HOFBURG, SITE OF TREATY SIGNING, IS A PLACE BURSTING WITH HISTORY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88-01315R000400370021-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 1
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 16, 2004
• Sequence Number: 21
• Publication Date: June 19, 1979
• Content Type: NSPR

A14
Arms Pact Faces SpJfJqJIfreR
In the Fall and an Uncertain Fate
By CHARLES MOHR
sweistame enmesh.
WASHINGTON, June 18? The strate-
gic arms treaty concluded today with the
Soviet Union now faces long deliberation,
with an uncertain future, in the United
States Senate.
An official copy of the treaty will not be
formally referred to the Committee on
Foreign Relations until later in the
month, and a full dress debate on the Sen-
ate floor will not begin until fall.
But looking ahead, Senator Jesse
Helms, a conservative Republican from
North Carolina. said: "Today we embark
on what well may be the most significant
national debate of our time."
Several tactical pians were evolving
among thoSe who strongly oppoao the
treaty and three who find it politically
unacceptable In its present form.
Conservative Republicne members are
expected to coalesce behind a "package"
of treaty amendments that Senator Jake
Gam of Utah plans to offer, In what would
amount too substitute version of the ac-
cord that the Soviet Union would be likely
to reject.
Baker May Offer Aerial..
Senator Howard II. Bak. Sr.. the Re-
public. Senate coder and a party mod-
erate who will announce later this year
his candidacy for the Presidency, is ex-
pected to advance a package of leas
sweeping treaty amendm.ts.
Some Democratic members, including
advreates of an arms limitation agree-
ment, are expected to demand at least
cosmetic. changes in the treaty and its re-
lated documents.
Senator William V. Roth, Republican of
Delaware, announced that he intended to
Otter an rannderstanding" to the treaty
that would c!arify the right of Washing-
ton to provide arms and technology to its
allies. Mr. Roth, a conservative who is
mcommi Vied on the treaty, said that
some European allies were worried that
the treaty mark bertha transfer of such
technology.
Ted Stevens, the Alaska Republican
who iso declared opponent of the treaty,
called it "a never-never land" and pre-
dictn1 that the Administration might
field enough votes to block a filibuster
against it but not enough for approval.
Mon Cranston, the assistant Demo-
cratic leader of the Senate, who supports
the treaty, offer a different assessment of
the rote lineup at this stage. He said be
reckoned on 58 votes in favor, 30 opposed
and 12 "totally undecided."
Senator Creston said, anno.ring his
sraorsement "I believe the treaty en-
hances nor smurity."
Uramotety, the Senate must vote on a
'resat:Atm of ratification" that would
cypress consent to President Carter's act
of re tification. That resolution must be
adopted by a vote of two-thirds of those
present and voting, or at least 67 affirma-
tive votes Unit 100 Senators are present.
Votes on suggested amendments,
Earlier Accords
Helped to Mold
The Arms Pact
By PRANAY B. GUPTE
The treaty that was signed in Vienna
yasterday by President Carter and Leo-
nid I. Brezhnev flowed from two earlier
seconds on strategic-arms limitations be-
tween the United States and the Soviet
Union, the first signed in Moscow in 1972
and the other in Vladivostok in 1574.
Both are based on the premise that re-
straints on deployment of straregic weap-
ons by both sides would make war be-
tween them less likely.
The roots of the current treaty may be
raced to January 1964, when the United
States proposed at a committee on disar-
mament in Geneva that the question of
rtrategie weapons be dissociated from
onmprehensive disarmament plans. That
proposal came in the wake of the 1963 ban
in atmospheric testing of nuclear weap-
ons.
By 1568 it was widely acknowledged
tat Soviet strategic forces would soon
reach rough equivalence to ilmse of the
United States. After postponement of
elks because of the Soviet invasion of
sechrolovakia in August 1988, the Soviet
mien announced on the day of President
'Orion's first inauguration, Jan. 20, 1969,
hat it would be willing to discuss no-
near-anns control. On Nov. 17 of that
rear, negotiations began in Helsinki, Fin,
cod, and on May 26, 1972, at 11 P.M.,
president Nixon and Mr. Brezhney
signed the first arms agreement.
Complexities of Techedcal Data
The negotiations involved immense
nomplexities con.rning technical data;
here was disagreement between the two
sides, for example, over a definition of
strategic weapons.
The treaty established a ceiling of 200
.a.chers for each side's defensive, or
nntiballistic, missile systems, and stipu-
mod that neither side would try to build
ximprehensive antimissile systems.
The treaty also included an interim an.
iced on offensive systems that froze num-
'ors of land-based and submarine-based
.ntercontinental missiles.
But because It placed no restraints on
he development of technology, and be-
muse its effect on future strategic bat-
mcewas unclear, there was considerable
:nticism of the treaty in the United
Rates.
Negotiations foes second treaty began
o November 1972, but progress was slow.
Two years later, in the Soviet Far East-
orn city of Vladivostok, President Ford
nal Mr. Br.hney agreed on guidelines
bra second accord. Spnifically, the
Radivostok agreement set equal corned.
al limits on strategic weapons for bath
rides, with the overall limit to be 2,400 nu-
:tear vehicles.
Once again, however, disagr.ment
:merged over which types of weapons
vere to be Meluded in this ceiling. Mean.
chile the original treaty expired in Onto.
me 1977, though both sides agreed .
tinkle by it pending agreement not new
me It took almost another five years
titer Vladivostok before the two sides
-eached agreement, on May 9 this year,
in a second treaty limiting keg-range
nissiles and bombers. This treaty was
he one signed yesterday in Vienna.
toss TEAR: THE FRESH AIR FUND
neservations and other modifications in
the treaty are decided by a simple ma-
Increasingly, Republicans and some
Democrats are predicting that the treaty
cannot achieve Sernate consent without
some amendment, or that it may fall out-
right. But even the most skillful and prac-
ticed nose-counters cannot say with cer-
tainty how the Senate will vote.
One reason for this is that 20 Senators
entered the legislative body this yearns
freshmen, essentially unversed in the
subject and mostly uncommitted. These
first-term members are seen as one key
to the outcome.
But they me only one of several keys.
Among the other questions is uncertainty
about who or what .11 prove influential
or decisive in the outcome. White House
sourel believe that Senator Sam Nunn,
Democrat of Georgia, will .ercise con-
siderable influence over other Southern
Democrats. Mr. Nusm, a respected mem-
ber of the Armed Services Committee,
seems less dissatisfied with the treaty it-
self than with United States defense
spending and readiness.
In a television interview yesterday, one
of the Senate's most influential members,
Remy M. Jackson, Democrat of Wash-
ington, said he would move that the
treaty be returned to President Carter
with instructions that it be renegotiated.
There is little difference between that
plan and plane to amend the treaty on the
floor, since subst.tive amendments can
only be demanded by the Senate as a
condition of approval and would require
some nmegotiation.
Numberous Objections to Peet
The objections to the treaty signed in
Vienna today by Mr. Carter and Leonid I.
Breroney are numerous.
One of the most important is that the
treaty would, by essentially freezing
present levels of weapons launchers, per
mit the Soviet Union to retain all 368 of its
"heavy" missiles, called SS-18 in the
West and RS-20 by the R.sians. These
are being rehquipped with 10 independ-
ently targeted nuclear warheads.
The United States has no "heavy" mi.
sites, and for the immediate future would
have Minutem. III light missiles armed
with three warheads.
Another major objection is that the
treaty does not count the Soviet TU-22M
Somber, known in the West as Backfire,
as an intercontinental heavy weapon.
The Soviet Union has agreed to restrict
production of the plane to 30 a year. But
some Senators want the bombers counted
as part of the 1,320 weapons with inde-
pendently targeted warheads permitted
tom. country.
Verification h an Issue
The loon of American listening posts in
Iran, and other factors, prompts some
Senators to deny that the treaty is ad-
equately verifiable and immtme to possi-
ble Soviet cheating.
A tactical Issue was given enhanced
Importance today when Senator Helms
and Senator Garn, appearing at a news
conference, dem.ded that the Senate
floor debate be televised to give treaty
opponents a forum roughly equivalent to
President Carter's ready access to televi-
sion.
Senator Robert C. Byrd, the Demo-
cratic leader, is likely to resist this idea.
Associates suspect he sees it eta way for
Se0000r Baker"stat Ice Prestdmt
television while debating SALT." Advo-
cates of the step said they would try to
forma vote on the issue if necessary.
Senator Helms also called on Mr. Car-
ter. to instruct military, Central Intelli-
gence Agency and Defense Intelligence
Agency witness. "to be completely
truthful .d forthcoming with their
views" on the treaty, even if those views
conflict with those of the President.
Mr. Helms said military men should
testify candidly even at the risk of harm-
ing their .reers or of being reb..1.
Key Defendant Is Given 12 Years
In Long West German Spy Trial
DUESSELDORF, West Germany,
Semis (Reuters) ? Lothar Lurie, chief
defendant in West Germany's longest epy
trial, today recel.d a 12-year sentemce
for spying for East Germany.
His wife, Renate, was sentenced to six
m
rt. e
saRoth erLferm nt er employeef the
Ministry.
They were found guilty of passing more
than 1,000 secret documents to the Com-
munists.
Another married couple, Frank and
Christine Gerstner, who "controlled" the
Lutzes, received seven-year sneers..
Soviet Lifts Its Secrecy
On Arms Designations
Wear. The New To. Ilmer
WASHINGTON, Arne 18? Breaking
with tradition, the new strategic arms
treaty includes the Soviet Union's own
designations for its new generation of
missile systems.
For years, American negotiators
have used their own terms for Soviet
missiles and bombere in arms controls
talks because Moscow was unwilling to
divulge its designations. For example,
the Department of Defense called Mos-
cow's three one intercontinental mis-
siles the SS-17, SS-18 .d SS-19, while a
new Soviet bomber was code-earned
the Backfire, or it was identified, as by
the authoritative Jane's All the World's
Aircraft as the "TU-28."
However, the new treaty contains
Moscow's own designations for these
weapons. The Backfire, a product of
the Tupolev design bureau, is called the
TU-22M by the Russians, presented as
a modification of the regular TU-22,
Imovm in the West as the Blinder.
The SS-18, M.caw's controversial
"heavy missile," is known as the RS'
20; the SS-17 is designated as the RS-18
and the SS-19 is called the RS-18.
In addition, the treaty reveals that
the newest Soviet submarine-launched
missile, known in the West as the 55-
N-18, is designated the RSM-50 by the
Russians.
According to Administration offi-
cials, "RS" stands for "raketaaya
sistema," or "racket system," and
"RSM" means "raketnaya sistema,
morskaya," or "naval rocket system."
THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, JUNE 19, 1979
es, watam a. sm.
Adm. Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., former Chief of Naval Operations, at news con-
fe;rence yesterday in Washington. Using models of Soviet and American no.
Idles, he warned against Soviet superiority. the strategic balance-
Carter-Brezhnev Farewell:
Spontaneous and Poignant
Continued From Page Al
according teen American official P.-
ticipating in the summit meetings, Mr.
Brerimey's speech was so slurred it
was not understandable, and he ap-
peared to doze or lapse into uncon-
sciousness at times during the three
hours of meetings.
At no point in the three days of sum-
mit discussions, an American partici-
pant said, was Mr. Brezhney capable of
lively give-and-take with the American
President. He read only from prepared
position papers and then not always
with full clarity, the official said. Yet,
despite WS lethanIty, the dale/gen= as-
companying Mr. Brezhnev ?
daily Konstantin U. Chernenko, who
has emerged as Mr. Brezhnev's chief of
staff and personal aide ? clearly de-
ferred to him as the man in charge.
It was with the background of these
strains that the Soviet Leader today en-
tered the Redretenseal, a white-P.-
clod ballroom with seven chandeliers
just before the President, 01 1,02 P.M.
Rearayiel Carter was in the front row of
the audience, as were the Austri.
leaders, Chancellor Bruno Kreisky and
President Rudolf Kirchschlager.
Mr. Brezhnev, following Soviet cus-
tom, begno clapping in answer to the
applause of those present, and Mr. Car-
ter followed suit. Then both sat at a
green baize table built 119 years ago for
the State Council of the Austro-Hungar-
ian Empire, and aides brought the fin-
ished texts ? bound in red for Mr.
Brerimev and blue for Mr. Carter? to
igh
'f he Soviet leader took 20 seconds to
write the first of his four signatures. He
ppeared to be making one labored
stroke of the pen at a time. Mr. Carter
finished and waited with folded hands
to ch=ders o folders withwi? Mr. BrsezIon. ev
ar? to
And so when he stood to exchange the
signed copies of the treaty, Mr. Carter
took Mr. Brezhnev's right hand and
clasped it with his left, and to the rising
'PIPP.uslrhleut;Teanid'es"L'er%
1041.
reted that he was to speak. His words
slow and slurred, he said that "in sign,
Mg this treaty, we are helping to defend
the most sacred right of every individ-
ual? the right to live."
He finkhed Speaking and sat to hear
came.
- today, as we set very careful limits on
our power," Mr. Carter said, llyze draw
boundaries around our fears of one no-
other."
But as the Russian translation wax
broadcast into the echoing hall, Mr.
Brerimev s expression clouded, he
fumbled with his left ear and seemed to
try to gee from his chair to talk to Mr.
Chernenko, who quickly summoned
Mr. Breronev's personal interpreter,
Viktor M. Sukhodrev, apparently to
whisper the translation so that he could
hear it better.
He closed his eyes . if In pain.
Thirty-two of the most poorerftd offi-
cials of the United States and the Soviet
Union, Including three of the 13 full
members of the Soviet Communist Par-
ty's ruling Politburo, stood behind the
two mm, seated in silence Oaths table
as the tr.slation continued.
When it was over, they stood, shook
hands again and joined in the applause.
Mr. Brezhnev shook hands with every
member of the American delegation,
while Mr. Carter greeted the Rresians
present, then went on to pump the
hands of his own colleagues.
Aftte518eiMOBillkf1Ra1Perct Signed
In Vienna by Carter and Brezhnev
Conthased From Page Al
the future, perhaps on an annual basis,
American officials said.
Although the treaty had been negoti-
ated beforehand and the two leaders
made little visible progress on other
essu., they pronotmced their "mutual
satisfaction" with the three days of talks.
Personally they got along well and the
treaty, they said, helps promote, "the
deepening of detente."
Other participants said that, after two
troubled years since Mr. Carter took of-
fice, the low-key, realistic candor of the
talks had helped put Soviet-American
relations back on a more even keel
though the sessions did not resolve differ-
ences over how to deal with regional con-
flicts in Africa, Asia and the Middle East
or with conventional force reductions in
Central Europe.
But, in a joint communique, Presid.ent
Carter won Mr. Brrehnev's public assur-
ance that the Soviet Union, like the
United States, was "not striving and will
not strive for military superiority" ? a
statement that could help win votes lathe
battle for Senate approval of the treaty.
US. Pledge on Trade Reported
The communique also disclosed that
the two sides had completed "major ele-
ments" of . agreement to ban radiologi-
cal weapons and had agreed on the need
to work toward "the elimination of obsta-
cles" to expanded trade relaions. This ap-
peared to be an indication that President
Carter was Preparing to seek more fa-
vored trading status for Moscow in ex-
change for a liberalization of emigration
from the Soviet Union.
And in a separate statement, the two
Iraid.ers committed themselves to work
toward a third arms accord, in which
they would seek "signific.t and substan-
tial reductions" of their offensive ar-
senals and new qualitative curbs on new
weapons. Although the Am.icans had
hoped to win Soviet approval for a spe-
cific lowering of ceilings, the Russians
were not ready to commit themselves.
The health of Mr. Brezhnev, who stum-
bled on a couple of occasions .d closed
his eyes in apparent fatigue during Presi-
dent Carter's brief statement this morn-
ing, seemed to have curtailed the scope
and duration of the talks. He was less
ebullient and active than he had been on
previous encounters with American
presidents, though American negotiators
said that at times he was animated dur-
ing the talks here.
One Private Meeting Is Held
He and Mr. Carter held only one ex-
tended private meeting, for 90 minutes
this morning at the American Embassy.
Later, Jody Powell, the American
spokesman, said, without giving details
that they had dealt with a number of
issues, including human rights.
The signing ceremony involved four
sets of documentS: a 22-page treaty that
nma mail the end et MC ?
protocol that prohibits teettingWr
. .
lm lad
se
missiles before 1982: 43 pagm of agr.d
statements and common .derstandings
that interpret the treaty, and a them-
page joint statement of prrnmplm guiding
the next round of arms negotiations
Two other documents exch.ged today
gave the present inventory of strategic
arsenals. They showed that the Soviet
Union gave the total number of its long-
range missile launchers and bombers as
2,504, meaning that it will have to destroy
254 by Jan. 1,1551, to comply with the new
maximum of 2,250, while the United
States gave its force as 2,283 missiles and
bombers, and must destroy 33 moth-
balled B-52 bombers to comply with
treaty terms.
The treaty itself provides several sub-
?pinnate limits within the overall ceiling
01 2.250. including the following:
RA combined total of 1,320 launchers
for ballistic mLssiles with multiple war-
heads and heavy bombers equipped with
cruise missiles or ballistic missiles.
6100 more than 1,200 launchers for
ballistic missiles.
4No more than 820 landhased launch-
ers for ballistic missiles with multiple
warheads; the Soviet Union has a sepa-
rate limit of 308 on the number of la.ch-
ers for its heavy SS-18 missiles.
After the documents had been signed,
Mr. Brezhnev spoke briefly, in a low.
thick .d occasionally slurred voice, call-
ing the treaty "a major step forward" in
Improving Soviet-American relations and
praising Secretary of State Cyrus R.
Vance, Foreign Muuster Andrei A.
Gromyko, Secretary of Defen. Harold
Brovm and Defense Minister Dmitri F.
Ustinov for their contribution.
After they had concluded, the two men
rose, shook hands with the members of
their two and the other delegation .d
made their final embrace, to resounding
applause. After a brief farewell to the
Soviet leader, Mr. Carter headed directly
to the airport.
The communique provided evidence
that the two had agreed gen.ally on im-
proving the atmosphere of Soviet-Ameri-
can relations without being able to settle
specific points of dispute. The text en-
dorsed the following points:
6Impetus to other arms control meas-
ures, but it offered no evidence of
pmgress on a comprehensive nude.-
test ban, a prohibition on antlsatellite
weapons or on conventional force reduc-
tions in Europe.
REfforts to spread detente "to all areas
to the globe" and the principles of "re-
sponsibility and restrahn" in regional
tensions, but it revealed disagreement
over the main areas of dispute in the Mid-
dle East, Africa and Asia.
elMore regular summit meetings, with
no specific schedule.
Progress Made in Two Areas
Progress was achieved in two areas: on
a treaty to ban radiological weapons and
on American willingness to resume talks
on limiting military involvement in the
Indian Ocean. The United States sus-
pended the Indian Ocean talks a year ago
in protest over Soviet involvement in
Ethiopia.
The one change negotiated here lathe
arms-treaty package concerned the
Soviet assurances on the Backfire. Some
people in Washington consider it a strate-
gic, long-range bomber, fit for inclusion
in the treaty, but the Russians insist ills
intermediate-r.gepl.e,
The United States had planned to re-
solve the dispute by an exch.ge of doc.
ments, including general assurances
from Mr. Bre:Limey reinforced by more
specific statements by Mr. Carter. This
procedure was followed In the session on
Saturday afternoon, Mr. Powell said, but
the roneric..s were not satisfied. When
they raised the matter again yesterday,
he said, "a lively discuss., ensued,"
ending with Mr. Brezhnev's oral assur-
ance that, . an American statement put
it, "the Soviet Backfire production rate
would not exceed 100 year."
Pact Gives Soviet Data
On Am. roeFist ram
spasm The newrork nom
WASHINGTON, June 18 ? The
Soviet Union, as part of the new arms
treaty, has made pubhc, teethe first
time, figures on its strategic arsenal.
n er the treaty, Wasbiagoon mad
Moscow agree to provide each other at
regular intervals with Information
about the composition of their strategic
tomes. Attached to the treaty are state-
ments that give the strength of the
Soviet Union and the United States loll
categories of weapons as of Nov. 1,
1978, inclu.ding the follnring:
Interr.ontinental ballistic missile
launchers: Soviet ? 1,398; U.S. ?
1,054.
Intercontinental ballistic missiles
with multiple warheads: Soviet? Oil
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
launchers: Soviet ?9110; 01.0? 656,
Submarinnla.ched ballistic mi.
sites with multiple warheads: Soviet ?
144; U.S. ?496.
Heavy bombers: Soviet ?198; U.S.
?573.
Hofburg, Site of Treaty Signing, Is a Place Bursting With History
By WOLFGANG SAXON
Looldng on as President Carter
and Leonid I. Brezhney signed the
strategichrms treaty at the 010f.
burg in Vienna yerierdey were the
silent witnessrt of history dating
back to Charlemagne, representing
the glories and woes of the -conti-
nent that could become the center
of nucl.r desolation if the super-
powers of East and West fail to curb
their arsenals and keep the peace.
The Hofburg itself, a town within
a town rather than a single struc-
ture, had its beginning as a fortress
lathe 13th century. It soon became
the .at of the Hapsburgs and re-
mained their favored residenno
until their empire collapsed In 1918.
The complex grew over the cen-
turies along with the power of the
Hapsburgs, who added toil to suit
their taste and coffers. The last of
its buildings was completed just be-
fore World War I. Continuity was
assured when the Austrian Repub-
lic made 11 1010 the residence of its
chief of state and a national treas-
ure house.
A 15th-Century Chapel
Visitors stream to the Hofburg's
15th-century Gothic chapel, on Sun-
days to bear the Vienna Boys'
Choir. Or they might go to the Spa.
ish Riding School, a great white
quadr.gle, to watch the Link-
saner stallions go through their
Architemoral styles ranging from
Gothic to Renaissance to Baroque
to Rococo blend into a majestic
whole that overkolcs eleg.t in-
tarter courtyards and theireques-
trian statrery. Altogether, the Hof-
burg has more then 2,000 moms and
halls, many of them containing ir-
replaceable an ond imperial rega-
lia, including tu sword of Charle-
magne .d the Bible on which he
swore his coronation oath.
It also hous. Austria's Nation.
Library and remarkable collections
of drawings, furniture, porcelain
and jewelry. In a crypt, 28 emper-
ors and empresses and more than a
100 archdukes lie buried.
The Hapsburgs came from Al-
sace and Svritzerl.d, where they
held lands in the likh century. A
princely electoral college named
Count Rudolf IV as King of the Ger-
mans 10 1273, when he also became
Holy ROMan Emperor.
Ba. for the Cresades
But as King Rudolf I, he first had
to fight it out with a resentful King
Ottocar II of Bohemia, who refused
fa honor the election result. It was
Ottocar who fortified Vienna, a
flourishing trading hub as well as a
base for the Crusaders and the Teu-
tonic Knights. He built a four.
walled structure bristling with
towers west 01 51. Stephen's Cathe-
dral, even then the historical and
cultural center of Vienna.
After defeating Ottecer, Rudolf
acquired lands hi Austria, took the
title Duke of Austria .d made the
fortress his own. The building on its
site today is known as the Schweiz-
erhof , or Swiss. Court, having
housed the Empress Maria There-
sa's Swiss guards.
The Hapsburgs reigned as Holy
Roman Emperors almost uninter-
ruptedly from 1438 to 1806. But from
the itith century on, imperial and
Austrian affairs became vittually
Identical. a trend sealed by the
Reformation, which pitted Prote.
tent German princes against the
Roman Catholic Emperor and led
to the Thirty Years War in 1618.
The Holy Rom. Empim. its grip
having slipped from much of Cen-
tral Europe, died in the Napoleonic
era in 1800. The Hapsburgs became
sitnply Emperors of Austria, later
Austria-Hungary. They were still a
power to reckon with until World
War heft only lljy Hakim as a to-
flectisoofsbeirfdknoermiglot.
The Hofburg In Vienna. A water framtain Is In foreground.
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