CAPTIVE NATIONS WEEK

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June 22, 1959
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Approved For Reledse 2004/05/13 : CFA-RDP91-009658000300110033-0 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE The first bill would permit social se- Your committee seeks to maintain this curity beneficiaries to earn more money principle, but has determined that certain on their own and still be able to draw amendments should be made to increase the benefits. equity of the retirement test and to afford Under present law, a person may not x %greater opportunities to retired individuals to supplement their benefits through earn- earn more, than $1,200 a year and still Ings from part-time or intermittent work. 1ClielVe ula LUfl .ouc12L! SeeUl'1Ly ue11e11G, An, original purpose of the social se- curity law was to facilitate the with- drawal of older workers from the labor force. This law was written in depres- sion times. Young people, hungry, for jobs, moved into the working force when their seniors retired. The so-called earnings test, the ceiling on outside income, was one way of ac- complishing this aim of discouraging older workers from continuing in their jobs. Clearly, the emphasis of our social se- curity programs has changed since those days. The bills I introduce today would ac- complish these purposes: First. Raise from $1,200 a year to $1,800 the amount which can be earned as income without reduction of the bene- ficiary's eligibility for full old age and survivors' insurance retirement benefits. Second. Permit workers who postpone retirement to accumulate extra pension credits for use when they finally do re- tire. At present, the average age of 'first 'entitlement to old-age insurance benefits is about 68 to 69 years. In- creasing benefits for persons who delay retirement after 65 would provide an incentive for older workers to continue In productive employment as long as they' are useful. Presently, these indi- viduals simply lose the benefits to which their years of employment under the system would have normally entitled them. My bill proposes an increase of one-fourth of 1 percent for each month of delayed retirement, or 3 percent a year. Third. Prevent actual loss of income as a result of staying on the job past retire- ment age. Under existing law, it is pos- sible to lose more in benefits deducted as a result of outside income than is gained from the outside employment it- self. The 85th Congress took a halting step toward removing the discrimination against older workers created by the in- equitable earnings test. In the omni- bus social security bill passed last year, Congress raised from $80 to $100 the monthly limit on outside earnings which a beneficiary could make without losing a month's benefits. Thus, a bill which I, along with others, had previously of- fered was enacted into law. But this was a minor change, indeed, and further i;nprovement ought to be made. The Senate Finance Committee, after thorough consideration of the 'earnings test in 1954, made this report, to the Senate: Monthly benefits under the old-age and survivors insurance system are paid upon the retirement or death of the,family earner. Consequently, the law provides that benefits are not payable to persons otherwise eligible for benefits if.. they have substantial em- ployment or self-employment earnings, as determined _under the retirement test set out In the act. I believe we should move toward these reasonable goals now. The VICE PRESIDENT. The bills will be received and appropriately re- ferred. The bills, introduced by Mr. CASE of New Jersey, were received, read twice by their titles, and referred to the Com- mittee on Finance, as follows: S. 2225. A bill to amend section 203 of 'the Social Security Act to increase the amount of earnings individuals are per- mitted to earn without suffering deductions from their benefits; S. 2226: A bill to amend title II of the Social Security Act to provide extra credit for postponed retirement; and S. 2227. A bill to amend section 203 of the Social Security Act so as to prevent loss of income by beneficiaries because of deduc- tions from benefits on account of the charging of earnings. CAPTIVE NATIONS WEEK behalf of the senior Senator from New York [Mr. JAvirs] and myself, I intro- duce, for appropriate reference, a joint resolution to provide for the designation of the week following the Fourth of July as "Captive Nations Week." I ask unanimous consent that the ;joint resolution may lie on the table until Friday, June 26, to enable any Senators who may wish to join as spon- sors of the joint resolution to do so. The VICE PRESIDENT. The joint resolution will be received and appropri- ately referred; and, without objection, the joint resolution will lie an the desk, as requested by the Senator from Illi- nois. The joint resolution (S,J. Res. 111) providing for the designation of the week following the Fourth of July as "Captive Nations Week", introduced by Mr. DOUGLAS (for himself and Mr. DAVITS), was received, read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr, President, des- pite all the talk about more talkathons, whether at Geneva, the summit, or else- where, sober minds throughout the world cannot escape the contemplation of basic issues that divide the - world. Mere symptoms considered at Geneva or at a summit will not assure us the basis of peace with justice., This concentration on symptoms-today Berlin, tomorrow something else-plays more and more into the poker hands of Moscow. To our own advantage, not to say In behalf of With this approaching Independence truth, at these conferences we should be Day it is therefore timely that we reflect relating these symptoms to their basic upon the moral and political principles causes. This, unf6rtunately, we are not.aembodied in our Declaration of Inde- doing, and the impression. created by us pendence. Even more important is the throughout the world are not favorable application of these perennial principles to us. to other nations and peoples. In our The most basic of issues is the con- own basic security interest, these prin- tinued 'enslavement of the captive na- ciples must be steadfastly held out to all tions. It is this issue that underlies the the nations which have been raped and so-called Berlin crisis, It is this issue exploited by imperial Moscow since 1918. 10359 that will be at the foundation of sub- sequent crises manufactured by Moscow. The Berlin issue is an inseparable part of the larger issue of a free and reunified Germany and this larger issue is but a part of the general problem of the cap- tive nations, Yet at Geneva and in offi- cial quarters little if anything is heard about the captive nations. The very cause of our international crises and tensions is perilously overlooked. This situation has developed so that count- less thoughtful minds in this country and elsewhere are beginning to ask: "Is this the preliminary stage to our eventual acquiescence in the permanent captivity of nations in the vast Communist empire?" Careful analysts know that ever since the launching of the sputniks, the Rus- sian colonialist, Khrushchev, has sought a summit conference to eke out such Western acquiescence. The Berlin crisis was created as a means to obtain a sum- mit conference. And at. a summit con- ferenee the very omission of a serious discussion about the liberation of cap- tive nations, both in Europe and Asia, would be tantamount-or so construed by Communist propaganda-to Western submission on this basic issue. Such an outcome would undoubtedly be the greatest victory of Russian cold war diplomacy since the very beginnings of the Communist Empire in 1918. It would irreparably damage our most powerful deterrent against further Com- munist aggression and, quite likely, a global hot war. This deterrent is made up of the national loyalties and freedom aspirations of the captive millions in Europe and Asia. This clever and diabolical scheme con- trived by the wily Khrushchev must be thwarted. The process of substituting symptoms for their causes cannot be allowed to go too far. Realism must be injected soon in our negotiations with the Kremlin tyrants. As we Americans approach our own forthcoming Inde- pendence Day celebrations, the time has come for some sober thinking and re- flecting. Our society, to be sure, is not perfect. But by all evidence it is unquestionably one that has given so much in so many ways to so many within a short span in the history of man. It is one which has made this Nation powerful, exemplary and widely respected. Contrary to some false notions, we do possess a rich and articulate ideology which inspires our continued growth as a strong-willed na- tion and affords us the successful means to cope with the zig-zags of the interna- tional Communist conspiracy. This ideology is plainly and concretely spelled out in our own Declaration of Independ- Approved For Release 2004/05/13 CIA-RDP91-00965R0003007510033-0 Approved For Release 2004/05/13 :,CIA-RDP91-00965R060300110043-0 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June Y 22 gary, Lithuania, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia,-= sputniks in outer space, but between eco- Latvla, Estonia, White Ruthenia, Rumania, nomic systems on earth. Last ? Germany, Bulgaria, mainland China, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,'North Korea, Albania, Idel-Ural, Tibet, Cossackia, Turke- stan, North Vietnam, and others; and Whereas these submerged nations'look to the United States, as the citadel of human freedom, for leadership in bringing about their liberation and independence and in re- yond doubt that armed conflict on a global basis is not part of Soviet strategy. Indeed there Is no reason why it should be, The Russian leaders are realists. They know that the third world wax is already in progress, and believe that they are win- ning it. This great and decisive straggle for supremacy is being fought, not between The weapons are marketable commodities such as cars, tractors, industrial equipment, power stations, and consumer goods of all types. The main armies are not soldiers, but salesmen who, operating as a disciplined force, have been told to get into world mar- kets and drive out the products of the West- era democracies. Approved For Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0 fiord to dissipate this greatest deter- Aoe'nt against Russian Communist ex- p4.hsionisni and a global hot war. I believe that it is most fitting and p1'6per for us as freemen to express our ,moral commitment to the freedom and self-determination of the peoples of the captive nations on the eve of our In- dependence Day. I therefore introduce a joint resolution which provides for a Presidential proclamation designating the week following the Fourth of July ai "Captive Nations Week." I am con- fident that this resolution reflects the thoughts and sentiments not only of the American people, not only of the peoples in the free world, but also of the captive ..millions behind the Iron and 'Bamboo Curtains. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- sent that the text of the resolution be printed in the RECORD at this point for the information of Senators, together with the first chapter from Mr. Harry Welton's recent, thought-provoking book "The Third World War: Trade and In- dhstry-The New Battleground." This chapter, entitled "The Struggle for the World," with penetrating insight _sum- marizes the Communist actions subju- gating the captive nations and their .latest tactics and maneuvers reaching out to dominate the rest of the free world. It is a sober reminder of the grave dangers we face. There being no objection, the joint resolution and chapter were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: SENATE JorNT REsoLuTiox 111 Joint' resolution providing for the designa- tion of the week following the Fourth of July as "Captive Nations Week" Whereas the greatness of the United States is in large part attributable to its having been able, through the democratic process, to achieve a harmonious national Unity of its people, even though they stem from, the most diverse of racial, religious, and ethnic backgrounds; and Whereas this harmonious unification of the diverse elements of, our free society has led the people of the United States to pos- sess a warm understanding and sympathy for the aspirations of peoples 'everywhere and to recognize the natural interdepend- ency of the peoples and nations of the world; and Whereas, the enslavement of a substantial part of the world's population by Commu- nist imperialism makes a mockery of the -Id" of peaceful coexistence between nations and constitutes a detriment to the natural bonds of understanding between the people of the United States and other peoples; and whereas since 1918. the imperialistic and aggressive policies of Russian oommunisin have resulted in the creation of a vast em- pire which poses a dire threat to the secu- rity of the United States and of all the free peoples of the world; and 'whereas, the imperialistic policies of Com- munist Russia have led, through direct and indirect aggression, to the subjugation of the national independence of Poland, Hun- storing to them the enjoyment of their Chris- tian, Jewish, Moslem, Buddhist, and other religious freedoms, and of their individual liberties; and Whereas it is vital to the national secu- rity of the United States that the desire for liberty and independence on the part of the peoples of these conquered nations should be steadfastly kept alive; and Whereas the desire for liberty and Inde- pendence by the overwhelming majority of the people of these submerged nations con- stitutes a powerful deterrent to war and one of the best hopes for a just and lasting peace; and Whereas it is fitting that we clearly mani- fest to such peoples through an appropriate. .and official means the historic fact that the people of the United States share with them their aspirations for the recovery of their freedom and independence: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives of the United States in Congress assembled, That the President is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation on the Fourth of July, 1959, declaring the week following such day as "Captive Nations Week" and inviting the people of the United States to observe such week with appropri- ate ceremonies and activities. The President is further authorized and requested to issue a similar proclamation on each succeeding Fourth of July until such time as freedom and independence shall have been achieved for all the captive' nations of the world. The chapter from the book presented by Mr. DOUGLAS is as follows: THE THIRD WORLD WAR: TRADE AND INDUS- TRY-THE NEW BATTLEGROUND (By Harry Welton) CHAPTER L THE STRUGGLE FOR THE WORLD In every inhabited part of the world the forces of communism and democracy are locked together in combat. In this struggle there are no neutral territories. In some countries the Communists are firmly en- trenched; in others, such as the United States and the British Commonwealth, the free peo- ples hold positions of Immense strength. There is, however, a vast no man's land composed of nations in which the issue Is in the balance, where probably within the next two decades the supremacy of one side or another will decide the fate of mankind for centuries to come. This is not an all-out military struggle, and it is unlikely to develop into one, fought even with conventional weapons. A nuclear - war. with whole cities being blasted out of eixstence in a matter of seconds, is even more unlikely. Such events would be the products of madmen. These do not exist among the leaders and potential leaders of the free nations. Nor does Khrushchev, even when he is in his cups, show the slightest inclination to risk the destruction of what he and his forerunners have taken such pains to build. The evidence of the Berlin block- ade, Korea, and the Middle East show be- That is the new war. It'Is based upon the simple truth that Britain-still regarded as the main bulwark against the spread of communism-is either a great trading na- tion or is not a great nation. Deprived of our trade we become a comparatively unim- portant island in the North Sea. We would be incapable of defending ourselves, of main- taining our population, or playing our full part in world affairs. Without a constant and sufficient supply of food and raw ma- terials from overseas we are doomed. We know that, and so do the Russians. We are also the heart of a great Com- monwealth, and the mainspring of the sterling area. Break this country through destroyipg its economy, and the dream of world communism comes much nearer to reality. This type of warfare is the more danger- ous because of its subtlety. We 'may not awaken before it is too late. For this rea- son the Soviet Union runs the most efficient and most costly propaganda machine in the world. Day in and day out it conducts a barrage against the minds of the free peoples. By lies, half-truths, and innu- endoes, it seeks to weaken our morale, un- dermine faith in our way of life, and above all to direct our attention away from the real danger. Not the least important part of the Soviet trade-war machine exists inside Britain's key exporting industries. There, under the guise of militant trade unionism, a constant battle is going on against the productive efficiency without which we cannot in the long run meet the Soviet challenge. These Soviet agents, many of whom hold important positions in the trade-union movement, have caused concern among such men as Bill Carron, president of the Amal- gamated Engineering Union, who has de- scribed them as subversives "acting under the dictates of a foreign power with the de- clared purpose of wrecking Britain's econ- omy: " it is in this light that the activities of Communists everywhere must be assessed. They are part of a plan, which has been avowed by all Russian leaders from Lenin to Khrushchev, to establish communism on a world basis. Like Hitler, these men, and the theoreticians before them, have frankly de- clared both their aims and the methods through which they hope to achieve them. Unlike Hitler they have relentlessly pursued these aims without unnecessary risk of armed conflict. They are not men in a hurry. There is a further similarity. When Hitler was proclaiming his intentions from the housetops, many people either dismissed him as a crank, or in any event refused to heed the warning. So it is today. Leaders of British public opinion, perhaps influenced by the day-to-day propaganda utterances of the Soviet leaders, are reluctant to accept Communist avowals at their true value. We cannot complain that they have not been constantly and concisely expressed. Over a century ago, for example, the Com- munist Manifesto, : the first fundamental document of modern communism, was sim- ple, straightforward, and to the point. It stated: "The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forci- ble overthrow of all existing social condi- tions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. In it the proletari- ans have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite." This was given reality by the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia in 1917. The world movement achieved a base from which it could reach out into the farthest corners of the globe. Adherents in all countries Empire News, Sept. 8, 1957. Approved for Release 2004/05/.13: CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE have since then consciously accepted the doctrine that 1,he U.S.S.R. is the Communist heartland, and that its rulers are the poten- tial masters of all mankind. Directives circulated through hosts of sub- sidiary organizations have since poured out from the Kremlin, and been accepted and acted upon without question by party mem- bers and supporters in every country. These Soviet agents straddle the earth, ready to subordinate everything, their country, their trade unions, their families, and even them- selves, to the task of ensuring. Soviet domi- nation. Their duty has, in spite of the heavy Marxist jargon, never been more clearly'ex- pressed than by P. E. Vishinsky, the Soviet theoretician who stated in 1948: "At present the only determining criterion of revolutionary proletarian internationalism is. are you for or against the U.S.S.R., the motherland of the world proletariat?- An I[lternationalist is not one who verbally rec- ognizes international solidarity or sympa- thizes with it. A real internationalist is one who brings his sympathy and recognition up to the point of practical and maximal help to the U.S.S.R. in ;support and defense of ,the U.S.S.R. by every means and in every possible form. Actual cooperation with the U.S.S.R., the readiness of the workers of any country to subject all their aims to the basic problem of strengthening the U.S.S.R. in their struggle-this is the manifestation of revolutionary proletarian internationalism ,on the part of workmen in foreign countries. * ' * The defense of the U.S.S.R., as of the Socialist motherland of the world prole- tariat, is the holy duty of every honest man everywhere and not only of the citizens of the U.S.S.R." 8 This welding of international Communist forces into one mighty army directed and controlled by Russia, and owing unqualified allegiance to those in power in that country, has been a prime task of party members everywhere since 1917. Any sign of devia- tion or movement toward national commu- nism has been ruthlessly suppressed, either by mass executions where Communists rule, or expulsfon from the party where dissident .comrades are fortunate enough to live in a democracy. How this army could be used to achieve world conquest was outlined by Lenin many years ago, and incorporated in_ volume V, page 141, of his "Selected Works.'s It so impressed Stalin. that he repeated the general theme In a major speech in 1924, and it has since been included in every edition of his works .(the most recent being in English in 1943 and in Russian in 1949.). This important directive boils down to four essentials. 1. Building up the strength of the Soviet Union. 2. Organizing subversion in the indus- trialized capitalist states. 3. The fomenting of revolt in colonial countries. 4. A final onslaught using whatever meth- ods are most suitable in the light of prevail- ing conditions in the country or countries concerned. The essential aim was summarized In the following statement: 'The victory of Socialism in one country is not a self-sufficient task. The revolution which has been victorious In one country must regard itself not as a self-sufficient entity, but asan aid, a means for hastening the victory of the proletariat in all coun- tries. For the victory of the revolution in one country, in the present case Russia ? , ? ?, is the. beginning of and the ground- Wpxk for the world revolution.' 8 "Problems of Philosophy," Foreign Lan. guages Publishing House, Moscow, 1948. 8 "Problems of Leninism," Foreign Lan- guages 'Publishing House, Moscow, 1941, p. 113. These are the words of Stalin, taken from "Problems of Leninism" published in 194x.. They declare the blunt truth-that Soviet foreign policy is one of worldwide expansion. The example of Hungary shows exactly the conditions under which the Soviet leaders will go to war. They will do so when the victim is helpless to retaliate, when they feel they are secure from armed intervention by other nations, and when the use of Soviet armed strength is necessary to obtain or retain complete and absolute control. Korea and Malaya are instances of an at- tempt to achieve conquest by proxy, al- though in each case, the immediate aim was almost certainly more economic than mili- tary. The importance of Malayan rubber to the economies of Western Europe and to the stabilty of the sterling area is as evident to. the-Russians as it is to us. The Korean War, apart from sparking off a propaganda campaign in which the Russians out-Goebbeled Goebbels, also caused the British Labour Government to embark upon an arms program In which, by diverting men and materials from badly needed schemes for capital development, and the manufacture of products for export, struck a severe blow against our economy. It also paved the way for many of the industrial troubles from which we have since suffered. Those who doubt'the ability of Russia to exert immense influence iri this country might ponder over the fact that from 1950 onwards our whole budgetary structure was conditioned by the Soviet military adventure in Korea. The shift of emphasis from military con- flict to trade war was foreshadowed by Stalin in. a treatise published just before his death. Referring to the economic integration of the Communist bloc, he stated: "The result is a fast pace of Industrial development in these countries. It may be confidently said that, with this pace of in- dustrial development, it will soon come to pass that these countries will not only be in no need of imports from capitalist coun- trieb, but will themselves feel the necessity of finding an outside market for their sur- plus products. "But it follows from this that the sphere of exploitation of the world's resources by the major capitalist countries will not ex- pand, but contract; that their opportunities for sale in the world market will deteriorate, and that their industries will be operating more and more below capacity." Since then this has become the spearhead of the Rusian attack. It has dominated life behind the Iron Curtain, where the interests of workers, particularly in the satellites, have, as, we shall see in ensuing chapters, been sacrificed to achieve capital formation in excess of that justified by existing produc- tive capacity. Indeed, it is important to re- emphasize that the drive for trade mastery has little in common with normal commer- cial rivalries between competitor countries. Inside the Communist countries it is planned, conducted and financed as a mili- taxy operation to be successfully concluded without regard for cost. Further, the attack has been launched with the active assistance of Communists working in every democratic country. By 1955 the progress already made justified the Soviet announcement that "communism has become a world system which is in eco- nomic competition with capitalism." Khrushchev was even more, specific when, at a reception held at the Norwegian Em- bassy In Moscow, he told a British reporter that "Your system will collapse through eco- nomic competition with communism." 8 The Communists, then, have made no se- cret of their aims or their methods. Political penetration, the actuality or threat of mili- ? Stalin: "Economic Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R.," Foreign Languages Publish- ing House, Moscow, 1952, p. 36. b Sunday Times, November 13, 1955. 10361 tary attack, and the trade war are the avowed. weapons to,be,used to achieve an avowed aim. Yet in spite of warnings, and the lessons of postwar history, there are still people in high places who believe that the Kremlin is peopled by men and women dominated by fear of "encirclement by hostile capitalist powers," and who only have to be given a little encouragement to become good neigh- bors with whom schemes for the mutual advancement of all countries can be worked out. In other words, they believe that the Rus- sians are taking steps toward world domi- nation with great reluctance, not because it is an integral part of the Communist creed, but In self-defense against the machinations of the democratic powers. When Mr. Aneurin Bevan, then Britain's "shadow" Foreign Minister, visited Moscow in 1957, he returned to express the view that the utterances of Soviet leaders could be dismissed as "ritualistic exercises." These 'deserve to be categorized as famous last words. Seldom has such a dangerous state- ment been made by such an important man. There was nothing ritualistic about Khrushchev's reaction when Hungary at- tempted to break away from the Soviet empire. Nor was it provoked by a neigh- borly desire to safeguard Hungarian democ- racy. His action was provoked by fear that if Hungary succeeded in achieving its free- doms the other satellites in which a great deal of restlessness existed would quickly follow suit. Airyone who believes that the Communists are playing theoretical games must have slumbered since the Hitler-Stalin Pact, in August 1939, made the Second World War inevitable. This began a period of open expansion. Of the three main powers ulti- mately engaged in the war against Nazi Ger- many, only the Soviet Union gained terri- tory. Poland was invaded. This was followed by the attack on Finland, the annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina, and forcible in- corporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithu- ania Into the Soviet Union. Those who be- lieve that there is an easy way to peaceful coexistence. with communism should note that Russia had freely negotiated nonag- gression pacts with all these countries. This expansionist phase, reminiscent of imperialism at its worst, received a setback when Hitler bounded on his ally and in- vaded the Soviet Union. Once victory in Europe had been achieved, however, Russian imperialism went on with renewed impetus. What makes this postwar period one of the great watersheds of history is that the extension of Russian control to other coun- tries coincided with an even greater move- ment of withdrawal and noncommitment on the part of the democracies. At each suc- cessive stage, barriers against Communist penetration were weakened over large areas inhabited by millions' f people. Russia herself became enriched by the addition of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the eastern provinces of Poland, Bessarabia and Buko- vinia from Rumania, the Carpathian-Ru- thenia province of Czechoslovakia, half of East Prussia from Germany, slices of Finland, Tannu Tuva, Dairen and Port Arthur from China, and the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin from Japan. Quite an impressive record for a power said to be "in the forefront of the fight against imperialism." Further, is was Russia who provided aid to the Communists in China and helped to achieve the overthrow of the Nationalist Government which, incidentally, had been recognized by Stalin and Molotov in words oddly reminiscent of Hitler's solmen promises to Poland. China thus became part of a gigantic Sino- Soviet bloc th^t is now in the process of be- coming one huge industrial unit, from Approved For Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0 Approved For Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-009&5R000'00110033-0 .which, sooner or later, goods will flow into world markets in eyer-increasing quantities. ,,brace 1n power, the Chinese Communists ;allowed the example of their Soviet tutors. ? Tibet was invaded and occupied, North Korea and north Vietnam were subjugated. `It is instructive to examine the methods used, by the Soviet rulers to extend the Com- inunfst base, Georgia provides a very early the, Soviet Government signed a treaty in 'which it unreservedly acknowledged the "in- dependence and sovereignty of the Georgian ereign rignts wnicn had appertained to Russia with regard to the people` and terri- tory of Georgia." It also pledged Itself not t9 interfere in any way in Georgia's internal affairs. In February 1921 Soviet' troops invaded Georgia, and Tiflis, the capital, fell to the .Georgia was proclaimed a Soviet republic. The annexation of eastern Poland is an- other ;instance of Communist duplicity.' In the spring of 1939, while Britain, France, and Poland were negotiating with the U.S.S.R. to' form an alliance against Nazi Germany, Otalin's.agents were secretly in consultation With Hitler himself.. The result was a non- aggression pact between the two countries, under which the eastern half of Poland was recognized as a Soviet sphere of interest. The Nazis invaded Poland on September 1, .1939, and thus sparked off the most destruc- tive war In the history of man. By pre- arrangement, the Soviet Army marched in from the east. Soviet Foreign Minister, Molotov, speak- ing on October 31, 1939, boasted: -"One swift blow to Poland, first by the German Army, and then by the Red army, ,and nothing remained of this ugly offspring of the Versailles Treaty." a Bessarabia and the northern province of Bu sovina were acquired by the simple pro- cedure of massing Red Army troops on the Rumanian frontier, and delivering an ulti- matum that the Rumanian forces move out of these areas and be replaced by Soviet mili- tary units, and that all railways, bridges, air- fields, factories, and powerplants be handed over in good order. The Russians moved in on June 28, 1940, and by a combination of force and bullying, seized these territories, Another classic example of Sovietforeign policy in action occurred in Finland.' In the autumn of 1939 Russia demanded terri- torial concessions and attempted to obtain them by diplomatic bullying and threats of force. When, these maneuvers failed, the Soviet Government decided to. Invade. In. defiance of the. Russo-Finnish Non- Aggression Pact of 1934, an armed attack was launched on November 30, 19$. Fin- land promptly appealed to the League of Nations, and as a result Russia suffered ex- pulsion from that body. The Finns held out until March of the #Jollowing year, when they .Were compelled taMurrendei large areas In- eluding Karelia, in which was situated Vitpurt, their second-largest town. Further hostilities broke out in June 1941, and when qii armistice was signed 3 years later, the Soviet Union ha~, by armed ag- gression, acquired nearly 18,000 square miles-about one-eighth of Finland's total territory-and a population of nearly 600,000 people. Two-thirds of these chose to be re- settled in other parts of their country rather than remain under Soviet rule. The fate of the Baltic States, like than of Eastern Poland, was settled by the secret pact agreed by Hitler and Stalin in 1939. All three, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, had signed nonaggression pacts with the U.S.S.R. 4Speech to the Fifth (Extraordinary) Ses- sion, of the Supreme Soviet. Oct. 31, 1939. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE When the war broke out they gave way to severe diplomatic pressure and reluctantly accepted pacts of mutual assistance which gave the Soviet armies the right of admit- tance into their territory. Molotov, surely one of the most cynical statesmen in history, gave his assurance that these agreements "strictly stipulate the inviolability of the sovereignty of the sig- natory States, and the principle of non- interference in each other'Q, affairs. They are based upon mutual respect for the po- litical, social, and economic structure of the contracting parties, and are designed to strengthen the foundations for peaceful, net hbourly cooperation between our peo- ple." 4 Molotov said this when he knew that Stalin, by agreement with Hitler, had al- ready decided to annex these countries. When the Baltic States were finally occu- pied by the Red army in 194i, the peoples did not surrender without a struggle. Russia embarked upon a campaign of terror, execu- tion, andmass deportation which lasted for several years. Thousands of Estonians, Lith- uanians, and Latvians were dispatched to Siberia, and thousands more fled to West Germany and Britain. One of the most pathetic incidents reported was that 30,000 Estonians set out for Sweden in an armada of small boats, a venture which was esti- mated to have cost nearly 10,000 lives. The methods used in all three cases fol- lowed the familiar pattern-broken treaties, duplicity, and ultimatum backed by force. With the fate of Finland staring them in the face, the three tiny countries, with a total population of less than 6 million, had no alternative but to yield.' Rigged elections on the usual Communist lines took place, and the grisly farce was played out to the end when at their own request Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, their peoples, culture, traditions, and way of life, vanished behind the Iron Curtain. With the war over, Russia was not content to rest on her very considerable territorial ,gains. She began to export revolution in earnest. Trained Communist cadres, Soviet troops, and political police armed with an established technique for rigging elections, poured into eastern European countries. The principles of Potsdam and Yalta were speedily jettisoned, and many European statesmen had their first practical experience of Communist double talk and double think. Clauses in the agreements were distorted beyond recognition. "Democratic elements," for instance, was so twisted that it referred only to Communists and their sympathizers. "Fascists" and "reactionaries" became terms of abuse applied to everyone, even democratic Socialists, who resisted the encroachment of the Soviet Union. The Red army, which was deployed across eastern Europe, became the dominating factor. Its ranks were stiffened by Moscow-trained Communist leaders of all nationalities, together with units of political police. Before the dust of conflict had time to settle they began the task of systemati- cally destroying national resistance to Com- munist rule. One by one the eastern European countries were caught in the Soviet net. The tech- nique in each case followed the same broad lines; "united front" governments were formed in which Communists held the key positions, and opponents who could not be intimidated were promptly dealt with either by execution, deportation, or imprisonment. Rigged elections were held to give the process an appearance of legality. Whether these tactics would have suc- ceeded on, their own is doubtful.. In fact, Stalin took no risks. He knew that with Europe in its war-weary state he could use, or threaten to use, military force within the June 22 areas controlled by the Red army without fear of retaliation. The Communists themselves have openly admitted that Soviet army backing was an essential ingredient in the early postwar pre- scription for revolution. In March 1956 Miron Constantineseu, First Deputy Chairman of the Rumanian Council of Ministers, said: "The peaceful development of the revolu- tion was facilitated by the fact that at that period the Soviet army was stationed 'on Rumanian territory and ? * a by its mere presence paralyzed the action of the reaction- ary forces." 8 The Cominform journal of March 15th, 1949, carried the interesting admission that "one of the prerequisites of setting up the people's power in Poland was the liberation of Poland by such a revolutionary force as the Soviet Army." So the tide of Soviet Communism swept across Europe towards the western nations, then impoverished by the dislocation and destruction of war, and, in the view of Soviet economists, on the verge of economic col- lapse. In 1947 Stalin had reaffirmed his aims with complete frankness. The tasks of the Com- munist Party, he said, were: (a) To make use of all the contradictions and conflicts among capitalist groups and governments which surrounded our country, with the object of destroying imperialism. (b) To use all their strength and resources to assist the workers' revolution in the west. (c) To take all measures to strengthen the national liberation movement in the east. (d) To strengthen the Red Army.9 Among the factors which prevented the further immediate extension of Communist rule was the need to consolidate their hold on areas already dominated by Russian troops. Stalin at that stage was in no posi- tion to attempt military invasion of terri- tories occupied by Allied forces. Another important point was that Stalin's economic advisers were over optimistic. The threatened collapse of the Western democracies, although perilously close dur- ing the winter of 1947, did not materialize. Nor did the successful revolutionary upris- ings which Stalin confidently expected to take place in France and Italy, although there were political disturbances on a large scale. The United States, quick to see the danger, rushed in with massive economic aid through the Marshall plan and the European recov- ery program which, for obvious reasons, was bitterly opposed by Communists everywhere. This was a serious blow to Soviet ambi- tions. So was the speedy United Nations reaction to the invasion of South Korea In 1950, and the building up, of defensive alliances designed to prevent further Soviet attempts to annex other countries by force. Faced with more formidable obstacles, the most potent of which was the American pos- session of the atomic bomb, the Soviet Gov- ernment paused both to consolidate and strengthen their base, and to consider fu- ture strategy. So far great strides toward world domination had been made through a planned policy of bullying and repression. By use of military force and diplomatic pres- sure, aided by a willing fifth column in the victim countries, Communist rule was estab- lished over one-third of the world. Could these same weapons be used to con- quer the remainder? Not, the Communist leaders decided, without the risk pf provok- ing a major conflict. Tactics were therefore changed. As George Dimitrov, then Secre- tary-General of the Communist Interna- ? Cominform journal, March 9, 1956. ? Stalin: "The Party Before and After the Seizure of Power," Works, Moscow, 1947, Vol. Approved For Release, 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0 Approved for Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE 10363 e tional, and later dictator of Bulgaria, had espite of the facts Prof. A. J. P. ven at the time oX the Taylor could, which, in a reference ddle uprising, campaign in Southe st tAsiao the tMitrade put it: "We are sometimes accused of departing lie heard on television bracketing the Soviet East, stated: ation In this expan from our Communist principles. What stu- suppression of Hungary with the colonialism sion "Czechoslovak of trade is notpartici guided by purely prac- pidity, what blindness. We should not be of the British Government. will tical follows a Marxist and Leninist revolutionaries, nor The granted extensions of the demos atic carefulydrawn up in accordance withppo- if we es of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, if we were not capable of completely altering principle le of government have in themselves litical consideration." u our tactics and our mode of action as circum- strengthened the liberty-destroying forces of We would be extremely unwise to under- stances may dictate. But all the deviations, totalitarianism. Every one of the nations rate the potential strength of a group of and all the ins and outs of our tactics are now in or approaching new manhood had its powers with subservience at home and aided b agents al and industrial polit a directed to a single end-the world revolu- Inginf articular ct d w th aetouchyEach, easiilyewounded who areicconstantly pounding away atrt e tion:'io: . From this reappraisal of the position two pride, quick to resent and suspect even the economic stability of the free nations. art e Kremlin can of war instead of colonial power. Each had the a ages of war, imUnder portant se The rulers n of sthtime is not too circum cided to harness'the fear emerged. war itself to the Communist cause. So the and admittedly in some cases the neglect of afford to wait for their rivals to disintegrate nock- blow peace campaign, always an essential part peace, of u scr pu oushCommunist dp opa- beIfforthee was kmm nent the a would i Soviet 'strategy, assumed even n greater im- years portance. The worldwide propaganda ma- a- Banda which attributed every problem to the be some justification for complacency about chine went into action with the simple in- alleged rapacity of the previous overlords. the result. The truth, is however, that this us for struction-everything Russia does must be Stress was laid upon what the imperialists nwform of warfare will be the Russian ead. It is likely that depicted as a great magnanimous gesture for had taken out of these lands; very little was years peace. By contrast, the policies of the United said about what had been put in-the vast leaders are thinking in terms of 15 or 20 States, Britain, France, and Western Ger- capital sums, the technical know-how, and years, but they know what they are doing, and doin are g many must always be denounced as war- the dedicated efforts of thousands in this wish the de- had fought with blood, s of E and mod ahysth ld say the silt. I xiongthis way imperialism. Stalin, after his death and disease As we shall see in ensuing chapters, the foundat orance, their whole ad- tears the poverty, Ign layi are by Khrushchev and the whole Rusus- which were, and would have remained, an weH mB9 1 75 they hope to have achievedithe sian Communist Party to have been a insoluble obstacle to progress. bloodthirsty tyrant, became the leader of With their newly won freedom these na= complete coordination of all Communist peace lovers throughout the world. Through tions are battling against their own indi- countries, including China, into a single subsidiary or front organizations operating vidual problems and their political, racial, workshop directed and fed from the Soviet inside the democracies, the Soviet leaders and religious rivalries. To keep on the crest Union. Division of labor will be extended repeatedly appealed to the peoples of these of the 20th century wave of expansion in so as to ensure that each country is con- countries over the heads of their govern- Africa, Asia, and South America, all of them centrating on the type of product to which meats. One aim was to lead the free na- need more capital, more technicians, more it is best suited. If and when this reaches tions into a false sense of security. Thus, trade credits, better education, better health fulfilment, the ability of this group to `while' propagandists were attacking the services, and an adequate supply of consumer swamp selected markets with cheap indus- western manufacture of atomic and hydro- goods. If the tacticians of the Kremlin trial products will be frightening. Inflict gen weapons, glowing accounts were given of could have wished into existence own favorable coEven now a R cassia is in a po iai ears and on rom progress in Russia, where the concentration conditions in which to apply their was said to be entirely on the peaceful use print for power, they could scarcely have ce retaiin of our industries. business Is men from of. nuclear fission. Events have proved just thought of anything better than this new have penm testimony o the many Iron u mess s , and who how much truth there was in this version of postwar world. Soviet policy. Countries such as these are the natural have toured the uncommitted countries. The propaganda machine, together with victims of Soviet Infiltration. Unskilled in They have expressed grave concern, not only the industrial and trade attack, were deemed the arts of government, they are crying out at the Soviet trade ppotty being but at th e raditional already being lima as are Britain's t strides by the Soviet leaders to be the swiftest and for help and sympathy. These things they immenses - surest way of continuing the struggle for are getting, and will continue to get, on a constants raditio al below cost G produce power that began even before the war large scale from Russia. Small wonder that y oget n, kepia will r a foothold. against Germany and Japan was finished. Soviet trade missions and financial advisers ti on prices this order to This new emphasis becomes even more are swarming into South America and the While thi thick with slogans , t e designed t- intelligible when it Is appreciated that while Far and Middle East, offering prices and tinue to . with e s designedcto communism was engulfing and enslaving a terms with which the democracies will find and "ea the innocentcompetition" will coexi a al- third: of the earth, the Western Powers set it difficult, if not impossible, to compete. most eery Communist propaganda gure in react. and about liberating millions of subject peoples. Some commentators, while fully alive to Offers of economic aid, technical, Freedom and independence were granted to Soviet intentions and tactics, allow their mis- financial assistance without strings and, of India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, the givinge to take refuge behind the economic ssistant to help t strin s and in- Lebanon, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Syria, difficulties now apparent inside Iron Cur- course, a co dependence of tpeoples s"preserve theiin Lebanon, Jordan, Libya, the Sudan, Tunisia, tafn countries. These, it is said, seta severe de cardence of the will h be mMorocco, Ghana, and the West Indian Fed- limit on the ability of Russia and her sat- Khrushchev himself be made. can be relied upon to oration. ellites to meet the commitments which, for assure the world repeatedly, as he did i upon Some of these places are now trouble political reasons, they are cheerfully accept- v ember 1e55, that: spots which have been infiltrated by Soviet ing. So they do-for the moment, But mbe are 5ften aof trying to export agents and technicians. They are also areas Russian strategy is not based on this year Communist ideas accused other tryingit many whi"h, because of their economic impor.. or next; it is the ultimate strength of the Com stupid deal things are sed about es; * * us. tance, can be decisive in the struggles whisk Soviet bloc that must be considered. But.we have never forced on anyone, nor do lie ahead. At the moment the trade war is being we now force, our views on reforming As Spotlight, the monthly bulletin of the waged with an abandon that would be ruin- society." 12 International Confederation of Free Trade ous if judged by normal commercial con- To deduce that such statements indicate Unions, to which our own TUC is affiliated; siderations. only an empire built on indus- that Russia's new rulers are content to go summarized it in November 1957: trial slavery can consistently market its their own way and allow other countries to "Looking at the facts, we see that only products at less-than-cost price. Only a work out their own salvation would be Communist powers such as the Soviet Union system in which political opposition and criminal folly. The Soviet Union's export of and China are now engaged in an aggressive ordinary trade-union functions have been ides has not won over any nation to her campaign to enslave nations and even whole obliterated can achieve such concentration side, but her export of revolutionary force continents behind a smokescreen of anti- on heavy industry that immense production has gained her the whole satellite empire. colonialism and anti-imperialism. Indeed, increases take place without a proportionate Now that hhas, er for the moment at least, out- powers the time when the western colonial increase 'in living standards. Yet that is lived its usefulness. The other weapons . Th are being used. powers granted freedom and independence what is happening inside the Communist the Communist arsenal to 900 million people, the Communists have countries. The workers are paying heavily tome of them are old and trusteb, others are enslaved 900 million people and deprived for their leaders' ruthless determination to of more f date. These include the are them of their freedom and independence." undermine the free world. ploitation of nationalism in such areas, vital It is indicative of the help given to Russia Because of the great advantage enjoyedby to the western economies, as the Middle Est, by well-meaning but foolish people, that in totalitrianism, it is possible for Commu- offers of technical assistance to backward nist trade` to be conducted on other than 10 Speech to Seventh Congress of Commu- a commercial basis. A surprisingly frank nst International, Verbatim Report No. 39, admission of present objectives was made The Observer, Dec. 11, 1955. p;1846. by the Czechoslovak Statistical Institution Cominform journal, November 25, 1955. Approved For Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0 Approved For Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000,300110033-0 June 22 U004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE nations and economic missions designed to It would provide no relief to the tax- establish what are now called "client payers. Interest charges on the na- States"-countries which become so de- tional debt already total about $8.5 bil- pendent upon trade with Russia that they lion annually. cannot break away without risk of industrial Ilapse. Under the administration's proposal, A hard task confronts the nations Of the this figure would go still higher and free world. For 40 years communism has interest rates on cars, homes, and other progressed One thi th . ng at must be done commercial loans would follow right now in the new nations bent upon building along. their future is to tell the truth about Soviet Instead ofthis new giveaway, the Fed- history and its present methods and inten- -tions. We ourselves must know more about eral Reserve should be required to step what is going on both behind the Iron Cur- in and do its duty. tain and inside the vital industrial concerns The Federal Reserve is an agency of of our own country, the U.S. Government, and as such, It is The trade war is the kind of conflict to bound by the policy declarations of the which we. ought to be well suited. We have Employment Act of 1946. The attain- been tackling world markets for the last 200 ment of the goals of that act, maximum years with a great measure of success. We employment, have a wealth of experience behind us which production, and purChas- should stand us in good stead. g power, makes effective coordination Further, together with other democracies, of our monetary, credit, and fiscal poll- - we can, if 'we will, present a solid economic cies absolutely necessary. front which the Soviet empire will find it It seems absurd that we should be re- Impossible to break. All, these things we can quired to force theFederal Reserve Sys- do if we have determination based upon a tem, an arm of our Government, to co- sound knowledge of the threat under which we are living and working, operate with another arm, the Treasury This book is what in army terms would'be Department, in providing a sound morie- described as "an appreciation of the situa- tary policy. But it now appears neces- tion." How strong is Russia's present posi- sary for Congress to knock their heads tion and what is her potential power? Who together. We cannot permit the ruinous are her agents in the democratic countries policies of this administration to con- and how do they operate? What are their tinue. weakest points? What forces are at our .pia- '-rt. swering these questions I/shall draw an au- slowly strangled by the tight-money thentic and documented reports from Iron noose. Curtain countries, and on a great deal of The VICE PRESIDENT. The con- personal knowledge of Communist subver- current resolution will be received and aion inside industry and the trade union appropriately referred. movement. The concurrent resolution (S. Con. In the following chapters we shall see how Res. 50) was referred to the Committee the communist forces swung into action in places as far apart as Korea, the London Ori Finance, as follows docks and the British motor industry. I shall show how a meeting in Canada resulted in almost complete paralysis in Britains docklands, and how riots outside Parliament were directed from Prague. We are in the throes of a war which we dare not lose, yet lose it we will unless free peoples everywhere awaken to the danger, and unite in defense of the freedoms which have taken centuries to build, but which can be destroyed almost overnight. MANAGEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, .1 submit a concurrent resolution and ask that it be appropriately referred. This concurrent resolution, I believe, Is one alternative to the demand by the administration that Congress remove the statutory ceiling of 41/4 percent interest on Treasury bonds. The concurrent resolution would in- trllct the Federal Reserve System to "assist the Treasury Department in the economical and efficient management of the Public debt," The effect of this language would be to require the Federal Reserve to enter the Government security market, if nec- essary, to help hold down the interest Tate. This is one answer to the problem. It is my belief that it is a sound approach to clearing up the fantastically expen- sive fiscal mess into which this adminis- tration has plunged the Nation. Removing the statutory 4f 4-percent ceiling would provide, at best, only tem- pOrary relief to the Treasury. actions by a balanced interpretation of the policy objectives of the Employment Act of 1946 (including maximum possible price sta- bility); and that, to the maximum extent consistent With the requirements of a sound monetary policy, it should at all times util- ize the monetary means and tools that will best assist the Treasury Department in the economical and efficient management of the public debt. AMENDMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934, RELATING TO COM- MUNITY ANTENNA TELEVISION SYSTEMS-AMENDMENT Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, on May 7 of this year I Introduced Senate bill 1886, a measure designed to include in one, integrated bill the proposals of the Fed- eral Communications Commission with respect to community antenna television systems and television booster stations. Since I introduced the original bill, I have spent considerable time studying the problem, and I have also received many letters from citizens of Utah and other States who will be directly affected by the provisions of the bill. I have like- wise reviewed the staff report submitted by the Special Counsel of the Inter- state and Foreign Commerce Committee on December 26, 1958. I have now come to the conclusion that the Commission's proposals, meri- torious as they are, must be strength- ened if the Commission is to be given the tools to encourage the development and maintenance of free local television in our smaller communities. I am sure everyone will agree that this is hi h a g ly Whereas the Treasury Department is desired Objective. charged with the responsibility of managing Also, I feel it is unfair to impose com- a national debt of over $285,000,000,000; prehensive governmental regulations on Whereas, under the existing circumstances, television stations while community an- the Treasury Department is unable tosm e - tenna television systems are not required age the debt except by paying p higher interest rates on each succeeding to adhere to any Federal standard of issue of its securities; public responsibility. Whereas the interest charge on the na- Therefore, on behalf of myself, and tional debt has grown progressively higher the Senator from Montana [Mr. MuR- and now stands,,,, at more than $8,000,000,000 RAY], I Submit, for appropriate reference, annually; an amendment to S. 1886, which I be- Whereas outstanding Government secu- lieve will make it possible for the Fed- rities are selling on the market at discounts up to 15 percentand more; eral Communications Commission to Whereas the removal of the 41/ percent foster truly local free televisi 4 , on systems, ceiling on long-term Government securities and at the same time allow for the de- Would bring at best temporary relief to the velopment of community antenna tele- Treasury Department; vision systems, or boosters, when local Whereas any further rise In the interest services are not established. rate level could be very harmful for the na- ,,,,_ _ Whereas the present difficulties of the FCC shall be required to deny licenses Treasury Department are due, to a very to community antennas or boosters- great extent, to a lack of sufficient coordina- and microwave facilities whose primary tion of the various components of our m one- tary, credit, and fiscal policies; Whereas the Federal Reserve System is an agency of the United States Government and as such, it Is bound by the policy dec- larations of the Employment Act of 1946; Whereas a much more effective coordina- tion of our monetary, credit, and fiscal pol- icies is absolutely necessary for the attain. ment of the goals of such Act; and Whereas maintaining orderly conditions in all sectors of the Government security market would be an essential first step to- ward a more effective coordination of such policies: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the Fed eral Reserve System, while pursuing its pri- mary mission of administering a sound monetary policy, should be guided in Its or boosters-in situations where the grant of the authorization would ad- versely affect the creation or mainte- nance of a regular local television sta- tion which would originate television programs. The VICE PRESIDENT. The amend- ment will be received, printed, and re- ferred to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPRO- PRIATION BILL 1960-AMENDMENT Mr. SPARKMAN submitted an amend- ment, intended to be proposed by him, to the bill (H.R. 7454) making appro- Approved For Release 2004/05/13 : CIA-RDP91-00965R000300110033-0