REMARKS OF WILLIAM J. CASEY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE BEFORE THE 14TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY'S NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES PROGRAM TUFTS UNIVERSITY 17 APRIL 1985 ROYAL SONESTA HOTEL CAMBRIDGE, MAS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88B00443R000903660004-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 31, 2011
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: April 17, 1985
• Content Type: MISC

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REMARKS OF WILLIAM J. CASEY
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
BEFORE
THE 14TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE FLETCHER SCHOOL
OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY'S NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES PROGRAM
TUFTS UNIVERSITY
17 APRIL 1985
ROYAL SONESTA HOTEL
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
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I AM GLAD TO BE WITH YOU'THIS EVENING AND I'M GRATEFUL
TO THE FLETCHER SCHOOL FOR PROVIDING THIS OPPORTUNITY FOR US
TO DABBLE WITH THE GRIM AND SOBERING REALITY OF WORLD TERRORISM
AND FOR GIVING ME THE PRIVILEGE OF KICKING OFF THIS IMPORTANT
CONFERENCE-
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM HAS BECOME A PERPETUAL WAR
WITHOUT BORDERS. THIS EVENING I WILL TELL YOU WHAT I CAN ABOUT
HOW THE AMERICAN INTELLIENCE COMMUNITY ASSESSES THIS DREADFUL
SCOURGE AND HOW I THINK WE SHOULD DEAL WITH IT-
IN JUST A FEW YEARS WE HAVE WITNESSED THE BOMBINGS OF OUR
EMBASSIES IN BEIRUT AND IN KUWAIT; THE ATTACK ON UNITED STATES
AND FRENCH FORCES IN BEIRUT; THE VICIOUS ATTACK ON THE SOUTH
KOREAN CABINET WHICH TOOK PLACE IN RANGOON; THE ASSASSINATIONS
OF PRESIDENT BASHIR GEMAYEL AND PRIME MINISTER GANDHI; AND THE
ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION AGAINST PRIME MINISTER THATCHER; AND THE
ATTEMPT THAT WAS MADE AGAINST POPE JOHN PAUL II IN ST- PETER'S
SQUARE-
WE ARE ENGAGED IN A NEW FORM OF LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT
AGAINST AN ENEMY THAT IS HARD TO FIND AND HARDER STILL TO DEFEND
AGAINST. THE NUMBER OF RECORDED INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST INCIDENTS
ROSE FROM ABOUT 500 IN 1983 TO MORE THAN 700 IN 1984? LAST YEAR
355 INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST BOMBINGS OCCURRED, NEARLY ONE FOR
EVERY DAY OF THE ENTIRE YEAR.
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U.S. CITIZENS AND PROPERTY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN AMONG THE
MOST POPULAR TARGETS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISTS. LAST YEAR A
LARGE NUMBER OF ATTACKS ALSO WERE DIRECTED AT\THE FRENCH, THE
JORDANIANS, AND THE ISRAELIS. THE MIDDLE EAST REMAINS A FERTILE
GROUND FOR TERRORISM. THERE WERE OMINOUS DEVELOPMENTS IN
WEST GERMANY WHERE LEFTWING TERRORIST GROUPS COMBINED
FORCES AND BEGAN ATTACKING NATO TARGETS-
IN CONFRONTING THE CHALLENGE OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM,
THE FIRST STEP IS TO CALL THINGS BY THEIR PROPER NAMES, TO
SEE CLEARLY AND SAY PLAINLY WHO THE TERRORISTS ARE, WHAT
GOALS THEY SEEK, AND WHICH GOVERNMENTS SUPPORT THEM.
WHAT THE TERRORIST DOES IS KILL, MAIM, KIDNAP, TORTURE.
HIS VICTIMS MAY BE CHILDREN IN THE SCHOOLROOM; INNOCENT
TRAVELERS ON AIRPLANES, BUSINESSMEN RETURNING HOME FROM WORK,
POLITICAL LEADERS,. DIPLOMATS, SOLDIERS, CIVILIANS ANYWHERE-
THE TERRORIST'S VICTIMS MAY HAVE NO PARTICULAR POLITICAL
IDENTITY; OR THEY MAY BE POLITICAL SYMBOLS, LIKE ALDO MORO OR--
PERHAPS'-POPE JOHN PAUL II. THEY MAY BE KIDNAPPED AND HELD
FOR RANSOM, MAIMED OR SIMPLY BLOWN TO BITS. ONE DEFINING
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE TERRORIST IS HIS CHOICE OF METHOD: THE
TERRORIST CHOOSES VIOLENCE AS THE INSTRUMENT OF FIRST RESORT-
TERRORISM HAS BEEN WITH US FOR A LONG TIME. BUT IT ONCE
MANIFESTED ITSELF IN FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FORMS THAN THOSE
WE SEE TODAY. EARLIER IN THIS CENTURY WE SAW FORMS OF TERRORISM
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THAT USUALLY HAD THEIR ROOTS IN ETHNIC OR SEPARATIST GROUPS AND.
CONFINED ITSELF TO A SMALL GEOGRAPHIC AREA AND TO VERY SELECTIVE
TARGETS. EVEN TODAY, REMNANTS OF THIS BRAND\OF TERRORISM STILL
ARE WITH US -- THE BASQUE [BAHSK) SEPARATISTS IN SPAIN, THE
IRISH NATIONALISTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND, THE MORO TRIBESMEN IN
THE PHILIPPINES, AND OTHER ETHNIC TERRORIST GROUPS-
SINCE THE LATE 1960s WE HAVE WITNESSED THE BIRTH AND RAPID
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW STRIPE OF TERRORIST WHICH IS PRIMARILY
URBAN AND FOR THE MOST PART IDEOLGOICAL IN NATURE- IN EUROPE,
FOR EXAMPLE, EXTREME LEFTWING IDEOLOGY HAS SPAWNED SUCH URBAN
TERRORIST GROUPS AS THE RED ARMY FACTION IN WEST GERMANY, THE
COMMUNIST COMBATANT CELLS IN BELGIUM, THE DIRECT ACTION IN
FRANCE, AND THE RED BRIGADES IN ITALY. IN THE MIDDLE EAST,
WE MAY MENTION SEVERAL EXTREMIST PALESTINIAN GROUPS--INCLUDING
SOME FACTIONS OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION-
IN SOUTH AMERICA, WHICH HAS BEEN RELATIVELY PEACEFUL ON
THE TERRORIST FRONT FOR THE PAST DECADE OR SO, SIMILAR
GROUPS SEEM TO BE MATURING IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS CHILE,
COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, AND PERU.
TODAY WE ALSO HAVE STATE SUPPORTED TERRORISM USED AS AN
INSTRUMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY. THE CHIEF PROTAGONISTS OF THIS
NEW DEPARTURE IN INTERNATIONAL MURDER ARE IRAN, SYRIA, AND
LIBYA. PROBABLY MORE BLOOD HAS BEEN SHED BY IRANIAN-SPONSORED
TERRORISTS DURING THE LAST FEW YEARS THAN BY ALL OTHER TERRORISTS
COMBINED-
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TEHRAN USES TERRORISM AS A MAJOR ELEMENT OF ITS ONGOING
CAMPAIGN TO EXPORT THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION THROUGHOUT THE MUSLIM
WORLD AND TO REDUCE WESTERN INFLUENCE -- ESPECIALLY THAT OF THE
UNITED STATES -- IN THE MIDDLE EAST. IN 1983, WE IDENTIFIED AS
MANY AS 50 TERRORIST ATTACKS WITH A CONFIRMED OR SUSPECTED
IRANIAN INVOLVEMENT. MOST OF THESE INCIDENTS OCCURRED IN
LEBANON, WHERE RADICAL SHIAS [SHE-AHS] OF THE HIZBALLAH
[HISP-ALLAH] OPERATED WITH DIRECT IRANIAN SUPPORT FROM TERRORIST
BASES IN.THE SYRIAN-CONTROLLED BEKAA [BECK-AH] VALLEY. To
PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM DIRECT RETRIBUTION, THEY TRY TO
MASK THEIR ACTS UNDER THE NOM DE PLUME "ISLAMIC .JIHAD."
IRANIAN-SPONSORED TERRORISM WAS A MAJOR FACTOR ELSEWHERE
IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN 1983, AS WELL. MEMBERS OF THE ISLAMIC
CALL PARTY -- WHO RECEIVED TRAINING AND DIRECTION FROM TEHRAN --
SUCCESSFULLY CARRIED OUT SIX BOMBINGS ON 12 DECEMBER, INCLUDING
ONE BLAST THAT SEVERELY DAMAGED THE U.S. EMBASSY IN KUWAIT.
IRAN ALSO CONTINUED ITS ACTIVE RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING
PROGRAM FOR MUSLIMS FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, AFRICA, AND EVEN
ASIA. MANY OF THESE INDIVIDUALS WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR SUBVERSIVE
OR TERRORIST OPERATIONS IN THE FUTURE, PARTICULARLY IN THE OIL-
RICH PERSIAN GULF STATES. MOST ALARMING IN 1984 WAS THE
ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE THAT IRANIAN-SPONSORED TERRORISM WAS
INCREASING IN SCOPE AND EFFECTIVENESS IN WESTERN EUROPE.
FOR EXAMPLE, IN JULY THE FRENCH ARRESTED THREE INDIVIDUALS
SUSPECTED OF BEING IRANIAN AGENTS; AND AN AIR FRANCE FLIGHT WAS
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HIJACKED FROM WEST GERMANY TO IRAN- IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER
ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED CREDIT FOR ARMED ATTACKS ON SAUDI AND
KUWAITI NATIONALS IN SPAIN; AND IN NOVEMBER SEVEN PRO-IRANIAN
LEBANESE STUDENTS IN ITALY WERE ARRESTED AFTER PLOTTING AN
ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN ROME- WE BELIEVE THAT AGENTS
WORKING OUT OF IRANIAN EMBASSIES AND ISLAMIC CULTURAL OR STUDENT
CENTERS IN SEVERAL EUROPEAN NATIONS WILL CONTINUE TO ATTEMPT
SUCH OPERATIONS IN THE FUTURE-
ALTHOUGH LIBYA'S MU'AMMAR QADHAFI IS NOT IN THE AYATOLLAH
KHOMEINI'S LEAGUE, STILL HIS RELIANCE ON AND SUPPORT FOR
TERRORISTS IS WELL KNOWN AND MUST NO LONGER GO UNCHALLENGED-
WE IDENTIFIED AT LEAST 25 TERRORIST INCIDENTS LAST YEAR INVOLVING
LIBYAN AGENTS OR SURROGATES. THE MAIN TARGET OF LIBYAN TERRORISM
WAS ANTI'OADHAFI EXILES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST-
IN MARCH THE BRITISH ARRESTED A NUMBER OF LIBYAN AGENTS
FOLLOWING A SERIES OF BOMBINGS THAT INJURED AT LEAST 30 PEOPLE
IN LONDON AND MANCHESTER- MOST OF THE VICTIMS WERE INNOCENT
BYSTANDERS- IN APRIL 1983, A GUNMAN FIRING FROM THE LIBYAN
PEOPLES BUREAU KILLED A BRITISH POLICEWOMAN AND WOUNDED 11
ANTI-OADHAFI DEMONSTRATORS. FOLLOWING THE SIEGE OF THE PEOPLE'S
BUREAU, BRITISH POLICE FOUND WEAPONS IN THE BUILDING, DOCUMENTING
ONCE AGAIN LIBYA'S PRACTICE OF STOCKING WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES
IN ITS EMBASSIES -- A CLEAR VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC
CONVENTIONS.
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SOME OF THE MANY FACTIONS OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION
ORGANIZATION ALSO PRACTICE TERRORISM. THE P.L.O. IS ACTUALLY
SOMETHING OF AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION FOR EIGIiT OR NINE OFTEN-
WARRING FACTIONS WITH VARYING IDEOLOGIES AND COMPETING
SPONSORS SUCH AS IRAQ AND SYRIA. EVEN THOUGH THE P.L.O.'s
INFLUENCE IS SOMEWHAT DIMINISHED IN RECENT YEARS " DUE PRIMARILY
TO ITS DEFEAT IN LEBANON IN 1982 AND HEIGHTENED FACTIONALISM --
MANY OF ITS MEMBER GROUPS REMAIN A CREDIBLE THREAT TO ISRAEL
AND MANY WESTERN GOVERNMENTS. SYRIA-CONTROLS OR AT LEAST
INFLUENCES MANY OF THE RADICAL SPLINTER GROUPS OF THE PLO THAT
ARE BELIEVED TO BE BEHIND RECENT TERRORIST ATTACKS ON MODERATE
PALESTINIANS AND OTHER ARABS--ESPECIALLY JORDANIAN OFFICIALS.
FOR SEVERAL YEARS, VARIOUS EUROPEAN LEFTWING TERRORIST
GROUPS HAVE CALLED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL
UNITED FRONT AGAINST "WESTERN IMPERIALISM," AND PARTICULARLY
AGAINST ITS MOST POWERFUL SYMBOLS -- NATO AND THE AMERICAN
PRESENCE IN EUROPE. SINCE THE SUMMER OF 1984, AT LEAST THREE
OF THESE GROUPS -- THE WEST GERMAN RED ARMY FACTION, THE FRENCH
GROUP DIRECT ACTION, AND THE BELGIAN COMMUNIST COMBATANT CELLS --
HAVE APPARENTLY COLLABORATED IN A TERRORIST OFFENSIVE AGAINST
NATO THAT REACHED A FEVER PITCH OF VIOLENCE BY EARLY FEBRUARY
1985.
THE OFFENSIVE SEEMS TO HAVE BEGUN IN AUGUST WITH TERRORIST
ATTACKS IN PARIS ON THE ATLANTIC INSTITUTE, THE WEST EUROPEAN
UNION, AND THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY -- ALL TARGETS THAT A
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DIRECT ACTION COMMUNIQUE WRONGLY ASSERTED WERE ASSOCIATED WITH
NATO. THEN, IN OCTOBER, THE BELGIAN COMMUNIST COMBATANT CELLS
BOMBED SEVERAL MULTINATIONAL FIRMS BECAUSE OF\ THEIR CONNECTION
WITH NATO MILITARY ACTIVITIES-
MORE VIOLENCE, THAT WAS INCREASINGLY COORDINATED, ENSUED
IN DECEMBER. BELGIAN TERRORISTS BOMBED THE NATO PIPELINE SYSTEM
AT SIX POINTS. AT THE SAME TIME, THE RED ARMY FACTION AND ITS
SUPPORTERS IN WEST GERMANY BEGAN A LONG-PLANNED OFFENSIVE --
MORE THAN 30 IMPRISONED TERRORISTS BEGAN A HUNGER STRIKE, WHILE
DOZENS OF BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST TARGETS ASSOCIATED WITH NATO
WERE CARRIED OUT IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE HUNGER STRIKES-
IN LATE JANUARY/EARLY FEBRUARY 1985, THE OFFENSIVE REACHED
ITS ZENITH- IN BELGIUM, THE COMMUNIST COMBATANT CELLS BOMBED A
U.S. MILITARY RECREATIONAL FACILITY AND DECLARED ITS INTENTION
TO INFLICT CASUALTIES AS WELL AS PROPERTY DAMAGE IN FUTURE
ATTACKS- IN WEST GERMANY, THE RED ARMY FACTION CONTINUED ITS
BOMBING CAMPAIGN AND ASSASSINATED INDUSTRIALIST DR. ERNST
ZIMMERMAN? IN FRANCE, DIRECT ACTION ASSASSINATED A SENIOR
OFFICIAL OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE, GENERAL RENE AUDRAN [RAYNAY
OH-DRAHN). AT THE SAME TIME, FRENCH DIRECT ACTION PRISONERS
BEGAN A HUNGER STRIKE IN SYMPATHY WITH THEIR GERMAN TERRORIST
COLLEAGUES. FOLLOWING THE AUDRAN AND ZIMMERMAN KILLINGS, THE
WEST GERMAN AND FRENCH TERRORISTS ENDED THEIR HUNGER STRIKES
AND THE WAVE OF ANTI-NATO TERRORIST ATTACKS IN NORTHERN EUROPE
ABRUPTLY STOPPED -- PROBABLY ONLY TEMPORARILY-
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LET ME NOW TURN FOR A MOMENT TO THE SOVIET CONNECTION-
IT MAY SEEM SHADOWY TO SOME, BUT IT SEEMS VERY CLOSE TO ME-
IRAN AND THE SOVIET UNION ARE HARDLY ALLIES, bUT THEY BOTH
SHARE A FUNDAMENTAL HOSTILITY TO THE WEST- WHEN LIBYA AND THE
PLO (PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION) PROVIDE ARMS AND
TRAINING TO THE COMMUNISTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA, THEY ARE AIDING
SOVIET-SUPPORTED CUBAN EFFORTS TO UNDERMINE OUR SECURITY IN
THAT VITAL REGION-
IN THE MIDDLE EAST, THE SOVIETS AND THEIR EAST EUROPEAN
ALLIES HAVE PROVIDED INTELLIGENCE, WEAPONS, FUNDS AND TRAINING
AT CAMPS IN THE SOVIET UNION AND ELSEWHERE IN EASTERN EUROPE-
THOSE PASSING THROUGH THESE TRAINING CAMPS RECEIVE INDOCTRINATION
IN MARXISM-LENINISM WHICH PROVIDES A RATIONALE FOR TERRORISM
AND VIOLENCE AGAINST CIVILIAN TARGETS -- ALL IN THE NAME OF
WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION-
TO GIVE THE DEVIL HIS DUE, WE HAVE SEEN ONLY INDIRECT
EVIDENCE OF EAST BLOC INVOLVEMENT IN THE MURDERS AND BOMBINGS
NOW CARRIED OUT BY THE EUROPEANS THEMSELVES- PUBLICLY, THE
SOVIETS POSTURE LOUDLY AND PIETISTICALLY THAT THEY DISAPPROVE
OF TERRORISM, AND THAT TERRORISM IS "LEFTIST ADVENTURISM" AND
"SIMPLISTIC IDEOLOGY-" AT THE SAME TIME, I DON'T SEE THE
SOVIETS TAKING ANY ACTION WHATSOEVER TO ASSIST VICTIMIZED
GOVERNMENTS IN CURBING TERRORIST ACTIVITIES- MOREOVER, THE
USSR AND ITS EAST EUROPEAN ALLIES HAVE ALLOWED WEST EUROPEAN
TERRORISTS TO TRANSIT THOSE COUNTRIES EN ROUTE TO THE MIDDLE
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EAST. SOME OF THE EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAVE ALSO BEEN
UNCOOPERATIVE IN THE EXTRADITION OF TERRORISTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL
ARREST WARRANTS. IT IS ALSO INTERESTING TO NpTE THAT RELATIVELY
FEW SOVIET TARGETS WORLDWIDE HAVE BECOME THE VICTIMS OF TERRORIST
ATTACKS- MOREOVER, RARELY DO WE HEAR OF A TERRORIST ATTACK
TAKING PLACE IN THE SOVIET UNION OR IN A SOVIET-DOMINATED
COUNTRY WHERE THERE IS TOTALITARIAN CONTROL- ONLY FOUR TERRORIST
INCIDENTS WERE REPORTED FOR 1984 FOR THE WHOLE OF SOVIET-DOMINATED
EUROPE-
THE FACT IS THAT OVER RECENT YEARS THE SOVIETS HAVE CHANGED
THEIR OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES AND HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY
SOPHISTICATED IN THEIR USE OF "ACTIVE MEASURES" AGAINST THE
WEST. THE SOVIETS CAN NOW ACHIEVE THEIR AIMS QUITE WELL
INDIRECTLY BY PROVIDING TRAINING TO SELECTED INDIVIDUALS AND
VERY SMALL GROUPS; BY PROVIDING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO THE GROUPS;
AND UPON OCCASION, BY PROVIDING WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES TO
VARIOUS GROUPS. THEY DO NOT HAVE TO PROVIDE MUCH, IF ANY,
MONEY. THE TERRORISTS OBTAIN ALL THEY NEED FROM ARMED ROBBERIES
OF BANKS, RANSOMS FROM KIDNAPPINGS, AND THEFTS OF MATERIALS
AND WEAPONS'FROM WESTERN EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS AND PRIVATE
ENTERPRISES, AS WELL AS THE PURCHASE OF WEAPONS -- INCLUDING
SOVIET-MADE WEAPONS -- ON THE BLACK MARKET.
THE SOVIETS MAKE LITTLE ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL THE EXTENT OF
THEIR FINANCIAL AND MILITARY AID FOR COUNTRIES LIKE LIBYA AND
SYRIA -- COUNTRIES THAT HAVE ADOPTED TERRORISM AS PART OF THEIR
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STATE POLICY. THE SOVIETS ARE QUITE WILLING TO SELL LIBYA ANY
WEAPONS IT REQUIRES. THE SYRIANS ALSO RECEIVE CONSIDERABLE
QUANTITIES OF ARMS FROM THE SOVIETS- MANY 00 THESE WEAPONS ARE
PASSED ALONG TO THE PALESTINIAN GROUPS FOR USE IN LEBANON OR
ISRAEL- SOME OF THESE WEAPONS FIND THEIR WAY TO RADICAL GROUPS
FAR FROM THE HILLS OF LEBANON-
EVEN MORE SERIOUS IS THE CONTINUING WILLINGNESS OF MOSCOW
AND ITS ALLIES TO ALLOW RADICAL GROUPS TO MAINTAIN OFFICES IN
EASTERN EUROPE AND TO GRANT SAFE PASSAGE TO OPERATIVES TRAVELING
TO WESTERN EUROPE OR ELSEWHERE TO COMMIT TERRORIST ACTS. No
ONE CAN SERIOUSLY BELIEVE THAT THESE ACTIVITIES -- WHICH HAVE
GONE ON FOR AT LEAST FIFTEEN YEARS -- HAVE ESCAPED THE NOTICE
OF THE COMMUNIST AUTHORITIES-
THE CHAIN EXTENDS AROUND THE GLOBE- PART OF THE SUBVERSIVE
THREAT WE FACE IN CENTRAL AMERICA IS STIMULATED BY OUTSIDERS
WHO ARE WELL-VERSED IN TERRORISM. FOR EXAMPLE, ITALIAN PRIME
MINISTER CRAXI [KRAHK-SEE] STATED IN EARLY FEBRUARY THAT NICARAGUA
HOSTS 44 OF ITALY'S MOST DANGEROUS TERRORISTS -- A STATEMENT
CORROBORATED IN PART BY A FORMER RED BRIGADE TERRORIST WHO
STATED THAT AT LEAST FIVE OF HIS FORMER COMRADES NOW SERVE AS
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS IN THE SANDINISTA ARMY. NICARAGUA,
BY THE WAY, IS A MAJOR RECIPIENT OF AID FROM LIBYA, AND RECENTLY
PLAYED HOST TO IRANIAN PRIME MINISTER MUSAVI (MOO-SAH-VEE]?
STRANGE HOW THE SAME NAMES AND FACES KEEP TURNING UP WHENEVER
THE SUBJECT IS INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM!
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LET US NOW TURN BRIEFLY TO THE MURKY AREA OF COLLUSION
BETWEEN THE BIG DRUG DEALERS AND THE TERRORISTS AND THEIR
SUPPORTERS. THESE TWO GROUPS HAVE RADICALLY\DIFFERING GOALS.
DRUG DEALERS ARE OUT FOR ONE THING -- MONEY, AND LOTS OF IT.
THEY ARE, ABOVE ALL, MERCHANTS WHO WISH TO PRESERVE THEIR TRADE.
DRUG DEALERS. SEE THEIR INTEREST AS BEING THE CORRUPTION AND
GRADUAL CONTROL OR MANIPULATION OF THE ESTABLISHED REGIME -- TO
INCLUDE THE BUYING OF POLICEMEN, SECURITY AGENTS, JUDGES,
MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENTS, AND EVEN PREMIERS. MONEY IS THE MEANS
AND ALSO THE OBJECT FOR THE NARCOTICS PUSHERS-
TERRORISTS, ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE OUT TO DESTROY THE
EXISTING SYSTEM. IF THEY HAD THEIR WAY, THEY WOULD NOT CORRUPT
THE POLICEMEN AND JUDGES -- THEY WOULD KILL THEM- MOREOVER,
MONEY IS USEFUL FOR BUYING WEAPONS, PAYING OPERATIONAL EXPENSES,
AND PERHAPS FOR BUYING INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER INFORMATION. BUT
THE TERRORIST IS ABOVE ALL IDEOLOGICAL, NOT MERCENARY- HE IS
COMMITTED TO OVERTHROWING THE ESTABLISHED SYSTEM-
THIS SAID, THERE IS COOPERATION BETWEEN SOME TERRORIST
AND NARCOTICS GROUPS FOR AT LEAST TACTICAL REASONS. A SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP HAS GROWN UP BETWEEN THE NARCOTICS DEALERS ALONG
THE CARIBBEAN COAST AND THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF
COLOMBIA WHO ORDINARILY WOULD HAVE LITTLE TO DO WITH ONE ANOTHER.
THE DRUG MERCHANT NEEDS A SECURE TRANSIT POINT FOR HIS GOODS
TO REACH MARKETS IN THE UNITED STATES- ONE SUCH TRANSIT POINT
IS CUBA. THE CUBANS FUNNEL ARMS AND MONEY TO THE GUERRILLA
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GROUPS THROUGH DRUG MERCHANT CHANNELS. ALTHOUGH FIDEL CASTRO,
IN INTERVIEWS WITH AMERICAN JOURNALISTS, ROUNDLY DENIES HAVING
DEALINGS WITH DRUG MERCHANTS, WE'VE CAUGHT HI\M RED-HANDED. BY
HELPING DRUG DEALERS PUSH COCAINE AND MARIJUANA, CASTRO GAINS
IMPROVED ACCESS TO THE CUBAN COMMUNITY IN SOUTH FLORIDA,
CONTRIBUTES TO CRIME AND DISORDER IN THE UNITED STATES, AND
AIDS HIS REVOLUTIONARY OFFSPRING IN COLOMBIA.
SIMILARLY, WE CAUGHT THE SANDINISTA GOVERNMENT IN NICARAGUA
RED-HANDED IN NARCOTIC PRODUCTION AND TRAFFICKING-BETWEEN
COLOMBIA AND MIAMI, APPARENTLY LOOKING FOR MONEY WHICH WE
HAVE SEEN DEPOSITED IN PANAMA AND USED TO BOLSTER THEIR SAGGING
ECONOMY-
TERRORIST METHODS ARE BECOMING MORE SOPHISTICATED-
EXPLOSIVES REMOTELY DETONATED OR SET OFF BY A FANATICAL SUICIDAL
VEHICLE DRIVER ARE EXAMPLES OF BOTH TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL
INNOVATION. DANGERS FROM TERRORISM ARE GREATLY ENHANCED BY
THE INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE PLANNING, FINANCING,
TRAINING, DOCUMENTATION AND PROVIDING OF SAFE HAVEN FOR TERRORIST
GROUPS. THEY ARE ABLE TO USE MORE SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES,
DRAW ON STATE-FUNDED TRAINING PROGRAMS AND USE MORE VIOLENT,
MORE DEADLY, MORE DIFFICULT TO DETECT WEAPONS- THEY HAVE
BETTER INTELLIGENCE AND PLANNING, OFFICIAL TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
AND DIPLOMATIC COVER TO MASK THEIR TRUE IDENTITIES, THEIR
MOVEMENTS AND MUNITIONS DELIVERIES. THEY CAN GET SAFEHAVEN
IN A SPONSORING STATE AFTER AN ATTACK-
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RADICAL STATES SEE IN TERRORISM THE POTENTIAL FOR OBTAINING
CONCESSIONS THEY COULD NEVER GET BY TRADITIONAL DIPLOMATIC
MEANS- OUR ABILITY TO ENDURE IN OUR POLICIES\IS CALLED
INTO QUESTION AND CONFUSED BY TERRORISM- OUR DECISION PROCESSES
ARE DISRUPTED- CONFIDENCE IN THE WORKABILITY OF OUR INSTITUTIONS
IS ERODED- IT CAN IMPAIR OUR INTERNATIONAL CREDIBILITY AS IT
DID IN THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS SOME FIVE YEARS AGO- PERHAPS
WORST OF ALL, IT HAS BECOME A TEMPTING INSTRUMENT TO ACCELERATE
SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.
IN SOME COUNTRIES IN THE THIRD WORLD SMALL NUMBERS OF
REVOLUTIONARIES, UNABLE TO WIN POPULAR SUPPORT THROUGH THE
BALLOT BOX, HAVE SUCCEEDED IN CONVERTING A MODERATE AND
DEMOCRATIC CLIMATE OF OPINION INTO ONE THAT ENCOURAGES
VIOLENCE AND COUNTERVIOLENCE WITH THE RESULTANT BREAKDOWN
IN PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS-
CLEARLY, THE SOVIET UNION AND ITS ALLIES SEE THE POTENTIAL
OF TERRORIST MOVEMENTS FOR DISRUPTING SOCIETIES. THEY SEE
THAT THROUGHOUT ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA THERE ARE WEAK
GOVERNMENTS WITH LOW LEVELS OF LEGITIMACY AND HIGH LEVELS OF
INSTABILITY. THEY UNDERSTAND THAT THESE GOVERNMENTS ARE
ACUTELY VULNERABLE TO TERRORIST DISRUPTIONS AND ARE GOOD
TARGETS FOR TERRORIST CAMPAIGNS.
WE MUST NOT BE CONFUSED ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INSURGENCY AND TERRORISM. AN INSURGENCY, OPENLY USING ARMED
CONFLICT AS A MEANS FOR SEEKING CONCESSIONS FROM A DICTATORIAL
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OR TOTALIARIAN GOVERNMENT THAT HAS DENIED PEACEFUL FORMS OF
REDRESS OF GRIEVANCE OR CIVIC CHANGE, CAN READILY BE DISTINGUISHED
FROM A GROUP THAT ATTACKS A DEMOCRATIC SOCIET( BY HOSTAGE
TAKING, BY SUITCASES FILLED WITH EXPLOSIVES ON BOARD AIRLINERS
FULL OF INNOCENT PEOPLE-
NOW DO WE COPE WITH THESE SMALL BANDS OF HIGHLY TRAINED
PEOPLE, MOST OF THEM FANATICS, MANY READY TO GIVE UP LIFE
ITSELF TO DO THEIR EVIL WORK, INCREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED AS
THEY MOVE AROUND THE WORLD CROSSING BORDERS WITH OFFICIALLY
AND PROFESSIONALLY PREPARED PAPERS, KNOWING THAT THEY WILL
HAVE NO TROUBLE OBTAINING WEAPONS, EXPLOSIVES, AND WHATEVER
ELSE THEY NEED NEAR THE SITE OF THEIR INTENDED ATTACK, KNOWING
TOO THAT THEY WILL BE ABLE TO FIND PROTECTION AND SANCTUARY
PRE-ARRANGED FOR THEM- WE CAN COMBAT THIS ONLY WITH THE
HIGHEST PROFESSIONALISM, DEDICATION AND DILIGENCE-
WE NEED TO KNOW AND UNDERSTAND THE VARIOUS TERRORIST
GROUPS, THEIR STYLE AND OPERATING METHODS, THEIR SUPPORT
STRUCTURES, THE TRAINING CAMPS WHICH SPROUT UP AROUND THE
WORLD. THIS IS A TASK OF CONTINUING COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
OF INTELLIGENCE IN WHICH THE CIVILIZED NATIONS OF THE WORLD
MUST COOPERATE- WE NEED TO PROVIDE SECURITY AND PROTECTION
FOR OUR PEOPLE AND OUR FACILITIES. WE NEED TO PROVIDE THE
MOST ADVANCED SECURITY AND POLICE METHODS. BUT AGAINST A
THREAT WHICH CAN MOVE SO QUICKLY, WIDELY AND QUIETLY, NONE OF
US CAN DO IT ALONE- WITH INCREASING TEMPO AND EFFECTIVENESS,
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WE ARE DEVELOPING A WORLDWIDE COUNTERTERRORIST NETWORK- IT IS
MADE UP OF THE INTELLIGENCE, SECURITY AND POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
OF THE THREATENED NATIONS. THEY EXCHANGE INTELLIGENCE, SHARE
DATA BANKS, WORK TOGETHER OPERATIONALLY, PROVIDE TRAINING AND
TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES TO THE LESS ADVANCED OF THEIR NUMBER,
UNDERTAKE SURVEILLANCE AND OTHER INTELLIGENCE ASSIGNMENTS FOR
EACH OTHER, REPORT THEIR FINDINGS, TRANSMIT ALERTS AND WARNINGS-
TERRORIST GROUPS ARE A VERY TOUGH NUT FOR INTELLIGENCE TO
CRACK. THEY ARE SMALL, NOT EASILY PENETRATED. THEIR OPERATIONS
ARE CLOSELY HELD AND COMPARTMENTED. THEY MOVE QUICKLY AND
PLACE A HIGH PREMIUM ON SECRECY AND SURPRISE- YET PROMPT
REPORTING AND PROMPT FOLLOW-UP ACTION DOES FREQUENTLY FORESTALL
TERRORIST INCIDENTS. THE MOST COMMON EXAMPLE IS FOREWARNING TO
U.S. AND FOREIGN EMBASSIES, OR OTHER INSTITUTIONS, OF ACTUAL
THREAT OR STRONG INDICATIONS OF PLANNING FOR ATTACK ON INSTALLATIONS
OR INDIVIDUALS. THE USUAL RESPONSE IS HEIGHTENED ALERT, INCREASE
IN PROTECTIVE MEASURES OR CHANGE IN PLANS AND SCHEDULES-
RECENTLY, FOR EXAMPLE, INTELLIGENCE ON A THREATENED HIJACKING
OF A FOREIGN COMMERCIAL AIRLINER RESULTED IN A CHANGE IN TRAVEL
PLANS AND POLICE WORK WHICH PREVENTED THE INTENDED HIJACKING-
IN OTHER INSTANCES, IN EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST, AFRICA AND
LATIN AMERICA, U.S. OFFICIALS AND BUSINESSMEN DIRECTLY TARGETTED
BY TERRORISTS HAVE BEEN TEMPORARILY REMOVED FROM THEIR POSTS.
ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS, OUR WARNING AND DETAILED INTELLIGENCE
HAS DIRECTLY ASSISTED FOREIGN AUTHORITIES IN CAPTURING TERRORISTS-
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THROUGH TIMELY INTELLIGENCE WORK, TWO SOPHISTICATED SUITCASE
BOMBS WERE INTERCEPTED AND DISABLED AND WARNINGS ON THE NATURE
OF THESE TYPES OF BOMBS WERE PROVIDED PROMPTLY TO INTENDED AND
POTENTIAL VICTIMS WORLDWIDE. THIS WARNING LED TO THE DISCOVERY
OF TWO MORE SUCH DEVICES BY COOPERATING SERVICES-
ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE ARE MANY FALSE ALARMS. THE
VOLUME OF THREAT REPORTING HAS ALMOST INVARIABLY ESCALATED
DRAMATICALLY IN THE WAKE OF A HEADLINE-MAKING TERRORIST INCIDENT.
AT SUCH A TIME, SOME INDIVIDUALS SEEK TO MARKET "INFORMATION"
THEY KNOW HAS BECOME SALABLE. AT THE SAME TIME, OUR OWN
INTELLIGENCE COLLECTORS ARE ENERGIZED BY MAJOR TERRORIST EVENTS
TO FERRET OUT ANY INFORMATION, EVEN SEEMINGLY MARGINAL, CONCERNING
POSSIBLE PLANNING FOR ATTACKS THAT COULD THREATEN US LIVES AND
PROPERTY. THE FLIP SIDE OF THAT IS THAT WHEN SUCH THREAT
REPORTING RISES, MORE REPORTS OF DUBIOUS CREDIBILITY TEND TO
MAKE IT THROUGH THE SYSTEM THAT NORMALLY WOULD FILTER THEM OUT.
THIS CAN ALSO PRODUCE FALSE CONFIRMATIONS- WE HAVE MADE VERY
GOOD PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF VERY RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
TO GATHER ASSESSMENTS, HAVE REPORTS TESTED BY INTELLIGENCE
EXPERTS THROUGHOUT OUR GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS AND PASS CONCLUSIONS
QUICKLY TO THE POINT OF THREAT-
WHAT IS OUR POLICY IN DEALING WITH TERRORISM? WE RESIST
IT BY ALL LEGAL MEANS- WHENEVER WE OBTAIN EVIDENCE THAT AN
ACT OF TERRORISM IS ABOUT TO BE MOUNTED, WE TAKE MEASURES TO
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WARN AND PROTECT OUR CITIZENS, PROPERTY AND INTERESTS AND OUR
FRIENDS AND ALLIES AS WELL. WE WILL WORK INTENSIVELY WITH
OTHER COUNTRIES TO ELIMINATE THIS THREAT TO FREE AND OPEN
WE ARE SPENDING AND WORKING TO IMPROVE THE PHYSICAL SECURITY
OF OUR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND OVERSEAS FACILITIES. TRAINING
PROGRAMS ARE SENSITIZING OUR DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY PERSONNEL
TO THE NATURE OF THE TERRORIST THREAT- WE WORK CLOSELY WITH
OTHER GOVERNMENTS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SECURITY
PROVIDED TO OUR PERSONNEL AND TO OUR FACILITIES ABROAD. HERE,
WE ARE WORKING TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PROTECTION TO FOREIGN
DIPLOMATS AND DIGNITARIES AND VISITORS IN OUR OWN COUNTRY-
THE UNITED STATES DOES NOT USE FORCE INDISCRIMINATELY-
BUT WE ARE READY TO CONSIDER AN ARMED STRIKE AGAINST TERRORISTS
AND THOSE WHO SUPPORT THEM WHERE OTHER MEANS OF DEFENSE OR
DETERRENCE ARE NOT SUFFICIENT- WE FACE VERY DIFFICULT AND
SENSITIVE PROBLEMS IN CHOOSING APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS OF
RESPONSE IN EACH CASE. YET, WE CANNOT ALLOW THIS TO FREEZE US
INTO PARALYSIS-
IF WE DO NOT USE FORCE WHERE ITS USE IS CLEARLY JUSTIFIED,
WE LOSE BOTH THE DIRECT BENEFITS OF ACTION AND THE DETERRENT
VALUE OF HAVING THE CAPABILITY TO RETALIATE. WE NEED THAT
DETERRENT- WE CANNOT PERMIT TERRORIST GROUPS OR THEIR SPONSORS
TO FEEL THEY CAN MAKE FREE AND UNOPPOSED USE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST
US- WE MUST DEMONSTRATE OUR WILL TO MEET A TERRORIST CHALLENGE
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WITH MEASURED FORCE APPLIED QUICKLY WHEN THE EVIDENCE WARRANTS-
WE CANNOT PERMIT TERRORISTS AND THEIR SPONSORING STATES TO
FEEL THAT WE ARE INHIBITED FROM RESPONDING OR\ THAT OUR RESPONSE
IS GOING TO BE SO BOGGED DOWN IN INTERMINABLE CONSULTATIONS OR
DEBATE THAT WE, IN FACT, DO NOT HAVE A DETERRENT.
WE NEED NOT INSIST ON ABSOLUTE EVIDENCE. NOR DO WE NEED
TO PROVE BEYOND ALL REASONABLE DOUBT THAT A PARTICULAR ELEMENT
OR INDIVIDUAL IN STATE-SUPPORTING TERRORISM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
SPECIFIC TERRORIST ACTS. THERE IS TODAY, FOR EXAMPLE, SUFFICIENT
EVIDENCE THAT RADICAL SHIA TERRORISTS ARE RESPONSIVE TO IRANIAN
GUIDANCE FOR US TO HOLD TEHRAN RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR ATTACKS
AGAINST UNITED STATES' CITIZENS, PROPERTY AND INTERESTS.
THE LEGITIMACY OF USING FORCE AGAINST TERRORISM DEPENDS ON
OUR ALSO MAKING STRONG EFFORTS TO DEAL WITH THIS CHALLENGE BY
MEANS SHORT OF FORCE- PHYSICAL SECURITY, TRAINING, DIPLOMATIC
EFFORTS, THE IMPROVEMENT OF INSTITUTIONS FOR SHARING OUR
RESOURCES AND KNOWLEDGE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES, THE FORCE OF LAW--ALL
THESE MEASURES MUST ALSO BE APPLIED IN AN INTEGRATED FASHION AS
RIGOROUSLY AS POSSIBLE. WE MUST CONTINUE TO PROVE OUR ABILITY
TO WIELD ALL OF THE ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER, POLITICAL ECONOMIC,
DIPLOMATIC, MILITARY, INFORMATIONAL AND COVERT, AGAINST THE
SCOURGE OF TERRORISM-
WESTERN NATIONS HAVE, ON THE WHOLE, BEEN WEAK, IN MY VIEW,
IN APPLYING ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC MEASURES TO
CHECK STATE TERRORISM-
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SANCTIONS, WHEN EXERCISED IN CONCERT WITH OTHER NATIONS,
CAN HELP TO ISOLATE, WEAKEN, OR PUNISH STATES THAT SPONSOR
TERRORISM AGAINST US. Too OFTEN, COUNTRIES ARE INHIBITED BY
FEAR OF LOSING COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR FEAR OF PROVOKING
FURTHER TERRORISM. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND OTHER FORMS OF
COUNTERVAILING PRESSURE IMPOSE COSTS AND RISKS ON THE NATIONS
THAT APPLY THEM, BUT SOME SACRIFICES WILL BE NECESSARY IF WE
ARE NOT TO SUFFER EVEN GREATER COSTS DOWN THE ROAD.
EXAMPLES OF HOW THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CAN MOVE IN
CONCERT ARE THE 1973 CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL
ACTS AGAINST THE SAFETY OF CIVIL AVIATION (THE MONTREAL CONVENTION)
POPULARLY KNOWN AS THE ANTI-HIJACKING CONVENTION, AND THE 1979
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AGAINST THE TAKING OF HOSTAGES. THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY SHOULD PUT TEETH IN EXISTING AGREEMENTS
OF THIS SORT BY SEVERELY PUNISHING VIOLATORS.
TODAY, THERE ARE ADDITIONAL INITIATIVES THAT MUST BE
TAKEN BILATERALLY AND MULTILATERALLY IF WE ARE TO DEAL WITH
THIS PROBLEM EFFECTIVELY. FOR EXAMPLE:
- WE SHOULD REVIEW INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND
AGREEMENTS THAT DEFINE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGE TO IDENTIFY
STANDARDS OF DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE AND BEHAVIOR WHICH COULD BE
MORE VIGOROUSLY ENFORCED- WE MAY NEED NEW INTERNATIONAL
MEASURES TO COUNTER MISUSE OF DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES BY STATES
SPONSORING TERRORIST ACTIVITIES.
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- ALTHOUGH THE ISSUE OF EXTRADITION IS DEALT WITH
BILATERALLY UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, TERRQRISM VIOLATES
ALL CIVILIZED NORMS. WE SHOULD THINK ABOUT DEVELOPING
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES:
WHEREBY PERSONS WHO COMMIT TERRORIST ACTS
AGAINST CITIZENS OF SIGNATORY STATES COULD BE ROUTINELY
EXTRADITED,
-- WHEREBY INDIVIDUALS WHO USE FALSE PASSPORTS
AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION AND WHO CROSS INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES
CAN BE DETAINED TO PERMIT INVESTIGATION OF THE PURPOSE OF SUCH
TRAVEL,
-- WHEREBY INDIVIDUALS KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN
TERRORISM CAN BE PREVENTED FROM ENTERING ANY SIGNATORY STATES.
IT WOULD BE AN IMPORTANT SIGNAL FOR THOSE NATIONS
SIGNATORY TO EXISTING COUNTERTERRORISM CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS
TO PROCEED TO RATIFY THOSE AGREEMENTS. FIVE EUROPEAN NATIONS,
FOR EXAMPLE, HAVE YET TO RATIFY THE STRASBOURG CONVENTION
(EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE SUPPRESSION OF TERRORISM)- .
THE AIM OF TERRORISTS AND THE ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE OF THOSE
WHO SPONSOR, TRAIN AND SUPPLY THEM IS TO UNDERMINE OUR VALUES,
TO SHATTER OUR SELF-CONFIDENCE AND BLUNT OUR RESPONSE-
IN THE ABSENCE OF A NATIONAL WILL TO FIGHT TERRORISM AT
ITS ROOTS, WE MUST BE CONTENT ONLY TO COPE WITH TERRORISM'S
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EFFECTS--NOT ITS CAUSE. A STRONG BEGINNING HAS BEEN MADE.
PARLIAMENTS HAVE BEGUN TO AUTHORIZE FUNDS, AND GOVERNMENTS
TO ESTABLISH EFFECTIVE COUNTERTERRORIST UNITS! INTELLIGENCE
AND SECURITY SERVICES ARE DEVELOPING NEW CAPABILITIES AND
IMPROVING THEIR METHODS AND PERFORMANCE. A CONFERENCE SUCH AS
THIS GOES FAR TO AIR THE TOUGH ISSUES IN'DEALING WITH TERRORISM
AND DIRECTS PUBLIC ATTENTION TO THIS VITAL SUBJECT-
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