THE PRESIDENT LAUDS BAKER VICE PRESIDENT BUSH SENDS CONGRATULATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP95M00249R000801140013-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 12, 2012
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: June 1, 1984
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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TRAN8MITTAL 8LIP ~~ 28 Nov 84
TO: Diane
ROOM NO. I BUILDING
REMARKS:
Attached are Dr. Gates' remarks at
the Security Affairs Support Association
meeting on 13 November. Also attached
is a copy of the Colloguey--SASA's
newsletter. General Morrison wishes
to print DDI's remarks or at least
certain quotes in the next issue.
FROM:
ROOM NO.
BUILDING
1016
Ames
1 ~ ~' 241 ~IEr YoelaEr~ con
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~0 West Stnset
~4nnapolis, Maryland 21401
a publication of SECURITY AFFAIRS SUPPORT ASSOCIATION
Volume 5 Number 2 June 1984
THE PRESIDENT LAUDS BAKER
VICE PRESIDENT BUSH SENDS CONGRATULATIONS
Surrounded by admirers and colleagues, Dr. William
O. Baker received the first SASA Medal of Achievement
on 3 May 1984 in a ceremony at Bolling AFB. President
Reagan congratulated Dr. Baker as the first recipient of
the award, and added that "few can match this record of
distinguished and selfless service".Vice President Bush
commented that the award "is a fitting tribute to your
distinguished service with national intelligence". The
reading of the congratulatory letters from both
President Reagan and V ice President Bush climaxed the
presentation of Mr. William H. Casey, Director of
Central Intelligence who officiated at the ceremony. In
his opening remarks, Mr. Casey stated "It is a great
privilege for me to join all of you this evening, when you
(continued on page 3)
SASA GOES PROFESSIONAL
By proxy and actual vote of those present at the General Membership Meeting at Fort Myer, Virginia on 4 May
1984, SASA is well on its way to becoming a professional association. The only step remaining in the transformation
process involved filing the amended charter with the State of Maryland, Department of Assessments and Taxation.
Approval is expected shortly. Planning to effect the conversion had been underway for more than six months. The
proposed charter changes on which the membership voted favorably are now incorporated in the new charter
document, a copy of which will be available to those members requesting same. In view of the charter changes, U.S.
government employees may Beek membership in SASA without concern for involvement in industrial advocacy
issues. The association has for sometime held the view that there are matters associated with U.S. intelligence and
security activities which may only be addressed effectively within the framework of a professional association which
includes both government and industry participation. SASA is looking forward to an accelerated growth in
government representative memberships both civilian and military.
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THE PRESIDENT LAUDS BAKER - cont'd
do two highly important things -establish this prestigious award of the Security Affairs Support Association in the
name of Dr. Baker, and honor the unique and enormously valuable service and accomplishments of Bill Baker". He
continued by elaborating on Dr. Baker's achievements both in industry and government throughout the years,
"Today we are really in the presence of a truly awesome figure". Quoting President Kennedy, Mr. Casey said "a
nation reveals itself not ony by the men it produces, but also by the men it honors". Numerous dignitaries of
government and industry attended the awards function. Among the departments and agencies represented were the
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, (Vice Chairman Mr. Leo Cherne and member Ambassador Clare
Booth Luce), the National Foreign Intelligence Board, The Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Office of the
Secretary of the Treasury, the Departments of the Army, Navy, including the Marine Corps, and the Air Force. Also
represented were the Intelligence Community Staff, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Emergency
Management Agency, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Representatives of more than thirty industrial
organizations working with the intelligence community were also present. The full text of the letters from President
Reagan and Vice President Bush maybe found elsewhere in this publication. The full text of Mr. Casey's remarks are
on pages 3 and 4, and those of Dr. Baker on pages 6, 7 and 8.
MR. CASEY AWARDS BAKER MEDAL
"Dr. Hermann, Bob Rich and Leo Cherne are not easy acts to follow. It is a great
privilege for me to join all of you this evening when you do two highly important
things: Establish this prestigious Security Affairs Support Association Award in
the name of Dr. William Baker; and honor the unique and enormously valuable
service and accomplishments Bill Baker has made to the national security of our
country. =-
Bill Baker's contributions have ranged over many facets and have spanned a long
period. The details have been outlined in your program, so I will not belabor you
with the many awards and degrees he has received. I was tempted to try to name the
13 patents he has been granted, but I backed away when I thought about the
pronounciation problem that it would have entailed.
We know that for over a decade, Bill Baker has directed what I believe to be the largest scientific enterprise in the
world. Under his direction, Bell Laboratories has reached the top of the pinnacle, and the number of Nobel Prue
winners it has generated is fantastic. Today, we are in the presence of a truly awesome figure. Under his direction,
there is being developed a capability to generate as many bits of information -and we're all in the information
business - in one aec~ond as there are seconds in five million years. Now that is as close as humans are likely to get to
immortality.
A good many of ua here know of Bill Baker's unstinting contribution to American intelligence, and list ourselves
among his favorite admirers, :riot only for what he has done,, but also for the way he has done it. Bill has served as a
member ofthe Preaident's,Focetgti Intelligence Board -affectionately known as PFIAB -continuously since 1956.
No one ,,has ~adytht duration of experience and contact in the field of intelligence that Bill Baker has had.
I've been sasociated one ~vay of another with Bill in his PFIAB capacity, on and off, for dose to a dozen years. I've
never known him to refuse to take on something that needed to be done in the national interest, no matter how
difficult or time Gonauming it was. And in the informal and formal discussions of PFIAB, there seems to be no limit to
the range of his scientific knowledge---far beyond the areas of electronics and communications that are his primary
concern.
Indeed, every time I talk to Bill, I discover some new facet of his interest, historical, biological, cultural, archival,
and on and on. During the deliberations in council, Bill has np need to demonstrate or assert his wide-ranging
(continued on page g)
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(Mr. Casey Awards Baker Medal -continued from page 3)
knowledge. When he does speak, everyone knows he has something specific and important to say. And when he takes
something on, it gets done with as much perfection as we humans are able to achieve.
There came a time, in Bill Baker's involvement in the national security community, when President Eisenhower,
concerned about the state of our signals intelligence, arranged to have Baker Committee Number One established.
Bill, then a young Vice-President at Bell Lab, pulled together the foremost scientists of the day. Bill wanted to create
an academic atmosphere in which they would work and deliberate to evaluate the task that had been assigned. As a
Princetonian, Bill selected Princeton as a good place to set up shop, and the intelligence community still draws heavily
on the Princeton group.
During his exercise, Bill Baker established a relationship between the intelligence community and America's
leading scientists that continues to this day with great significance and continuing value. And there came a time, a
quarter century later, when I happened to be DCI, and the worldwide communications system was in rather a terrible
administrative and bureaucratic mess. I asked Bill to form what became the Baker Commitee 14 -thirteen
committees after his first effort for us. Bill quickly untangled the administrative mess, and on top of his other daily
responsibilities, took on the chairmanship of the governing body of that newly created and reorganized institution
- and it has worked very smoothly ever since.
The qualities I've touched upon -and that others have touched upon - point up the fact that Bill Baker's service
and devotion to our national security are widely known and understood. This is true at the top of our government,
and in great breadth and depth in the Pentagon, in Foggy Bottom, at NSA and CIA and, indeed, throughout the
national intelligence community. John F. Kennedy once said that a nation reveals itself not only by the men it
produces, but also by the men it honors. The Security Affairs Support Association has chosen well in honoring Dr.
Baker through this award. The association's new awards program will encourage and acknowledge the contributions
to our national intelligence and security effort which dedicated people such as Bill Baker have made and will make in
the future.
I'd like to read to you, all of you, two letters addressed to Dr. Baker. 1At this point Mr. Casey read the
congratulatory letters which are reproduced on page 2.)
I am now greatly pleased and honored to present this specially designed medal to an outstanding person, and
inventor, an outstanding leader, and longstanding public servant, and most of all, a real patriot. Dr. Baker, I salute
you and ask you to step forward to accept this medal and certificate."
INMAN LEAVES SASA BOARD
The Security Affairs Association announces with
regret, the resignation of,;:Admiral Bobby R. Inman,
USN , (Ret), President and Chief Executive Officer,
MCC, from its Board `of Directors. In his letter of
resignation, Admiral Ynman wrote "I have a great
admiration for the organization, but I have a very strong
conviction~that ~orze-ahould not serve as a director of an
on-going organkation unless one can in fad partidpate".
In closing he stated, "I wish the organization great
success and if you have a special need where you think I
might be of some assistance, I hope you all will feel free
to call on me". -Admiral Inman will be missed. The
association wishes him all the best in his challenging
endeavor.
BUSH JOINS PRC
The Planning Research Corporation/Government
Information Systems has announced the appointment
of Mr. James O. Bush as Vice President, Defense
System Planning, Defense Electronics and Space
Systems Division. Prior to joining PRC, Mr. Bush
served as a Senior Staff Member of the House
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence from
October 19?? until April 1984. Previously, Mr. Bush
was a staff officer in the Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense, Intelligence (ASDI) in both
military and civilian status. He retired from the USAF
as a regular officer in the rank of Colonel in February
1975. Throughout his long military career Mr. Bush
served in the intelligence field in which he gained
recognition as an outstanding professional.
4
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SASA MEDAL OF ACHIEVEMENT
The medal presented to Dr. Baker by the DCI, Mr. William J.
Casey, on behalf of SASA, is unique -one of a kind. Ita original
designs were developed by the SASA staff in Annapolis commencing
in early February. With Dr. Baker's monumental achievements
foremost in mind, they sought to capture some his greatness in the
features of the medal. As one might readily imagine, innumerable
tentative sketches were made as there emerged new thoughts about
what the medal should look like. Eventually, the moment arrived
when the designs required skilled drafting treatment to develop the
fine line sketches needed to communicate precise details to the
artisans who would do the actual engraving. Even in that phase of the
process, design changes appeared desirable and were made. At last,
just five weeks before the Bolling ceremony, the drawings were
delivered to the engravers. Because of the elaborate detail on both the
obverse and reverse faces of the medal, the engraving process
required almost three weeks. A soft steel die was produced for each
face. When the dies were completed, each was used separately to
strike lead proofs for final SASA approval. It may be of some interest
that the Baker Medal depicted on the inside cover of the program for
the Awards Ceremony was not the real thing, but_ rather was
produced from photographs of the lead proofs. When the program
went to press, the actual medal had not been struck. After receiving
the final SASA go ahead, the engravers case hardened the steel dies
and the medal was struck. Its base metal is bronze which has been
heavily plated in gold. The medal is three inches in diameter. On its
obverse face is the profile of Dr. Baker, and the inscription
"Scientist-Inventor-Scholar-Statesman". On the reverse face, re-
flectingthe national character of Dr. Baker's achievements, is an eagle
clutching a scroll on which is incribed, "In highest tribute for your
enduring contributions to National Security and Freedom". The
eagle and scroll are situated upon a field of symbols depicting Dr.
Baker's long professional involvement in chemistry and communi-
cations. ;The medal was, received at the SASA Headquarters .forty-
three hours before the ceremony.
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so alert and so incisive that no aggressor a~uld hr assured of the ancient and classic victory by suepnsr, b~~ r~~nfusu~n ur :,~mmand disruption.
But however this turns out, and its turning out may be the fate also of modern life, wr are grateful that the strucnirr and pnnciplrs of our
national intelligence community have enlightened and applied the best in all science and engineering her the acquisition and communication
and use of knowledge. Nowhere else in our public and private enterprises has there been more or better linkage of the findings about waves and
matter, about electrons, photons and crystals, about Shannon's theorems of information and communication, to national needs.
Accordingly, we have seen an unsurpassed exercise throughout the intelligence community, including all forms of communications -
graphics, human actions and, indeed, conditions upon and outside the whole planet, where classic methodology, already intensely developed,
has been augmented. This has ranged from advanced
computers and other digital machines through
sensors, high performance materials, communica-
tions circuits and systems, photonic and electronic
signaling and a host of other capabilities of the The confluence of events
frontier of science and technology. Even the launch, has moved intelligence
guidance, and navigation systems for earth and from the vita 1, b u t
space vehicles, which have been based on the new conventional element of
solid state and digital systems techniques with command, control and
which we have had nearly a half century of scientific diplomacy to the central
association and developmental responsibility, have factor in civilized survival
been early connected with intelligence implications. -and the balancing of
Thus, it is fair to say that world-wide human power without tyranny.
actions since the mid-century involving some
application of modern technology or derivative
machines, have been also accessible to national
official observation and interpretation. Even
activities with the nuclear nemesis we cited as altering the bases for war and peace, for deterrence and stability, for freedom and tyranny on earth
- the bomb weapons and the control of atomic fission and fusion, yield information factors such as trace radioactivity and elemental
components of the atmosphere and oceans. These join the information technology and underlying sriencr available to the intelligence
community through the extraordinary mobilization of resources that you have fostered, and that wr are marking through this activity of the
Securities Affairs Support Association.
Yet another aspect of the combining of industrial, academic and governmental knowledge in the furtherance of the intelligence agencies has
keen the common base thus created among other organs of national security. Namely, the missions and personalities that have been active in,
and distributed among, the various centers of these technical and scientific doings have been historically effective in stimulating overall defense
innovation and efficiency. Thus, for example, Bob Hermann in his DOD Airforce and NSA rules, Hans Mark in his Airforce and NASA
functions, Bobby Inman in his naval, NSA and CIA functions, Carl Duckett in his multiple CIA responsibilities, Les Dirks in his, Bud Wheelon
in his, to mention but a few of the numerous specifics we can cite, have all had profound influence in spreading new patterns from intelligence,
production and usage. The community has combined the role of knowledge in security affairs and the impact of the Information Age on how
government tasks are best accomplished.
General John Morrison epitomizes this matter of the personality and individual extending the capabilities of a particular service into the
larger technical and operational domain. This simply would not happen in less pluralistic or more highly formalized and rigid community
function than the one with which the USA is blessed. Of course, it is quite impossible at this time to cite the real scope of individual
participation in this crucial aspect of our intelligence resources. Nevertheless, we should use these specific examples as symptomatic of what is
utterly necessary for the success of this heterogeneous system. I speak also with feeling about the versatility of our community and its personnel
after two decades of collaboration and a quarter century of friendship with Al Grooms, who embodies admirably the human warmth and
insight of who people must work together. That is the indispensable element of joining far-out, tentative, but revolutionary science and
engineering with the careful, cautious, contained, secret and vulnerable sociology of workers in CIA, NSA, DIA, and all the rest.
We have had, thanks to the ingenious knowledge of President Eisenhower, a leverage point for innovation and mobilization for intelligence
in all the years except those of 1977-1981 -the PFIAB. In this period, my fellow members of the President's 1 ntelligence Advisory Board and
our esteemed Staff Directors and associates, most of whom are with us (Pat Coyne, Jerry Burke, Wheaton Byers, now Fred Demech ...)have
strengthened the role of national intelligence in the supportive security and of citizens in that venture.
These instances of the variety of people and of modes of gaining knowledge for intelligence, and using it for our national welfare, are further
accents on how powerful the strategy has come to be. As such, the strategy then offers further challenges for the future. It tends to diminish or
remove a constant temptation of national leadership. This is to say 'we didn't know' or 'we didn't have a warning' or a suggestion about the
needs, even survival of our nation. So modern intelligence, even beyond its functions, verily puts on the Chief of State and Government a
strong demand for excellence and responsibility.
And the success of modern intelligence in avoiding nuclear catastrophe and in guarding freedom is joined now with an even more subtle task.
It is that of guiding our defense and security resources according to the policies of this Administration, so that the economic and cultural
aspects of adequate arms will be appropriately related to other national objectives, and, above all, to the evolving threats. In a period of strategic
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(Dr. I3akE~'s Remarks - ~untinued fmm page 7)
peace, yet with the underlying forces for chaos which are now in every present and potential nuclear arsenal and rocket bunker, this is a
challenge for intelligence without historic precedent. We must be assured in each detail of weaponry and operations to have enough, yet we
cannot afford to have too much.
From this issue there come into intelligence the highest skills of science and technology, which then must aid in judgments of foreign and
domestic weaponry and capabilities, the targeting skills, the reliabilities, the net assessment.
This confluence of events has moved intelligence from the vital, but conventional, element of command, control and diplomacy to the
central factor in civilized survival and the balancing of power without tyranny. Thus, we are thankful beyond our ability to say, that we have this
leadership of the intelligence community, this DCI, this President, who sees and stands for the strengths for which we live.
And thus, we have needed to mobilize the minds and matter of all our nation, even far beyond the necessary invisibility and quiet of the
esteemed professional community itself. Now to have a combination like the Security Affairs Support Association, where there is a blend of
distinguished professional and industrial bases, in turn linked with academic talents, is truly soul-stirring, even for a mere proxy for them all!
So I hope we see and feel what a high honor it has been to speak tonight, and to work over these decades, in behalf of these unique alliances.
Indeed because of the circumstances of the century of communications, computers, information pr?essing, solid state science, electronics and
photonics, it is doubtful that any branch of government ever has had or is likely to have so broad a link with new knowledge and techniques, as
does the intelligence community now. But happily it is also not a mere supertechnological automaton, serving rigid missions.
It has been of high inspiration to us all to have likewise involved the patriots and humanists of the President's Foreign Intelligence and
Advisory Board who have brought shrewd insights in behalf of these presidents. They have also brought, as demonstrated so eloquently by
Ambassador Luce, a deep and wise compassion f6r the human condition, for the spiritual and humane meanings of America. Thus, she has
vastly enhanced the operational and technical missions of the intelligence corps.
So, from the depths of the seas to the reaches of the cosmos, from the computer to the cryptics, the transistor, laser and lightbeam, the
intelligence systems have had it early and often used it first and best.
One further aspect of this national intelligence known to you all must be mentioned by this proxy. It is, if all these qualities are so promising,
why is there often strident criticism and blatant assertions of failure in national intelligence? It is, of course, because intelligence operates in
reality. It is subject to daily, even hourly test. It is intrinsic to the whole magma of actions in a noosphere around the earth. Thus, the
incompleteness and imperfection which the entropy of existence ruthlessly, impartially, confers upon all events, whether in the nucleus of the
atom or the politics of the Kremlin, show up in the obligations that intelligence assumes. And, as real, but essentially stochastic, facts emerge, it
is easy to see and to say what we didn't know at a given time. In contrast, we shall never know beforehand why a given missile missed its course,
or a given army missed its command. But this is all the more reason why we salute the courage and commitment of our community, which ever
runs a truly sporting course.
Indeed, this reflects a special congeniality between the world of intelligence and the world of science and research and engineering. It is that
both pursue the unknown, both predict the unexpected, the earlier unfathomable, the uncertain. This congeniality is what you forward in the
remarkable conjunctions here.
And so as always in the Community, we look to the future. Both opportunities and challenges remain unsurpassed. Best of all, our leadership
is aware and ahead. The pluralism of resources, such as the SASA, is worthy of the chance there is to make into the best ever achieved, our
balance between compelling security and defense capabilities and economic and s?ial strengths. Along that path lies, we know, peace with
justice, not only for ourselves, but for most of the world.
Yet, the clear evidence of ideological and political tensions abolishes any pretext that all is well, that pious weakness can prevail. Rather, that
Community so eminently represented here bears the awesome burden of informing our President, his government, and ultimately our people,
in time and in truth. This informing must pr?eed so that all the great defenses of our freedom -our military services, our diplomats and
foreign service support, our academic and governmental leadership, our vast industrial capacities, our total abilities in science and engineering,
and of course, ultimately, our people of America, can know when and how to act.
So, we are grateful indeed, to have this ?casion seated by the SASA and its leaders, to say that ways have been made in the USA so that the
unsurpassed spirit of our career intelligence community can be translated to insuperable spirit of our nation. This is by extensions and
combinations of the intellectual and technical essence of this Century -which is the gaining of knowledge, pr?essing of information,
o nizing of records, and the transmission of understanding.
Thus we conclude from a higher reference than we can assemble here - as it ?curred in the Proverbs of the milennia ago "with wisdom did
" he eternal found the earth, with knowledge did He raise the heavens, twas with intelligence He broke up the abyss and made the clouds drop
dew -". Thank you very much."
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NEW SASA DIRECTORS ELECTED
SENIOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
JOIN BOARD
At the 4 May 1984 Annual General Membership Meeting at Fort Myer,
Virginia, seven new members were elected to the SASA Board of
Directors. Four were replacements for members whose terms had expired,
and three will fill new posts established by board action on 2 April 1984
when the board voted to increase its membership to twenty. For the first
time in its relatively short history, the SASA Board now has a membership
which includes senior government representatives. These are Mr. Donald
C. Latham, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (C3I), Lt. Gen. James A.
Williams, USA, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, Vice Admiral
E.A. Burkhalter, Director, Intelligence Community Staff, and Dr.
William Mehuron, Deputy Director, NSA, for Research and Engineering.
Additionally, from industry, the new members include Mr. Clark Fiester,
Vice President and General Manager, GTE Products Corp., Mr. Eugene H.
Kopf, Senior V ice President, Operations, Litton Itek Optical Systems, and
Mr. Nathaniel W. Trembath, Vice President and Assistant General
Manager for Programs, TRW Defense Systems Group. Other members of
the current board are Mr. Robert F. Welte, President, Loral Electronic
Systems (Chairman of the SASA Board), Dr. Robert Hermann, Vice
President, United Technologies Corp. (President, SASA), Mr. George
Steeg, Chief Engineer, MITRE Corp. (Vice President, SASA East), Mr.
Oliver Kirby, Vice President, E-Systems, Inc. (Vice President, SASA
West), Mr. Kenneth Caviness, Director, Special Activites, McDonnell
Douglas Astronautics Company, Mr. George Cokas, Vice President &
Divisions Manager, Hughes Aircraft Co., Mr. Anthony Dignazio, Vice
President, System Engineering Development Corp., Mr. Phil Henderson,
Vice President & General Manager, Harris Corp., Mr. Joseph Hull,
President, Hull Associates, Inc., Mr. Wayne Shelton, President, Planning
Research Corp./GIS, Mr. Robert D. Singel, Consultant, and Mr. Donald
J. Webster, Senior Vice President, Technology for Communications
International.
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COMMENTS BY PRESIDENT HERMANN
I wish to express my warmest appreciation for the outstanding support
from industry and government in making the first annual SASA awards
program a resounding success. The entire membership may look with
special pride on the events which took place at Bolling Air Force Base on 3
May 1984. The well deserved recognition of the superb contribution of
Dr. Baker to the enhancement of our national intelligence posture over
many years was indeed, in my view, a most fitting way to inaugurate our
awards program. It is the source of great satisfaction to me, and it should
be to all of you, that President Reagan and V ice President Bush shared our
interest in recognizing Dr. Baker as witness their accolades in letters
published elsewhere in this newsletter. Now that the inaugural phase of
our program has been completed, we should all be looking forward to the
implementation of next spring's Baker Awards program.
A final word - most of those in SASA with whom I have chatted after our general membership meeting on 4 May
have expressed their pleasure in the fact that we are about to become a professional association. I, of course, share that
view with considerable enthusiasm and am looking forward to a robust infusion of government members. We can use
your help in encouraging government civil and military representatives to join our ranks.
SASA MEMBER RECEIVES AWARD
At an 18 May 1984 ceremony in the National
Security Agency, Fort Meade, MD, Senior Master
Sgt. Karl V. Kline USAF (Ret.) received the Defense
Superior Service Medal from Major General
Thomas Flynn, USA, Asst. Deputy Director for
Operations. Sgt. Kline was cited for his outstanding
service while assigned to NSA. He is only the second
individual to receive this high award at NSA since the
award was established a number of years ago. A
veteran of twenty years service in the USAF, Sgt.
Kline performed all of his duty as a member of the
Air Force Security Service and its successor, the
Electronic Security Command with headquarters at
Kelly AFB, Texas. Since his retirement in October
1983, Sgt. Kline has been an associate of Larson
Lectronics Corp., San Antonio, Texas.
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/12 :CIA-RDP95M00249R000801140013-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/12 :CIA-RDP95M00249R000801140013-4
LEE'S PLANS COMPROMISED
f? Rc~h~~t Druke
SASA Histrrriun
,'~1r. Koh~Tt E. Drukc
Following the (;untederate victory at second Bull Run, or
second Manassas, at the end of August, 1862, General Lee
opted to carry the war north into Maryland and, hopefully,
even beyond. On September 2 he launched the Confederate
forces toward the Potomac with Frederick, Maryland the
immediate objective. Lee wanted to get the war out of
Virginia during the. harvest season to insure the gathering of
much needed crops. There were also hopes that Maryland
might be caused to secede, and that a victory might be
followed by an advance into Pennsylvania. Lee's target, in
fact, was the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge across the
Susquehanna River at Harrisburg. Destruction of that
bridge and the seizure of the B & O crossing at Harpers
Ferry would essentially divide the Federal East from the
Federal West, and Lee could then turn his attention to
Philadelphia, Baltimore or even Washington. The war could
be won.
But it was not to be. First of all Lee grossly underestimated
the condition of the Federal Army of the Potomac, once
again under General George McClellan. Most of all, he
certainly didn't anticipate that his campaign plan, as
reflected in Special Orders 191, would fall into McClellan's
hands.
The plan, involved dividing Lee's army so as to secure his
lines of communication and supply extending southward up
the Shenandoah Valley. This meant driving the Federals out
of Martinsburg and seizing Harpers Ferry. Accordingly Lee
determined to send Stonewall Jackson's three divisions
around via Williamsport, Maryland, then across the
Potomac against Martinsburg and up against Harpers Ferry
on Bolivar Heights. T.vu divisions under McClaws would
move s~~nthwest faun the Frederick area and take ui,
positions on Maryland Heights overlooking Harpers Ferry.
Two brigades under Walker would move south, cross the
Potomac and occupy Loudon Heights across the Shenan-
doah River from Harpers Ferry. The remaining four
divisions of his army, under Longstreet, would move
beyond the mountains west of Frederick to Boonsboro.
The details of this ambitious convergance were set down
in Special Orders 191, dated September 9. All movements
were to begin on the 10th with the convergence on Harpers
Ferry scheduled for the 12th. Distribution of the order was
yuite extensive and gave in detail the disposition of Lee's
whole army for the next four days.
Longstreet, who had argued against dividing the army,
promptly recognized the sensitivity of the document,
committed it to memory, tore it to pieces and chewed them
into pulp. Jackson, secretive as always, also held it close, bur.
he made a mistake. He transcribed a copy to send to his
brother-in-law Harvey Hill so the latter would know that
Jackson was aware that Hill's unit was reassigned to
Longstreet When a copy also arrived from Lee's adjutant,
one of Hill's staff decided to keep it for a souvenir.
Meanwhile, he used it as a wrapper for three cigars in his
pocket.
On Saturday morning, September 13th, two soldiers of
McClellan's advancing Union army, on a rest break in a
recent Confederate campsite near Frederick, noticed an
envelope lying nearby. Inside were three cigars wrapped in
an official-looking paper. In short order, the paper was
carried up the chain of command. McClellan was exultant,
for here was the opportunity to overwhelm Lee's divided
forces segment by segment. The war would be over -won.
McClellan remarked to one of his brigadiers: "Here is a
paper with which if I cannot whip Bobby Lee I will be willing
to go home."
Well, as everyone knows, it didn't turn out quite that way
either. Late that night Lee was informed that McClellan had
a copy of Special Orders 191, and he moved quickly to
counter that disadvantage. But the Federal pressure, based
on knowledge of the Confederate's precarious state, dashed
Lee's plans for an invasion of Pennsylvania and all that he
had hoped would follow. Now he had to extricate his army
from Maryland and return to Virginia. In the days that
followed, culminating in the bloody battle at Antietam, Lee
succeeded by virtue of the courageous battling of his
outnumbered troops and the overly cautious tactics of
McClellan who failed to press fully the advantage gained
from possession of Special Orders 191.
While Lee's invasion might not have succeeded in any
event, it is certain that the breach of security involving
Special Orders l91 did alter the course of the war, and,
perhaps, AmerlQ~n history.
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/12 :CIA-RDP95M00249R000801140013-4