NATIONAL PEACE AGENCY ACT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP91-00965R000300180005-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 2, 2003
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: January 1, 1960
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For Reuse 2003/10/16 : CIA-RDP9 00965R000300180005-4
die models in the automotive industry is
reported to save manufacturers many
millions each year.
What does the future hold? The pres-
ent program covers the following broad
categories:
First. Wood quality: Better knowledge
of wood quality in standing timber will
enable more exact appraisal of value, and
form a basis for quality control in manu-
facture. Logs can be selected for highest
potential use; outstanding trees can be
selected for breeding of superior trees.
All this means better returns for the tim-
ber owner-public or private-and for
forest-based industries.
Second. Solid wood products: Better
glues and gluing techniques ; better and
less wasteful methods of producing lum-
ber and veneers; composite products of
wood with plastics, paper, and metals:
and improved boards made of wood par-
ticles will. make possible more profitable
new industries.
Third. Physics and engineering appli-
cations: Better knowledge of physical
and engineering properties of wood will
permit more economical use, and will
lead to radically new structural systems
and stressed-shelf types of construc-
tion for homes and other buildings.
Some Senators have seen the hyperbolic-
paraboloid structure at the Oregon Cen-
tennial Exhibition in Portland, Oreg.
This is one example of what can be
done with stressed shapes.
Fourth. Pulp, paper, and chemical
products: Only the surface has been
scratched as far as pulp and chemical
products from wood are concerned. This
is of tremendous importance since new
uses permit better forest management
by providing a market for thinnings and
low-quality trees. Already, laboratory
chemistry has provided knowledge of
chemical reactions which show great
promise. There remains the costly pilot
plant development of commercial proc-
esses. For example, the persent com-
mercial source of supply for one of the
main ingredients of nylon-furfural-
is considered inadequate for future de-
mand. Commercial production of fur-
fural and other important chemicals
from wood has been shown to be tech-
nically feasible.
The history of accomplishments and
a brief look into the future truly excites
one's imagination for the future of tim-
ber as a raw material. These develop-
ments will provide more jobs, expand
the tax base, and give a better living for
us all. It offers hope for new economic
life for presently depressed areas such
as the northern part of my own State of
Wisconsin. The staff of the Forest Prod-
ucts Laboratory will welcome all to the
formal celebration of the Laboratory's
golden jubilee on June 2, 3, and 4, of
this year.
I hope as many members of this body
as possible will take the first opportu-
nity to visit the Laboratory personally.
I can assure that they will meet a de-
voted, hard-working, and dedicated
group of scientists and supporting per-
sonnel. They would consider it a privi-
lege to tell Senators of their work and
their aspirations, and I am confident
they would find a visit to the Forest
Products Laboratory a thrilling and en-
lightening experience.
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I in-
troduce a bill which has as its purpose
the creating and prescribing of the func-
tions of a National Peace Agency.
The bill is a companion measure, at
least in its general purpose, to a similar
bill introduced in the House of Repre-
sentatives, H.R. 9305.
The purpose of this particular measure
is to deal with problems related to achiev-
ing peace through arms limitation agree-
ments, to developing international con-
trol and inspection systems to enforce
such agreements, and to applying scien-
tific and technical resources to promote
peace by eliminating or reducing the eco-
nomic causes of war.
Mr. President, the test ban negotia-
tions which are being conducted in
Geneva are a test of the willingness of
the nuclear powers to take practical
steps toward the avowed goal of total
disarmament. Progress has been made
toward a test ban agreement, but there
have also been some setbacks. Our nego-
tiations and indeed our Nation are chal-
lenged to show great patience and prepa-
ration in the face of technical, military,
and political obstacles in the path of
agreement. The outcome of the Geneva
test ban negotiations will, in large part,
determine whether meaningful progress
can be made in outlawing weapons of
mass destruction without jeopardizing
the national security of any nation.
The test ban negotiations, I believe,
have at least a better than an even
chance of being successful. We have
pursued lesser goals under greater odds.
One of the great problems impeding
progress now is the matter of developing
appropriate control measures to safe-
guard an agreement by insuring that vio-
lations are detected. It is this crucial
matter of technical controls that I wish
to discuss at this time, Mr. President.
Today I introduce a bill to create a Na-
tional Peace Agency to conduct studies
and research first, for the development
of international control and inspection
systems to accompany specific disarma-
ment or arms control agreements and
second, to promote peace and freedom by
eliminating or reducing the economic
and social causes of war. Such an
agency, in effect, would be a peace agency
in that it would deal with problems re-
lated to achieving peace through arms
limitation agreements and through the
development of the necessary control and
inspection systems to enforce such agree-
ments. Also it would provide for re-
search and development to solve the
problems of underdeveloped nations in
such areas as food production, conserva-
tion of mineral and water resources,
medicine and health, and education.
It is firm U.S. policy that all agree-
ments for the reduction of armaments
must include measures for controls. I
concur in this policy wholeheartedly.
Without such measures, agreements are
likely to be worth less than the paper on
which they are written.
Much time and serious consideration
have been devoted to the technical diffi-
culties in detecting and identifying
nuclear tests. Sufficient control appara-
tus is available to reliably detect aerial,
surface, and underwater explosions, but
there is still room for much improve-
ment. One of the greatest technical dif-
ficulties at this time is in establishing
adequate control apparatus to detect un-
derground explosions. More research is
needed.
During the summer of 1958, the West-
ern delegation met with the delegation of
the Soviet bloc countries at the Geneva
conference of experts to study the meth-
ods of detecting violations of a possible
agreement on the suspension of nuclear
tests. The experts concluded that with
the technology and instruments existing
at that time, 90 percent of the earth-
quakes equivalent to a nuclear explosion
of five kilotons or greater could be identi-
fied, but that the identification of the re-
maining 10 percent would be doubtful.
The negotiators proceeded to draft a
treaty based on these findings.
Mr. President, the conclusions of this
conference of experts have been discussed
by me and other members of the Senate
at some length, and I shall not deal with
them in detail here.
In January of last year the United
States presented new data on the detec-
tion and identification of underground
explosions to the effect that it is more
difficult to identify such explosions than
was previously believed. The Soviets re-
jected this new data. They refused to
give objective consideration to it. The
effect of the Soviet action was to bog
down the negotiations on the matter of
technical controls. If allowed to con-
tinue, the disagreement between the
United States and Soviet scientists could
scuttle chances for reaching an agree-
ment.
One positive effect of the new data has
been to prompt further research and
study on detection methods. Already
new methods have been developed, and
there are promising techniques for fur-
ther improvements. It is certain that
improvements can be made so that the
risk to the United States of entering into
a test ban agreement will not be signifi-
cantly increased.
I should like to say a few words, Mr.
President, about the matter of risks.
The fact that a 100 percent foolproof
detection system has not been devised is
being held up by some as a great bugaboo
to nullify sincere efforts to achieve an
adequately controlled treaty. Those
who are skeptical about the degree of
perfection in a control system refuse to
recognize the fact that the risks in-
volved in a less than perfect control sys-
tem are not so great as the risks involved
in standing idly by and allowing the
negotiations to collapse. As President
Eisenhower pointed out recently, even
the most carefully elaborated disarma-
ment agreements are likely to entail
some risks of evasion, "but one must
ponder, in reaching decisions on the very
complex and difficult subject of arms
control, the enormous risks entailed if
reasonable steps are not taken to curb
the international competition in arma-
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19;2
ments and to move effectively
direction of disarmament."
CONGRESSIONAL
We must recognize that no system can
be made absolutely perfect or foolproof.
But knowing that perfection is not
attainable does not mean that we would
be relying on good faith in any test ban
agreement. We are attempting to con-
struct a control system that will deter
a violator because he can never be sure
that he will not get caught. This is the
principle of detterence. In other words,
Mr. President, we must neither belittle
the new scientific data nor conclude
rashly that an effective control system is
impossible. We must make whatever
improvements are deemed feasible and
warranted to set up an effective control
system. Our Government is doing the
best it can, under the handicap of work-
ing on a limited basis, to effect the
necessary improvements.
At present, research on control sys-
tems is being conducted under the
auspices of the AEC, the Department of
Defense, and the President's Science Ad-
visory Committee. It is important to
note, that, although we have placed
great emphasis on the matter of con-
trols, none of these agencies is con-
cerned primarily with developing control
systems. This is indicative of the kind
of temporary and ofttimes makeshift
preparations which I have often scored
on the floor of the Senate. Mr. Pres-
ident, as long as I have been associated
with the disarmament problems-back
to 1955-the United States has not once
entered negotiations adequately pre-
pared. At this time, existing govern-
mental machinery for the development
of technology for peace is sorely
inadequate.
In the military field, we have geared
ourselves to keep pace with the rapid
advance of technology. Technological
and scientific progress in the past two
decades have prompted a complete revo-
lution of the nature of warfare and of
the instruments and methods of war.
To equal the challenge of this-the age
of space and pentomic warfare-we are
spending almost two-thirds of our an-
nual national budget on defense, and a
very significant portion of this amount
is for research, test, evaluation, and de-
velopment of newer and better facilities
for destruction. This drive of the great
powers of the world to keep pace with
technological innovations in the mili-
tary sphere is a key reason for the pres-
ent armaments stalemate, for the inter-
national unrest, and, what is more, for
the need to exert greater technical and
scientific efforts for peace.
Mr. President, this is why I am today
proposing an Agency to marshall the
scientific talent of our country, to draw
upon its technical resources, and to make
greater strides toward the development
of an effective and workable world se-
curity system. The Agency I am pro-
posing would operate just as existing
independent agencies in reporting di-
rectly to the President. Due to the
nature of its work, it will work very
closely with the Department of State,
the Department of Defense, the Atomic
Energy Commission, and other agencies.
As I pointed out earlier, the basic ob-
jectives of this Agency will be to deal
with problems related to achieving peace
through arms limitation agreements, to
developing international control and in-
spection systems. In general, its goal
would be to open the way to disarma-
ment agreements through the develop-
ment of means and methods of safe-
guarding such agreements.
Briefly, Mr. President, I would like to
review just what it is that the United
States is seeking in the area of disarma-
ment or arms control so that as I list
the kinds of programs this new Agency
would undertake, it will be clear that
the work of the Agency would be to
implement the goals which we have al-
ready declared. Our disarmament goals
consist of the following points: First,
discontinuance of nuclear weapons tests;
second, prevention of surprise attack;
third, prohibition of fissionable material
production for weapons purposes;
fourth, transfer of fissionable material
from weapons to peaceful purposes;
fifth, reduction of armed forces; sixth,
transfer of selected armaments to inter-
national depots; seventh, prohibition of
the transfer of nuclear weapons to other
countries; eighth, establishment of a
committee to study ways to insure that
objects sent into outer space will be used
exclusively for peaceful and scientific
purposes; and ninth, the grant of au-
thority to an international agency to
study the control of the export and im-
portation of armaments.
The National Peace Agency which I
am proposing would undertake programs
for research and development relating to
overall problems of disarmament, arms
limitations, and inspection and control
systems. More specifically, it would con-
duct programs for the development of
systems for monitoring nuclear tests, for
monitoring, detecting, and identifying
missile and satellite tests, and for the
development of techniques for aerial re-
eonnissance inspections.
It would develop new analytic organi-
zations to generate new ideas and con-
cepts applicable to systems and tech-
niques for arms limitation, and to con-
duct general disarmament studies.
Furthermore, Mr. President, this
Agency would undertake programs for
the support of studies and research on
such projects as the following: First,
techniques for limiting the use of space
for military purposes; second, tech-
niques associated with communications
systems for inspection purposes; third,
techniques relating to conventional arm-
ament inspection and detection systems;
fourth, inspection techniques involved in
limited warfare situations; fifth, surprise
attack detection systems; sixth, moni-
toring techniques appropriate to the sub-
marine problem; seventh, legal aspects
of national sovereignty extended to the
space domain and freedom of the seas,
insofar as they contribute to the possi-
bility of war; eighth, analyses of the ef-
fects of disarmament agreements upon
national economies; and ninth, scien-
tific and technical problems which con- of control systems, I would recommend
tribute to the possibility of war. its use. No such facility is available.
From the outline I have just given, I As I pointed out earlier, the Government
think it is clear that this Agency would is doing the best it can under present
be working within the context of the dis- arrangements.
February 4
armament proposals which we have put
forward. Its sole purpose would be to
further studies and research for the de-
velopment of the necessary safeguards
against violations of any arms control
agreement in which we might take part.
It is time that our efforts along this line
take on the characteristics of perma-
nency and all-out dedication. Our
thinking must be grounded in the best
technological and scientific knowledge
available. This is the only way we, can
negotiate effectively with the Soviets.
Mr. President, this is the kind of effort
I had in mind when I rose on this floor
and in various committees to urge the
passage of an appropriation to permit
the Departments of State and Defense
to jointly contract for special foreign
policy studies relating to disarmament,
weapons control, and possible technical
means for reduction of arms agreement.
I believe that this is the kind of effort
Dr. James R. Killian, the President's
former advisor for science and technol-
ogy, had in mind last July when he
stressed the need for more research on
the requirements for acceptable arms
limitations arrangements. He said:
In the Geneva conference on nuclear test
cessation and prevention of surprise attack,
we have seen that scientific and technolog-
ical considerations have an important bear-
ing on possible international agreements in
these areas. Without detracting from our
national ability and alertness to keep ahead
in military technology, we should seek to
explore every promising opportunity to ap-
ply science and technology to the solution
of the complex military and political prob-
lems associated with arms limitations.
I believe that this is the kind of effort
the Disarmament Subcommittee had in
mind when it reported unanimously:
The subcommittee is struck by the dis-
parity in the effort the world is putting into
thought and action for controlling and re-
ducing armaments and the effort going into
the development, fabrication, and buildup
of armaments. It strongly urges the execu-
tive branch to remedy this situation.
I believe that such an agency could
realize the recommendations of the
Berkner Panel, which pointed out the
advancement of the Soviet Union in
seismic research and recommended im-
provements in detection and identifica-
tion instruments.
Mr. President, I prize very highly our
system of government, including the use
of the minimum number of Federal
agencies for conducting the Nation's
business. I feel very strongly that the
proliferation of Federal agencies and
offices could seriously impair our na-
tional ability to conduct forthrightly
and promptly the affairs of Government.
On the other hand, I consider it a sad
reflection on the Nation to make ad hoc
arrangements in such a vital area as
disarmament. I have thought this mat-
ter over for some time and quite thor-
oughly. Were it possible to use some
existing Federal facility for conducting
studies and research for the development
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 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 1933
Present governmental machinery for
international arms control agreements
consists of the following: an ambassador
and a small staff presently assigned to
the Geneva test ban negotiations; Office
of the Special Assistant for Arms Limita-
tion in the Department of State, includ-
ing about 20 staff members; a section in
the Office of the Secretary of Defense
known as the Office for International Se-
curity Affairs, consisting of a small staff
of professionals with part-time assist-
ance from experts from the three mili-
tary services, and the temporary Joint
Disarmament Study, recently appointed
by the President. The study group con-
sisting of about 18 persons, is assisted
from time to time by the staff of the
Special Assistant to the President for
Science and Technology.
Although I will be the first to com-
mend all of these persons for their out-
standing efforts, I do not think this kind
of here-there-and-everywhere arrange-
ment is capable of producing the kind of
results we need. Considering all Gov-
ernment efforts, including its extra-gov-
ernmental assistance, in the area of arms
control, the total machinery boils down
to a small number of part-time workers,
and a handful of experts working on a
full-time basis. This is why I conclude,
Mr. President, that we have no single,.
special agency to explore and pursue
the technical problems of arms con-
trol and the paths to peace.
In view of the fact that we are a
peace-loving nation and in view of the
fact that we are perhaps closer to mak-
ing real" progress in the elimination of
weapons of mass destruction than at any
time before, I think it is time to make a
full-time, coordinated all-out effort for
arms control.
Peace is indeed the hope of the world.
If solid blocks are not laid now to curb
the arms race, our task will become in-
creasingly more difficult and our goal in-
creasingly more elusive.
Therefore, Mr. President, I propose
that we make a dramatic show of our
good faith and sincerity in establishing
a special agency to deal with the difficult
technical problems of arms control and
obstacles to our quest for a just and
lasting peace. I urge my colleagues to
give serious consideration to my pro-
posal, and I solicit their support and
suggestions.
From time to time, after the introduc-
tion of this bill, it is my intention to di-
rect my remarks to certain features of
the bill. This is a very comprehensive
measure. My colleagues will recall that
the Democratic Advisory Council made a
proposal along these lines. The proposal
of the Democratic Advisory Council is
very comprehensive and all-embracing.
I believe it merits sincere and serious
consideration in the Congress.
I introduced this particular proposal
because of the need for emphasis on
peace by this Government-not peace as
a byproduct of defense or as a byproduct
of the State Department, but, rather, as
a concerted, determined effort by the
Government of the United States to
dramatize our sincere dedication to the
cause of a just and enduring peace.
I note the presence of the distinguished
Senator from West Virginia [Mr. RAN-
DOLPH], who, sometime ago, addressed
himself to this very subject and gave
one of the most inspiring and at the
same time one of the most informative
addresses I have heard on the subject
of a national policy directed toward the
attainment of peace with justice and
freedom.
Mr. President, none of us has a mo-
nopoly on these matters. The best we
can do is make a sincere approach and
a concentrated effort. My efforts, late
as they are being made tonight, have
for their purpose the placing before the
Senate of this particular proposal, seek-
ing suggestions, seeking amendments,
seeking alterations that might improve
the bill.
From time to time, as I have indicated,
I shall offer suggestions in the form of
addresses before the Senate or some
other place in our country, where we
can promote public attention and a sin-
cere consideration of this vital propo-
sition.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the text of the bill be printed
in the RECORD at the conclusion of my
remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred; and, without objection, the bill
will be printed in the RECORD.
The bill (S. 2989) to create and pre-
scribe the functions of a National Peace
Agency, introduced by Mr. HUMPHREY,
was received, read twice by its title, and
referred to the Committee on Foreign
Relations, as follows:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled,
SHORT TITLE
SECTION 1. This Act may be cited as the
"National Peace Agency Act".
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
SEC. 2. It is the purpose of this Act to deal
with problems related to achieving peace
through arms limitation agreements, to de-
veloping international control and inspec-
tion systems to enforce such agreements,
and to applying scientific and technical re-
sources to promote peace by eliminating or
reducing the economic causes of war.
CREATION AND FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL PEACE
AGENCY
SEC. 3. There is hereby established the Na-
tional Peace Agency (hereinafter called the
"Agency"). The Agency shall undertake
programs to carry out the purpose of this
Act, including, among others, programs-
(1) for research and development bear-
ing upon the science and technology of
nuclear test monitoring,
(2) for design, engineering and testing of
experimental systems for monitoring nuclear
tests,
(3) for research and development relating
to systems and instruments for detecting
and identifying missile and satellite tests,
(4) for design, engineering and testing of
experimental systems for monitoring missile
and satellite tests,
(5) for development and testing of satel-
lites for monitoring nuclear tests in cosmic
space,
(6) for research and development In the
techniques of aerial reconnaissance inspec-
tion,
(7) for research and development relating
to overall problems of disarmament, arms
limitations, and inspection and control sys-
tems.
(8) for development and application
of communications and advanced computer
techniques for analyzing the problems in-
volved in inspection of national budgets and
economic indicators as they bear upon dis-
armament inspection systems.
(9) for development of new analytic or-
ganziations to-
(A) apply the techniques of operations
research to peace problems in the same way
that "war gaming" Is conducted for the
military problems,
(B) generate new ideas and concepts ap-
plicable to systems and techniques for arms
limitation,
(C) conduct general disarmament studies.
(10) for support of studies and research
on projects such as-
(A) techniques for limiting the use of
space for military purposes,
(B) techniques associated with communi-
cations systems for inspection purposes,
(C) techniques relating to conventional
armament inspection and detection systems,
(D) Inspection techniques involved in
limited warfare situations,
(E) surprise attack detection systems,
(F) monitoring techniques appropriate to
the submarine problem,
(G) legal aspects of national sovereignty
extended to the space domain and freedom
of the seas, insofar as they contribute to
the possibility of war,
(H) analyses of the effects of disarma-
ment agreements upon national economies,
and
(1) scientific and technical problems
which contribute to the possibility of war.
(11) to investigate on a continuing basis
the broad aspects of the effects of radiation
upon man,
(12) for research on educational tech-
niques aimed at rendering underdeveloped
nations less technologically dependent,
(13) for research and development on
problmes of underdeveloped nations insofar
as they contribute to international instabil-
ity said tensions in such areas as food pro-
duction, conservation of mineral and water
resources (including desalination of sea and
brackish water), practical power-generating
systems and medicine and health.
LABORATORY FOR PEACE
SEC. 4. The Director of the Agency shall
establish in the Agency a Laboratory for
Peace through which the Agency shall de-
velop and administer its research and study
programs. In carrying on such programs the
Agency shall enter into contracts with educa-
tional and research institutions within the
United States and abroad with a view to
obtaining the benefits of scientific and in-
tellectual resources, wherever located in the
world.
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER AGENCIES
SEC. 5. The President shall establish proce-
dure designed to insure that the Agency will
carry out its functions in close collaboration
with the other agencies of the Government,
but without duplicating the efforts of any
such agency. Such procedures shall also
provide that information available to other
agencies will be made available to the Na-
tional Peace Agency, and shall prescribe
other means by which other agencies of the
Government may support the efforts of the
National Peace Agency.
DIRECTOR AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE AGENCY
SEC. 6. (a) The Agency shall be headed by
a Director, who shall be appointed by the
President by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate, and shall receive compen-
sation at the rate of $22,500 per annum.
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Under the supervision and direction of the
President, the Director shall be responsible
for the exercise of all powers and the dis-
charge of all duties of the Agency, and shall
have authority and control over all personnel
and activities thereof.
(b) There shall be in the Agency a Deputy
Director, who shall be appointed by the
President by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, shall receive compensation
at the rate of $21,500 per annum, and shall
perform such duties and exercise such powers
as the Director may prescribe. The Deputy
Director shall act for, and exercise the powers
of, the Director during his absense or dis-
ability.
ADMINISTRATION
SEC. 7. (a) In the performance of its func-
tions the Agency is authorized-
(1) to make, promulgate, issue, rescind,
and amend rules and regulations governing
the manner of its operations and the exercise
of the powers vested in it by law;
(2) to appoint and fix the compensation of
such officers and employees as may be neces-
sary to carry out such functions. Such of-
ficers and employees shall be appointed in
accordance with the civil-service laws and
their compensation fixed in accordance with
the Classification Act of 1949;
(3) to accept unconditional gifts or dona-
tions of services, money, or property, real,
personal, or mixed, tangible or intangible;
(4) without regard to section 3648 of the
Revised Statutes, as amended (31 U.S.C.
529), to enter into and perform such con-
tracts, leases, cooperative agreements, or
other transactions as may be necessary in
the conduct of its work and on such terms
as it may deem appropriate, with any agency
or instrumentality of the United States, or
with any State, territory, or possession, or
with any political subdivision thereof, or
with any person, firm, association, corpora-
tion, or educational institution, To the
maximum extent practicable and consistent
with the accomplishment of the purpose of
this Act, such contracts, leases, agreements,
and other transactions shall be allocated by
the Director in a manner which will enable
small business concerns to participate equi-
tably and proportionately in the conduct of
the work of the Agency;
(6) to use, with their consent, the services,
equipment, personnel, and facilities of Fed-
eral and other agencies with or without
reimbursement, and on a similar basis to
cooperate with other public and private
agencies and instrumentalities in the use
of services, equipment, and facilities. Each
department and agency of the Federal Gov-
ernment shall cooperate fully with the
Agency in making its services, equipment,
personnel, and facilities available to the
Agency, and any such department or agency
is authorized, notwithstanding any other
provision of law, to transfer to or to receive
from the Agency, without reimbursement,
supplies and equipment other than admin-
istrative supplies or equipment;
(6) to appoint such advisory committees
as may be appropriate for purposes of con-
sultation and advice to the Agency in the
performance of its functions;
(7) to establish within the Agency such
offices and procedures as may be appropriate
to provide for the greatest possible coordi-
nation of its activities under this Act with
related activities being carried on by other
public and private agencies and organiza-
tions;
(8) when determined by the Director to
be necessary, and subject to such security
investigations as he may determine to be
appropriate, to employ aliens without regard
to statutory provisions prohibiting payment
of compensation to aliens;
(9) to employ retired commissioned of-
ficers of the Armed Forces of the United
States and compensate them at the rate
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
established for the positions occupied by
them within the administration, subject
only to the limitations in pay set forth in
section 212 of the Act of June 30, 1932, as
amended (5 U.S.C. 59a); and
(10) with the approval of the President, to
enter into cooperative agreements under
which members of Army, Navy, Air Force,
and Marine Corps may be detailed by the
appropriate Secretary for services in the per-
formance of functions under this Act to the
same extent as that to which they might
be lawfully assigned in the Department of
Defense.
INFORMATION AND SECURITY
SEC. 8. In order to promote the free flow
and exchange of new ideas and concepts in
the new technology of peace research and
development, the Agency shall, so far as pos-
sible, have all research efforts of the Agency
performed in subject matter not requiring
classification for security purposes. Nothing
in this Act shall be deemed to change or
modify security procedures or to exempt per-
sonnel of the Agency from being required to
obtain security clearance before obtaining
classified information.
STRENGTHENING THE WORLD
COURT
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, it is
indeed heartening to note the increasing
support for my resolution to repeal the
self-judging reserve clause contained in
our acceptance of jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice.
One of the West's most distinguished
journals, the San Francisco Chronicle,
has published a lead editorial giving
strong support to repeal of this provision.
I particularly want to underline one brief
section of this thoughtful editorial:
This veto power puts the United States in
the odd position of acting as its own judge
in various cases submitted to the World
Court. This obviously weakens the Court's
power and diminishes its stature. It like-
wise opens to doubt and question the sin-
cerity of U.S. affirmations in behalf of inter-
national law. ? ? * The reservation is super-
fluous and worse than useless in that it is
serving both the Nation and the cause of
international justice extremely ill.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this editorial from the San
Francisco Chronicle of January 28 be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GO THE WHOLE WAY INTO WORLD COURT
Secretary of State Herter and Attorney
General Rogers appeared before the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee yesterday to
open the administration fight for repeal of
the so-called Connally amendment-an un-
fortunate reservation that throws a long
shadow over this Nation's advocacy of the
rule of law in international affairs.
The amendment was put forward by the
late Senator Tom Connally, of Texas, in 1946
when the United States accepted the juris-
diction of the International Court of Justice,
then newly set up by the United Nations.
It reserved to the United States the right to
decide for itself whether a matter lies within
domestic jurisdiction and beyond that of the
World Court.
As President Eisenhower has noted in twice
urging its repeal, this veto power puts the
United States in the odd position of acting
as its own judge in various cases submitted
to the World Court. This obviously weakens
the court's power and diminishes its stat-
ure. It likewise opens to doubt and ques-
February 4
tion the sincerity of U.S. affirmations in be-
half of international law.
In testifying yesterday, both administra-
tion spokesmen observed that repeal of the
reservation would greatly enhance U.S. pres-
tige. Secretary Herter added that the reser-
vation is utterly inconsistent with American
policy for the settlement of international
disputes and constitutes an untenable re-
striction on our participation in the World
Court.
Persistent fears that repeal would permit
foreign control of purely domestic matters
were termed a "misapprehension" by the
witnesses. Domestic issues, they said, are
clearly beyond jurisdiction of the court.
Secretary Herter observed that even if such
matters as immigration, tariffs, and the Pan-
ama Canal should come under the court's
scrutiny, U.S. policy and actions are such
that this country need never fear impartial
international adjudication.
The case for repeal has become so plain
that President Eisenhower has twice in con-
secutive state of the Union messages called
for it with all promptness. The reservation
of the Connally amendment is superfluous
and worse than useless in that it is serving
both this Nation and the cause of interna-
tional justice extremely ill. The Senate
should forthwith forswear it and permit the
United States to adhere unreservedly with
other nations to this instrument of world
law.
POSTAL PAY
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
was grievously disappointed in the Presi-
dent's statement in his budget message
that he did not intend to recommend a
pay raise for postal and Federal em-
ployees. Instead, he stated that he was
recommending a study of existing pay
schedules.
In the postal service, the Post Office
Department had a Fry study in 1954 and
a departmental study in 1955 which re-
sulted in Public Law 68, a law that was
so perfect-we were told when we at-
tempted to amend it-that its perfection
would be marred by any type of amend-
ments. The law was sacrosanct. Utopia
in pay classification had been attained.
Now we are told by the Chief Executive
that more studies are needed. The only
thing I find wrong with Public Law 68
and the Federal employees' pay schedule
is that they do not provide sufficient pay
to meet the demands of the present-day
American standard of living.
But we are told that a study is needed.
I sincerely hope that the poorly paid pos-
tal employees do not attempt to pay their
rent or grocery bill with a joint commit-
tee study. I know that the landlord and
the merchant in Minnesota will not look
upon such a study as legal tender.
The postal employee under the present
pay scale receives less pay than the un-
skilled worker. Three Presidential ve-
toes have put his pay rate several years
behind that of his fellow worker in pri-
vate industry. Yet the President de-
clared:
Pending development and adoption of such
a comprehensive policy, a general pay raise
would be unwarranted, unfair to the taxpay-
ers of the United States, and inequitable as
among employees compensated under differ-
ent and unrelated pay systems.
As far as I am concerned, the premise
for the need for such a study has not
been fully established and, if inequities
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