AFRICA NEWS A WEEKLY DIGEST OF AFRICAN AFFAIRS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88-01314R000100010011-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 22, 2004
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: February 20, 1978
• Content Type: NSPR

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at Durham, N.C.
NEWSPAPER
TREATMENT
A WEEKLY DIGEST OF
AFRICAN AFFAIRS
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1978
Volume X, Number 7
CONTENTS
Zimbabwean Opinion 2
Still Untested...... . . ? ?
U.S. Walks Tightrope 2
In Horn DiplomacY ....
Ogaden Leader Speaks ....... 3
artheid Groups
Anti-A
p
4
Take Aim At Davis Cup .. .
AFRICA NEWS Special:
Settlements Dossier, Part I
5
NAMIBIA .............
ian Citizens Under Fire
A
s
10
In East Africa ......... . ?
Chad Insurgents Score
10
New Victories ......... .? ?
Bits & Pieces ............... 12
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ZIMBABWEAN OPINION U.S. WALKS TIGHTROPE
STILL UNTESTED IN HORN DIPLOMACY
[AN] Rhodesian Prime Minister fan
Smith is staking his hopes for the internal
settlement announced last week in Salisbury
on the popularity of Bishop Abel Muzorewa,
who signed the provisional t ccord with Smith,
Ndabaningi Sithole and Jeremiah Chirau.
Muzorewa successfully cLallenged Smith in
1971 by mobilizing public opinion against an
agreement Smith had worked out with colonial
power Great Britain. Now ai then, however,
the response of the country's 96 % black major-
ity is less a matter of the popul.3r appeal of
personalities than the contents of the proposed
settlement.
On Sunday, three days before the agreement
was announced, supporters of Muzorewa's
United African National Colincil gathered in
Salisbury to encourage the Bishop to maintain
his opposition to granting v+hites 28 seats in
a 100-member parliament. Twenty-eight, how-
ever, is the number agreed to in the accord, and
and Muzorewa's only apparent victory was to
get eight of the 28 elected by both black and
white voters. All eight will be nominated by
Smith's Rhodesian Front Party, and the other
20 will be elected exclusively by whites.
Other provisions, which i;ritics say amount
to a continuance of minority rule, include
maintenance of the Rhodesian army and
police and the independence of the judiciary
and civil service from control by the black-
dominated government.
Included in the question of public reaction
to the proposed settlement is the response of
Zimbabwean guerrillas. All hree Africans who
signed the accord say the guerrillas will give
up fighting, even though th',ir representatives
in the Patriotic Front. who were excluded
from the Salisbury negotiat ons. have rejected
the deal. (For U.S. reaction, sec page 12.)
[AN] Stressing U.S. "neutrality" in the
conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia, Presi-
dent Carter warned in an interview released
Friday that if Ethiopian troops crossed the
border into Somalia, the U.S. would regard
it as a serious threat. He also stressed, how-
ever, the U.S. view that Somali troops should
withdraw from the Ogaden region, interna-
tionally recognized as Ethiopian territory.
Late last week a delegation headed by
David Aaron, deputy director of the National
Security Council, was dispatched on a special
mission to Ethiopia to explain the U.S. posi-
tion.
The U.S. has taken the official position
that no arms would be sold directly or in-
directly to Somalia to support the war inside
Ethiopia. As a consequence the Somali Repub-
lic, whose troops bolster the Western Somali
liberation Front (WSLF) in its efforts to oust
Ethiopian rule, has failed to win sufficient
military support to replace its cutoff Soviet
supplies.
Among the reasons for Western hesitancy
to grant full backing to Somalia are the line-
up of both Israel and Kenya on the side of
Ethiopia, the reluctance of most African states
to set a precedent for the alteration of boun-
daries, and U.S. hopes of winning influence
with some future Ethiopian government.
The present government there, however,
is more impressed by the aid that is reaching
Somalia than declarations of neutrality. A
variety of armament has reached Somalia from
Egypt and other Arab sources.
The Aaron delegation is evidently intended
to convince the Ethiopian government of U.S.
tolerance of the reconquest of the Ogaden,
but also to stress the warning against crossing
the border and reiterate opposition to the
heavy Soviet and Cuban presence.
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A soldier of the Western Somalia Liberation Front instructs volunteers near Jijiga. / West Africa
[AN] The outcome of the escalating conflict
in the Horn of Africa hinges in large part on the
armies of the states of Ethiopia and Somalia, and
the military assistance reaching them from other
powers. But any political resolution must also
reckon with sentiment in the contested areas.
One voice is Abdellahi Hassan Mahamud, Secretary
General of the Western Somalia Liberation Front
(WSLF), who in an interview with West Africa
magazine on January 25 spoke of the Front's
aspirations:
The history of the Western Somalia National
Liberation Movement goes back to the struggles
of the whole Somali Nation starting from the
[sixteenth century] and the exciting days
which led to the independence of the Somali
Republic. This has not been isolated from later
struggles. [It is] part of the well-known Somali
history of resistance against colonialism.
Our national liberation struggle was and is
a product of the Abyssinian [Ethiopian] colo-
nial system. Our people had suffered so much
under Ethiopian imperialism that they were
condemned to total ignorance, to disease and
to hunger. This led to the uprising of the
masses so that they could regain their dignity
and live a better life.
Since the dawn of liberation in the areas
from which the Ethiopians have been evicted,
a total change has come. Although the war
continues and the enemy does not spare any
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February 20, 1978/AFRICA NEWS 3
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aggressive measure, yet the people are feeling
a sense of liberation which they never felt
from the time the colonialists came.
As far as the military situation is concerned
on the battlefield--I must soy that the Soviet
Union and its alies have sent massive supplies
of sophisticated weapons to suppress our
national liberation movement. Yet, in spite
of the fact that they have dispatched thou-
sands of mercenary troops to fight side by
side with Ethiopians against our national
liberation forces, we are confident that vic-
tory will be ours.
ANTI-APARTHEID GROUPS
TAKE AIM AT DAVIS CUP
[ANJ Pressure is bui ling against South
Africa's participation in the North American
Zone finals of Davis Cup tennis competition,
despite South Africa's eleventh hour appoint-
ment of a mixed-race student to its team.
Last week South Africa named Vanderbilt
University junior David Iamb, a South Afri-
can Coloured, to a spot on the squad, although
he is not expected to be one of the four play-
ers who will actually melt the Americans on
the courts.
The Coalition for Human Rights in South
Africa, a U.S. group which includes the Na-
tional Association for th-- Advancement of
Colored People, the American Committee on
Africa and the National Urban League, met
last Wednesday with U.S. Tennis Association
officials, but failed to p(rsuade them to call
off play. Officials argued privately that while
they do not want to risk suspension from the
Davis Cup for defaulting, they have asked
South Africa to withdraw voluntarily from
next year's competition.
South Africa's relatio:tship with the Davis
Cup federation has been a stormy one, which
included a suspension dLring the 1970-71 sea-
son, and the capture of the Cup by default in
1974 when India refused to play South Africa
in the finals.
Demonstrations against this year's North
American finals have already begun at Vander-
bilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, where
they are to be held. The NAACP estimates
that as many as 40,000 protesters may be on
hand for the matches on March 17, 18, and
19.
Action is likely to be spurred by a confer-
ence of anti-apartheid activists planned for
March 10-12 at Nashville's Meharry Medical
College. The meeting place was changed from
Northwestern University in Illinois as Davis
Cup protests mounted last week.
Apartheid Opponents Attacked
Meanwhile, known opponents of South
Africa's racial policies are facing growing har-
rassment both inside and outside South Africa.
The Washington Star says a Johannesburg Sun-
day Times reporter has catalogued 1,600 inci-
continued on page 9
is published weekly. excepting
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WS Thanksgiving and Christmas, at
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4 AFRICA NEWSiFebrutry 20, 1978
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AFRICA NEWS SPECIAL:
Settlements Dossier NAMIBJA
Part I:
[AN] One of the Carter administration's
first foreign policy moves after Inauguration
Day was to abandon Henry Kissinger's single-
handed shuttle diplomacy in favor of coordi-
nated Western efforts to defuse the crises of
the African region.
Kissinger's attempt to shape a compromise
on Namibia (South West Africa) had ended in
confrontation the previous October. At that
time Britain, France and the U.S. triple-vetoed
three resolutions in the United Nations Securi-
ty Council which would have imposed sanc-
tions against South Africa for its failure to
cede control over Namibia.
To get negotiations going once again, the
U.S. asked four other Security Council mem-
bers-Britain, France, West Germany, and
Canada-to work jointly on bringing together
South Africa and the South West Africa Peo-
ples Organization (SWAPO), the nationalist
movement recognized by the UN and the
Organization of African Unity (OAU) as the
sole representative of the Namibian people.
As a result, diplomats from these Western
powers-known in UN parlance as the 'Con-
tact Group' and familiar to South Africans as
the `Gang of Five' -have engaged in their own
brand of shuttle diplomacy, traveling between
New York and various African capitals to
meet with the South African government, the
African front-line states (Zambia, Tanzania,
Botswana, Angola and Mozambique), and
SWAPO.
Largely and and with only about one mil-
lion people, Namibia might seem an unlikely
focus for such high-powered international
action. But as key officials in the administra-
tion were quick to argue, the stakes in Namibia,
are high.
For one thing the territory boasts an allur-
ing array of minerals, including copper, lead,
zinc, gem diamonds and uranium, all of which
are vital to Western economies. But even more
important to Western strategists is Namibia's
pivotal position in the ideological contest for
southern Africa. Administration officials fear
that a "spill-over effect" would result from
all-out war between white-ruled South Africa
and SWAPO-all the more so in view of the
liberation movement's powerful allies: the
Soviet Union, Cuba, the OAU, and several
east European states.
The Contact Group's efforts to avert such
a showdown culminated last week in a long-
awaited New York meeting. There, foreign
ministers of the five Western powers, held
separate discussions with SWAPO President
Sam Nujoma and South African Foreign
Minister Roelof Botha. Though the chief
adversaries never met face-to-face, the New
York negotiations brought them physically
closer than previous consultations had, so
the sessions were dubbed "proximity talks."
Whether the two sides are now closer to
a settlement remains questionable. After two
days of preliminary consultations and one day
of discussion with Secretary of State Cyrus -
Vance and the British, French, West German
and Canadian Foreign Ministers, Botha walked
out of the talks to seek further instructions
from his government.
This week, AFRICA NEWS provides an
inside look at the Namibia negotiations by
presenting the Contact Group's proposals for
a settlement, the Security Council resolution
which forms the basis of the current negotia-
tions, and a summary of the issues which
stand in the way of an agreement.
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PROPOSAL FOR A SETTLEMENT
OF THE NAMIBIAN SITUATION
The Contact Group's proposals, excerpted here, provided the work-
in? paper for the New York sessions involving South Africa and SWAPO.
AFR`CA NEWS last week obtained a copy of the document, which has
? Bearing in mind their responsibili-
ties as members of the Security Council
of the United Nations, the Governments of
Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Ger-
many, the United Kingdom and the United
States have consulted with tie various parties
involved with the Namibian situation with a
view to encouraging agreement on the transfer
of authority in Namibia to an independent
government in accordance with Resolution
385, adopted unanimously by the Security
Council on 30 January 1976.
? ... The key to an internationally acceptable
transition to independence i!. free elections for
the whole of Namibia as one political entity
with appropriate United Nations supervision
and control....
? The purpose of the electcral arocess is to
elect representatives to a Nanibian Constitu-
ent Assembly which will draw up and adopt
the Constitution for an inde )endent and sov-
ereign Namibia. Authority would be transferred
during 1978 to the Governtrent of Namibia.
? ... Our Governments believe that this pro-
posal provides an effective basis for implement-
ing Resolution 385 while taking adequate
account of the interests of all parties involved.
In carrying out his responsibilities, the [Uni-
ted Nations] Special Representative [for Nami-
bia] will deal with the official appointed by
South Africa (the Administrator General) to
ensure the orderly transition to independence.
This working arrangement shall in no way con-
stitute recognition of the South African pre-
sence in, and administration of, Namibia.
II. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS
? In accordance with Security Council Reso-
lution 385, free elections will be held to enable
Black workers take a lunch break outside a fish factor;
make the outcome of the dispute over this seaport's st-
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6 AFRICA NEWS/February 20, 1978
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the people of Namibia to freely and fairly
determine their own future.... [T] he United
Nations Special Representative [to be ap-
pointed by the Secretary General] will have
to satisfy himself as to the fairness and appro-
priateness of all aspects of the political pro-
cess at each stage. In the discharge of his
duties, he will have at his disposal a substan-
tial civilian section of the United Nations
Transition Assistance Group [UNTAG].
? Elections will be held to select
a Constituent Assembly
which will adopt a Con-
stitution for an indepen-
dent Namibia.... Every
adult person who is determined to be a Nami-
I in Walvis Bay. The rich fishing grounds offshore
atus vital to the future of Namibia. .
bian citizen will be eligible, without discrimina-
tion or fear of intimidation from any source, to
vote, campaign and stand for election to the
Constituent Assembly. Voting will be by secret
ballot, with provision for those who cannot
read or write.... Full freedom of speech, as-
sembly, movement, and press shall be guaran-
teed....
? The following require-
ments will be fulfilled to
the satisfaction of the United
Nations Special Representative in
order to meet the objective of free and
fair elections:
(A) Prior to the beginning of the electoral
campaign, the Administrator General will
repeal all discriminatory or restrictive laws,
regulations, or administrative decisions which
might abridge or inhibit that objective.
(B) All Namibian political prisoners or poli-
tical detainees held by the South African
authorities will be released ... and permitted
to participate fully and freely in that process ...
(C) All Namibian refugees or Namibians de-
tained or otherwise outside the territory of
Namibia will be permitted to return and par-
ticipate .. .
? A comprehensive cessation of all hostile
acts shall be observed by all parties ... Annex
A describes [these] provisions:
(A) [T] he restriction of South African and
SWAPO armed forces to established bases
under UN monitoring.
(B) A phased withdrawal from Namibia of all
but 1500 South African troops within twelve
weeks and prior to the official start of the
political campaign. The remaining South Afri-
can force would be restricted to Grootfontein
or Oshivello or both and monitored by United
Nations personnel and would be withdrawn
after the certification of the election.
(C) The demobilization of the citizen forces,
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RESOLUTION 385, adopted unanimously
by the UN Security Council on January 30,
1976, condemns South Africa's "illegal
occupation" of Namibia, its application
of "racially discriminatory and repressive
laws and practices in Namibia," and its
"military build-up" in the te-ritory.
"in order that the people of Namibia
be enabled to freely determine their own
future," the resolution says, "it is impera-
tive that free elections under the supervision
and control of the Unite i Nations be held
for the whole of Namibia as one political
entity."
The resolution further demands that
South Africa:
- accept UN authority and the call for
elections;
- "take the necessary steps to effect the
withdrawal;"
- pending transfer of power, comply with
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
free political prisoners, abolish racial and
repressive legislation, and allow exiles to
return without recrimination.
The Security Council agreed "to remain
seized of the matter" and "in the event of
non-compliance by South Africa" to con-
sider "appropriate measures."
commandos, and ethnic forc:es... , .
(D) A military section of the UNTAG to en-
sure that the provisions of the agreed solution
will be observed by all parties.
(E) Provision will be made for SWAPO per-
sonnel outside of the territory to return peace-
fully to Namibia through designated entry
points to participate freely in the political
process....
? Primary responsibility for maintaining law
and order in Namibia durini; the transition
period shall rest with the existing police
forces. The Administrator General, to the
satisfaction of the United Nations Special
Representative, shall ensure the good conduct
of the police forces.... The Special Repre-
sentative shall decide when _t is appropriate
for United Nations personnel to accompany
police forces in the discharge of their duties... .
? These transition arrangements and the actions
of the parties in carrying th.;m out shall in no
way prejudice the territorial claims of any
party.
? Neighboring countries shall be requested
to ensure to the best of thc:r abilities that the
provisions of the transition arrangements, and
the outcome of the election, are respected.
They shall also be requested to afford the
necessary facilities to the United Nations
Special Representative and all United Nations
personnel to carry out their assigned func-
tions and to facilitate such measures as may
be desirable for ensuring tranquility in the
border areas.
Troop Withdrawal: "The question of security
forces," said Foreign Minister Botha on CBS's
"Face the Nation," is the outstanding "seri-
ous and major problem." South Africa is not
happy with the Western proposal which would
reduce its troop strength to 1,500 and confine
the South African forces to one or two north-
ern Namibian bases, preferring to maintain a
troop strength of about 3,000. But South
Africa objects less to the numbers than to
the restrictions. Botha says without South
African troop patrols, the guerrillas can infil-
trate the territory and harass the population.
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SWAPO wants South African forces further
confined-to a base further south at Karasburg.
The movement also says South African police
must be disarmed and even gun clubs must be
shut down. As for its own combatants, Nujoma
says SWAPO now "accepts the principle of
submitting its own forces to the confinement,
surveillance, and monitoring of the UN peace-
keeping force."
UN Presence: That force, says Nujoma, should
total 6,000-1,000 civilian administrative per-
sonnel, 5,000 military. South Africa is holding
out for a smaller UN team.
Walvis Bay: Perhaps the issue most likely to
remain unresolved, the status of this port city
is regarded as crucial by both parties. The
Western plan leaves the matter for resolution
by a future Namibian government, but Nujoma
says SWAPO cannot accept this.
South Africa claims that since Walvis Bay
was a British colony and not part of the Ger-
man territory of South West Africa, it is now
part of the Republic. But until last September,
Pretoria administered the city as part of South
West Africa.
Vowing to fight for "every inch of Nami-
bia," Nujoma told reporters that leaving the
territory's only real seaport in South African
hands makes Namibia open to blackmail.
UN Authority: Whereas Resolution 385 calls
for complete South African withdrawal and
total UN takeover, the Contact Group pro-
posals leave administrative powers in the hands
of the South African-appointed Administrator
General. SWAPO has backed down from its
earlier demand that the UN representative
assume the top spot, but wants him to have
a veto over the Administrator' General's
actions.
Future Talks: Nujoma last week expressed a
willingness to continue the negotiations and
commended the Contact Group for "really
making a serious effort."
Botha also indicated a desire to continue
with the talks, denying rumors that South
Africa had decided to give up on the Western
initiative and proceed with its own settlement.
But with differences still so great, many ob-
servers believe the white regime will indeed
back out of the talks and hand over power
to hand-picked tribal leaders.
The Contact Group plans to maintain con-
sultations at the ambassadorial level in Pretoria
and will seek South African reaction to a re-
worked version of its proposals. From there,
as one Western diplomat remarked: "The ball
is in [South Africa Prime Minister] Vorster's
court, and no one is quite sure how or if he
will play it."
DAVIS CUP continued from page 4
dents of right-wing violence against government
critics since 1964, and the pace has stepped up
dramatically in recent months.
Among those threatened with death or suf-
fering attacks on their house in recent weeks
were Illona Kleinschmidt, secretary of attorney
Shun Chetty, who represented the family of
dead black consciousness leader Steve Biko,
and Cosmos Desmond, a former Roman Catho-
lic priest best known for his expose of condi-
tions in resettlement camps for Africans moved
out of areas reserved for whites.
University teacher Richard Turner received
similar threats before his fatal shooting by
unknown assailants in January.
On February 8 a psychologist, Dr. Peter
Lambley, fled South Africa after two years
of threats. Scotland Yard police officers
advised him to be watchful of his own safety
in London after his research assistant was
found dead in her Cape Town apartment
following his departure.
Anti-apartheid activists in Great Britain
have for years faced harrassment but the first
prominent incident in the U.S. occurred last
week when Virginia Wesleyan University pro-
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fessor Richard Lapchick suf eyed a hernia
and a lacerated kidney durir g an attack in
his office by masked men who called him a
"nigger lover." Lapchick had just returned
from Nashville, where he pa-ticipated in
preparations for demonstrations against
the upcoming Davis Cup matches.
ASIAN CITIZENS UNDER FIRE
IN EAST AFRICA
[AN] East and Central African citizens of
Asian heritage (mostly Pakistani and Indian)
have come under pressure in Malawi, Zambia,
and Kenya this month.
In Malawi, President Hastings Banda has
given Asian traders until the end of February
to move all of their trading posts out of the
rural areas and into the towns of Lilongwe,
Blantyre, and Zomba. He warned that the
traders had been told to move three years
ago and any remaining after this month would
have their businesses closed by police.
Banda claims the move is not anti-Asian
but pro-African. He wants Africans to learn
to run businesses and take ever the rural
trade.
The reverse situation holds in Zambia,
where Asians are being pressured to move out
of towns into rural areas. President Kaunda
has called on Asian citizens to apply their
business expertise and finan'aal sower to
farming ventures that can help Zambia succeed
at its goal of agricultural sel'-reliance.
This month Kaunda berated the Asian com-
munity for its poor response, saying it was
hypocrisy to call themselves citizens if they
continued the corrupt practices of hoarding
cash and smuggling it out of the country in-
stead of investing it to develop their adopted
nation's agricultural potentid.
In Kenya also, Asian traders have been the
focal point of a recent flurry. There the prob-
lem is textile smuggling. Millions of dollars
worth of illegally imported textiles were seized
this month, and the Asian traders involved
were accused of evading enough import duties
and sales taxes to equal the Health Ministry's
budget for development projects.
The swoop also implicated Africans how-
ever, especially in the customs department and
the Ministry of Commerce and Industry-per-
sons who had signed documents giving false
information so the goods could clear customs.
Throughout east and central Africa, Asians
play a major role in trade and have had peri-
odic misunderstandings with their governments.
Their loyalty has repeatedly been questioned,
leading in some instances to expulsions of
those who did not choose citizenship.
CHAD INSURGENTS
SCORE NEW VICTORIES
[AN] The guerrilla insurgency in northern
Chad continues unabated despite a recent gov-
ernment attempt to establish a cease-fire and
bring rebel forces into a "government of
national unity."
On January 31 soldiers of the Chad National
Liberation Front (FROLINAT) shot down two
government planes, killing three French mili-
tary advisors who perished in the wreck. Ac-
cording to a communique from Chad's military
regime, the planes were hit by Soviet SAM-7
surface-to-air missiles while flying supplies to
the Chadian garrison in the town of Faya-
Largeau, some 300 kilometers north of the
capital, N'Djamena. (see map, page 11)
The downing of the planes marked the
beginning of a new FROLINAT offensive on
the northern regional center of-Faya-Largeau,
which the guerrillas now claim to have sur-
rounded. FROLINAT says it captured nearby
Fada early last week, and the fall of Faya-
Largeau would give the guerrillas virtually
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