French officials have identified the
man in the photos as Seurat.
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French press reports indicate that 15 March
three shiploads of French small arms 1986
and ammunition are headed toward
Iran. French officials deny that Paris
authorized a direct shipment, but
they probably knew the shipment 16 March
would go to Iran. 1986
12 March Hizballah spiritual leader
1986 Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah calls
for the release of the TV crew,
calling their kidnaping unjustified.
Iraqi President Saddam Husayn
pardons Fawzi and Khayr al-Dina
and says they are free to go back to
France if they wish.
14 March Unidentified couriers deliver a
1986 videotape of hostages Kauffmann, 17 March
Carton, and Fontaine to the Visnews 1986
Bureau in Beirut. The hostages
address messages to their families
and appeal for pressure to be
brought upon the French
Government to achieve their release.
They also called on France to stop
supporting Iraq. According to the
US Embassy in Beirut, the hostages
all appear physically and
psychologically worn down.
A statement delivered to a Western
news agency in Beirut claims that
the previously unknown
"Organization of Revolutionary
Justice" was responsible for
kidnaping the French TV crew. This
may be another covername for
Hizballah elements, possibly acting
without the approval of the
Hizballah leadership. The statement,
accompanied by photocopies of
Hansen's identification card and
Normandin's driver's license,
criticized "French colonialism" in
the Middle East.
Dr. Ra'd returns to Paris, claiming
that he met with the kidnapers and
received "new proposals" from them.
The National Assembly elections in
Paris bring a conservative coalition
to power.
The Hizballah leadership releases a
press communique denying any
involvement in the French or other
hostage affairs. The statement
refutes Dr. Ra'd's claim that he
reached a compromise with the
radical Shias, claiming he never met
with a Hizballah official. Fadlallah,
however, admits that Dr. Ra'd
visited him.
Syrian businessman Omran Adham
tells the press in Paris that he is
Mitterrand's personal envoy to
Syrian President Assad. Adham did
meet with Assad in Damascus two
days earlier, but apparently did not
receive any firm commitment from
Assad to take further action on the
hostage issue. Adham criticized Dr.
Ra'd for interfering and making "ill-
considered" promises to the
kidnapers. He says the hostages
could be set free in "a few days," but
that only Syria could guarantee their
release.
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Secret
Terrorism Against French Interests
in 1985
France experienced high levels of both domestic and
international terrorism in 1985. Our data for last year
record a total of 189 incidents involving French
interests, causing 130 casualties: 27 fatalities, 97
wounded, and six victims of kidnapings. Indigenous
groups were responsible for 144 attacks, and French
personnel or property were targeted in 45
international incidents. France ranked a distant third
overall as a target of international terrorist activity,
Terrorism Against French Interests, 1985
behind Israel and the United States.
The Setting
France must contend with terrorist attacks from
several separatist factions-in such diverse locations
as Corsica, New Caledonia, and the French
Caribbean-as well as from Action Directe, an
indigenous anarchist movement with an international
faction. The French also are victimized by the
Spanish Basque separatist organization Fatherland
and Liberty (ETA) and its French counterpart,
Iparretarak. Moreover, international terrorist groups
have targeted French interests-elsewhere in Europe
Geographic, political, economic, and military factors
combine to make France a particularly attractive
setting for international terrorism. It is the geographic
center of Western Europe, with six easily crossed
international boundaries, and is readily accessible
from Africa and the Middle East. The traditional
French tolerance of political dissidents-as
exemplified by its granting of asylum to persons
suspected of involvement in terrorist activity-
encouraged large numbers of radicals to take up
residence there. France also has a large population of
foreign students and immigrant workers, which
terrorist groups, such as the Lebanese Armed
Revolutionary Faction (LARF), have used as a source
for both recruiting new members and building support
networks. Economic and military factors, such as
arms sales to Iraq and the French military presence in
Lebanon, also prompt anti-French terrorist attacks,
particularly in the Middle East.
National Front for the 92
Liberation of Corsica
New Caledonia related 9
Caribbean Revolutionary 1 1
Alliance
Spanish Basques/Anti- 25
terrorist Liberation Group
Separatist Violence
Most anti-French terrorism is carried out by
separatist groups attempting to win independence
from France. One in particular, the National Front
for the Liberation of Corsica (FLNC), accounted for
92 of the 144 indigenous incidents in 1985. The
FLNC typically sets off multiple property bombs
simultaneously during the night. While its attacks
generally do not cause casualties, five persons were
killed and four wounded last year. The group's
operations in 1985 were sporadic and, for the fourth
consecutive year, the number of FLNC attacks
declined-a trend we expect to continued
Secret
D/ TR 86-005
April 1986
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Secret
Other separatist movements-Iparretarak, the New
Caledonian Kanak Socialist National Liberation
Front, the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance, and the
Breton Revolutionary Army-were responsible for 24
incidents in 1985. Most of these were property
bombings; they caused only one fatality and no
reported injuries.
Action Directe
Action Directe probably poses the greatest problem
for French authorities. What makes this group
particularly troublesome is its possible links to other
European terrorist groups. Action Directe was
responsible for 17 attacks in France in 1985, including
the assassination of Gen. Rene Audran-a Ministry
of Defense official responsible for foreign arms
sales-and the attempted assassination of a second
general officer. Action Directe also issued a joint
communique with the West German Red Army
Faction (RAF) in January 1985 in which the two
groups announced they were forming an "anti-
imperialist front" in Western Europe. The French
terrorists were apparently involved in two operations
as part of this international movement.
We believe that Action Directe now has two factions.
One of them-the "internationalists"-is made up of
a few of the original AD leadership, and probably was
active with both West German and Belgian terrorists
in 1985. We suspect the second faction, the
"domestic," is larger and did not approve of the
alliance with the RAF. Analysis of recent activity
suggests that the members of the second faction-
whose identities are unknown to the police-prefer to
continue traditional AD operations; that is, bombing
property targets in the middle of the night. These
attacks usually do not cause casualties and are related
to various domestic political issues, such as French
involvement in South Africa and the resurgence of
rightist political parties.
International Terrorism
The French must contend with international terrorism
in three dimensions-that growing out of the Spanish
Basque movement, the anti-NATO campaign by the
anti-imperialist front, and attacks upon French
interests in Lebanon.
France experienced 25 incidents related to Basque
separatism in 1985. The lethal Antiterrorist
Liberation Group (GAL) carried out 11 attacks
against ETA exiles in France, killing 10 persons and
wounding eight others. The ETA attacked 14 French
targets in Spain in retaliation for the GAL attacks
and in protest against France's extradition of four
ETA members to Spain.
French targets in Lebanon were attacked 10 times
last year, resulting in five fatalities and six
kidnapings. Hizballah was responsible for eight of
these incidents, and the Armenian Secret Army for
the Liberation of Armenia and the LARF each
carried out one attack. At the end of the year, four
Frenchmen were still being held as hostages by
elements of Hizballah.
In addition to the assassination and attempted
assassination of the two military officers by Action
Directe, there were three anti-NATO incidents
involving the French. A French-owned computer
company in Cologne, West Germany, and the Central
European Operating Agency (the NATO pipeline
management office) in Versailles were bombed, and
Action Directe took credit-along with the RAF-for
the car bombing of the US Air Force base at Rhein-
Main, West Germany.
Four serious bombings were carried out by unknown
perpetrators in France in 1985. We suspect that
Middle Eastern terrorists were responsible. Three of
these attacks were against department stores, killing
one person and wounding 59 others. The other
incident-the bombing of a cinema featuring a Jewish
film festival-resulted in the wounding of some 18
persons.
Outlook
Terrorist activity in France is likely to continue in
1986, although we suspect the patterns are changing:
? There probably will be more terrorist incidents in
France carried out by Middle Eastern groups. In
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Secret
particular, radical Islamic fundamentalists are
likely to strike French interests in both France and
Lebanon as long as a French presence remains in
Lebanon and France continues to provide weapons
to Iraq. Libya also may stage attacks against
French targets if Paris continues to actively support
the Government of Chad.
? French police have had no recent success against
Action Directe, and both its international and
domestic factions appear to be capable of carrying
out attacks at will.
? The Antiterrorist Liberation Group is likely to
continue its deadly campaign against Spanish
Basques in France, which may provoke ETA to
retaliate against French targets in Spain.
On a more positive note, terrorist attacks by separatist
groups against France probably will decline. The
FLNC observed a self-imposed moratorium on
violence from July 1985 through January 1986, but
recently carried out several bombings. Iparretarak
and the separatist movements in the French
Caribbean and New Caledonia have been relatively
quiet so far this year. Even if terrorist activity by the
separatist groups declines, the new French
Government still will have to contend with a
formidable terrorist problem. In our view, France
probably faces an increase in serious international
terrorist activity that will more than offset the effects
of reduced violence by separatist groups.
31 Secret
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Secret
Syrian-Sponsored Terrorism
in Western Europe
Syria sponsors terrorist attacks in Western Europe in
a calculated effort to achieve both domestic and
foreign policy goals
Syria officially
denounces terrorism, but we believe it considers these
operations part of its national security strategy and
that it distinguishes such operations from terrorist
incidents perpetrated b other groups that receive
Syrian support.
Syria has used its own agents and, since 1984,
surrogate groups to execute operations. We believe
Syria has increasingly employed surrogates in part
because these groups can use their established cells in
Western Europe-and the Palestinian and other
Middle Eastern populations there-to support their
operations. We also believe Syria facilitates these
surrogate operations by using their diplomatic
channels in Europe to transport operatives. Although
Syria uses surrogates to shield itself from direct
association with such operations, it runs the risk of
being implicated in attacks that are carried out by
Syrian-supported terrorist groups without Syrian
The Early Focus
Western Europe became a focus of Syrian-sponsored
terrorism in the late 1970s when Syrian operatives
pursued and executed anti-Assad dissidents there.
Many Syrian dissidents, especially Muslim
Brotherhood fundamentalists, had fled Syria to
escape persecution and sought asylum in Western
Europe.
Early attacks in Western Europe, believed to have
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by Syrian operatives to intimidate regime opponents, 25X1
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? The assassination of former Prime Minister Salah
al-Bitar in Paris on 21 July 1970.
? The assassination attempt on Muslim Brotherhood
leader Issam al-Attar in Aachen, West Germany,
on 17 March 1981. The attack resulted in the death
? The attempt on 19 December 1981 to bomb the pro-
Iraqi Arabic-language weekly Al Watan al Arabi in
Paris.
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There appeared to be a lull in Syrian operations in
Western Europe in 1982 after the Assad regime
subdued the Muslim Brotherhood at home. In
addition, West European governments pressed Syria 25X1
to end terrorist attacks on their territories. In early
1982, France obtained a Syrian pledge to request Abu
Nidal to refrain from attacks in France in exchange
for an undisclosed French gesture,
Before then, the Abu Nidal
Group had been responsible for several terrorist
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DI TR 86-005
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Current Phase
Syrian-sponsored terrorist incidents in Western
Europe resumed in 1983 with attacks on pro-Arafat
Several attacks on Jordanian personnel and facilities
by Abu Nidal representatives took place after Jordan
renewed diplomatic relations with Egypt in
September 1984 and allowed the Palestine National
Council to meet in Amman the following November.
Syria encouraged these attacks in order to bring
pressure on the Jordanians not to proceed
independently in Middle Eastern peace negotiations.
Attacks against Jordanians in Western Europe,
believed to have been sponsored by Syria as part of
this drive, include:
? Attacks on 21 March 1985 on the offices of Alia-
the Jordanian airline-in Rome, Athens, and
Cyprus, claimed in the name of Black September, a
covername used by the Abu Nidal Group.
? The rocket attack on 3 April 1985 against the
Jordanian Embassy in Rome. The attack was
claimed in the name of Black September
? The missile attack on 4 April 1985 against an Alia
aircraft in Athens. The missile was fired at the
aircraft as it took off from Athens airport. The
warhead penetrated the fuselage but did not
explode.
? The assassination on 18 September 1985 of
Jordanian publisher Michel al-Nimairi in Athens.
Nimairi was a personal friend of PLO leader Yasir
Arafat and publisher of the Arab-language
magazine Al Nashra. The attack was claimed by
Syrian Use of Surrogates
Syria increasingly uses Palestinian groups as
surrogates to carry out operations in Western Europe,
making it more difficult to implicate Syria in a
particular incident. These surrogates often have cells
in Europe that facilitate the coordination and
execution of operations. Syria provides safehaven and
training in facilities in Syria or Syrian-controlled
territory in exchange for the surrogates' cooperation.
Although most of the Abu Nidal Group's attacks have
served Syrian interests, the group has its own agenda,
and we believe operations conducted in Western
Europe by this group do not always have Syrian
endorsement, particularly since the group's
involvement with Libya has increased.
We believe Syria uses its embassies in Europe to
support terrorist operations.
Black September.
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Targets will continue to be chosen judiciously to
prevent damaging Syria's relationship with West
European states. A Syrian-Jordanian rapprochement
may lead to fewer attacks against Jordanian personnel
and facilities, but activity against pro-Arafat
Palestinians will persist. In addition, activities
conducted by Syrian-sponsored terrorist groups
without Damascus's endorsement will continue to
implicate Syria.
Because Syria attempts to conduct its terrorist
operations in Western Europe in a manner that will
not jeopardize its relations with European countries,
we believe Syria refrains from cooperating with or
sponsoring European terrorist groups
Outlook
We believe there is a high risk that Damascus will
enlist surrogate groups to strike at US personnel and
facilities in Western Europe if the United States
launches a military strike against Syrian targets.
We believe Syria will continue to selectively sponsor
terrorist attacks as a means of furthering both
domestic and foreign policy objectives and that
Western Europe will remain a prime locale for such
attacks. Ease of travel and the accessibility of targets
facilitate operations in Western Europe. In addition,
Syria's increased use of surrogates for its terrorist
operations complicates efforts to interrupt their plans
and shields Syria from direct ties to the attacks.
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Terrorism in Asia in 1985-
A Regional Profile
International terrorism in Asia in 1985 generally
followed the pattern of recent years, well below the
level of activity in other regions of the world. Because
most terrorist attacks in Asia continue to occur in the
context of ongoing insurgencies, and because most
Asian insurgent groups do not target foreigners or
operate across national boundaries, terrorism in Asia
tends to be predominantly domestic in character. Sikh
terrorism was a notable exception to this pattern in
1985, in that it was international in scope, victimized
foreigners, and maintained a high level of lethality.
Other areas that we anticipated would be the sources
of serious international terrorist problems in 1985-
such as Sri Lanka's Tamils, Pakistan's Al-Zulfikar,
and Japan's Chukaku-ha-were not. Isolated terrorist
attacks occurred last year in such previously violence-
free areas as Nepal and Singapore, but areas such as
the Philippines, Indonesia, and New Caledonia did
not experience as much terrorist-related violence as
has been expected.
The Sikhs
During 1985, Sikh political violence within India
returned to the high level of early 1984. Sikh
extremists have sought for several years to gain
additional political rights, religious status, and
territorial concessions from the central government
(some seek to found an independent state). Violence
peaked in early 1984 as radicals conducted near daily
murders of Hindus and conservative Sikh rivals. After
the Indian Army stormed the stronghold of the largest
group of militants in the Golden Temple in Amritsar
in June 1984, Sikh violence declined, but resentment
over the attack ran deep.
The depth of Sikh anger was demonstrated most
vividly in the October 1984 assassination of Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi, but it was not expiated with
her death. It was further fueled by the killing of more
than 2,000 Sikhs in the aftermath of her death and
carried over into 1985 in both domestic and
international terrorist incidents. Sikh domestic
terrorism reached its greatest intensity last year from
10 to 12 May in a series of bombings that left more
than 85 persons dead and more than 150 wounded in
Delhi and other cities in northern India. More than a
dozen bombs, many of them boobytrapped portable
radios, exploded in buses, bus stations, and other
crowded areas. These attacks came just before the
trial of the three Sikhs accused of murdering Mrs.
Gandhi and represented the first massive outbreak of
Sikh terrorism since that event
The majority of Sikh terrorist attacks have remained
domestic in nature-bombings, shootings, and
robberies. The frequency began to increase during the
summer of 1985, following a political agreement
between Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and moderate
Sikh leader Harchand Singh Longowal and leading
up to statewide elections in Punjab last September.
During this period, Sikh radicals assassinated
Longowal and other important Sikh and Hindu
political figures. It remains to be seen whether the
current high rate of Sikh political violence within
India will destroy the Punjab accords or lead to
another crackdown there, but any attempt to
implement the accords is apt to exacerbate the
situation.
Sikh extremist activities outside India certainly had
profound effects during 1985. Last year's most
spectacular act of international terrorism was the
downing of an Air India 747 over the North Atlantic
on 23 June, probably by a bomb planted by Canadian-
based Sikh extremists. This incident killed more
people (329) than any other single terrorist attack we
have recorded. The "Sikh Student Federation, 10th
Regiment" claimed responsibility. The 10th, or
Dashmesh, Regiment is a militant Sikh group
responsible for many acts of terrorism and communal
violence within India since 1981. On the same night,
another bomb exploded in the baggage-handling area
of Tokyo's Narita Airport, killing two Japanese
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workers. This incident is also believed to be the work
of Canadian-based Sikhs who intended the bomb to
explode aboard another Air India jet bound for India
from the east.
Sikhs in the United States were among those living
abroad who were outraged by the storming of the
Golden Temple and by the killings of Sikhs that
followed Mrs. Gandhi's assassination. In late 1984 a
small group of Sikhs in the United States attempted
to obtain weapons and training to enable them to
conduct assassinations and to bomb theaters, bridges,
hotels, industrial plants, and nuclear facilities in
India. Their efforts came to the attention of the FBI,
which began to monitor the group and gather
information on its plans and members. In early April
1985, the group sought help from its undercover FBI
contact in arranging the assassination of Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi during his June visit to the
United States. The group also decided to attack the
chief minister of the state of Haryana, whom they
held responsible for the harassment of Sikhs in his
state, while he was receiving medical treatment in
New Orleans in May. The FBI acted before that
attack could take place and arrested five of the
conspirators.
These acts represented both a quantum leap in
lethality for Sikh extremists and a geographic
broadening of the Sikh separatist struggle. They were
apparently carried out by small groups of outraged
radicals who operated on an ad hoc basis, not on
behalf of any established terrorist groups. Although
there have been no comparable attacks outside India
since mid-1985, Sikh radicals seeking control of
temple management committees in the United
Kingdom have attacked several Sikh moderates there
since last November.
The Tamil Insurgency
Sri Lanka's Tamil separatist struggle simmered all
year, moderated to some extent by a shaky cease-fire
that began in June. Terrorist acts committed by the
insurgents against noncombatants were few; most of
the half-dozen major Tamil groups fighting for an
independent state restricted their attacks to police and
military forces. One notable exception was the
bloodiest terrorist attack ever conducted up to that
time outside Lebanon-the machinegun massacre of
more than 150 persons at the Buddhist shrine of
Anuradhapura on 14 May.
No group claimed "credit" for those killings, which
included women, children, and Buddhist monks and
nuns, and most of the guerrilla groups condemned the
attack. No arrests were ever made in the case, but the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the most lethal of
the separatist groups, was probably responsible. While
the cease-fire-arranged by India and announced
during meetings between government and guerrilla
leaders in Nepal in June-soon afterward ensured
that no further acts of that magnitude occurred, no
substantial progress has been made toward resolving
Tamil political demands and the potential remains
high for future terrorist attacks.
In contrast to the kidnapings and bombing attacks
against foreigners that occurred in 1984, there were
no attacks against foreigners or US citizens in 1985.
Viewed in retrospect, most Tamil groups probably
saw those brief forays into international terrorism as
having been counterproductive to their cause,
although some groups may be tempted by the prospect
of Western publicity. The climate of violence is such
that further insurgent attacks against civilians are
likely and may cause some foreign casualties if they
take place in Colombo.
Al-Zulfikar
The Pakistani terrorist group Al-Zulfikar, which
raised concerns in late 1983 and mid-1984 because it
targeted Americans and other Westerners, appeared
to have virtually collapsed during 1985. Aside from a
few bombings within Pakistan early in the year,' the
group has been totally inactive and has not carried out
a successful international terrorist attack in more
than two years. Al-Zulfikar appears never to have
' Most international terrorism in Pakistan has involved attacks on
Afghan refugees and resistance groups. We believe these attacks
were carried out either by agents of the Afghan security service or
by members of other resistance groups. Agents of the Afghan
service are also believed to have conducted some attacks against
Pakistani targets and to have kidnaped Chinese and Australian aid
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recovered from its disastrous July 1984 attempt to
seize foreign hostages in Vienna, and it suffered
another severe blow in 1985 when one of its coleaders
died in France.
Shahnawaz Bhutto, younger brother of AI-Zulfikar
founder Murtaza Bhutto and son of executed former
Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for whom the
group was named, was found dead in his Cannes
apartment on 18 July. French police initially
suspected a drug overdose as the cause of death, but
later arrested Shahnawaz's wife on charges of having
poisoned him. The combination of his death,
disorganization following the Vienna attempt,
Pakistani security forces' successes, and the late 1985
lifting of martial law made it difficult for Al-Zulfikar
to recruit and operate at home, and it still lacks the
sophistication to operate successfully abroad. All
these factors, plus the presence in New Delhi of a new
Indian government less inclined to support antiregime
activities in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, make it unlikely
that the group will return to its high level of activity
Japan
Terrorism in Japan, as in other countries in Asia, did
not match anticipated levels in 1985, and
international terrorism there actually declined. The
most dangerous group, Chukaku-ha (Nucleus
Faction), started 1985 with a rocket attack on the US
Consulate General in Kobe at 0600 hours on 1
January, when the building was unoccupied, but did
not attack any foreign targets for the rest of the year.
While that attack did no damage and caused no
casualties, at least one of the three homemade rockets
contained antipersonnel shrapnel. That fact, plus a
rocket "factory" discovered later in January and
threatening literature published by the group in
February, raised concerns early in the year that
Chukaku-ha was moving toward a revised targeting
strategy that would include more attacks on US
interests and that would produce casualties. Neither
concern turned out to be justified, however. Although
Chukaku-ha did mount more domestic attacks within
Japan in 1985 than in most previous years, almost all
of them were low-level attacks against property,
primarily against the longtime favorite target, Narita
Airport, in the first half of the year, and then against
other transportation facilities on behalf of rail workers
later in the year.
Chukaku-ha demonstrated its ability to conduct
large-scale guerrilla-type operations. For example, the
group was able to paralyze rail traffic in November.
Although it has a limited capability to disrupt the
coming economic summit in May,' as long as it seeks
to avoid casualties and has no access to military
weapons or high explosives, it poses more of a
nuisance than a threat to Japanese national security.
The best known terrorist group in Asia, the Japanese
Red Army, remained inactive in the Bekaa Valley in
Lebanon. Its last terrorist operation was in 1977 and
its current strength is probably less than 20 members.
The group's only public "appearance" in 1985 was to
receive its released member Kozo Okamoto, who had
been held by the Israelis since the Lod Airport
massacre in 1972. By all accounts, Okamoto's release
does not portend any increase in the group's capability
or reflect any intention to become more active. The
JRA probably retains some limited capability to
conduct terrorist attacks if permitted to do so by its
longtime patron, the Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine, but is unlikely to act without PFLP
approval and support. The JRA is the only known
group that might target Japanese interests abroad.
The Philippines
The two major insurgent groups continued their
attacks against the government infrastructure and the
civilian population last year, but, once again, acts of
international terrorism were rare in the Philippines.
Hotel fires in Manila and Baguio in late 1984 and
early 1985 left several American citizens dead and
injured, but those fires that could be proved to be
arson seemed to be labor related, rather than
politically motivated. A grenade attack against a
Peace Corps vehicle was later determined to have
been directed at the Filipino driver by an angry
Even when the Communist New People's Army
(NPA) killed an American citizen, that murder did
not mark the abandonment of the group's policy of
' For a more detailed examination of Chukaku-ha and the threat it
poses to the economic summit, see the Focus article at the
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North Korea is well known as a trainer and supplier
of terrorist and insurgent groups in the 1970s and as
a practitioner of international terrorism on its own
behalf (the Rangoon incident of 1983), but
Pyongyang apparently was not involved in terrorist
incidents in 1985. Its major target has always been
South Korea. During 1985 it continued efforts to
recoup diplomatic ground lost in the aftermath of the
Rangoon bombing and to present a more responsible
image. Most of North Korea's weapons exports now
go to Third World governments willing to pay for
them, in contrast to its previous practice of arming
insurgent groups. The arms it supplies to its primary
customer, Iran, are used by Tehran's armed forces.
restraint toward Americans. The victim was a former
military officer born in the Philippines who had
become a naturalized US citizen and then returned to
the Philippines as a farmer. The motivation for the
killing was his refusal to pay protection money, rather
than his citizenship, which the guerrillas may well not
have known. The NPA continued to carry out urban
terrorism in provincial capitals, including the
assassinations of governors and mayors and the
frequent murders of ordinary citizens, but did not
move their violence into Manila, even in the period
leading up to the February presidential elections. The
NPA is large, well equipped, and capable of attacks
on US citizens or facilities at any time; but we have
no indication that it plans to do so.
The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
conducted only one act of international terrorism in
1985 when it kidnaped a Japanese photographer in
January. The group had been holding an American
and a West German since November 1984, but it
released them in December 1985. The photographer
was released in March 1986. The MNLF continues to
conduct guerrilla warfare on the island of Mindanao,
and, although it seizes foreign hostages from time to
time, it is largely an insurgent group that occasionally
uses terrorist tactics.
Other Areas
Other countries that appeared to have developing
terrorist problems during 1984 likewise returned to a
low level by the end of 1985. Indonesia had
experienced a series of bombings and fires in late
1984 and early 1985 conducted by conservative
Islamic groups upset over the government's secular
policies. Indonesian authorities made a number of
arrests in 1985-followed up with prosecution and
stiff sentences. The level of significant incidents in the
country dropped off sharply for the rest of the year.
Terrorist-like bombings and other political violence
began in New Caledonia in late 1984 and persisted
during 1985. The violence has been generated both by
anti-independence French settlers and by members of
the proindependence Kanak National Socialist
Liberation Front. Although there have been no
fatalities on the island attributable to acts of
terrorism, mob violence has claimed several lives and
Noumea's main courthouse was damaged by a bomb.
The potential for further violence will likely be
influenced by French decisions on the status of the
territory.
On the Horizon
Besides the areas already mentioned, significant
terrorist incidents occurred last year in two other
Asian countries that were previously free of the
phenomenon. Although these attacks were apparently
isolated and not indicative of new trends toward
violence, they show that no country is immune from
acts of terrorism. On 17 March, a bomb exploded in
front of a building housing the Israeli and Canadian
Embassies in Singapore. Although no group claimed
credit for the abortive attack (the Israeli Embassy is
on the 11th floor and the Canadian on the eighth to
10th), the involvement of a foreign terrorist group
cannot be ruled out. This was the first terrorist
incident in Singapore in this decade, but we have no
reason to believe that any further violence is likely
from either domestic groups or foreign terrorists.'
' Almost all acts of international terrorism in Singapore have been
"imported" rather than "homegrown"; the best known terrorist
group to use Singapore as its stage was the Japanese Red Army in
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On 20 and 21 June, a series of bombings in
Kathmandu and other nearby towns in Nepal killed
several persons and wounded a dozen others. Because
one of the fatalities was an Indian citizen, we counted
one of those acts as Nepal's first international
incident. The attacks were apparently committed by
an antimonarchist group based in India. Although
Nepalese authorities evidently had no success in
rounding up the culprits, no other terrorist incidents
occurred during the rest of the year.
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1 May
1 May 1888
1 May
The Terrorism Diary for May 25X1
Below is a compendium of May dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
Jewish world. Last day of Passover.
Socialist world. May Day (commemorates labor violence in Chicago).
El Salvador. The first week of May contains several dates of import to leftwing
and rightwing elements; consequently, political violence tends to peak during this
period.
I May 1980 Peru. The destruction of electoral material in Chuschi, Cangallo Province, marked
the beginning of armed struggle by Sendero Luminoso; this anniversary is
commemorated by acts of violence throughout the month.
2 May 1953 Jordan. King Hussein assumes constitutional power.
2 May 1982 Argentina, United Kingdom. Argentine cruiser Belgrano sunk by British
submarine in Falklands war.
4 May 1919 China. Student groups form Anti-Japanese Movement.
4 May 1978 Namibia. Kasinga Day (commemorates raid by South African forces that left
hundreds dead).
4 May 1986 Greek Orthodox world. Easter Sunday.
4 May 1986 Japan. Tokyo Economic Summit opens (closes 6 May).
5 May 1862 Mexico. Cinco de Mayo (commemorates victory over forces of Napoleon III).
5 May 1941 Ethiopia. Liberation Day.
5 May 1945 Netherlands. Liberation Day.
5 May 1954
Paraguay. Coup against elected government of President Federico Chavez by Gen.
Alfredo Stroessner Mattiauda brought current regime to power.
West Germany. West Germany becomes member of NATO.
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6 May 1900 Iran. Birthday of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
8 May 1945 Czechoslovakia. Liberation Day.
8 May 1945 East Germany. Liberation Day.
8 May 1945 West Germany. Capitulation of the Third Reich.
8 May 1979 El Salvador. Police fired into a crowd on the steps of San Salvador cathedral
demonstrating solidarity with leftwing activists who had occupied the French and
Costa Rican Embassies; at least 25 demonstrators were killed.
8 May 1984 Libya. Armed dissidents attack President Mu'ammar Qadhafi's Azizziya
barracks.
9 May Muslim world. Ramadan (month of fasting) begins.
9 May 1881 Romania. Independence Day.
9 May 1945 Albania. Victory Day.
9 May 1945 Poland. Victory Day.
9 May 1945 Soviet Union. Victory Day.
9 May 1945 Yugoslavia. Victory Day.
9 May 1976 West Germany. Suicide in prison of Ulrike Meinhof, founding member of Red
Army Faction (RAF).
10 May Jordan. Arab Resistance Day.
10 May 1985 India. Night of Sikh bombings leaves 80 dead, 200 wounded in New Delhi, other
cities.
11 May 1983 Chile. Anti-Pinochet demonstrations put down forcefully by government.
11 May 1984 Chile. Wave of bombings against government targets.
13 May 1981 Vatican City. Attempt on the life of Pope John Paul II by Mehmet Ali Agca.
14 May 1811 Paraguay. Independence Day.
14 May 1948 Israel. Republic Day (declaration of independence).
14 May 1948 Middle East. Beginning of the first Arab-Israeli war.
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14 May 1985 Sri Lanka. Tamil separatists kill more than 150 in a machinegun attack on a
Buddhist shrine at Anuradhapura.
15 May 1948 Palestinians. Palestine Day (end of UN mandate); the 15 May Organization,
founded in 1979 by a remnant of the Special Operations Group of the Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), takes its name from this event.
16 May 1983 Sudan. Founding of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and
Liberation Movement (SPLM).
16 May 1985 Peru. The Maoist group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) marks its fifth
anniversary with a wave of bombings, including attacks on the US Ambassador's
residence and the Chinese Embassy.
17 May 1814 Norway. Constitution Day (independence day).
17 May 1983
18 May 1980
18 May 1980
Lebanon, Israel. Signing of the troop withdrawal accord (known as the 17 May
agreement).
South Korea. Civilian uprising staged in Kwangju against military rule; this
anniversary is usually marked by student demonstrations.
Peru. Beginning of Sendero Luminoso's armed struggle.
19 May 1890
19 May 1895
20 May 1927
20 May 1972
20 May 1973
Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh's birthday.
Cuba. Death of nationalist hero Jose Marti.
Saudi Arabia. Independence Day.
Cameroon. National Day (declaration of the republic).
Western Sahara. Polisario begins armed struggle.
20 May 1978 Japan. Opening of New Tokyo International Airport (Narita); this anniversary is
the focus of demonstrations and terrorist attacks.
22 May 1972 Sri Lanka. Republic Day.
23 May 1949 West Germany. Proclamation of the Federal Republic.
23 May 1951 China. Tibet declared to be under Chinese sovereignty.
24 May Buddhist world. Birthday of Gautama Buddha.
25 May 1810 Argentina. Beginning of the revolution against Spain.
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25 May 1892 Yugoslavia. Birthday of Josip Broz Tito.
25 May 1923 Jordan. Independence Day.
25 May 1946 Jordan. Constitutional monarchy established.
25 May 1963 Africa. African Freedom Day; Day of Africa (founding of the Organization of
African Unity).
25 May 1965 Colombia. Founding of the Communist Party of Colombia/Marxist-Leninist
(PCC/ML), the now-defunct parent organization of the People's Liberation Army
(EPL) terrorist group.
25 May 1967 Bermuda. Bermuda Day (constitution adopted).
25 May 1986 Colombia. Presidential election scheduled.
26 May 1966 Guyana. Independence Day.
28 May 1983 France, French Caribbean. Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC) surfaces
with 17 coordinated bombings.
30 May 1919 Afghanistan. Independence from Great Britain.
30 May 1961
30 May 1967
30 May 1972
30 May 1981
31 May 1910
31 May 1961
Dominican Republic. Liberty Day (assassination of Gen. Raphael Trujillo).
Nigeria. Declaration of independence by Biafra.
Israel. Massacre at Lod Airport by members of the Japanese Red Army.
Bangladesh. Assassination of Ziaur Rahman.
South Africa. Union Day (four provinces merged to form Union of South Africa).
South Africa. Proclamation of the republic.
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985 and 1986 0 25X1
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
this publication are not included.
18 December 1985 New Caledonia: Bomb destroys vehicle of European member of Kanak
Independence Movement. The explosion occurred near the building housing the
Australian Consulate General, and the building was evacuated. There was no
damage and no one has claimed responsibility.
January 1986 Sweden: Authorities arrest PLO member employed by PLO office in Stockholm.
He reportedly was suspected of planning unspecified terrorist acts in Sweden, and
the prosecutor recommended that he be expelled.
1 January South Africa: Mutilated bodies of two policemen found near Moutse. They had
been investigating an arson case that followed clashes between supporters and
opponents of the district's incorporation into the Kwandebele homeland.
3 January Iraq: Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Saddam Husayn in
Baghdad. An explosive-laden truck was discovered parked alon the route of
Husayn's motorcade, and his itinerary was changed.
15 January Italy: Several gunmen wound director ofArab-language radio station in Rome.
The victim stated that he had received several threats because of his support for
Libyan and Iranian dissidents. He believes the Libyan Government was behind the
17 January Angola: Car bomb explodes outside Invernosol Building in Luanda, damaging
several Cuban offices. The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
India: Police defuse parcel bomb left in New Delhi house. The 4.5-kg bomb was
fitted with a timer and remote control detonator. Police suspect Sikh extremists.
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20 January Pakistan: Lahore Court sentences three Sikh hijackers to death and seven others
to life imprisonment; four were acquitted. They hijacked an Indian Airlines
Boeing 737 on 5 July 1984 to publicize a demand for a separate Sikh homeland in
India's Punjab State.
Philippines: Two New People's Army members kill Human Settlements worker
and his wife in Cebu. He was the 19th Human Settlements community field-
worker to be slain in the last three years.
25 January Angola: UNITA claims responsibility for bomb attack on Bulgarian nationals in
Benguela. The explosion occurred in a housing area and caused extensive damage.
The number of casualties is not known.
26 January Pakistan: Police blame two recent bombings in Frontier Province on Afghan
agents. Twelve persons were injured in an explosion at a tea shop; in the second
attack, three persons were killed and 29 others wounded in the offices of Pakistan
International Airlines in Peshawar.
27 January India: Two unidentified gunmen kill Congress-I Party district worker in auto
'
ambush in Amritsar. No one has claimed responsibility.
29 January India: Bridge bombed in Tamil Nadu. A second, unexploded bomb and
handwritten posters were also found. Authorities suspect a group called the "Kisan
(Farmer) Liberation Front" is responsible for the incident.
Japan: Stolen trucks set ablaze under two railway overpasses in Tokyo. No group
has yet claimed responsibility, but police suspect the terrorist Chukaku-ha
(Nucleus Faction), which has conducted other attacks in support of railway
workers.
31 January Canada: Police question militant Sikh leader about bomb found at Indian
newspaper in Vancouver. The homes of local militant leaders were raided, and
unspecified quantities of weapons and explosives reportedly were confiscated.
UAE: Small bomb explodes at alcohol warehouse in Ajman. There were no
casualties and no group has claimed responsibility
Lebanon: Three local leaders of Armenian Dashnag Party assassinated in Beirut.
A caller claimed credit on behalf of the "Armenian Revolutionaries Union," which
may be affiliated with the leftwing Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of
Armenia. No mention was made of a fourth Dashnag member who was also
reported kidnaped.
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January-February
Sudan: Southern rebels fire on civilian planes. Rebel fire narrowly missed both
charter aircraft and UN planes during several incidents. Pilots are now reluctant
to fly into southern Sudan, except to Juba.
personnel were specifically targeted. No one has claimed responsibility.
Italy: Bomb defused outside Desenzano railroad station. The station is used by
US Air Force personnel and their dependents, but there is no evidence that US
2-3 February Greece: Two homemade bombs explode in Patisia, causing minor damage, no
injuries. The first exploded in a trash can and the second at the entrance to an
apartment building. No organization claimed responsibility.
3, 6 February Greece: Powerful bombs destroy two cars in Athens. There were no injuries and no
claims of responsibility. 25X1
4 February Spain: Car bomb in San Sebastian seriously injures policeman and his daughter.
No group has claimed credit for the attack. 25X1
Iraq: Eleven Iraqi dissidents and four Iranians executed for planning car bomb
attacks. the 15 terrorists were linked to 25X1
four Syrian-trained saboteurs apprehended in late 1985.0 25X1
Ethiopia: West German released after being held for four months by Sudanese
People's Liberation Army. Before agreeing to hand the hostage over, SPLA
negotiators declared they would continue to take foreigners found in contested
areas into "protective custody."
Japan: Police defuse firebomb found at Osaka office building. The device
consisted of a timer and two bags filled with a flammable liquid. No one has
claimed responsibility.
Early February France: Authorities release and expel two members of Abu Nidal Group jailed for
assassination of PLO representative in Paris. The two had served half of their
sentences and were freed on parole before being expelled
6 February India: Unknown assailants kill All-India Sikh Students Federation (AISSF)
president in Punjab. No one has claimed responsibility for the shooting. Members
of the previously outlawed AISSF were responsible for much of the Sikh-vs.-Sikh
terrorism in the Punjab over the last five years.
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7 February France: Bomb damages courthouse in Nice. There were no casualties. Police found
F_
"
leaflets at the scene calling for "political status for Corsican patriots.
8 February France: Three gunmen wielding automatic weapons attack Bayonne bar. Five
persons, including a 3-year-old girl and three Basque refugees, were wounded. No
group claimed responsibility
9 February Greece: Handgrenade attack in Glyfada damages car owned by Greek-American.
As in similar attacks, there has been no claim of responsibility.
United Kingdom: Incendiary device explodes in south London store. There were
no injuries. No group has claimed responsibility.
12 February Belgium: Brussels municipal officials close Iranian Cultural Center amid threats
of retaliation from Iran. Officials acted in response to fears that the center might
become a focus for Iranian-sponsored terrorist activities in Western Europe. A
similar cultural center was closed recently in Paris.
France: Bomb explodes in French-Caribbean restaurant in Paris. The bomb
caused minor damage but no injuries. No one has claimed responsibility
West Germany: Police disarm bomb at South African Foundation office in Bonn.
The Revolutionary Cells terrorist group claimed responsibility.
13 February France: Three gunmen with automatic weapons attack customers in bar in St. Jean
de Luz. Several people were wounded, including a Spanish Basque refugee, and
one of the gunmen was arrested. The Antiterrorist Liberation Group claimed
responsibility for the attack. F_~
14 February Belgium: Homemade bomb defused at Soviet airline office in Brussels. Aeroflot
had received no threats or warnings, and no one claimed responsibility.
Spain: Iraultza claims credit for bombing Citibank office in Vitoria. The bomb
caused some damage to the bank and adjacent buildings but no injuries. The
communique claimed the action was carried out "on behalf of the anti-NATO
movement."
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responsibility.
Colombia: Terrorists on motorcycle murder Jewish businessman and his
companion in downtown Bogota. The victim had played a role in negotiating an
end to the M-19 seizure of the Dominican Embassy in 1980 and had acted as an
intermediary in ransom negotiations with terrorist groups. No one claimed
Portugal: Director General of prison services assassinated near his home in
Lisbon. The terrorist group Popular Forces of 25 April, several of whose members
are currently imprisoned, claimed responsibility
chief in Munguia in 1979 and killing a civilian in Bilbao in 1984.
Spain: Police arrest five alleged ETA members and detain four suspected
informers in Bilbao. The ETA members were charged with murdering a police
deported to Cape Verde on 28 January.
France: Suspected ETA -M propaganda chief deported to Cape Verde Islands. He
was arrested in Biarritz on 25 November 1985 and originally given a three-month
prison sentence on arms charges. Two other suspected ETA members had been
16 February Portugal: Abu Nidal member released on conditional liberty and expelled. The
man was acquitted in the 1983 assassination of PLO representative Issam Sartawi,
but was convicted of using a false passport and was serving three years in prison.
Luxembourg: Bomb destroys automobile in front of prominent notary's residence
in suburb of Cents. No one has claimed responsibility for the bombing, the first
since early December.
17 February Denmark: Gambian suspect in October 1985 murder of two Israelis in Barcelona
Basque sympathizers.
France: Two gunmen in car murder 60-year-old man and 16-year-old girl in
Biodarray. Police suspect the Antiterrorist Liberation Group mistook them for
"Azadi (Freedom) Organization," claimed responsibility.
Iran: Small parcel bomb explodes at bus station in south Tehran, killing one
person and injuring two others. A previously unknown anti-Khomeini group, the
18 February Portugal: Bomb explodes in trunk ofAmerican-owned car at US Embassy in
Lisbon. There were no injuries and no major property damage. The Popular Forces
of 25 April claimed responsibility for the attack.
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Israel: Bomb explodes near Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate. No casualties were reported.
An unspecified number of suspects were detained for questioning
24 February West Germany: Improvised explosive devices destroy two telephone booths in
Dusseldorf. No one has claimed responsibility.
Israel: Bomb in Oirvat Mal'ahi discovered and detonated harmlessly. An
unspecified number of suspects, presumably Palestinians, were later detained for
interrogation.
Noumea. There were no injuries and no claim of responsibility.
New Caledonia: Ten-kilogram bomb destroys building housing tax offices in
25 February France: Homemade bomb damages building in central Paris. The bomb's target is
not known; the building housed a military health insurance office and an
employees cafeteria of the Banque Nationale de Paris. There have been no claims
of responsibility.
26 February Italy: Italian Air Force sergeant, businessman arrested for spying for Libya. The
two were accused of handing over documents to Libya concerning a NATO base in
Sicily.
entrance for a demonstration. No group has claimed responsibility
Lebanon: Car bomb explodes at entrance to Palestinian refugee camp in Sidon.
The blast, which killed the driver and injured seven other persons, came 10
minutes before hundreds of Palestinians were scheduled to assemble at the
he had been living with other JRA members in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley.
Japan: Japanese Red Army member surrenders at Tokyo police station. Yoshiaki
Yamada had been jailed in 1974 for sabotaging a Singapore oil refinery and was
freed in exchange for hostages taken by the JRA at the French Embassy in The
Hague later that same year. Police do not know why or how he returned to Japan;
27 February France: Bomb explodes outside Paris bookshop, causing slight damage but no
injuries. No one claimed credit for the attack.
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West Germany: Incendiary device discovered under construction vehicle at NATO
slipway construction site at Offenbach/Rumpenhiem. Inclement weather
apparently prevented the device from detonating. No group has claimed
responsibility.
Spain: Three members of October the First Antifascist Resistance Group fail in
attempt to rob Zaragoza savings bank. The robbers took hostages during the
attempt but subsequently released them. Two suspects were arrested immediately
and a third was captured on 3 March.
sentences. A military appeals court reduced their terms to 18 years each.
Israel: Two Arab terrorists get reduced sentences in bomb plantings. They had
been serving 25-year sentences and had successfully appealed for reduced
sentences on the grounds that Jewish underground members had received lighter
28 February Israel: Three infiltrators surprised going through fence on Lebanese border. Two
of them were killed, and the other surrendered. They wore Israeli Army uniforms
over civilian clothes and had planned to take Israeli hostages to exchange for
prisoners belonging to the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
2 March Israel: Bomb explosion in East Jerusalem causes no damage or injuries. The
bomb went off near the Siloam Pool in Silwan. No one took credit for the incident.
policemen in Bayonne, and a private house in Souriade.
France: Iparretarak claims five bomb attacks in Basque region. The bombs
exploded within minutes of each other, causing little damage and no injuries. The
targets were political offices in Biarritz and Anglet, the home and car of two
handles the country's entire telephone communications system.
Dominican Republic: Bomb explodes at US-affiliated telephone company offices
in San Cristobal. The medium-size device, hurled by unidentified individuals who
fled by car, caused considerable damage to the facade of the building but no
casualties. The company, a subsidiary of General Telephone and Electronic,
79 workers whom they kidnaped at their workplaces and bused to the seminary.
Colombia: M-19 guerrillas take seminarians and workers hostage, request to
meet Pope during his July visit. Members of the 19 April Movement occupied a
seminary north of Bogota for 12 hours and briefly held captive 49 seminarians and
South Africa: Police arrest white woman in connection with bombing incidents in
Johannesburg. Limpet mines of the type used by the African National Congress
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6 March Spain: Police suspect Basque group Iraultza behind second bombing of US-
affiliated company in Bilbao. Damage was slight, and there were no injuries. No
one has claimed responsibility for the attack, the second such on the firm in a year.
Colombia: Bomb thrown into restaurant kills two, wounds nine others. A
policeman and a civilian were killed. No one claimed responsibility for the attack,
which occurred two days before national elections.
France: Two hooded gunmen kidnap Seychelles Consul and daughter in their
apartment in Marseilles. The motive for the incident is not clear, but the gunmen
surrendered to the police three hours later and released their hostages unharmed.
responsibility for the attack.
Argentina: Bomb explodes at La Plata Catholic University in Buenos Aires.
Although there were no casualties, two offices were destroyed. No one claimed
Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe: Four molotov cocktails thrown at political campaign rally in
Capesterre-Belle Eau. One person in the crowd of 400 was critically wounded. No
one has claimed responsibility for the attack, but officials suspect the Popular
Angola.
Angola: Ten foreign kidnap victims escape from UNITA rebels in Andrada. The
citizens of Portugal, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, and Angola had been
workers of the Diamang Company and were being forced to march to rebel-
controlled territories during the rainy season. They were among an estimated 175
foreign workers being held by guerrillas of the Union for the Total Liberation of
Pakistan: Unsuccessful attempt made to bomb Iraqi Consul General's car in
Karachi. The bomb fell off the moving car and exploded in the road, causing no
damage. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack.
11 March Spain: ETA-M claims kidnaping of Basque industrialist. The group reportedly
has not made contact with the hostage's family.
13 March Colombia: Police kill top M-19 leader Alvaro Fayad in Bogota apartment. Fayad,
who took control of the guerrilla group in February 1985, is the third M-19 leader
to die in the last three years
South Africa: UNITA frees two Portuguese nationals captured last year in
Angola. They arrived in Johannesburg on an International Red Cross plane.
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Spain: Alleged ETA terrorists and one policeman die in shootout in San
Sebastian. One terrorist apparently escaped.
Afghanistan: Bomb on bus kills eight, wounds nine in Herat. The explosion
occurred two days before the seventh anniversary of a 1979 uprising in Herat. No
one has claimed responsibility for the bombing.
New Zealand: Police issue new arrest warrants for Rainbow Warrior suspects.
New Zealand police suspect three French Army officers of chartering a yacht to
transport the explosives used in the Rainbow Warrior attack. Previous warrants
for the officers' arrest were issued under aliases the men assumed for the mission.
France: Explosion destroys prefabricated building of Jeune Africa magazine in
Paris. There were no casualties. Claims of responsibility were made on behalf of
the previously unknown "Groupe Oriach" and the Charles Martel Club, an
16 March Portugal: Anonymous bomb threat interrupts Social Democratic Party meeting in
Lisbon. The meeting was postponed until the following morning.
17 March Peru: Unidentified gunmen attack Argentine Consulate in Lima with
submachineguns and two homemade bombs that fail to explode. No injuries were
reported, and there was no claim of responsibility.
18 March Greece: Homemade bomb explodes at Hellenic American Union in Athens,
causing little damage. Police inspecting the area found and disposed of a second,
similar bomb. The leftist group Revolutionary People's Struggle has claimed
India: United Akali Dal leader murdered on railroad tracks in Punjab. He was
the elder stepbrother of Sikh leader Bhindranwale who was killed during the
storming of the Golden Temple in June 1984. No one has claimed responsibility
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Japan: Moro National Liberation Front frees Japanese photographer in Manila.
He was kidnaped in January 1985. No ransom was paid, but Japanese officials
reportedly promised to provide medical aid to the Muslim population of the
Philippines.
20 March West Germany: Stuttgart court sentences three alleged Red Army Faction
members to lengthy prison terms. Christa Eckes was sentenced to eight years;
Ingrid Jacobsmeier to nine years; and Manuela Happe to 15 years' imi prisonment
for membership in a terrorist organization and attempted murder.
27 March Australia: Car bomb explodes in front of Melbourne police station. At least 22
persons were injured, four of them seriously, by the massive bomb. Police believe it
may have been intended to protest the trial testimony of a Mafia figure.
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