COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN: SPECIAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90-00845R000100190004-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2010
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: June 1, 1980
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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Number 9 ? June 1980
SPECIAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUE
$2.00
J
IN~'ORIVIATION BLTf t FI'iN
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Editorial
Las t issue we noted that no CIA charter at all would be
better than the one then working its way through Congress.
It now seems that pressures from the right and left and the
complexities of election year politics in the United States
have ;tll combined to achieve this result.
At the time of the Church Committee Report in 1976,
there were calls for massive intelligence reforms and ser-
ious restrictions on the CIA. By a sophisticated mixture of
stalling, stonewalling? and deal-making, the CIA and its
supporters managed, in three years, to reverse the trend
completely. There were demands to "unleash" the CIA. A
first draft charter proposed some new restrictions and re-
laxed some existing ones. The Administration, guided by
the CTA, attacked all the restrictions. The Attorney Gener-
al criticized "unnecessary restrictions," and hoped that
"reason and good sense will prevail."
Tht: Administration insisted on the removal of all the
laws which the CIA found inconvenient. This led to a new
versien of the charter, discussed last issue, which was de-
signed to exempt the CIA substantially, if not completely,
from t he Freedom of Information Act; to repeal the Hughes
-Ryan Amendment, which required prior notice of covert
actions to Congress; to criminalize disclosure of intelli-
gence officers, agents and sources by both former em-
ploye~;s and private citizens; and to authorize specifically a
wide range of covert operations at home and abroad, in-
cluding those directed at U.S. citizens.
Overplaying Its Hand
Perhaps the CIA overplayed its hand. Bolstered by
events in Iran and Afghanistan the Agency was not content
to accept a "mixed" charter. By the beginning of 1980
journalists were convinced that no restrictions would pass.
Accountability, suggested Los Angeles Times writer
Robert Toth, would remain minimal and uncodified, and
"Congress, responding to the crisis atmosphere during a
short election-year session, will set aside the complex legal
issues in the proposed charter while ending key restraints
on the CIA Znd other intelligence agencies." It now seems
that Toth was 100% wrong.
The Disappearing Moral Issue
The major public debate involved prior notice. Should
Congress be notified of major covert operations before
they occurred? The cynicism of this focus has two facets.
First of all, to a large extent the debate was fatuous. The
CIA has always ignored reporting requirements whenever
it felt it was necessary. Admiral Turner even told Congress
this, angering Senate Majority Leader Byrd.
More importantly, the discussion of >1~hen to report co-
vert actions ignored the moral issue of rt~hether to under-
takecovert operations at all, or in what circumstances. We
have taken the position that in nearly any conceivable
circumstance, covert actions are morally wrong. They in-
volve the manipulation of events in other countries, events
CONTENTS
Editorial
2
Cameras in Jamaica
23
Sur~teillance in Norway
4
Hmong to Caribbean
24
The CTlomar Explorer
10
News Notes
25
Mind Control Research
15
Naming Names
29
NS~~ Notes
22
Sources and Methods
36
The Cover: an ACE HIGH Communications Relay in Norway, photographed as a Norwegian Air Force fighter executed a
mock bombing/ strafing run.
Covert.4ction Information Bulletin, Number 9, June 1980, published by Covert Action Publications, Inc., a District of Columbia Nonprofit
Corporation, P. O. Box 50272, Washington, DC 20004. Telephone: [phone]. All rights reserved; copyright ?1980, by Covert Action Publications,
Inc. Typography by Art for People, Washington, DC; printing by Faculty Press, Brooklyn, NY. Washington staff: Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Louis
Wolf. E'~oard of Advisors: Philip Agee, Ken Lawrence, Karl Van Meter, Elsie Wilcott, Jim Wilcott. The CovertAction Information Bulletin is available at
many bookstores around the world. Write or call for the store nearest you. Inquiries from distributors and subscription services welcome.
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which should be left to the people of those countries to
decide. There is little Congressional support for this view,
and no discussion of it.
The Specifics
As the CIA pressed for its "wish list," every proposal,
fortunately, had its opponents. The FOIA exemption was
supported by the Justice Department, but editorially the
press fought this move, understanding the effects it would
have on journalistic and historical research. The Anti-Agee
bill was pressed, but some columnists, such as Tom Wicker
of the New York Times, noted that journalists, even if not
covered by the law, would be subject to grand jury har-
assment to discover the sources of leaks.
The debate over the use of journalists, academics, and
clergy was heated. Admiral Turner, speaking before a
gathering of the nation's major editors, shocked his au-
dience by insisting that "in unusual circumstances" it was
entirely proper for the CIA to use journalists as agents. He
even announced that he had approved plans to use journal-
ists three times in the recent past, contrary to assurances
given publicly several years earlier by William Colby.
To justify the use of clergy, the CIA used its supporters
from the far right. Ernest W. Lefever of the Ethics and
Public Policy Center, co-author of "The CIA and the
American Ethic,"argued that "a garbage mechanic, a poli-
tician, and a preacher should all have an equal right to be
patriotic." He said with a straight face that "giving infor-
mation to the CIA is like reporting a fire, the presence of a
suspicious person, or a crime in one's neighborhood."Once
again the hamhanded approach backfired, and the Nation-
alCouncil of Churches and other religious groups attacked
the proposed use of the clergy. Senator Moynihan coun-
tered by announcing his intention to introduce a flat prohi-
bition against such activity.
government spying. The Campaign for Political Rights (to
which CAIB belongs), the Center for National Security
Studies, the American Civil Liberties Union, all gathered
support against the charter. Many professional associa-
tions were educated and convinced of the dangers to their
work from the charter. The struggle, to the surprise of
many, began to have results. By April, the charter was
"dead."
By mid-April it was clear that a comprehensive charter
could not get through Congress. Senator Huddleston,
chairman of the charter drafting, subcommittee, announced
that it was being abandoned. The Committee was to work
on a short bill which included only Congressional over-
sight, the Anti-Agee bill, the repeal of Hughes-Ryan, and
the FOIA exemption. It looked like the CIA's tactics had
worked. Everything it wanted, and nothing else, would
pass. But observers failed to realize that the same forces
which had made a charter impossible were also likely to
doom such piecemeal legislation. Awatered-down version
of prior notice and oversight was approved with ambigu-
ous language which meant different things to different
people. Prior notice of "significant anticipated intelligence
activity"("special activities," the new name for covert ac-
tion), must be given to the intelligence committees, but
disclosures are only "to the extent consistent with due
regard for the protection from unauthorized disclosure of
classified information and information relating to intelli-
gence sources and methods."
When it came to the other provisions, however, disunity
was apparent. When Senator Chaffee said that he wanted
the Anti-Agee bill added, Senator Moynihan indicated he
wanted the prohibition against journalists. When the
FOIA exemption was brought up, there was objection.
Finally, Senator Bayh stated that the only bill which had
any chance of passage was the oversight law with no
amendments whatsoever. Sen~rtor Chaffee withdrew his
motion when he was assured that the leadership of the
Committee and the Senate would oppose any amendments
on the floor.
Anything is possible on the floor of Congress, of course,
but it appears that the threat to the continuation of the
Bu!/etin has been averted, at least for the time being. Per-
hapscontinued exposure of CIA abuses and our insistence
that the Agency has not been refo[med, will generate more
movement in the proper direction.
Throughout this debate, considerable and effective pres-
sures were brought to bear by the organized opposition to
Number 9 (June 1980)
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COMMITTEE Of SMAII MAGAZINE
EDITORS AND VU ALISHE~S
!OY ,o] SAN EIEANC15l O. CA pA,oi
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The Norwegian Connection:
NORWAY, (UN)WILLING SPY
FOR THE U.S.
by F.G. Samia*
"Civil servants in the ministries of defense and foreign
affairs and members of the defense staff misled both the
government and the Storting [Parliament] in connection
with the establishment of radio-navigation stations of the
type Loran C and Omega on the coast of northern Norway in
the years 1958 and 1965-66. Both projects were built to pro-
vide American nuclear submarines with navigational data."
With these words of introduction Arbeiderbladet
[Work~.r"s Daily], the national paper of the governing La-
bor P~.rty, initiated on February 8, 1975 the so-called
Hellebust case. Information for the article came from a the-
sis written by Army Intelligence Captain Aders Hellebust,
that traced the development of Norway's military infra-
structure. For the first time Norwegians heard the names
Loran C and Omega, and the claim that these two secrecy-
shrouded systems were in direct violation of Norway's
3-point basic non-aggression policy, and jeopardizing
their independence and safety.
Hellebust's revelations were only the tip of the Nordic
iceberg however. Over the next three years more and more
of it was explored and charted and its composition re-
vealed, including: A massive secret electronic spy network
operated by Norwegians for U.S. strategic purposes; com-
plicity rind deceit by government officials and the military;
Gordon Liddy-type spy stories ofCIA-financed Norwegian-
trained skiing Finnish spies in James Bond chases with
Russian patrols; arms caches for CIA-organized guerrilla
That is: No nuclear weapons, no foreign troops quartered permanently
and no fc reign bases on its soil, and no military exercises further east than
the 24th parallel-a sort of demilitarized zone with the Soviet Union.
Norway, while permitting no NATO forces there either, has had only a
token of its own forces in the 250 kilometer area between it and the
U.S.S.R. known as Finnmark, since this policy was adopted in 1949 when
Norway joined NATO.
?F. G. Ssimia is a free-lance journalist who has lived in Scandinavia for
several years.
groups, hidden in the wine cellars of millionaires in the
employ of the Defense Ministry; secret agreements be-
tweenthe U.S. and Norwegian governments, and the delib-
erate misleading of scientists and researchers by the mil-
itary and its U.S. liaisons; a "defense" system which
created more dangers than it can deflect; CIA infiltration
of Norway's Secret Service and government; and, most
alarming of all, Norway's unwitting contribution to the
new thinking in the Pentagon and other parts of official
Washington that the, U.S. could "win" a nuclear war.
As a result of the public debate sparked by Hellebust's
case, a commission of inquiry was appointed by the Parli-
ament, and its conclusions, known as the Schei Report
(after the professor who chaired the commission) were
classified secret and only a summary about half the length
of the original was made public. The secret report was sent
to the Parliament which one year and a half later, con-
cluded that there was no reason to criticize any of the
political authorities or the actions instrumental in the in-
stallation of the Loran C and Omega systems in Norway.
The Left Socialist Party and a handful of ruling Labor
Party members however, opposed this opinion, seeing an
in-depth investigation as more important than parliamen-
tary procedure. Leaks to the press in April 1976 and June
1977 gave details of the secret report as well as information
from the secret Parliament meetings. And a rapid string of
seemingly unrelated admissions and revelations during the
summer of 1977 began to hint at the size and seriousness of
the affair.
The Short Hot Summer & Spooks in the Telephone Book
When Major Sven Blindheim stepped forward to con-
firmthe claim made in an article published by Nv Tid [New
Times] newspaper in July, 1977, that Norway had trained
and equipped Finns who regularly crossed the Russian
border from both Norway and Finland in the early 1950's
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for the purpose of spying, he was promptly arrested. This
caused no little stir in itself, even among those who doubted
the veracity of the report, since Blindheim is Norway's
most decorated soldier and a national hero of the resistance
against the Nazi occupation during W W II. Blindheim said
he wasn't sure but thought that the money for this opera-
tionhad come from the U.S. and NATO. The very next day
Christen Christensen, editor of the arch-conservative
newspaper Morgenhladet [Morning Paper] and a former
member of the Security Service, said that he also had
participated in this training, though defending it along with
any other means of containment against the Soviet Union.
Christensen corrected Blindheim in one area, however,
saying that NATO was not involved in the funding. He, like
Blindheim, was promptly arrested for breach of secrecy.
Loran C Transmitter near Bo, Norway
At nearly the same time in Finland, Esa Anttala was
publishing a bookz on his exploits as just such a spy.
Written as a novel, it details his experiences including the
training received in Norway, several day flights on skis
from Russian Army patrols (and the bullet holes in his
knapsack), the type of information he was asked to get, and
contacts with CIA operatives.
The impact from all this had hardly been absorbed when
the next wave broke over the Norwegian people.
Ivar Johansen, a free-lance journalist and peace activist,
had begun as far back as 1972 to reasearch on his own, and
with rather unorthodox yet surprisingly effective methods,
the existence of a chain of electronic super-spy stations in
Norway directed against the U.S.S.R. Public knowledge-
at least in those areas where the installations were lo-
cated had it that these were something more than "de-
fense radio stations" or "communications research sta-
tions" as the occasional sign would proclaim.
The official position was that nothing of the sort existed.
Johansen, using public information sources such as union
files, civil service records, automobile registrations and
even telephone directories, located and identified seven of
the installations, several of which were located in Finn-
mark or the "neutral" area, and catalogued the names of
people working at them. In Vadso, a small fjord town just
above the Artic Circle, no less than 1500 of the 5000 living
there worked at the huge listening station, and were only
half jokingly referred to as "spooks" by the rest of the
townspeople.?
While preparing articles to document his findings,
Johansen was arrested along with some assistants and all
his material and files were confiscated. Together with two
journalists from NI' Tid, he is currently facing trial for
"endangering the national security" of Norway.
September added its special degrees to a summer already
made hot by other than meterological events, when the
liberal daily paper Daghladet [The Daily] published an
interview with former CIA operative Victor Marchetti.
Marchetti not only confirmed the existence of this exten-
sive electronic spy network but described its nature as
being strategic as opposed to tactical. He said that the
National Security Agency (NSA) had erected and operated
these listening and intercept stations with the cooperation
of the Norwegian Security Service; that CIA and NSA
personnel were regularly on assignment at them; and, in a
parenthetical confirmation, that the CIA had in fact pro-
vided the funds for the training of the Finnish spies by the
Norwegians. Standard "Company" operating procedure,
Marchetti said further, included the infiltration of every
Western government and intelligence service, Norway be-
ing no exception.
A little more than one year later, in November 1978,
local police, while looking for illegal distilleries, discovered
a huge arms cache in a secret room of a villa outside Oslo
belonging to Hans Otto Meyer, a wealthy retired ship
owner. Meyer unraveled a story that had even police au-
thorities shaking their heads in disbelief. He claimed to be
an agent working for the Norwegian Secret Service and
that the arms, cached with the full knowledge and consent
of the Defense Ministry, were intended to supply "anti-
communist" commando groups in the event that Norway
were occupied by the Soviet Union. Any mirth was short-
lived, however, because the Defense Ministry soon issued a
statement that, while dismissing Meyer as an active agent
(he was "retired"as "uncontrollable" in 1964), admitted the
establishment of the so-called E-grupper (from Etterre-
tingstjenesten-Norwegian intelligence agency) during the
cold-war years of the late 40's-early 50's, and their purpose
z Yli rautaesiripun, 1977; ARenter kn~ser grensen (Norwegian edition) (in
English: "Agents Cross the Border"), Pax Forlag, Oslo, 1978.
?Also known as "NATO rabbits," in reference to their markedly higher
reproduction rate-the result, speculation has it, of their attempts to
counter long boring hours spent in mechanical company.
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as "behind the lines" guerilla fighters. The groups were
disbanded in the early 60's, they claimed, and the weapons
-or at least most of them-were turned in. That these
groups were established without either the consent or
knowl~;dge of the Parliiament precipitated an ongoing de-
bate a~~ to their constitutionality.
Parliament members and citizens were upset enough
with the discovery of quasi-nationalistic armed bands in
their midst, when someone got hold of ex-CIA chief-
Williain Colby's memoirs published earlier in the year in
the United States. In them, Colby reminisced about his
long involvement with Scandinavia, citing among other
things a parachute jump he made over Norway during
World Vb'ar II, operations he carried out as a young politi-
cal Attache at the American Embassy in Stockholm nearly
30 years ago, and his part in establishing "resistance cells"
in Norway at the beginning of the 1950's. Another flood-
gate wars opened. Major Sven Blindheim, still under threat
of prosecution for his revelations on the Finland case,
acknowledged his participation in meetings held in Lon-
don to set up the E-groups, with representatives of the
British intelligence service. MI 6, and the CIA. Louis C.
Sherer, the CIA's West: European chief at the time, repre-
sented that organization in the operation financed under the
code-name TRIPARTITE. The continued existence of
these groups, though i.n altered form, was also now re-
vealed, and new consideration was given to earlier "radi-
cal" analyses that their possible real purpose was to carry
out a coup in the event that an anti-NATO govenment
came to power during the 1950's, which, at the time, was a
very diatinct possibility. And the debate over constitution-
ality escalated to take in the existence, structure and pur-
pose o1' the present-day groups.
That Norway, as the only other NATO land besides
Turkey with a common border to the Soviet Union, is
being used by the United States, and at grave risk to itself,
is underscored by the nature of the spying. Tactical intelli-
gence gat,heringfor the defense of Norway and to fulfill its
NATO role can be and is justified within bounds (see
below, ~4, "Types of Spying"). The long-term eclectic and
penetratir-g strategic Intelligence gathering which provides
continuous data to U.S. long-range military planning,
however, which has nog defensive relevance to Norways,
and wh ich in fact contravenes itsfundamental policies, can
not. In Turkey, the identical kinds of activity are carried
out dirf~ctly and openly by NSA personnel, whereas some
Norwegian installations are so "secret" that no signs can be
posted ~~eclaring them so-a definite advantage for peace
researchers since, conversely, there can be no prohibitions
such as photographing them. And even if eventually these
installa:io~ns were officially acknowledged, the U.S. would
never d;rre to promote a similar status for them as for some
of its Pacific bases; Okinawa and the Phillipines, for exam-
SThe Om:ga navigation system illustrates this point well. The U.S. origi-
nally claimed that it would be of local benefit in its arguments with
Norwegi~ n authorities-for example as an aid to coastal shipping-but
the nature of Omega's VLF (very low frequency) propagation makes it
unusable within a radius of 600 miles.
ple, where signs warn, "Guards in this area use live ammu-
nition."The freedom and nature-loving Norwegians would
never stand for that.
The theory often defensively used by NATO strategists
that the U.S.S.R. wants (or would want) to occupy Finn-
mark is erroneous and misleading, say concerned Norwe-
gians. Finnmark is militarily inhospitable terrain-though
not completely so. Preventing the type of spying that is
currently being done from northern Norway, to forestall a
NATO and/or U.S. attack (against the submarine base at
Murmansk, for example) based upon the information be-
ing gathered is more the reality that might provoke the
Soviets. (These listening and intercept stations, remember,
are in addtion to the 100 or so acknowledged tactical instal-
lations emplaced in Norway as part of the NATO system.)
Norway's unequalled strategic value lies in its geogra-
phical position, to be sure, but in a way that also makes it
highly vulnerable and, in the worst of situations, probably
unavoidably expendable. In an attack on the U.S.S.R. by
the U.S., a goodly portion of those missiles launched from
the U.S., its non-mainland bases and missile-carrying
submarines, by virtue of the earth's shape and the laws of
telemetry, will go over the pole, not across the Atlantic, and
thus over Norway and much of Scandinavia. The missile-
triangulating and aiming stations located there then be-
come crucial, as do other types of equipment such as those
that "listen" to the blasts of detonating ICBMs to deter-
mine if they're targeted, possible duds, etc.
Types of Spying
This description, far from complete or comprehensive,
was compiled by peace researchers in Scandinavia, and
lists the kinds of secret spying being done by Norwegians
for the U.S., the interrelated systems, and some of the
equipment used, and the locations of some of the
installations.
LCOMINT-Communications Intelligence.
The interception of radio communications. One of the
most usual activities of the NSA, which operates perhaps
2000 such intercept stations world-wide. Usually operated
under pure military cover at military communications
bases. This is not possible in Norway because the U.S. does
not have any overt bases there. Norwegian Military Intelli-
gence carries out this function with nearly 5000 of its own
people employed in operating radio receivers and in decod-
ingand translating the messages monitored. Large circular
ground plan antenna arrays of high frequency, manufac-
tured by Plessey, a British firm, are used.
2. FLINT Electronic Intelligence.
Gathering information about all (the enemy's) electronic
capabilities, including communications and radars. The
antennae and surveillance receivers used operate in the
very high and ultra-high frequencies (VHF & UHF), are
very sophisticated and determine such characteristics as
frequencies and location of communications equipment,
and operating patterns, pulse rates, shapes and lengths of
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radars, and so forth. Since radars are capable of frequently
varying these characteristics and do so, ELINT is a good
example of a long-term strategic intelligence gathering
activity.'
Radar is usually thought of as a purely defensive system,
but the NADGE (NATO Air Defense Ground Environ-
ment) array is much more. NADGE ray domes stretch
from eastern Turkey to northern Norway, where their 500
kilometer reach rules out a solely defensive posture. It was
NADGE Radar Domes in Northern Norway
learned, for example, that NADGE in Norway regularly
watches the scrambling of Soviet fighters from their base at
Murmansk during defense exercises. This is direct spying
on a defensive activit t' and the information obtained, such
as how fast the fighters are scrambled, etc., is of use only if
an intrusion of Soviet air space was being contemplated
F-111's or B-52's against Murmansk, for example. The
anxious Norwegian general who spilled the beans about
tracking that wayward Korean airliner until it went down
well behind Murmansk, a good 300 kilometers from the
NADGE station, underscored this capability. And in all
likelihood, the infamous Red Flag Squadrons designs its
behavior according to NADGE-supplied data.
^B-52 bombers carry jamming and "spoofing" equipment aboard which
puts out fake signals and generates a false image on (enemy) radar screens.
Any missiles sent up at this image will explode harmlessly far away from
the B-52. The design information for this equipment comes from such
electronic intelligence.
'A USAF squadron of MIG fighter look-alikes, replete with Soviet mark-
ings. This squadron tours air bases in the U.S. "engaging" U.S. fighterand
bomber pilots in mock air battles using Soviet Air Force tactics. These are
fighrer.r, not bombers, and their purpose is to simulate the response of
Soviet air defenses reacting to an intrusion of their territory. The Soviet
Union has lodged official complaints against the Red Flag Squadron.
The interception of Russian missile telemetry -that is,
all of the data that is relayed back during a missile launch
and flight-is another instance of an intelligence activity
that has no direct relevance to Norway's security, since
Norway is not primarily threatened by Soviet ICBMs.
However, since this information provides a way to measure
Russian advances in missile technology and, ultimately,
aids the definition of the state of the global arms race,
analysts believe it to be somewhat legitimate. They would
ask only that this activity, which is directed against the
military satellite launching and test site at Plesetsk near
Archangel, and the submarine missile-launching test sites
in the Barents and White Seas, be acknowledged, as it is in
Turkey, where similar stations record data from Russian
satellite bases on the other side of the Caspian Sea.
The detection of nuclear explosions is an instance of an
activity and technique that has multiple methods and pur-
poses, and illustrates, along with seismic monitoring (see
#8 below), the difficulty involved in exposing the complete
and true nature of these activir.ies. And why even well-
meaning professional people are often taken in and their
scientific expertise and contributions perverted.
The detection of nuclear explosions by Infrasound is one
of the most reliable methods aning of a covership Seascope, which mined for man-
ganese nodules. Among the still secret participants in Pro-
ject Jennifer, according to the affidavit of Ernest J.
Zellmer, Associate Deputy Director of the CIA (Science
and Technology), is an agency of the U.S. government
whose '`mere identity" is too sensitive to disclose.
consideraton of the case. The Judge felt compromised,
"made fun of by the agency" when the Justice Department/
CIA suddenly reversed its position and, under directions
from the National Security Council admitted CIA involve-
ment in Project Jennifer. Judge Gesell said he no longer
could accept the representation of those witnesses (gov-
ernment) who appeared before him and who "cut their
heart out about the secrecy here."(Transcript of proceed-
ings, June 28, 1977.)
The Judge then read into the record a part of his secret
opinion that he had locked away eight months before:
The Court: For instance, I say: "The capabilities of our
Government in the area, the methods used to finance and
conceal the project and the amounts which the U.S. was
willing to commit to the venture are all matters vital to the
security of the country."
Why such information is vital to our nation's security
and not vital to those who, under penalty of imprisonment,
must finance such activities, i.e. taxpayers, has never been
explained satisfactorily.
The secret agency may have been one reason that the
respected Judge Gerhart Gesell of the Federal District
Courtin 'Washington dismissed MAP's complaint for "rea-
sonsthat were secret"in October 1976. Upon remand from
the Court of Appeals Gesell recused himself from further
?Fritzi Cohen is the Director of the Military Audit Project in Washing-
ton, D.C. IviAP is anon-profit tax-exempt research organization focusing
on the le;;al implications which result from activities of the military-indus-
trial con' plex. Contributions for their general work, or earmarked for the
case discussed in this article could be sent to MAP through CA/B.
One of the three companies the CIA has acknowledged
as participating, Global Marine, contracted with the U.S.
to manage Project Jennifer in 1970. Summa Corporation,
formerly Hughes Tool, joined the project in December
1972, perhaps only coincidentally, five weeks after How-
ard Hughes made an emergency contribution of $100,000
to Nixon's reelection campaign, as reported in the New
York Times.
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To date in the course of litigation the Government has
released certain documents involving Summa and Global
Marine. Although the documents were liberally sanitized
of dollar figures, names and task descriptions (except for
certain deep sea mining activities) they do convey a sense of
the project's monstrous proportions in both technical and
monetary terms. For example, numerous vouchers docu-
menting billings reveal that the U.S. arrrangement with
Summa and Globa: Marine was a cost plus a percentage of
cost basis, a method of contracting prohibited under Title
10, sec. 230 (g) of the U.S. Code. Overhead percentage rates
frequently seemed outrageously inflated and overruns nu-
merous to MAP's staff.
The government also filed court affidavits from-
Stansfield Turner, Brent Scowcroft, Cyrus Vance and two
high level CIA officials all of which claimed that additional
releases of information would seriously jeopardize the na-
tional security. The affidavits on which Judge Gesell made
his secret opinion however, remain under seal.
constructing the Hughes Glomar Explorer?
A. To provide a viable tool that could accomplish thejob of the
United States Government that they wanted accomplished.
Q. Did Global Marine contract with the U.S. Government to
design the Hughes Glomar Explorer?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. When was that contract executed'?
A. Well it has been a series of contracts and letter agreements
starting in what would have been 1970.... The contract
was between Global Marine and Mechanics Research, Inc.. .
To my recollection, that contract started out to review and
criticize approaches to solving a problem that the federal
government had.... 1 do not remember as to when we started
into the next phase of it; at which time it then became more
definite; something that eventually turned into the design of
the Hughes Glomar Explorer.
[Throughout the deposition McCarthy systematically ob-
jected to Launer's questions that tried to elicit descriptions of
the "problem," "job," or "mission" on the ground that the
answers would be classified.]
One very curious aspect of the CIA's posture has been
the continued stonewalling of questions regarding Lock-
heed's involvement in Project Jennifer. Curious because
Lockheed's participation is a matter of common know-
ledge. For one thing the company boasted about it in its
company newspaper, Southern Star, "published for the
people of Lockheed Georgia, Co." "Some details of the
world's largest submersible-the Hughes Mining Barge
(HMB-I) were disclosed by two Lockheed engineers," it
was reported on Dec. 1, 1977 "in a technical paper present-
ed in Los Angeles at the Oceans '77 Conference. Larger
than a football field, the HMB-l was designed by Lock-
heed Missiles and Space Co. as a submersible transfer
vehicle for a ocean floor work system."
The Southern Star article was sumbitted to the Court
along with several other official documents identifying
Lockheed as a participant, but there has been no sign that it
has had any impact on the court's current rationale, which
can be best described as a rubber stamp of whatever expla-
nation the government comes up with.
A later submission by MAP, depositions taken in United
States v. Count v of Los Angeles (1976), provides further
proof of Lockheed's involvement. Interestingly this tes-
timonywas taken in the presence of John J. McCarthy, tax
division, Justice Department, and David Toy, lawyer for
the witnesses. Toy had previously represented himself to
county tax authorities as working for the CIA. Neither Toy
nor McCarthy objected to the line of questioning of the
county's lawyer which would reveal corporate participants.
Following are excerpts taken from the deposition of
Curtis Crooke, Vice-President of Global Marine and Pres-
ident of Global Marine Development Corporation.
Larry Launer, representing the Los Angeles County Tax
Office: What party or parties originally conceived the idea to
design and construct the Hughes Glomar Explorer?
A. Global Marine.
Number 9 (June 1980)
Q. Was Global Marine involved in a contract of that nature
involving subcomponents and what not?
A. Yes.... It would have started in 1970 (corrected to 1971)
with people like Minneapolis Honeywell, General Motors,
Western Gear, Nordberg Engines, General Electric, Cooper-
Bessemer, Fag Bearings in Germany. Hughes Tool and the
Government were not parties to these contracts.
Q. Mr. Toy: .lust for the sake of clarification are you talking
about a single agreement with all of those parties you
mentioned?
Q. Launer: The contracts entered into ...were those con-
tracts classified?
Q. Now, due to my ignorance, at this stage where we are
talking about these contracts in 1971, would it be correct to
state that you were still concern~:d with the design stage of the
Hughes Glomar Explorer, or had you moved onto getting
the parts for the construction?
A. They go hand in hand with each other.
Q. Let's look to the construction of the vessel itself. Were
there any contracts that Global Marine entered into which
called for the construction of the Glomar Explorer?
A. Yes, sir. Between Global Marine and Sun Shipbuilding
and Drydock Co.
Q. When was that contract entered into`?
A. April, 1971.
Q. ...When did construction commence on the vessel itself?
A. In April of '71.
[After a bit of confusion as to the actual launching date it was
finally agreed that the Glomar was ready to set sail by
Nov. 1972.]
Q. Now are you familiar, sir, with the barge [hat I have been
told is used in connection with the operations of the Hughes
Glomar Explorer?
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Q~. Was Global Marine involved in any contract with any
party which contract called for the design and construction
oFthatbarge?
A . Not other than our overall role of Systems Engineering
Technical Direction.
Q. [ am concerned, sir, with the contract or contracts
wherein Global Marine was a party, which contracts dealt
with the design andconstructionof the HMB-l. Can you tell
m e which contract or contracts were involved with the barge?
A. .Some things we were directly responsible for and
o~:hers, the suppliers had direct contracts with the United
Sates Government., as far as I know. And we had an overall
monitoring responsibility in terms of engineering capability,
cost, and schedule.
Q. ...You were also, at that time, [time of original contract,
J~.n. 1970] concerned ...with the design and construction of
the barge?
A. In the 1970 contract we were concerned with an overall
system that would do a particular job for the United States
Government.... It evolved into including the barge.
Q Who handled the construction responsibilities for the
ba rge?
A Lockheed Missiles and Space division; something like
that.
Q. All right. If they had the construction responsibility for
the barge, did Global Marine have a part or all of the respon-
sibility for the design of the barge?
A. For monitoring atnd approving the design; yes. Detailing
and day-to-day engineering, no.... The barge in this pro-
gram has served two functions. It has been a construction
and assembly facility for certain pieces of underwater
equipment, which equipment eventually has to be wound up;
which is both too heavy and too large to put in over the deck
or with a crane. Therefore, it is placed into the ship by
submerging the HMB to the ocean floor, driving the HMB
over the top of it, opening up the well gates, lowering the
docking lines down into the HMB and retreiving that all
back up into the center well of the HGE.
A. In essence, the government contract, as far as 1 know,
records and documents generated are basically the property
of the federal government. Certainly those records are herein
this building. Other records exist in the program office.
Q. Now, 1 would like to ask you a hypothetical question, if 1
could. Assume that a knowledgable person with experience
in exploration for oil and mineral deposits on the ocean floor
were to go and inspect the Hughes Glomar Explorer. Do you
know if that knowledgable person could be led to believe that
that vessel was not designed or equipped for exploration for
oil or mineral deposits?
A. First, start off with oil. Anyone who has knowledge in the
offshore drilling oil business would look at that piece of
equipment and say that certain portions of it would certainly
be nice. But obviously it is not made or does it accomplish
any job. In offshore drilling you have your generators, living
quarters, many dynamic things. And here it lacks so much
that a knowledgeable person would not look at it and
say, "Gee, here's an oil rig."
Q. How about exploration for mineral deposits''
A. That again, in my opinion, becomes an interesting ques-
tion. Quite obviously when one is looking for a cover, if the
government interest is behind you, immediately you pick up
the idea of offshore mining because there is no expert on
what an offshore mining rig looks like. I dare say 1 can take
anybody and 1 can convince them either way, because there's
no background; nothing established.
Q. Sir, if you had no involvement with the Hughes Glomar
Explorer and you went on that vessel in the latter part of 1973
or early 1974, do you think you would have concluded that
that vessel was not designed and or equipped for the explo-
ration on the ocean floor of oil or mineral deposits?
A. Oil deposits, you would conclude it was not designed for
that. Mineral deposits, I would say you could convince
anybody. For years, people were convinced it was. It had
been photographed. You asked me for my opinion. It has
obviously been photographed. It had been looked at. It had
been walked on. It had been sailed around in, and there is no
way for somebody to tell at that stage in the development of
the industry whether that was designed for mining or not.
Q. And has it so functioned only during operations concern-
ing; the secret government mission?
A. Y"es sir; to the best of my knowledge.
Q. Where is the barge now?
A. As far as 1 know, tied up at Redwood City or tied up in
Pier E in Long Beach.
Q. [Re the contract of Dec. 5, 1972] "The contractor agrees
to maintain books, records, documents, and other evidence
pe rta fining to the cost, et cetera of the contract." ... Do you
know where those records are presently maintained?
A. 1 would imagine they're maintained in their entirety and
complete form in the program office.
Q. Where is that program office located?
A. [to government attorney] Is that classified?
M ?. McCarthy: Program office, that would be classified
information.
Witness: That was my opinion.
Mr. McCarthy: It's an interface facility between the U.S.
Government and the contractor.
Q. By Mr. Launer: Sir, do you know who has custody of the
books, records and documents which are called for ...which
related to cost incurred by Global Marine?
Following is Mr. McCarthy's examination of the witness:
Q. I believe, you stated earlier that the HGE did not extract
any mineral deposits from the ocean floor; is that correct?
Q. Now, in this program, did your company at any time
collect any nodules from the ocean floor?
A. That would be-must have been during the summer, fall
of '71.... We chartered the vessel SEASCOPE in Santa
Barbara from Kenny Elmes and outfitted it for cover pur-
poses, to go out and survey and look for legitimate-looking
nodule deposits to have the ship at sea sail through areas and
have radio communication and establish the fact that the
Summa Corporation was interested in the offshore mining
business.
Q. Do you recall approximately how many nodules were
collected?
Q. Do you know how much the nodules are worth per ton,
approximately?
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A. $20 or $30 a ton. 1 guess the price has fluctuated
by now.
Q. 1 believe you stated that your company created the con-
cept of the HGE?
Q. And presented it to the government, and the government
accepted your concept?
joints. And so that contract was laid off economically and it
was the responsibility of the Hughes Tool Company to place
the subcontracts for the manufacture of that piece; again
under Global Marine.
Q. What was the precise purpose for which Global Marine
chartered the SEASCOPE to clo this operation?
A. To exactly go out and survey, for bathymetric surveys,
and to dredge up manganese nodules.
Q. When did you present that concept to the government,
approximately?
Q. After you had conceived the concept of the HGE, pre-
sented it to the government, and the government had ap-
proved your concept?
A. Yes, sir. It was also after having tried to generate the
mining as a cover.
Q. Did Summa Corporation join the project after you had?
A. After that work had been done.
Q. Do you know what happened to those nodules that were
collected?
A. Some of them went into some research lab. The govern-
ment has custody of the rest of them, as far as I know; outside
of some momentos, as far as I know, none of them were
released to any of the contractors.
Q. In building the pipestring, what role did the Summa
Corporation or the Hughes Tool Company play?
A. Basically, the pipestring, the design of the pipestring
again, was started before Hughes Tool Company got into the
contract. Other pipe manufacturers had been contacted
about the matter.
Q. By whom?
A. By Global Marine; when obviously Summa agreed to
take over for the government in this contract. Again it would
make no sense to the general public for Hughes Tool Com-
pany to be building pipe and having it fabricated by some-
body else. Their prime business is manufacturing tool
Q. Why was GM interested in nodules?
A. Global Marine obviously was not interested in nodules
because GM never had their hands on the nodules. Global
Marine was interested in establishing a posture in the field.
Summa was interested in the nodules.
Q. What, if you know, were the hopes of either the U.S.
Government or Global Marine' when they embarked upon
this operation with the SEASCOPE to remove the nodules?
A. To convince the general public that the project was truly
a deep sea mining project.
Q. So what additional gain would be made by chartering the
SEASCOPE and having that g;o out and removing nodules
from the floor, as related to the general public?
A. Well, you don't go out and build yourself a great big
iron-ore smelter unless you have gotten out and done your-
self acertain amount of scoring and pitting and looking to
see if you have a good deposit to mine. As to the Summa
Corporation spending money in developing a deep sea min-
ing vessel, they have not gotten their feet wet; they don't
know what the bottom conditions are. How do you build a
system if you don't make an attempt to get basic data?
Q. When did you become aware of the secret government
mission involved with the HGfi?
A. I first became aware of a secret government mission in
November of 1969.
Q. And who told you, sir?
A. United States Government.
Q. Who from the United States Government?
Mr. McCarthy: That's classified, and 1 instruct the witness
not to answer.
Mr. Launer: Okay. Nothing further.
Curtis Crooke's testimony raises many provocative
questions. Let me mention just two.
The first: What about Roy Ash's role, unknown to date,
in Project Jennifer? Ash was in a unique position to serve
his own interest as a director of Global Marine and to
influence the U.S. executive branch. Global Marine re-
ceived $35.5 million for its work on the Glomar, retaining
almost 30% of that amount or $10.8 million as before-tax
operating profit. Ash headed President Nixon's Advisory
Counsel on Executive reorganization in 1969 and in 1970,
the year of the first contracts between the U.S. and Global
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Marine. In 1972, Ash became head of Office of Manage-
ment ;ind Budget, the office through which all U.S. finan-
cial transactions pass--including those that are top-secret.
Ash currently, in addition to presiding over Addresso-
graph 1 nc., is also a director of Systems Development
Corporation, the successor to Mechansi Research Inc.,
identiFied early in Crooke's testimony as a major
partic.pant in the formation stage of Project Jennifer.
Second: Is the Soviet sub story only a cover for the
Glom~ir's real mission? Planning, designing and building a
sizable seagoing vessel is complex and the four year period
between the sinking of the Soviet sub (1968) and the Ex-
plorer's launching (1972) seems unrealistically short to
those farniliar with the nature of shipbuilding. Thus there is
the logical suspicion that, whoever conceptualized Project
Jennif?r., planning and design work at least was probably
begun well before 1968.
Wh;~t is the real story behind Project Jennifer? Was it a
billion dollar boondoggle a floating Spruce Goose, or as
suggested by Tom Wicker (Nex~ York Times, 1975) "a
clandestine enterprise at a time of international dispute on
the law of the sea that. could potentially give the U.S. or
participating contractors an enormous, if not exactly
proper advantage in undersea mining techniques."
We'd like the answers to these questions and more. And
we resent being bludgeoned into believing that security for
the intelligence apparatus is synonymous with the real
security of our nation. Our immediate struggle however is
to survive the Government's attempt to abort any further
inquiry. If the CIA has its way and is exempted from the
Freedom of Information Act, this lawsuit, MA P ~~. Turner,
may be the last shot for a long time at a corporate profile of
the intelligence bureaucracy.
SPECIAL NOTE: Next issue
CA/B will present an in-
depth interview with two
former intelligence techni-
cians on thcsubject of broad-
beammicrowave interception.
DEBUGGING QUIZ: There are 19 bugs hidden in this picture. How many can you Bnd? Answer on page 2g.
Number 9 (June 1980)
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MIND CONTROL:
The Story of Mankind Research Unlimited, Inc.
By
A.J. Weberman*
Various branches of the United States government-cer-
tainlythe U.S. Navy and probably the Central Intelligence
Agency are spending millions of dollars to finance an
obscure District of Columbia corporation called Mankind
Research Unlimited, Inc. (MRU). The personnel of this
bizarre company and its affiliates and subsidiaries include
some of the most frightening scientists the government has
at its disposal. Its goal -despite the multisyllabic jargon of
its brochures- is mind control.
1 first learned of MRU in 1972 from a young friend who
knew Dr. Stanley Krippner, Chief Researcher at the
"Dream Laboratory" of Maimonides Hospital in Brook-
lyn, and Vice-President of the Soviet-American Associa-
tion for Psychotronic Research. Dr. Krippner told my
friend that he had returned from the Soviet Union with a
schematic drawing fora "Kirlian Device"given to him by a
colleague there. A "Kirlian Device" reportedly photo-
graphs "electrochemiluminescence," an as yet undefined
energy field which surrounds living matter-sometimes
refered to as the "human aura." According to Krippner,
"The U.S. government had information on Kirlian photo-
graphy in 1959, ...but released it only to the CIA, Rand,
the Air Force, etc. It wasn't until ... I went to the U.S.S.R.
and brought back the blueprints personally that this in-
formation was made available to the general public."
Krippner gave a copy of the schematic to my friend, who
then assembled such a camera and began some experi-
mentswith it. Shortly thereafter, he stopped by my office to
tell me that he had been contacted by a very strange outfit.
"They call themselves Mankind Research Unlimited.
Whoever they are they want my schematic and they want it
bad."
The man who wanted the schematic was Paul Sauvin,
who, we later learned, was MRU's expert "specializing in
the detection and analysis of `life energy emissions," in the
words of M RU's brochure. Sauvin was an electromechani-
calengineer and inventor who had worked in the aerospace
? A.J. Weberman, a writer and researcher, and president of Independent
Research Associates in Manhattan, is co-author of "Coup D'F.tat in
America: The CIA and the Assassination of John Kennedy,"Third Press:
1975.
Number 9 (June 1980)
industry for thirteen years before moving to the National
Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering at St. Joseph's
Hospital, Patterson, New Jersev. Sauvin was investigating
the possibility of a "Bionic Mar." Icing before the TV show
was around. According to the M RU materials his research
"has also included investigations of the High Frequency
`Kirlian Effect' photography, thought-controlled devices,
and psycho-kinetic switches." Although the MRU bro-
chure indicates that this research is directed towards the
development of prosthetic devices for the Beverly disabled,
the military's interest in a trigger which could be actuated
by thinking the command to fire is obvious.
My friend and I agreed that he should find out more
about MRU. He met with Sauvin, indicated his interest,
and hinted at his willingness to part with the Kirlian sche-
matic, but asked if he could visit MRU's headquarters in
Washington. Sauvin agreed, and in early 1973 my friend
drove to Washington and went late in the afternoon to see
MRU Director Carl Schleicher. Without much difficulty
my friend succeeded in spending some time alone in the
offices, during which he "inspected" the available files and
made off with a number of documents, all of which he
subsequently showed me. They tell a frightening story of
government efforts to develop expertise in the art of psy-
chic warfare.
MRU's "Brochure" begins with an explanation of the
company's background. It is a District of Columbia corpor-
ation, awholly-owned subsidiary of SystemsConsultants,
Inc. (SCI). SCI, according to it~~ Brochure, was founded in
1966 and has participated in programs concerned with
"aircraft systems, ship and craft armament systems and
analysis and integration of airbprne and shipboard data
processing systems. In short, Systems Consultants, Inc. has
had extensive experience in planning, organizing and eval-
uating avariety of governmental projects.... A perman-
ent, professional staff of 250 has concentrated on problem
solving in the areas of intelligence electronic warfare, sen-
sor technology and applications."
SCI had offices in Washington, with branch offices in
McLean, Falls Church, and Arlington, Virginia-the sites,
co-incidentally enough, of the CIA and the Pentagon.
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MRU's Carl Schleicher worked for SCI as late as 1972.
According to documc;nts obtained by my resourceful
friend, Schleicher was cleared to receive and to hold-and
did so -classified Navy publications with such titles as
"Ship Exercises," "Anti-Air Warfare," and "Air and
AAW Exercises." SCI received most of its funding from
the United States Navy-although it is quite possible that
much o}~ this was CIA funds, laundered through the
Navy. (This has been clone before; at least a half million
dollars of "Navy Research funds" were used, according to
Sea Technology magazine, in the Glomar Explorer ven-
ture-in fact the CIA's attempt to raise a sunken Soviet
submarine. [See the article on the Glomar project in this
issue of CAIB.] A New York magazine article by William
K. Stu~;ky, "Psychic Power: The Next Superweapon," re-
ported that funding for the Stanford Research Institute's
psychic; warfare think tank comes from the Navy Electron-
ics Sys~:erns Command.) SCI's "sales" grew from $250,000
in 1967 to $6,500,000 in 1971.
A fe.v years ago I visited SCI's Georgetown office and
inquired about aposition as acomputer-programmer. The
Security Director, Eugene D. Pasztor, took me into his
office, locked the door, and asked me how I had become
aware of SCI. I had a copy of a page from "Who's Who in
Systems Consulting" with a reference to SCI, which I
showed to Pasztor. He checked my copy with an original in
his files, a nd, finding thc; two to be identical, gave me a copy
of the ,3C'I brochure and his card. Then he unlocked the
door and let me out.
MR1J is less overtly militaristic than its parent SCI, but
equally, if not more bizarre.
MRIJ's; brochure summarizes the "Philosophy and Pur-
pose" of the organization, which rests on the assumption
"That they biological effects of environment can be modi-
fied by the action of energies, or biological force fields,
either t~~ enhance or thrc;aten mankind's well-being.... The
U.S.S.It. has more than twenty centers for the study of
biocom munications (the Soviet term for parapsychology)
and rel;~ted phenomena., with an annual budget estimated
to be over 12 million rubles ($13 million) for 1967 and as
high as $21 million for 1970.... These figures are not
matched in the United States, where only insignificant
sums hive been spent for this kind of research. This indi-
cates that. the U.S.S.R. is more aware of the benefits and
applications of biocomrnunication research. Mankind Re-
search popes to counter and reverse this trend so that the
full fruits and benefits derived from this research are also
made available to the United States."
The brochure goes or- to reveal that MRU's "capability
and experience" is divided into four fields. The first is
"bioph~~sics," which includes "Biological Effects of Mag-
netic Fields;" "Research in Magneto-fluid Dynamics" (the
effects of low level magnetic fields on water and the subse-
quent effects on living organisms that ingest the water);
"Planetary Electro-Hydro-Dynamics" (efforts to change
the nature of the magnetic field present in large bodies of
water); and "Geo-pathic Efforts on Living Organisms"
(attemF~ts to induce illness by changing the magnetic nature
of the geography).
MRU's second field of interest maybe geared to produce
a device that emits waves which cause mental confusion.
Termed "Biocybernetics," this area encompasses "Reac-
tions to Stress"and "Psychodynamic Experiments in Tele-
pathy," as well as "ErroFs in Human Perception," "Bio-
Feedback"and "Biologically Generated Fields."
MRU's third field of interest is "Behavioral Science."
This includes "Metapsychiatry and the Ultraconscious
Mind" (telepathic mind control); "Behavioral Neuropsy-
chiatry," "Analysis and Measurement of Human Subjec-
tive States"(computer analyzed EEG's, biofeedback, etc.),
and "Human Unconscious Behavioral Patterns."
Finally MRU's fourth field of interest is "Psychophys-
ics."This includes "Bioluminescent Applications," (MUR
claims to be "the first organization to obtain a government
grant to explore the use of Kirlian photography as a diag-
nostic technique"); "Radiesthesia Research in the Soviet
Union" (wave-induced anesthesia); "Dowsing Introduced
to the US Armed Forces;""Dowsing as a Tunnel Detection
Device;" and "Correlation of Magnetic Field Gradients
with Dowsing Reaction Zones."
MRU's facilities are located in seven states; in Mountain
View, Los Altos, California, MRU scientists studying Ad-
vanced Sensor Technology have tested psycho-accoustical
transmitters that produce sound-patterns termed "infra
and ultrasonic" that interact with brain cells and "wipe
them clean" of all information. In Miami, Florida, MRU
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scientists are hard at work studying the physiological and
biological effects of magnetic fields. In Washington, D.C.,
MRU psychologists study "Psycho-technology Research
and Biocybernetics"--brain control through subcutaneous
electronic devices-and "Biochemical and Physio-Chemical
Research"-brain control through pharmacological
substances.
MRU lists in its Company Capabilities "brain and
mind control" and admits "acquiring on a daily basis, a
large amount of unique bio-cybernetics data from Eastern
Europe: Some of this original data has been translated and
to our knowledge these reports have not been previously
made available within the United States."
The most interesting part of the Mankind brochure is the
"Selected Resumes of Personnel." The Research and De-
velopment Director of Mankind Research is Carl Schleicher.
Schleicher studied electrical engineering at the United
States Naval Academy. He received his M.A. from the
University of Cologne and did graduate work at the Uni-
versity ofBonn (Germany). While at SCI, Schleicher designed
"state-of-the-art technological forecasting and assessment
systems for the evaluation and selection of multi-million
dollar Research and Development projects. Some of the
methods used in this system included interacting explora-
tory and normative forecasting sub-routines, decision ta-
bles and optimization algorithms." Schleicher used his
unique abilities to develop special softwave systems "to
record, evaluate and document biological effects of special
environmental factors on plants, animals and humans."
His partner in mental mayhem is Christopher Bird, des-
cribed in M RUliterature ashaving "worked for a classified
government agency," and, who is in fact, a former CIA
employee (see the Baltimore News-American, January 3l,
1975).
During his youth, Bird lived with a family of White
Russian emigres and learned to speak fluent Russian. He
studied Chinese for three years at Harvard and Yale and
has a working knowledge of French, Spanish, German and
Serbo-Croatian. After graduation Bird worked for the
CIA in Japan. He served in the U.S. Army, specializing in
psychological warfare and prepared a course of study in
that subject for the Divisional Staff of the South Vietnam-
ese Army. After his military service Bird became the Wash-
ington representative of the Rand Development Corpora-
tion. Rand Development, like the Society for the Investiga-
tion of Human Ecology, Inc., was one of the spiritual
precursors of outfits like MRU. It was headed by Dr. H.J.
Rand, son of the founder of Sperry-Rand, the giant muni-
tions manufacturer. Sperry-Rand provided initial funding
for the Rand Corporation-the right-wing think tank with
many intelligence connections. Rand Development's Vice-
President was George H. Bookbinder, a former OSS offic-
er. Rand Development's CIA ties were made public as the
result of an Interior Department expense inquiry reported
in the New York Times; SIHE's links with the CIA were
mentioned in a report in the Daily World, September 6,
1975.
Rand Development was one of the first "private corpo-
rations" to undertake negotiations with the Soviet Union
for the exchange and purchase of technological informa-
tion. During this period Bird attended the Pugwash meet-
ing on Atomic, Chemical and Biological Warfare as an
assistant to the late Cyrus Eaton. Bird went on to work for
Time magazine as a "correspondent" in Yugoslavia. In
1967 he received a Ph.D. in Russian Area Studies from
American University. Bird has lectured on the evils of
Communism to members of .John Hopkins University's
School for Advanced International Studies.
In 1972 Bird co-authored the book "The Secret Life of
Plants" (Harper & Row, }973), along with Peter Tomp-
kins, an ex-OSS Agent. Bird and Tompkins discuss the
work of Clive Backster, a lie detector technician who at-
tached agalvanometer to a leaf and noted changes in
resistance that allegedly correlated with his thoughts.
Backster's work was published in the Reader's DiRe.st and
he appeared on Long John Nebel's radio show on
numerous occasions. Backster and his potted geraniums
appeared on national television and caused a minor
sensation. Hundreds of thousands of Americans began
talking to their plants, yet no practical use ever evolved
from Backster's experiments. Researchers at Cornell
University veterinary college were unable to duplicate "the
Backster Effect." Paul Sauvin, on the other hand, had great
success. Sauvin, who was working for ITT at the time,
found that his plants reacted to aself-administered electric
shock, etc. Bird describes Sauvin, who is "ordained" as a
minister of the Psychic Science Temple of Metaphysics, as
"a strong pacifist, abhorrent of the use of thought
controlled weapons ... thoug}c he has taken out business
certificates on such devices which put him on record as
the owner."
Although the "Backster Effect" was "discovered" in the
mid-1960's, in 1972 MRU did not show much of an interest
in it, and the possibility exists that the "Backster Effect"
and "Secret Life of Plants" were part of a CIA-disinforma-
tion campaign. Only the Soviets know how many rubles
were spent investigating this "phenomenon."
Bird is listed as the "Biocommunications Editor/ Rus-
sian Translator" of "Mankind Research." Bird's work has
been published by the Rand Corporation and in 1958 he
was granted an interview with Ngo Dinh Diem, then "Pres-
ident" of South Vietnam.
Chris Bird is not the only member of MRU dedicated to
destroying the Soviet Union. Stefan T. Possony, America's
most ubiquitous Russian exile, is also a member of MRU.
Possony left Russia after the 1'117 Revolution, was exiled
in France, and served as an :-dvisor to the French Air
Ministry prior to and during thc; early stages of World War
II. After this OSS assignment, he came to the United States
and held a post as a Carnegie Research Fellow at the
OSS-linked Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New
Jersey.
During World War II, Possony was a psychological
warfare specialist at the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI).
Beginning in 1946, he served as a Special Advisor to the
Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF, while serving
as a Professor of International Politics, Georgetown Uni-
versity. In 1956 Possony became Director of Research for
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Lije magazine's "Russian Revolution"project. In 1961 he
becamr, Director of the International Studies Program at
the Hoover Institutior- on War, Revolution and Peace,
where he is now a Senior Fellow.
Fou~ided in 1919 by Herbert Hoover to "demonstrate
the evils of Marxism,"the Institution houses the files of the
Czarist secret police and the personal diary of Nazi propa-
gandise. Joseph Goebbels. Hoover's Senior Fellows include
Aleksander Solzhenitsyn and Dimitri DeMohrenschildt,
the brother of George DeMohrenschildt, Lee Harvey Os-
wald's ~~losest friend in Dallas, Texas. Coincidentally, Pos-
sony is a subscriber toy the "lone assassin" theory of the
Kenneiiy assassination and has written several articles to
this effect. He is also the author of dozens of books, many
of whi~~h have been translated into German. The titles
include-"Tomorrow's War-It's Planning Management
and Costs," "The Economy of Total War," and "Strategy
for An erican Victory.'"
Possoriy is on the I3oard of Directors of many CIA
"front'' groups, including the American Security Council.
Other Council members include a former Director of the
Defense Intelligence Agency, a former Commander of the
Strategic Air Command, a former Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, a former Chief of Counter-Intelligence for
the CIA, and Dr. Laszlo Pasztor (a Nazi collaborator
appointed to a high post in the Republican Party by the
Nixon Administration) and Major General John K. Sing-
laub. Possony is also a member of the American Chilean
Council, which is registered as a foreign representative of
the fascist Chilean Junta.
MRIJ member Skaidvite Maliks Fallah was, according
to the PrIRU brochure, "raised and educated in the Baltic
state of Latvia prior to the Soviet take-over in 1945." Prior
to the end of W WII, in fact, Latvia was, for a time, a Nazi
puppet state. In 1962 Mrs. Fallah received her MA in
International Relations (Latin American Area Studies)
from Johns Hopkins University. After traveling to Vene-
zuelaand Peru, she worked as a Senior Research Associate
in the Cultural Information Analysis Center (CINFAC).
CINFA C is a division of the Center for Research in Social
Systems (CRESS) which at the time was under contract to
the U.S. ,Army Research Office. CRESS is a well-known
CIA front. Mrs. Fallah's selected bibliography includes "A
Selected Bibliography on Urban Insurgency and Urban
Unrest In Latin America and Other Areas," and "Training
of Military Advisors-An Annotated Bibliography."
George Schepak, MRU's Russian TechnicalTrans1ator/
Biocybernetics Researcher was born and educated in
Russia. E[e also studied in Germany. Schepak designed
computers for several space programs, holds a Defense
Contractor security caearance and is an expert in
"geomagnetism."
Several MRU scientists are very concerned about the
Soviet'' utilization of electromagnetism. Paul E.T. Jensen
managed the Air Defense Task Force of the Army's "Elec-
tronic ~Va rfare 1975" study and also the "Electromagnetic
Threat to the Army-19$5." Jensen is a physicist, mathe-
matician ,and engineer who specializes in intelligence re-
search and analysis. In 1959 Jensen became "a company"
representative at the U.S. Army Electronic Proving
Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona. This base also happens
to be the home of U.S. Army Military Intelligence. In 1960
Jensen became manager of research development at the
Electronic Proving Ground and began studying "Eurasian
Communist Research and Technology programs." He has
been especially interested in new communication tech-
niquessuch astelepathy, combat surveillance systems, and
long range technological forecasts relating to these pro-
grams. The results of his studies appear in classified
publications.
Working with Jensen is Richard. B. LaTondre. LaTon-
dre is currently employed as project engineer for "The
Enemy Electromagnetic Threat" (CD-107-EW), a study
being conducted for the CIA. LaTondre is primarily re-
sponsible for the planning and implementation of the elec-
tronic warfare effectiveness analysis effort as related to the
update and publication of the "Enemy Electromagnetic
Threat-1975." LaTondre also participated in "The Ene-
my Electromagnetic Threat to Friendly Tactical Aircraft in
South Vietnam."
LaTondre studied at the U.S. Army Language School
and at the National Security Agency. He served as an
Electronics Warfare Officer and has received extensive
formal training in combat intelligence, guerrilla warfare,
photo-imagery, hydrography and analytical analysis.
Dr. Charles R. Buffler is another MRU magnetologist with
fifteen years of research behind him. Dr. Buffler's latest
work is on the effect of weak or near zero magnetic fields on
humans. Buffler is attempting to formulate a biomagnetic
explanation for dowsing and psychokinesis.
Buffler's mentor, Dr. Jim Carstow, is also employed by
MRU. Dr. Carstow studied in pre-communist Romania.
In 1949 Carstow came to the United States and in 1955 he
joined the aerospace industry. In 1959 he began conducting
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experiments in magneto-fluid dynamics which probed the
mysteries of shock-wave propagation in the presence of a
magnetic field and radio and magnetohydrodynamic wave
interaction. In 1961 Carstow conducted research on the
earth's interior and its magnetism, the electrodynamic
properties of sea water (with possible application to com-
munication between and detection of submerged subma-
rines). Further research has included the study of the bio-
logical effects (in terms of health status, accident rates,
behavior patterns, etc.) on humans of variations of elec-
tromagnetic, magnetic and gravitational fields.
Several prominent physicians and psychologists are
members of MRU. Dr. James C. Aller graduated from the
United States Naval Academy in 1942. From 1942-1962
Aller served as a Naval Officer. In this capacity he served as
a Fleet Electronic Warfare Officer and Missile Range De-
tector. In 1968 Aller began teaching Biomedical Engineer-
ing at the Naval War College.
The distinguished surgeon, E. Stanton Maxey is also a
member of MRU. Maxey has conducted extensive studies
in sleep research and human unconscious behavior pat-
terns. Through the use of sophisiticated sensors, he is at-
tempting to determine the effects of external phenomena
on dreams. An innovative feature of this research is the use
of electromagnetic recording of EEGs, ultraviolet and in-
fra-red sensors, precise weight analysis and the correlation
of these technical factors with electromagnetic field, moon
and planetary positions, barometric changes, etc.
The MRU psychiatric and psychological team includes
Stanley R. Dean, originator of the theory of the "Ultra-
conscious;" Norman Korobow, who conducted research
on military leadership at the United States Marine Acade-
my at West Point. This work involved the analysis of
identifiable personality variables associated with graded
leadership behavior. Korobow is the author of several
research papers for the Bureau of Naval Weapons, all of
which have been classified "Secret." Another MRU psy-
chologist, Arthur Marcus, is simultaneously involved in
two major military electronic system efforts the SHORT-
STOP system and the AIR Combat Maneuvering Range
System. Marcus had provided support to numerous other
military System Program Offices and currently holds a
"SECRET" clearance.
Berthold Eric Schwarz, M.D. is also a member of M RU.
Schwarz is the author of "You Can Raise Decent Child-
ren,"published by theconservativepub1isher Arlington House.
A former member of the "perversion project" at the Mayo
clinic, Schwarz is an expert on the effects of LSD on
hypnotically-induced seizures.
Other assorted MRU scientists include John E. Laur-
ance, who co-ordinated the support of basic research pro-
grams for the Office of Naval Research, in Washington,
D.C. In 1969 Mr. Laurance became Vice-President and
General Manager of a new corporation established to pro-
vide new technologies to developing countries. Laurance
has had an interest in the paranormal since the 1930's. In
1969 Laurance established "Life Energies Research, Inc.,"
a non-profit organization which conducts scientific inves-
tigations of unusual and little known properties of human
energy systems.
Mankind Research has a Czech defector working for
them named Milan Ryzl who was a pioneer in the applica-
tion of scientific method to the study of parapsychology.
My friend was able to liberate two "Technical Papers"
from MRU. The first, dated 31 March 1972, is entitled
"Measuring, Selecting and Training For Unique/Special
Performance Capability Requirements." "This new ap-
proach is well adapted to the sele