LIBYA UNDER QADHAFI: A PATTERN OF AGGRESSION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP91B00874R000200060007-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 26
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 6, 2011
• Sequence Number: 7
• Content Type: MEMO

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
Central Intelligence Agency
Office of the Deputy Director for Intelligence
6 January 1986
NOTE TO: Jim Stark
National Security Council
Robert B. Oakley
Director, Office for Counter-Terrorism
and Emergency Planning, State Department
Attached is the revised, augmented and
consolidated White Paper. At State's request,
I am sending a copy to Bob Oakley and his
colleagues so they can look at it as early
as possible. I am told State will do nothing
formally with the draft until they get a go-
ahead from the NSC.
It is important that any changes be coordinated
with us so that we are in a position to defend
the full text, especially on the Hill. If there
are substantive additions or changes, please contact
then be reached at home
Robert . Gates
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Attachment:
White Paper
SECRET
25X1
.~'25X1
_.., .. . Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
Libya Under Qadhafi: A Pattern of Aggression.
Character of Libyan Policy
?Mu'ammar Qadhafi, a zealot with messianic pretensions,
seized power in a military coup in 1969. Since then he has
forcibly sought to remake Libyan society according to his own
eccentric revolutionary precepts. In 1979 Qadhafi declared Libya
a "state of the masses," ostensibly a direct democracy governed
by local committees but in reality a brutal police state enforced
by young radicals loyal to Qadhafi. At the apex of power in
Libya is Qadhafi, although he disingenuously claims not to be a
head of state, preferring instead the title "Leader of the
Revolution."
Qadhafi's ambitions are not confined within Libya's borders,
however. He fancies himself a leader and agent of historic
forces that will reorder Third World politics. His vision
provides both a motive and a rationale for providing military and
financial aid to radical regimes, and for undermining moderate
governments by supporting--or manufacturing--subversive groups
and abetting terrorists.
Qadhafi's aggressive policies increasingly have focused on
undermining US and other Western interests in the Third World as
he sees these as the main barrier to his radical and expansionist
goals. Qadhafi's commitment of political, economic, and military
resources in support of anti-Western activities worldwide is
surpassed only by the Soviet Union, its East European allies, and
possibly North Korea or Cuba. He is particularly hostile to
Israel and the US. His tactics include a mixture of threats and
support for terrorism, offers of cooperation, economic incentives
and intimidation, and outright military aggression.
Libyan Involvement in Terrorism
Qadhafi has used terrorism as one of the primary instruments
of his foreign policy and supports radical groups which use
terrorist tactics. Tripoli operates numerous training camps for
foreign dissident groups that provide instruction in the use of
explosive devices, hijacking, assassination, and various commando
and guerrilla techniques. Libya also abuses diplomatic privilege
by storing arms and explosives at its diplomatic establishments,
as occurred during the shoot-out at its embassy in London in
April 1984.
The main targets of Libyan terrorist activities have been
expatriate Libyan dissidents and leading officials of moderate
Arab and African governments. In almost all cases, the assassins
use handguns to kill their victims. Qadhafi generally uses
Libyans for antiexile operations; for other types of attacks-he
tends to employ surrogates or mercenaries.
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
The Libyan Government in 1980 began a concerted effort to
assassinate anti-Qadhafi exiles. By the time the first phase
ended in 1981, 11 Libyan dissidents living abroad had been '
murdered. Libya in 1985 sponsored five attacks against exiled
Libyan dissidents. Targets of these attacks lived in Greece,
West Germany, Cyprus, Italy and Austria.
Qadhafi has at least twice tried'to murder Libyan exiles in
Egypt only to have his agents intercepted by Egyptian security.
In the more recent attempt, a four-man Libyan team was arrested
in November during an attempted attack against a gathering of
exiles near Cairo.
Libya also has plotted antiexile attacks in the United
States. In May 1985, a Libyan diplomat at the United Nations was
declared persona non grata and 16 nonofficial Libyans were
subpoenaed to appear before a US grand jury in connection with a
plot to kill Libyan dissidents in four states.
Qadhafi also targets moderate Arab governments for their
refusal to continue the military struggle against Israel and for
their links to the West. There have been reports of
Libyan-backed assassination plots against such Arab leaders as
President Mubarak of Egypt and former President Nimeiri of
Sudan. For example those arrested after last November's
attempted attack on Libyan exiles in Egypt stated that Qadhafi's
target list included President Mubarak. Jordan's King Hussein
and Iraq's Saddam Hussein are almost certainly on Qadhafi's list
because of restored ties with Cairo and Washington respectively..
Qadhafi also has been implicated in plots to assassinate
other moderate heads of state. In September 1984 the Chadian
government uncovered a Libyan-sponsored plot in which a briefcase
bomb was to explode during a cabinet meeting chaired by Chadian
President Habre. More recently, Zairian officals thwarted a
Libyan-sponsored plot against President Mobutu in September 1985.
Libyan Links to Middle East Radicals.
Longstanding Libyan support for radical Palestinian groups
is growing. Qadhafi has provided safehaven, money and arms to
these groups--including the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine-General Command, the Fatah dissidents and the notorious
Abu Nidal Group. These anti-Arafat Palestinians focus their
terrorist activity on Israel and the occupied territories. More
recently, however, Libya's support has broadened to include
logistical support for terrorist operations. For example, Libya
provided passports to the Abu Nidal members responsible for the
attack-on the El Al counter in Vienna. The Abu Nidal Group is
particularly appealing to Qadhafi because of its track record of
successful terrorist operations. Abu Nidal's targeting of
moderate Palestinians and moderate Arab leaders is consistent
with Libya's antipathy toward participants.i.n the peace
process. According to Libyan press reports, Abu Nidal met with
-2-
UNCLASSIFIED
I Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
senior officials in Libya at least three times in 1985.
Libya is trying to improve ties with other regional
terrorist groups, especially the Hizballah in Lebanon, which
specializes in attacks against the United States, France and
Iraq. Qadhafi would also like closer links to Tehran's terrorist
effort. He announced a "strategic alliance" with Iran last
summer, which he probably plans to use as a foundation for joint
operational planning for terrorist attacks against various
regional foes. He also supports Egyptian and Tunisian
dissidents, including the Organization of Egypt's
Revolutionaries, who claimed credit for the ruthless hijacking of
Egyptair Flight 648 in November.
Libya also provided refuge for notorious international
terrorist Carlos, who headed a network of terrorists for hire.
His group was responsible for numerous vicious attacks including
the hostage-taking of OPEC oil ministers in Vienna in 1975.
Libyan Terrorism Against the United States
During the past 18 months, Qadhafi has made several public
references to expanding his terrorism campaign to.cover US
targets. In a June 1984 speech, for example, he told his Libyan
audience that "we are capable of exporting terrorism to the heart
of America." During a speech last September observing the 16th
anniversary of his takeover, Qadhafi remarked that "we have the
right to fight America, and we have the right to export terrorism
to them..." Qadhafi recently threatened in a press conference on
2 January to "pursue US citizens in their country and streets" if
the United States takes action in response to Libya's alleged
involvement in the Rome and Vienna terrorist attacks.
There have been several instances over the years of Libyan-
sponsored attacks against US interest. In addition to the
sacking of our Embassy in Tripoli in 1979, Sudanese authorities
uncovered a Libyan plot to blow up the American Embassy Club-in
Khartoum by planting explosives in stereo speakers. US personnel
also have been on Qadhafi's target list, as indicated by the plan
in 1977 to assassinate our Ambassador in Khartoum.
Radicalism in the Arab World
Qadhafi's foremost ambition is to dominate and unite the
Arab World. He frequently compares himself to Garibaldi or
Bismarck and has justified his use of violence against moderate
Arab regimes as necessary to achieve Arab unity.
Egypt, because of its peace treaty with Israel, is a special
target. Libyan agents have been active in Egypt since the 1970s,
and Qadhafi has offered support to various opponents of the
Egyptian government. In October 1981, immediately after
President Sadat was assassinated, Qadhafi called on Egyptians to
overthrow their government; within a week at Cairo International
Airport two bombs exploded that had been concealed-in luggage
unloaded from a flight originating in Tripoli.
-3-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
More recently Qadhafi has sought to embarrass the government
of President Mubarak and undermine the Egyptian economy. A
Libyan ship captained by a senior Libyan naval commando laid-
mines in the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez that damaged 18 merchant
ships in July and August 1984. In May 1985 the Egyptians
thwarted a plot by radical Palestinians backed by Libya to
destroy the US Embassy in Cairo with a truck bomb. Last summer
Qadhafi expelled over 10,000 Egyptian workers in Libya--
confiscating their savings and most of their belongings--in what
was in part an effort to place a greater burden on the strained
Egyptian economy. Also during 1985, Cairo captured several teams
of Libyan-supported Egyptian dissidents who reported that their
plan was to destablize the Mubarak government tough sabotage and
inciting civil unrest.
Sudan also is a priority target. Qadhafi has long offered
training and support to Sudanese dissidents and sponsored acts of
sabotage against the government of former President Nimeiri. He
was a major source of arms and money for southern Sudanese rebels
that began a guerrilla war against the central government two
years ago. In February 1983 the Sudanese, with Egyptian
assistance, thwarted a Libyan-sponsored coup attempt, and in
March 1984 a Libyan TU-22 bombed Omdurman, Sudan in a failed
attempt to destroy a radio station there that broadcast Sudanese
condemnations of Qadhafi's policies.
Since Nimeiri's fall from power Qadhafi has exploited the
resumption of diplomatic ties with Sudan to build a network for
subversion inimical to Sudan's efforts to establish a
parliamentary democracy. A number of known Libyan terrorists
have been assigned to the Libyan People's Bureau (Embassy) or
airline office in Khartoum. Qadhafi also has provided arms,
funding, training and probably direction to the Sudanese
Revolutionary Committees, a small group in Sudan dedicated to
establishing a government on the Libyan model in Sudan. In May,
a planeload of these dissidents arrived in Khartoum armed with
assault rifles.
Qadhafi also is working to expand his influence in the
countries of the Arab Maghreb. Qadhafi refuses to negotiate with
Algeria to determine the correct location of the Libyan-Algerian
border, which he disdains as a colonial creation. Perhaps
angered over President Bendjedid's moderation, Oadhafi reportedly
provides money to Algerian dissidents such as Ahmed Ben Bella.
In Tunisia, Qadhafi has long sought to bring down the pro-
Western government of Habib Bourguiba. In 1980, Libyan-supported
guerrillas attacked the southern Tunisian mining town of Gafsa;
when France offered its support to Tunis, Libyan mobs burned both
the French and Tunisian embassies while security forces stood
idly by. Following bread riots in Tunisia in January 1984
saboteurs originating in Libya dynamited a pipeline near the
Libyan-Tunisian border. In an effort to exacerbate social
tensions, this past year, Qadhafi expelled over 30,000 Tunisian
-4-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 1 _ I
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
workers and confiscated their property. In September, when
Tunisian newspapers attacked Qadhafi for the expulsions, a Libyan
diplomat attempted to mail letter bombs to the critical
journalists, but most were intercepted by Tunisian authorities.
Libya is staunchly opposed to the Middle East peace-process,
and Qadhafi is doing all he can to subvert it. In Lebanon,
Libyan arms and money have flowed to different militias and
Palestinian groups actively opposed to the government of
President Gemayel. Qadhafi has been especially eager to
undermine the influence of PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat because
Qadhafi perceives him as too willing to consider a negotiated
settlement with Israel. As a result Qadhafi has thrown his
support to radical Palestinian groups--including the Fatah
Revolutionary Council led by Abu Nidal--that advocate continued
war against Israel. Since 1981 Qadhafi has shipped these groups
items as prosaic as uniforms and as powerful as tanks and BM-21
multiple rocket launchers. In 1984 Libyan troops participated in
the Syrian-backed assault on Arafat's forces in northern Lebanon.
The Persian Gulf also is an arena for Libyan meddling.
Qadhafi has allied himself with Iran in its war against Iraq, and
has provided Tehran with T-55 tanks, anti-tank and anti-aircraft
artillery, ammunition, and even SCUD rockets. In addition Libya
provides arms and money to Kurdish separatists in northern Iraq
and to the antigovernment group the "Union of Iraqi Democrats."
In 1984 and 1985, Libyan agents attempted to disrupt the Islamic
pilgrimmage ceremonies in Saudi Arabia; in 1984 entire planeloads
of Libyan "pilgrims" were discovered to be carrying arms. Libya-
continues to enjoy good relations with and has provided support
to the National Democratic Front that operates out of Marxist
South Yemen against the government of President Salih in North
Yemen._ Although Libya restored diplomatic relations with Somalia
last May, Qadhafi has not severed his relationship with Somali
opposition groups he has long supported.
Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa
Tripoli views Black Africa as a Drincipal arena for forqing
a group of non-aligned, radical states that will strengthen
Libyan influence in international fora and confer upon Oadhafi
status as a world leader. Qadhafi's aggressiveness has been
strengthened by the propensity of the international community to
ignore his often blatant disregard for the sovereignty of small
African nations.
Chad, of course, is the most egregious example. In 1973
Qadhafi forcibly annexed the northern portion of Chad known as
the Aozou Strip. Throughout the 1970s Libya supported various
tribal and guerrilla groups in Chad in a bid to install a pliable
regime in N'Djamena. Having failed to achieve this indirectly,
in October 1980 the Libyan army invaded Chad and attempted to
impose a union between the two countries. The Libyan occupation
force withdrew in November 1981, but returned in 1983 when the
-5-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
pro-Libyan Chadian leader Goukouni Oueddei was ousted by current
President Hissene Habre. Only intervention by French and Zairian
armed forces confined the Libyan occupation to the northern half
of Chad. French forces were withdrawn in the fall of 1984, but
Qadhafi reneged on an agreement reached with President Mitterrand
and continues to occupy northern Chad with his army.
The drought-battered countries of the Sahel offer Qadhafi
many opportunities for meddling. Oadhafi continues to provide
arms and training to the nomadic Tuareg tribesmen in an effort to
undermine the governments of Mali and Niger. In 1983 Libyan
support was instrumental in bringing Thomas Sankara to power in
Burkina Faso (then Upper Volta), a country Oadhafi now refers to
as the "second state of the masses."
Qadhafi also is determined to topple President Mobutu of
Zaire. Qadhafi is motivated by hostility to Kinshasa's close
ties to the West, its recognition of Israel, and its support for
Chadian President Habre. Qadhafi also is aware of Zaire's role
as a leading producer of cobalt and other strategic minerals.
Tripoli provides training in sabotage and small arms to several
different guerrilla groups including the National Front for the
Liberation of the Congo and the Congolese National Movement.
Libyan diplomatic facilities in countries bordering Zaire are
centers of support for these groups.
Meddling in Latin America and the Caribbean
Qadhafi's determination to strike at US interests and to
spread his philosophy of revolution has led to a more aggressive
Libyan posture in Latin America. Although many governments and
groups in this region are wary of Qadhafi, some are willing to
accept,his financial and military support.
Tripoli views Nicaragua as its main base in Central America
and accordingly seeks to strengthen the Sandinista dictatorship
in Managua. In addition to several hundred million dollars in
economic assistance, Qadhafi has provided the Sandinistas with
light strike aircraft, helicopters, anti-aircraft guns, SA-7
surface-to-air missiles and launchers, and small arms. At least
several dozen Libyan military personnel are in Nicaragua. Libyan
support has enhanced the Sandinistas' ability to subvert
neighboring states. In addition, Libya provides arms and money
to insurgents in Guatemala and El Salvador, as well as the M-19
terrorist group in Colombia. During the past year Libya has
provided training, guidance, and funds to a key far-left
terrorist group to enable it to expand armed action against the
government of Chile.
Libyan agents have been increasingly active among the
Caribbean islands, especially since the summer of 1984. The'loss
of its People's Bureau in Grenada following the collapse of the
Bishop government in 1983 forced Tripoli to establish its centers
for subversion in other diplomatic posts in the region. Qadhafi
-6-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
UNCLASSIFIED
also has used religion as a cover for intelligence activities in
the area, sponsoring Islamic conferences in which the Libyan
participants often are intelligence officers or operatives of the
Libyan Revolutionary Committees. Leftist leaders from the
Dominican Republic, Dominica, Barbados, Antigua, St. Vincent, St.
Lucia, the French Departments, and elsewhere have also been
invited to Libya for "seminars" and paramilitary training.
Particularly worrisome is Libyan urging of leftist politicians to
undertake violent action rather than pursue legal means to
replace moderate governments in the region.
South and Southeast Asia
As elsewhere, Libyan diplomatic missions in this region
provide the infrastructure for Libyan subversion, disbursing
funds and arranging for the training of leftists and other
dissidents.
In South Asia, Libyan activities are focussed on the Islamic
states. No doubt reflecting his dependence on Russian arms,
Qadhafi is one of the few Muslim leaders who does not criticize
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Although Libya maintains
relations with Pakistan, it has also been involved with the "al-
Zulfiqar" terrorist group. Qadhafi in addition has provided
training and money to opponents of President Ershad of
Bangladesh.
In Southeast Asia, Qadhafi concentrates on Muslim
minorities. For some time he has provided paramilitary training.
to the small Muslim insurgency in southern Thailand. In the
Philippines, Libya continues to send assistance to the Muslim
Moro separatists on Mindanao despite a 1976 agreement with Manila
to cease such aid. New Caledonia, a French possession in the
South Pacific, has no appreciable Muslim population, but Libya
has nevertheless provided military training and some funding to
the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front, the group
responsible for most of the pro-independence violence on the,
island. Libyan intelligence operatives are known to be active on
other islands in Oceania.
The Erosion of International Norms
Qadhafi's subversion is not confined to those countries that
are the direct object of his ambitions. The international
community as a whole suffers from Qadhafi's disrespect for
international norms of behavior and accepted practice. Qadhafi
has abused diplomatic privilege for terrorist purposes, reneged
on international agreements, and blatantly used violence against
opponents. In addition, Qadhafi's support of terrorism,
regardless of his direct operational involvement in a given
terrorist act, helps legitimize terrorism as an acceptable -
political activity.
-7-
UNCLASSIFIED
it Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 1 __ I
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
Chronology of Libyan Troublemakin 1.979-85
December Italy/Austria. Passports used by Abu Nidal terrorists in attack
on El Al counter provided by Libya.
November Malta: Hijacking of Egyptair airliner by Abu Nidal
supporters may have involved Libyan support.
October Greece Libyan merchant wounded in Athens by two the victim had left Libya five y gunmen
years earlier.
September Tunisia Libyan diplomat smuggles about 100 letter bombs
addressed to journalists into Tunisia. Several
explode injuring two postal workers and causing
Tunisia to sever diplomatic relations.
May United A Libyan diplomat at the United Nations was
States: declared persona non grata, and 16 non-official
Libyans were subpoenaed to appear before a United
States grand jury in connection with a plot to
kill dissidents in several different states.
April West Germany: Moroccan citizen resident in the FRC since 1960
killed by Libyan, who was arrested at the scene.
West Germany: Anti-Qadhafi Libyan student killed in Bonn by
Libyan gunman who was arrested. The assassin also
wounded two German passersby, one seriously. The
victim had been a target of the Libyan regime for
at least two years.
Cyprus: Libyan businessman assassinated in downtown
Nicosia by an unidentified gunman. The victim was
the director of an offshore holding company and
was believed to be an opponent of the Liyban
regime.
March Italy: Libyan jeweler murdered in his shop in Rome. A
silencer-equipped pistol was left at the scene by
the assassin.
February Austria: Former Libyan Ambassador to Austria severely
wounded by two shots fired from a car outside his
home in Vienna. The victim had supported
Qadhafi's seizure of power in 1969, but he quit
his post in disgust at the regime in 1980.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
November Egypt: President Mubarak announces that four assassins
sent to Egypt by Libya to kill former Libyan Prime
Minister Bakoush had been arrested and forced to
send fake pictures to the Libyan Embassy in Malta
showing Bakoush apparently dead. Official Libyan
press sources then claimed Bakoush had been
executed by suicide squads sent abroad "to
liquidate enemies of the revolution."
September Italy: A Libyan exile was found gagged and strangled in a
hotel in Rome. The victim had been the subject of
Libyan requests for deportation to Libya.
Chad: Chadians discover plot to assassinate President
Habre with an attache case bomb. Evidence of the
plot, including photographs of the bomb, was
provided to the United Nations the following
February when Chad lodged a complaint against
Libya.
August United One of six Libyans awaiting trial for bomb attacks
Kingdom: in London in March, 1983 found shot to death in a
London apartment. The victim may have been
silenced by the Libyan government.
Belgium: A bomb wrecks a car parked in front of the. Zairian
Embassy in Brussels.
July
Belgium: A bomb exploded in the Brussels office of Air
Zaire.
Red Sea: Libya mined the Red Sea, damaging 18' merchant
ships of varying nationalities.
Greece: Two Libyan students found murdered in their
apartment in a crime reminiscent of Libyan
killings of anti-Qadhafi students in 1980 and
1981. The two were beaten, strangled, and gagged
before being shot twice in the back.
June Greece: Anti-Qadhafi Libyan editor of an Arab newspaper in
Athens killed by two men on a motorbike.
Greece: A Libyan-born citizen known to distribute anti-
Qadhafi literature at his store shot by a Libyan
employee of Libyan Arab Airlines.
ttay Libya: Jana, the official Libyan news agency; announces
"the Libyan masses have decided to form suicide
commandos to chase traitors and stray dogs
wherever they are and liquidate them physically."
III Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
April
United A bomb hidden in an unclaimed suitcase probably
Kingdom: unloaded from a Libyan airliner explodes at
London's Heathrow Airport, injuring 25.
Libya: A number of British subjects in Libya arrested on
trumped-up charges as hostages in order to
pressure British government during siege of Libyan
People's Bureau in London.
United British policewoman killed and 11 anti-Qadhafi
Kingdom: demonstrators wounded by gunfire from London
Libyan People's Bureau. After a siege, British
authorities found weapons and spent shell casings
in the vacated embassy.
United Four bombs explode in London and Manchester near
Kingdom: homes of Libyan exiles or at businesses frequented
by them. Over 25 people injured. Three other
bombs defused. Nine Libyan suspects arrested.
Sudan: One Libyan TU-22 bomber drops bombs on Omdurman,
Sudan, site of a radio transmitter used by anti-
Qadhafi oppositionists.
February Libya: Following annual Libyan General People's Congress,
the Libyan Revolutionary Committees announce that
all Libyan exiles must return to Libya or face
"the death penalty."
Libya: Libyan authorities take no action while a nob
burned the Jordanian Embassy in Tripoli.
Congo: Chadian dissidents ready to negotiate with
Government of Chad threatened in Brazzaville,
Congo.
August Upper Volta:
July Chad:
June West Germany:
Libya gave material support to coup in Upper
Volta.
Libya invaded Chad for the second time.
Occupation continues into 1985.
Eight Libyan students in West Germany, all members
of an anti-Oadhafi group, complain Libyan agents
are harassing and threatening them.
February Libya: Libyan General People's Congress warn-all Libyans
in exile to return home or face the "anger of the
Libyan people."
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
1982 No incidents known.
November Sudan: Several bombs explode near government
installations in Khartoum.
October Sudan: Planned assassination of visiting Chadian
official, Hussein Habre, failed when those sent to
conduct the operation surrendered.
Egypt: Two bombs explode in luggage being unloaded from a
plane coming from Libya via Malta.
August Libya: Two Libyan SU-22s that fired at US Navy F-14s over
Gulf of Sidra shot down.
July United Anti-Qadhafi Libyan student killed Ogden, Utah.
States:
June Sudan: Bomb explodes in front of Chadian Embassy in
Khartoum.
February Italy: Libyan gunmen open fire on passengers arriving at
Rome's airport on a flight from Algiers.
Prominent anti-Qadhafi exile was the target.
November United Anti-Qa1hf1 c L'b
i yan student brutally murdered in
Kingdom: London.
United Two children of an anti-Qadhafi Libyan poisoned by
Kingdom: eating peanuts containing thalium.
October Chad:
Libyan forces occupied Chad. Qadhafi attempted to
force a Libya-Chad union.
Gambia: Libyan subversion in Cambia caused break in
relations. Senegalese troops intervene under a
mutual defense treaty.
June Italy:
Anti-Qadhafi exile wounded in Rome.
Italy: Libyan exile killed in Milan within hours after
expiration of a deadline set by Qadhafi for all
Libyan exiles to return home.
May Italy: Libyan exile shot at in Rome. The arrested Libyan
gunman says he was sent by Libya "to kill an enemy
of the people."
.II Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
April
Greece: Libyan exile killed in Athens. His throat was
slit.
Italy: Libyan businessman found strangled to death in
Rome.
West Germany: Libyan exile gunned down in Bonn.
Italy: Libyan exile killed in Rome by two gunshots to the
head.
United- Libyan lawyer shot and killed in London.
Kingdom:
Italy: Well known Libyan businessman killed. The
arrested assassin said he was an enemy of Colonel
Qadhaf i .
United Two gunmen kill an anti-Qadhafi Libyan journalist.
Kingdom:
February Libya: Tunisian and French Embassies in Tripoli sacked
and burned by a mob while Libyan authorities took
no action.
December Libya: An estimated 2000 Libyans set fire to the US
Embassy in Tripoli. The Libyan authorities did
not respond to requests by the Embassy for
protection.
November West Two Libyans arrested with three suspected
Germany: Palestinians for an unspecified terrorist
operation.
i it Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 1 ..
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
April
Greece:
Italy:
Libyan exile killed in Athens. His throat was
slit.
Libyan businessman found strangled to death in
Rome.
West Germany: Libyan exile gunned down in Bonn.
Italy: Libyan exile killed in Rome by two gunshots to the
head.
United' Libyan lawyer shot and killed in London.
Kingdom:
Italy: Well known Libyan businessman killed. The
arrested assassin said he was an enemy of Colonel
Qadhaf i .
United Two gunmen kill an anti-Qadhafi Libyan journalist.
Kingdom:
February Libya: Tunisian and French Embassies in Tripoli sacked
and burned by a mob while Libyan authorities took
no action.
December Libya: An estimated 2000 Libyans set fire to the US
Embassy in Tripoli. The Libyan authorities did
not respond to requests by the Embassy for
protection.
November West Two Libyans arrested with three suspected
Germany: Palestinians for an unspecified terrorist
operation.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
7 JAN 1986
Libya Under Oadhafi: A Pattern of Aggression
Character of Libyan Policy
Mu'ammar padhafi seized power in a military coup in 1969.
Since then he has forcibly sought to remake Libyan society
according to his own revolutionary precepts.
Oadhafi's ambitions are not confined within Libya's borders,
however. He fancies himself a leader and agent of historic
forces that will reorder Third World politics. His vision
provides both a motive and a rationale for providing military and
financial aid to radical regimes, and for undermining moderate
governments by supporting--or manufacturing--subversive groups
and abetting terrorists. Oadhafi's aggressive policies
increasingly have focused on undermining US and other Western
interests'in the Third World as he sees these as the main barrier
to his radical and expansionist goals. Oadhafi's commitment of
political, economic, and military resources in support of anti-
Western activities worldwide is surpassed only by the Soviet
Union, its East European allies, and possibly North Korea or
Cuba. He is particularly hostile to Israel and the US. His
tactics include a mixture of threats and support for terrorism,
offers of cooperation, economic incentives and intimidation, and
outright military aggression.
Libyan Involvement in Terrorism
Oadhafi has used terrorism as one of the primary instruments
of his foreign policy and supports radical groups which use
terrorist tactics. Tripoli operates numerous training camps for.
foreign dissident groups that provide instruction in the use of
explosive devices, hijacking, assassination, and various commando
and guerrilla techniques. Libya also abuses diplomatic privilege
by sto.ing arms and explosives at its diplomatic establishments,
as occurred during the shoot-out at its embassy in London in
April 1984.
The main targets of Libyan terrorist activities have been
expatriate Libyan dissidents and leading officials of moderate
Arab and African governments. In almost all cases, the. assassins
use handguns to kill their victims. Qadhafigenerally uses
Libyans for antiexile operations; for other types of attacks he
tends to employ surrogates or mercenaries.
The Libyan Government in 1980 began a concerted effort to
assassinate anti-Gadhafi exiles. By the time the first phase
ended in 1981, 11 Libyan dissidents living abroad had been
murdered. Libya in 1985 sponsorea five attacks against exiled
Libyan dissidents. Targets of these attacks lived in Greece,
West Germany, Cyprus, Italy and Austria.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
A
 ? Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
Qadhafi has at least twice tried to murder Libyan exiles in
Egypt only to have his agents intercepted by Egyptian security.
In the more recent attempt, a four-man Liby-an team was arrested
in November during an attempted attack against a gathering of
exiles near Cairo.
Libya also has plotted antiexile attacks in-the United
States. In May 1985, a Libyan diplomat at the United Nations was
declared persona non grata and 16 nonofficial Libyans were
subpoenaed to appear before a US grand jury in connection with a
plot to kill Libyan dissidents in four states.
Oadhafi also targets moderate Arab governments for their
refusal to continue the military struggle against Israel and for
their links to the West. There have been reports of
Libyan-backed assassination plots against such Arab leaders as
President Mubarak of Egypt and former President Nimeiri of
Sudan. For example those arrested after last November's
attempted attack on Libyan exiles in Egypt stated that Qadhafi's
target list included President Mubarak. Jordan's King Hussein
and Iraq's Saddam Hussein are almost certainly-on Qadhafi's list
because of restored ties with Cairo and Washington respectively.
Qadhafi also has been implicated in plots to assassinate
other moderate heads of state. In September 1984 the Chadian
government uncovered a Libyan-sponsored plot in which a briefcase
bomb was to explode during a cabinet meeting chaired by Chadian
President Habre. More recently, Zairian officals thwarted a
Libyan-sponsored plot against President Mobutu in September 1985.
Libyan Links to Middle East Radicals.
Longstanding Libyan support for radical Palestinian groups
is grawing. Qadhafi has provided safehaven, money and arms to
these groups--including the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine-General Command, the Fatah dissidents and the notorious
Abu Nidal Group. These anti-Arafat Palestinians focus their'
terrorist activity on Israel and the occupied territories...'.?ore
recently, however, Libya's support has broadened to include
logistical support for terrorist operations. For example, Libya
provided passports to the Abu Nidal members responsible for the
attack on the El Al counter in Vienna. The Abu Nidal Group is
particularly appealing to Qadhafi because of its track record of
successful terrorist operations. Abu Nidal's targeting of
moderate Palestinians and moderate yrau leaders is consistent
with Libya's antipathy toward participants in the peace
process. According to Libyan press reports, Abu Nidal met with
senior officials in Libya at least three times in 1985. In
addition, Libya has provided training assistance and financial
support to the Abu Nidal organization, and there are reliable
press and other reports that its headquarters have been movea to
Libya. Libya is believed to have been involved in the bloclay
hijacking of Egyptair 648 (see attached paper on Abu Nidal).
-2-
UNCLASSIFIED
;;~ Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
Libya is trying to improve ties with other regional
terrorist groups, especially the Hizballah in Lebanon, which
specializes in attacks against the United States, France and
Iraq. Qadhafi would also like closer links to Tehran's terrorist
effort. He announced a "strategic alliance" with Iran last
summer, which he probably plans to use as a foundation for joint
operational planning for terrorist attacks against various
regional foes. He also supports Egyptian and Tunisian
dissidents.
Libya also provided refuge for notorious international
terrorist Carlos, who headed a network of terrorists for hire.
His group was responsible for numerous vicious attacks including
the hostage-taking of OPEC oil ministers in Vienna in 1975.
Libyan Terrorism Against the United States
During the past 18 months, Oadhafi has made several public
references to expanding his terrorism campaign to cover US
targets. In a June 1984 speech, tor example, he told his Libyan
audience that "we are capable of exporting terrorism to the heart
of America." During a speech last September observing the 16th
anniversary of his takeover, Qadhafi remarked that "we have the
right to fight America, and we have the right to export terrorism
to them..." Qadhafi recently threatened in a press conference on
2 January to "pursue US citizens in their country and streets" if
the United States takes action in response to Libya's alleged
involvement in the Rome and Vienna terrorist attacks.
There have been several instances over the years of Libyan-
sponsored attacks against US interest. In addition to the
.sacking of our Embassy in Tripoli in 1979, Sudanese authorities
uncovered a Libyan plot to blow up the American Embassy Club in
Khartoum by planting explosives in stereo speakers. US personnel
also have been on Qadhafi's target list, as indicated by the plan
in 1977 to assassinate our Ambassador in Khartoum.
Radicalism in the Arab World
Qadhafi's foremost ambition is to dominate and unite the
Arab World. He frequently compares himself to Garibaldi or
Bismarck and has justified his use of violence against moderate
Arab regimes as necessary to achieve Arab unity.
Egypt, because of its peace treaty with Israel, is a special
target. Libyan agents have been active in Egypt since the 1970s,
and Qadhafi has offered support to various opponents of the
Egyptian government. In October 1981, immediately after
President Sadat was assassinated, Oadnafi called on Egyptians to
overthrow their government; within a week at Cairo International
Airport two bombs exploded that had been concealed in luggage
unloaded from a flight originating in Tripoli.
More recently Oadhati has sought to embarrass the government
of President Mubarak and under ine the Egyptian economy. A
Libyan ship captained by a senior Libyan naval commando laid
mines in the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez that damaged 18 merchant
-3-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 1 I .
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
ships in July and August 1984. In May 1985 the Egyptians
thwarted a plot by radical Palestinians backed by Libya to
destroy the US Embassy in Cairo with a truck bomb. Last summer
Qadhafi expelled over 10,000 Egyptian workers in Libya--
confiscating their-savings and most of their belongings--in what
was in part an effort to place a greater burden on the strained
Egyptian economy. Also during 1985, Cairo captured several teams
of Libyan-supported Egyptian dissidents who reported that their
plan was to destablize the Mubarak government tough sabotage and
inciting civil unrest.
Sudan also is a priority target. Qadhafi has long offered
training and support to Sudanese dissidents and sponsored acts of
sabotage against the government of former President Nimeiri. He
was a major source of arms and money for southern Sudanese rebels
that began a guerrilla war against the central government two
years ago. In February 1983 the Sudanese, with Egyptian
assistance, thwarted a Libyan-sponsored coup attempt, and in
March 1984 a Libyan TU-22 bombed Omdurman, Sudan in a failed
attempt to destroy a radio station there that broadcast Sudanese
condemnations of Qadhati's policies.
Since Nimeiri's fall from power Oadhafi has exploited the
resumption of diplomatic ties with Sudan to build a network for
subversion inimical to Sudan's efforts to establish a
parliamentary democracy. A number of known Libyan terrorists
have been assigned to the Libyan People's Bureau (Embassy) or
airline office in Khartoum. Qadhafi also has provided arms,
funding, training and probably direction to the Sudanese
Revolutionary Committees, a small group in Sudan dedicated to
establishing a government on the Libyan model in Sudan. In ,.lay,'
a planeload of these dissidents arrived in Khartoum armed with
assault rifles.
Qadhafi also is working to expand his influence in the
countries of the Arab Maghreb. Oadhafi refuses to negotiate with
Algeria to determine the correct location of the Libyan-Algerian
border, which he disdains as a colonial creation. Perhaps
angered over President Bendjedid's moderation, Qadhafi reportedly
provides money to Algerian dissidents such as Ahmed Ben Bella.
In Tunisia, Qadhafi has long sought to bring down the pro-
Western government of Habib Bourguiba. In 1980, Libyan-supported
guerrillas attacked the southern Tunisian mining town of Gafsa;
when France offered its support to Tunis, Libyan mobs burned both
the French and Tunisian embassies while security forces stood
idly by. Following bread riots in Tunisia in January 1984
saboteurs originating in Libya dynamited a pipeline near the
Libyan-Tunisian border. In an effort to exacerbate social
tensions, this past year, Qaanati expelled over 3U,"OU Tunisian
workers and confiscated their property. In September, when
Tunisian newspapers attacked Oadhati for the expulsions, a,Libyan
diplomat attempted to mail letter bombs to the critical
journalists. Several exploded, wounaing two postal workers and
-4-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
causing Tunis to sever diplomatic relations.
Libya is staunchly opposed to the Middle East peace process,
and Oadhafi is doing all he can to subvert it. In Lebanon,
Libyan arms and money have flowed to different militias and.
Palestinian groups actively opposed to the government of
President Gemayel. Oadhafi has been especially eager to
undermine the influence of PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat because
Oadhafi perceives him as too willing to consider a negotiated
settlement with Israel. As a result Qadhafi has thrown his
support to radical Palestinian groups--including the Fatah
Revolutionary Council lea by Abu Nidal--that advocate continued
war against Israel. Since 1981 Qadhafi has shipped these groups
items as prosaic as uniforms and as powerful as tanks and BM-21
multiple rocket launchers. In 1984 Libyan troops participated in
the Syrian-backed assault on Arafat's forces in northern Lebanon.
The Persian Gulf also is an arena for Libyan meddling.
Qadhafi has allied himself with Iran in its war against Iraq, and
has provided Tehran with T-55 tanks, anti-tank and anti-aircraft
artillery, ammunition, and even SCUD rockets. In addition Libya
provides arms and money to Kurdish separatists in northern Iraq
and to the antigovernment group the "Union of Iraqi Democrats."
In 1984 and 1985, Libyan agents attempted to disrupt. the Islamic
pilgrimmage ceremonies in Saudi Arabia; in 1984 entire planeloads
ot.Libyan "pilgrims"-were discovered to be carrying arms. Libya
continues to enjoy good relations with and has provided support
to the National Democratic Front that operates out of Marxist
South Yemen against the government of President Saiih in 'N'orth
Yemen. Although Libya restored diplomatic relations with Somalia
last May, Qadhafi has not severed his relationship with Somali
opposition groups he has long supported.
Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa
tripoli views Black Africa as a principal arena for forging
a group of non-aligned, radical states that will strengthen
Libyan influence in international fora and confer upon Qadhafi
status as a world leader. Qadhafi's aggressiveness has been
strengthened'by the propensity of the international community to
ignore his often blatant disregard for the sovereignty of small
African nations.
Chad, of course, is the most egregious example. In 1973
Qadhafi forcibly annexed the northern portion of Chad known as
the Aozou Strip. Throughout the 197Us Libya supported various
tribal and guerrilla groups in Chad in a oid to install a pliaole
regime in N'Djamena. Having failed to achieve this indirectly,
in October 1980 the Libyan army invaded Chad and attempted to
impose a union bet:aeen the two countries. The Libyan occupation
force,withdrew in November 1981, but returned in 1983 when the
pro-Libyan Chadian leaner Goukouni uueddei was ousted by current
President Hissene Habre. Only intervention by French.and Zairian
armed forces confined the Libyan occupation to the northern half
of Chad. French forces were withdrawn in the fall of 1984, out
Qadhafi reneged on an agreement reached with President Mitterrand
-5-
UNCLASSIFIED
I Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
and continues to occupy northern Chad with his army.
The drought-battered countries of the Sahel offer Qadhafi
many opportunities for meddling. Oadhafi continues to provide
arms and training to the nomadic Tuareg tribesmen in an effort to
undermine the governments of Mali and Niger. In 1983 Libyan
support was instrumental in bringing Thomas Sankara to-power in
Burkina Faso (then Upper Volta), a country Qadhafi now refers to
as the "second state of the masses."
Oadhafi also is determined to topple President Mobutu of
Zaire. Oadhafi is motivated by hostility to Kinshasa's close
ties to the West, its recognition of Israel, and its support for
Chadian President Hubre. Qadhafi also is aware of Zaire's role
as a leading producer of. cobalt and other strategic minerals.
Tripoli provides training in sabotage and small arms to several
different guerrilla qroups including the National Front for the
Liberation of the Congo and the Congolese National Movement.
Libyan diplomatic facilities in countries bordering Zaire are
centers of support for these groups. .
Meddling in Latin America and the Caribbean
Qadhafi's determination to strike at US interests and to
spread his philosophy of revolution has led to a more aggressive
Libyan posture in Latin America. Although many governments and
groups in this region are wary of Qadhafi, some are willing to
accept his financial and military support.
Tripoli views Nicaragua as its main base in Central America
and accordingly seeks to strengthen the Sandinista dictatorship
in Managua. In addition to several hundred million collars in
economic assistance, Qadhafi has provided the Sandinistas with
light strike aircraft, helicopters, anti-aircraft guns, SA-7
surfae-to-air missiles and launchers, and small arms. At least
several dozen Libyan military personnel are in Nicaragua. Libyan
support has enhanced the Sandinistas' ability to subvert
neighboring states. In addition, Libya provides arms ano coney
to insurgents in Guatemala and El Salvador, as well as the '4-19
terrorist group in Colombia. During the past year Libya has
provided training, guidance, and funds to a key tar-left
terrorist group to enable it to expand armed action against the
government of Chile.
Libyan agents have been increasingly active among the
Caribbean islands, especially since the summer of 1934. :r:e loss
of its People's bureau in Grenada following the collapse of the
Bishop government in 1983 forced Tripoli to establish its centers
for subversion in other diplomatic posts in the region. Qadhafi
also has used religion as a cover for intelligence activities in
the area, sponsoring Islamic conferences in which the Libyan
participants often are intelligence officers or operatives of the
Libyan Revolutionary Committees. Leftist leaders from-the
Dominican Republic, Dominica, Barbados, Antigua, St. Vincent, St.
-6-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
Lucia, the French Departments, and elsewhere have also been
invited to Libya for "seminars" and paramilitary training.
Particularly worrisome is Libyan urging of leftist politicians to
undertake violent action rather than pursue legal means to
replace moderate governments in the region.
South and Southeast Asia
As elsewhere, Libyan diplomatic missions in this region
provide the infrastructure for Libyan subversion, disbursing
funds and arranging for the training of leftists and other
dissidents.
In South Asia,"Libyan activities are focussed on the Islamic
states. No doubt reflecting his dependence on Russian arms,
Qadhafi is one of the few Muslim leaders who does not criticize
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Although Libya maintains
relations with Pakistan, it has also been involved with the "al-
Zulfiqar" terrorist group. Qadhafi in addition has provided
training and. money to opponents of President Ershad of
Bangladesh.
In Southeast Asia, Qadhafi concentrates on Muslim
minorities. For some time he has provided paramilitary training
to the small Muslim insurgency in southern Thailand. In the
Philippines, Libya continues to send assistance to the Muslim
Moro separatists on Mindanao despite a 1976 agreement with manila
to cease such aid. New Caledonia, a French possession in the
South Pacific, has no appreciable Muslim population, but Libya
has nevertheless provided military training and some funding to
the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front, the group
responsible for most of the pro-independence violence on the
island. Libyan intelligence operatives are known to be active on
other islands in Oceania.
The Erosion of International Norms
Qadhafi's subversion is not confined to those countries that
are the direct object of his ambitions. The international
community as whole suffers from Qadhafi's disrespect for
international norms of behavior and accepted practice. Qadhafi
has abused diplomatic privilege for terrorist purposes, reneged
on international agreements, and blatantly used violence against
opponents. In addition, Qadhati's support of terrorism,
regardless of his direct operational involvement in a given
terrorist act, helps legitimize terrorism as an acceptable
political activity.
-7-
UNCLASSIFIED
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
Chronology of Libyan Support for Tbrrorism 1980-85
December Italy/Austria:
November Malta:
October Greece:
September Tunisia:
May
Passports used by Abu Nidal terrorists in attack
on El Al counter provided by Libya.
Hijacking of Egyptair airliner by Abu Nidal
supporters may have involved Libyan support.
Libyan merchant wounded in Athens by two gunmen
the victim had left Libya five years earlier.
Libyan diplanat snuggles about 10U letter 'cants
addressed to journalists into Tunisia. Several
explode injuring two postal workers and causing
Tunisia to sever diplomatic relations.
United A Libyan diplanat at the United Nations was
States: declared persona non grata, and 16 non-ofticial
Libyans were subpoenaed to appear before a unitad
States grand jury in connection with a plot to
kill dissidents in several different states.
April crbst Germany: Moroccan citizen resident in the FRG. since 1960
killed by Libyan, who was arrested at the-scene.
Crest rmany: Anti-~adhafi Libyan student killed in Bonn ,y
Libyan gunman who was arrested. The assassin also
wounded two German passersby, one seriously. The
victim had been a target of the Libyan regime for
at least two years.
Cyprus: Libyan busines..nan assassinated in dcwntoan
Nicosia by an unidentified gunman. The victim was
the director of an offshore holding company and
was oeiievea to be an opponent of the Liloan
regime.
March Italy: Libyan jeweler murdered in his shop in Race. A
silencer-equippea pistol was left at the scene oy
the assassin.
February Austria: Former Lib an Ambassador to Austria severely
wounaed by two shots fired from a car outside his
have in Vienna. The victim had supportea
tnahafi's seizure of power in 1969, but he quit
his post in disgust at the regime in-1980.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
November Egypt: President Mubarak announces that four assassins
sent to Egypt by Libya to kill former Libyan Prime
Minister Bakoush had been arrested and forced to
send fake pictures to the Libyan h.]nbassy in ;Malta
showing Bakoush apparently dead. Official Lioyan
press sources then claimed Bakoush had been
executed by suicide squads sent abroad "to
liquidate enemies of the revolution."
September Italy: A Libyan exile was found gagged and strangled in a
hotel in Rome. The victim had been the subject of
Libyan requests for deportation to Libya.
August
July
Chadians discover plot to assassinate President
Habre with an attache case bomb. Evidence of the
plot, including photographs of the bomb, was
provided to the United Nations the following
February when Chad lodged a complaint against
Libya.
United one of six Libyans awaiting trial for bcmo attacks
Kingdom: in London in March, 1983 found shot to aeath in a
London apartment. The victim may have been
silenced by the Libyan government.
Belgium: A bomb wrecks a car parked in front cf the Zair'-an
&nbassy in Brussels.
Belgium: A bcmb exploded in the Brussels office of Air
Zaire.
Libya mined the Red Sea, damaging 18 merchant
ships of varying nationalities.
Greece: TWo Libyan students found murdered in their
apartment in a crime reminiscent of Libyan
killings of anti-Oaahafi stuaents in 198`1 and
1981. The two were beaten, stranglec, ana gagged
before being shot twice in-the back.
June Greece: Anti-Oachati Libyan editor of an Arao ne:?rsoacer in
Athens killed by two men on a motoroike.
Greece: A Lit~ian-Dorf. citizen knorm to distrinute anti-
Qechafi literature at his store shot by a Libyan
employee of Libyan Arab Airlines.
May Libya:
Jana, the official Libyan news agency, announces
"the Libyan masses have decided to form suicide
canmandos to cnase traitors and stray dogs
wherever they are and liquidate them physically."
j~ Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
April United A barb hidden in an unclaimed suitcase prcoaoly
Kingdom: unloaded from a Libyan airliner exploQes at
London's Heathrow Airport, injuring 25.
Libya:
A number of British subjects in Libya arrested on
trumped-up charges as hostages in order to
pressure British government during siege of Libyan
People's bureau in London.
United British policewoman killed and 11 anti-Qaahafi
Kingdom: demonstrators wounded by gunfire from London
Libyan People's Bureau. After a siege, British
authorities found weapons and spent shell casings
in the vacated embassy.
United Four bombs explode in London and Manchester near
Kingdom: homes of Libyan exiles or at businesses frequented
by them. over 25 people injured. Three other
bombs defused. Nine Libyan suspects arrested.
One Libyan TU-22 bomber drops bombs on Omdurman,
Sudan, site of a radio transmitter used by anti-
( dhafi cppositionists.
February Libya: Following annual Libyan General People's Congress,
the Libyan Revolutionary Committees announce that
all Libyan exiles mist return to Libya or face
"the death penalty."
Libya: Libyan authorities tare no action while a -^b
burned the Jordanian Embassy in Tripoli.
Congo: Chadian dissidents ready to negotiate with
Government of Chad threatened in Brazzaville,
Congo.
August Upper Volta: Libya gave material support to coup in Upper
Volta.
July Chaa: Libya invaaed Chad for the second time.
C;ccupation continues into 1985.
June :, st Gerrmany: Eignt Libyan students in [,,test Germany, all -em.oers
of an anti-canafi group, complain Libyan agents
are narassing and threatening them.
February Libya: Libyan General leople's Congress warm _all Libyans
in exile to return have or face the "anger of the
Libyan people." .
I Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
1982 No incidents known.
November Sudan: Several barbs explode near government
installations in Khartoum.
October Sudan: Planned assassination of visiting Chadian
official, Hussein Habre, failed when those sent to
conduct the operation surrendered.
August
July
June
February
Egypt: Two banbs explode in luggage being unloaded fran a
plane coming from Libya via Malta.
Libya:
United Anti-()adhati Libyan student killed Ogden, Utah.
States:
Sudan: Banb explodes in front of Chadian Embassy in
Khartoum.
Italy:
Two Libyan SU-22s that fired at US Navy F-14s over
Gulf of Sidra shot dawn.
Libyan qunrnen open fire on passengers arriving at
Rome's airport on a tlignt trom Algiers.
Praninent anti-Oadhafi exile was the target.
Novembe United Anti-Qadhafi Libyan student brutally murdered in
Kingdom: London.
United T.ao children of an anti-CCadhafi Libyan poisoned by
Kingdom: eating peanuts containing thalium. ?.
October Chad: Libyan forces occupied Chad. Qadhafi attempted to
force a Libya-Chad union.
Gambia: Libyan subversion in Gambia caused break in
relations. Senegalese troops intervene under a
rutual cetense treaty.
June Italy:
Italy:
May Italy:
Anti-(:edhafi exile wounaed in Rome.
Libyan exile killea in :Milan within hours after
expiration of a deadline set by paahafi for all
Lioyan exiles to return home.
Libyan exile shot at in Rare. The arrested Libyan
gunman says he was sent by Libya "to Kill an enemy
of the `people."
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8
April
Greece:
Italy:
Libyan exile killed in Athens. His throat was
slit.
Libyan businessman found strangled to deat:i in
Rome.
b\bst Germany: Libyan exile gunned down in Bonn.
Italy: Libyan exile killed in Rare by two gunshots to the
head.
United Libyan lawyer shot and killed in London.
Kingdom:
Italy: 4L-11 known Libyan businessman killed. The
arrested assassin said he was an enemy of Colonel
Qidhaf i.
United
Kingdom:
Two gunmen kill an anti-cdhafi Libyan journalist.
February Libya: Tunisian and French Embassies in Tripoli sacked
and burned by a no while Libyan authorities took
no action.
December Libya: An estimated 2000 Libyans set fire to the US
Embassy in Tripoli. The Libyan autt.crities -4 -4
not respond to requests by the Embassy for
protection.
November dest Two Libyans arrested with three suspected
Germany: Palestinians for an unspecified terrorist
operation.
i Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/06: CIA-RDP91 B00874R000200060007-8