ENHANCING FURTHER THE SECURITY OF THE UNITED STATES BY PREVENTING DISCLOSURES OF INFORMATION CONCERNING THE CRYPTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS AND THE COMMUNICATION INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88B00443R000903760009-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: March 11, 1949
• Content Type: REPORT

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CalendazNo. 91
{ ~,....
aNHANCING FURTHER THE BECUAITY OF THE IINITED eTATEB
BY PREVENTING DI8CLp8URE8 OF ,;NFORMATION CONCERN-
ING THE CRYPTOGRAPHIC BY8TEM8 AND THE COMbIUNICA-
TION INTELLIGENCE ACTIYIT IE8 OF THE IINITED BTATEB
ltaso^ 11 (le~islati~e day. Fseav~sr Z1). 1949.-Ordered W be prloted
REPORT
lTo accompany 8. 7lTJ
The Committee on Armed Services, to whom was referred the bill
(S. 277) to enhance further the security of the United States by pre-
venting the disclosures of information concerning the crypto~ra~hic
systems and the communication intelligence activities of the United
States, having considered the same, re rt tavorably thereon with
amendments and recommend that the bill as amended do pans.
A1[END1tENTt3 TO TiIL BrLL
" " ' earl the following words,
On page 1, line 3 a ter
a
Vn peke ~, auw Y, ova .,. ~+ ..... _.-_ .. -- -- --
after the word "government" and before the
10
l
,
ine
On pale 2,
comma Insert the loll~wing words: "knowing the same to have
been obtained by such processes .
P178POBic 01' THt BII,L
as amended ~ 6o prevent the revelation of
f this bill
,
The purpose o
important wformataon about the U{ ailed States communication
iatelligeace activities and United Slates codes and ciphers by persons
who disclose such information without pmper.auttion veali ~ uch
scribe penalties to those
information. Stated briefly, this ~ m eo It a cr the
l _ )1 _ Ii.~
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2 sxa.Axctxo Tsit aECVRi'~'i os 1'xs vxrrsa aTATSe
methods, techniques and matbriel used in the transmission by thu
:Jaffe:. of enciphered or coded messages. It does not control is any
way the free dissemiaatioa of information phieh might be transmitted
by code or cipher. Further, it makes it a crime to roves! methods
used by this .Nation in breaking the secret codes of a foreign nation.
IL also prohibits under certain pcnaltia the divulging of any informa-
tion which may have come fate this ~ovarnmont's heads as a result of
such acode-breaking. The reason for the latter prohibition is to
prevent the indication to a foreign nation that we may have broken
thew code system.
At present two other seta protect this information, but only is a
limited wap. These arc the pionsge Act of 1917 (40 Stet. 217) and
the act of June 10, 1933 (48 Scat. 122). Under the first, unauthorized
sevelation of information of this kind can be penalized only i! it can
be proved that the person making_tho revelation did so with an latent
to In~ure_ the United States. Under the second only diplomatic
_ .. _ ~~-~----- --s-- --- ---?--?-~
-
r....w ~_ --- -
q
The present bill I6 designed to protect against knowin and
ublication ran other revels ' all im ortan In a ect-
~ni fates communtcation Irate o erosions and all
~r orma Iona out a ni fates codes an clphers.
As the manor now stands, prevention of the disclosure of iatorma-
tioa of our cryptographic systems exclusive o! State Department
oodosR and of commun-cation intelligence activities rests solely on
LIIe dlscrctton, loyalty, sad good judgment of numerous individuals.
i
d
h
re
Boma
o acqu
wring the recent war there were many persons w
Information covered by this bill in the course of heir dudes. Most
of these individuals arc no longer connected with the services and are
sot now prohibited from mak~I~g disclosures which can be most
to the security of the United States. Theyy are subject to
in
dama
g
g
the temptations of personal gain sad of publicity in making sensational
disclosures of the pel~onal information within the purview of this act.
The purpose of the bill is well summarized in the quotation from the
Joint Congressional Committee for the Investigatron of the' Attack
on Pearl Haibor, which recommended, on page 253 of the report, that-
? ? ? etlective steps be taken to Insure that statutory or other restrictions
do sot operate to tl~e bcneSt of an enemy or other toroa Inimical to the Nation's
security and to the handicap of our own atelligcnce agencid. Ruth this In mind.
lE]CPLANATION OT TRLr BILL
punishable by not men than
bill would make it a crime
Th
,
e
!tA M~1 6na nr 1(1 vw~rg' 1111Dr190nment. Or both. LO kIIOWU'lgly and
which wOUld Du1Liy thy' eIIOtLa OI Vnlua a~s~w w++++++uu.wvav.....-
yeuiguua:c saca~ww, ~.... ~~~ ~.~'_-^-- ----- , -
goverfllnents to read the secret o~cial communications of the United
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States. Inlonaati
phrases (qualitJinj
? ? ? sooeeroln
.rrptogra~bie .1-.t.,e
? ? eooetrals
sod devtoe, apparato
? ? ? sar (otels+t
? ? ? bneernto
t; eta or ao,~W~ ~
eommua[catlom o~ to
Information of t
words, "the Unite
phrases quoted ab
or disclosure of Ut
In addiyytion, it a
gsuotcd abo e~ Tf
fact in the inferestr
Earlier veniors
80th Cong.; and ,
revelation or public
States codes and a
in United States oc
in the proseat van
penalty for publist
communications (e~
the categoric direr
of coded Governme
!ar as this hill is oo~
due authority of a
authority or aeaina
latter case, of coup
sub)'oct to punishm~
under the pcovision~
Tho bill, while ca
extends the protect
June 10, 1933 (48 St
lion to aAord to car
faction which they :
illustrated by an ace
the enactment of th
published is the Un
of United SLatos st
during the decade p
the same author bad
maauacript of anotb
of United States sue
Inlmedlate ?CLIOD ae
of June 10, which efi
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1NSANCiNG TS1C iZCQBIZ'! 0>- TII~ IINrrlcD IttT~'1'lt.!!
by this
1 in any
iamitted
tncthods
nation.
informs-
result of
on is to
e broken
only is a
217) and
~thorized
if it cnn
an intent
.plomatic
rotected.
~d willful
on aficct-
and all
iaiorma-
partment
solelyy on
dividuals.
fired some
js. Most
s and are
be most
subject to
ensationsl
,i this act.
z from the
he' Attack
art, that~?
restrictioru
.be Nation's
.his in mind,
for only a
i vital and
more than
~vinglS and
nformat~on
iicntion in-
tuit foreign
the United
States. Information of the fist category ~ covered by the loDowing
phrases (qualifying "information"):
? ? ? eonccrnln~ the nature, peeparattoa, or we of nay sods, elpher, a
erypto~ra~hio system o! ? ? ? any torelgn government.
tonoerntns the desl~n, eonstructlon, we, maintenance, or repair of
nay device, apparatw, or appliaaos wed or prepared or planned for use by
? ? ? any torelsn government.
? ? ? eoncerntn~ the oommuntoattoa intelli~enoe aettvittes o/ the IInited
Bt:tes or nay tontttn Rovcrnmont.
ob4tned by tbs prooeres of eoasmudoatioa latelll`enos from the
eommuaications of soy torefin ~overnmeaL.
Information of the second category is covered by inclusion of the
words, "the United States or" in the first, seoond~ and third of the
phrases quoted above. The bill does not pmhib~t the publication
or disclosure of United States Government messages in general.
In addition, it should be noted that the restrictions on disclosure
apply oraly to the types of classified information defined in the phrases
quoted above. T,bo ~'l1i snp~~6~s ~,-t. ~A_ ~t~s~~tion must be in
fact in the interests of national secunty.
Diacvsezox
Earlier versior~ of this same bill (S. 805, T9th Cong.; S. 1019,
80tL Cong.; and S. 2Et80, 80th Cong.) would have penalized the
revelation or publication, not oraly of duect information about United
States codes sad ciphers themselves but of information. transmitted
in United States codes and ciphers. This provision is not included
in the present version. Under the bill ss now drafted there is no
penalty for publishing the contents of United States Government
communications (except, of counc, those which reveal information in
the categories directly protected by the bill itself). Even the to
of coded Government messages can be published without penalty
far as this hill is concerned, whether released for such publication b
duo authority of a Government department or passed out withou
authority or against orders by personnel of a department. In the
latter case, of course, the Government personnel involved might be
subject to punishment by administrative action but not, it is noted.
under the provisions of this bill.
The bill, while carefully avoiding the infringement of civil libertie$-
extonds the protected Sdd covered by. the e~ttremely narrow act o~
June 10, 1933 (48 Stat. 122), the latter being of far too limited applica-
tion to aRord to certain highly secret Government activities tho pro-
tection which they need. The need for protection of this sort is best
illustrated by an account of the very circumstances which surrounded
the ennctment of the act of June 10, 1933. In 1931 there had been
published in the United States a book which gave a detailed account
of United States successes is breaking Japanese diplomatic codes
during the decade prior to publication. In 1933 it wan learned that
the same author had already placed in the hands of his publishers the
manuscript of another book which made further dotail~?i revelations
of United States success in the breaking of foreign diplomatic codes.
Immediate action secured the passage by the Congress of the measure
of June 10, which effectively stopped publication of the second book.
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Unlortunatdi, the fiat book, !ud done, sod continued Lo do, irrspar-
?blo berm. It hod caused ? furor in Japanese Qooernmaat eireJoa,
tad Japanese diplomatic codoe had boon chanced shortly efiar its
tp poaraaoe. The new codes were more compleac and di>~cult to solve
than the old ones, sod throughout the yeah trom tbea until World
War II cot oaly the Japanese diplomatic vyptoerapben but the
military and otval clyptognphon se well were obviously devoting
more study to c~yptogrephy than tbe~ever bad beforo. In 134 tbe~
Introduced their 5nt dipllomatic mac ne cipher. Year by year tbar
codes and c~pbers improved progressively bJ radical steps, and ~nited
6tstes crypt,taalysts bad mon and more dt~culty sad required more
end mon tame to break them. It can be said that United States
inability to decode the important Japanese military oomnntlnications
in the days tmmedittdy leading up 6o Peerl Harbor was directly
sscribeble to the ?tato of code-security consciousness which the revels.
Lioae of ? decade earlier bad forced on Japanese officialdom.
1tECO1p[ENDATIONa OT 7'6fi DsPAt?Il>CN1't;
There are tppendod letters from the Secreter~ of Defense and the
Socrcta of tbo Navy to the chairman ui the 5onate Committee on
Armed Set~vices recommending enactment of this bill:
Tos 8sc>:>trwsT os Dsnxss,
wa.AinOton, Dscnnlfer Sl. 10~d
Tbc honorable the Cswtatux os rns Cotnttrr:s ox Aattsa 8s>ivtcss,
Uw~d Stiles Senate.
Dswt yI>z. Cawtatewx: Attached b a letter addressed to you by the Acting
Secretary of the Navy recommending the etuctmeat of a proposed draft of iegu-
lation, also attached, bearing the titlo "To enhance furl er the security ofppthe
~II aphic aysterasysmd vibe egom ualeatioa iatell'`cnce aetfvltiai o~ f e ce~alted
Btata.
Tau legislation has bees approved by me for iaclusfon it, the Nations) I-tilitary
Fitablisbment legislative program tot the Eight~6nt Congress, tint session, and
reLpoasibility for handling it on DebaU of We tablishment bas bees placed is
t>De Deppa~rtment of the Navy.
Biaccrely yours,
Tts Dsrwttrxttxr or res NwR,
IVaaftKwobn, Dsce+ntrer !!, Io~d.
The honorable the Ceatax~x or r~s Cotetrt~ss ox A>Itg3 se
~~ are protect
flora aQectiog Va~
toformatioa abou'
The Ir'avy DeF
tatelligeaac At~a
enactment of the I
Aa ldentiaal raj
sentatives this dot
The Navy De
tDer'! b 00 Obf eCtlc
Fineerel~ ~~
 A
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7ns>rse toateer~,t.
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Tet OononWe lase flrtatsa or t~as Aovse a jirarJtr!tTAl1~'ri.
11v..li~Npron, a. c.
~?a Ira- 5-:~-ttza: Teere V traasmltte0 eerewitr a draft o! ? po-
posed -tll "to eteaaee briber tee teearltl of tee bolted Statq 1J pre-
tenUat tleelwura e+t ltformatlon eooecnled tee et7rptoCrapbte q?stems
sad the eommunlesUon lotelll~caee actlrltlee et tee Ualted Staten."
71s parpose K tee t-ropoeed 1W1 r y bears tarteer tee mllltar~
tlscurft~ o! fJe Oafted hates -~ prortdfa~ teat tee ..arbor d dle_
lure h sal steno of slaasfDsd IatormaUoa eoaceralas ? srJpto-
ap c ? e oeemoafeatloa Iatelffdeta tetfvfvM of tD?
Hafad ttatee teall M a atatate+rl e/eate.
burins tee war 1t wu teeesaarl to mate a great mangy mattes of a
eonedeatlal aatare tetessfOte to s ewnaldenble lumber of eerrlee per-
tonael and emplo~ep wen cave elnce Been ee??ered from tbetr wartime
dntles and wLo maJ tall to eafesvard official tatormattoa welce fs wltefn
teefr kaowlcdae. =sistlad laws do tot adepaatelr proleet tee eaearlt)
of fatormaUoa of teb duracter sad !t fie e+oasidered of atmoet ?rteaq
and importance from tb? etaodpoftt of aatlotal aeeurtt~ flat le~tslatloa
lie enacted welch will taU~ flrotect tee aceatlt~ et slassleed mattsr.
Tee Jofat Coadraasfoaal Committee for tee la?estldatfon o! te? ?ttae><
oa Pearl Harbor raeo~alsed tills tact tad V IL report recommended teat
Con~reu dive etrlous stud, amoa~ other tbfa`s, "to le~lslatloa taU~
protectfa6 the eecurlt~ of elassl>!ed matter" (~. lib=).
Tee proposed 1N11 repreatnts tee sombfaed tfews of tee ?rm>r. >wtaq.
?!r 1Toree, Ceatnl Ltellldeoa d,deael, sad V? Department of State,
ae to tee ltiblatfoa wDlee b seeessar~ to prt~eat tee aaauteortsed dla-
elosun et web dwlOed Ltormatloa. Tfe Nan Department !. apoa-
w*~t tefs lepalaUoa oa 1Nea11 et ~.~De tore?olnd erdanfsatlona.
The proposed bfU V ldeatical with l~t0 tOtb Coad., !d feu.) u
rifer ?enloas of tee proposed 1eSlslatioa~S. t0 7fte CoaE. and S.
~ln.w ~...._ . __.... ~-- - ..
tbemselvec cut of faformatloa transmitted In Ualted~States codes sad
dpbers. Tb1s pro?idoa fe not laelnded to tee present rosins.
The proposed blil e:tend? the protected Feld cosend ~ the a:trcmel)
narrow act of June 10, 1933 (lt Stat. lit, 22 U. S. C. ?lS), which act
V of tar too Ifmfted application to afford to eertafa ef~bly secret Go~-
erament actl~itfes the protection wblcD teq aced. The proposed le~is-
Ltion does not in aa~ way control the free dissemination of latormatfon
wbicD m1eLt be transmitted by code or dpbcr salsa tee informaUoa
ens been obtained e~ clandestine lnterceptfoa and eryptanalysia.
?t present, there are two acts atfordias 1lmfted protection to er~-pto-
~raphie Information. These are tee lEspiona~c Aet of 1117 (60 U. S. C.
i] et alp.), and tee above-mentloae0 net of Jnne 10. 1!133. Under tee
LDfoaa`e met, aatuteorfsed re~elatlon of fatormatfoa can k peaalleed
oal~ if ft can f1e proved teat tes pe?oa ttaltla~ tee revelatfoa did ao
with the latent to la~ore the Uafted Btates. Uadcr tee 1133 net, onl.?
diplomatic codes and mew`es transmitted m diplomatfc Lodes are
protected. Tee proposed le?islatlon V deslped to protect asafnst pub-
lfeation or nay oteer raveLUoa, a t Luat. of all lmpot'taat
lotormatfon aseetfap Unfted Staten eommn a eUlpeaee operations
sad all dfreet LformaUoa about all Udtad States codes sad dpli11a~ Oeoartseat, ? eoaf+teetle? vttl fate ?ret. ~It loree.
Ceotrsl fote111~eece A~eoe~, aed t-e Deoartmtot et Mate, etroe~l~ eeeom-
?eod~ lbe toaetmeat ?f the tro~oaed -tll.
Tn? iCa~~ DeWrtment tae Nea ad~tae0 ~~ tJe >sYMtY et V? )tYd~et
tDat there la eo ob~ettloa ~ V? aubmtaatoa of data ~roPoaed N~lalatloa
The ejorily of the provisions of this biM ere of ? technicsl neturo
end a best understood by referring to the section-by-section analysis,
whit follows. The most important substantive provision has to do with
t0 lie COD~rMa?
SlaCe1'e1> >OYTa~
The Senst? Ms emended the bill ?a recommended by the r#Tenh
by including in section I of tM bill, the words "tnowin~ly d willfully."
The purpose of this ?mtndrt-ent a to msk? it clesr Chet ' would rwt be
?n inadvertent, idle. indiscreet disclosure, but one wh' wes n-ede for
the purpose prohibited. :'
TM committee recommends that the bill, S. 277, ?s emended by tM
Senate, do pe:s.
ARMY AND NAV1( NURSES - /iPPOINTMENTS
~Or ttst o1 Ict Kt *. li0
Senate Report No. 1267, Apr. 11. ItSO [To eccornpeny H. R. q76~
House Report No. 1375, Oet. 10, 1'f949 (To eeoontpanr H. R. q76~
llre Senate Report repeats ir+ wbctenu Mst House Report.
iewete [cyort ]Vo. 1t67
E Committee on Armed Servius, to whom wes referred the bill
~~H. R. 5876 to emend the ArmyNevy Nurses Act of 1947, to pro-
vide for additional eppointtnents, end for other purposes, hsving con:id-
?red the some, roport feyprsbly thereon with amendments, end recorn-
tnend Chet the bill, es emended, do pers.
;' PURPOSE OF THE Blll
This bill proposes~~o reopen for ? period of 1 veer the integration
Progrsm for tM ~ Rdgulsr Army Nurse Corps end the Women's Msdicel
Spa:islist Corps~f the Regular Army end to raise ~slso for ? period
of 1 yeer~ the a limit for appointment in the Army end Nevy Nurse
Corps. It slsofeffects a number of technical chsnges in the Army-Navy
Nurses Act o -` 1947 which srs rondered necessary because of the enact-
ment of the ~cer Personnel Procurement /1ct of 1947 end the Reserve
Retirement t of 1948.
w. Joy [sr~.
IeNy Iec*srery e1 tAs ltesy.
p(PLANATION OF THE BILL
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