PHYSICS, ENTROPY AND PSYCHOKINESIS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00787R000200190001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 26
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 5, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 26, 1974
• Content Type: REPORT

STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025 ? y.s.A.
PHYSICS, ENTROPY, AND PSYCHOKINESIS
Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ
Stanford Research Institute
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
To be presented at the Conference on Quantum Physics and Parapsychology
Geneva, Switzerland, August 26-27, 1974
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In this paper we present results of recent experiments at Stanford
Research Institute which indicate anew that certain individuals are capable
of producing physical effects in the environment by means of some as yet
unidentified modality, generally referred to psychic or psychoenergetic.
Such phenomena have of course been under scientific consideration for
over a century. However, even a cursory review of the literature reveals
that in spite of well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers 'yielding
reproducible results (e.g., Sir William Crookesistudy of D.D. Home, or
von Reichenbach's researches as reported in The Dynamics , London, 1851),
the study of these phenomena has never emerged from the realm of quasi-
scientific speculation. One reason for this is that, in spite of experi-
mental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct has to date been
advanced to correlate data or predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently,
the area in question remains in the recipe stage reminiscent of electrodynamics
before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and
Maxwell.
The overall goal of our research program is the determination of the
laws underlying these phenomena. That is, our goal is not just to catalog
interesting events, but rather to uncover patterns of cause-effect rglation-
ships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the
form with which we are familiar in scientific study. The results presented
here constitute for us a first step toward that goal, in that we are estab-
lishing under known conditions a data base from which departures as a function
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of physical and psychological variables can be studied in future work. Our
observations to date have led us to conclude that such phenomena can be
studied under laboratory conditions. It is our expectation that with the
sensitive instrumentation and powerful theoretical tools presently available,
progress in this field will be forthcoming.
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Magnetometer Observation (Pilot Experiment)
One of the first psychoenergetically-produced physidal effects
observed by SRI personnel (H.P.) in early research (1972) was the apparent
perturbation of a superconductor-shielded Josephson effect magnetometer!
by a gifted subject, Mr. Ingo Swann. Following is a fairly detailed
iaccount of that first observation, since it reveals a number of aspect.
iof PK research that we consider to be of significance.
This magnetometer is located in a well under a building and is shi4Ided
iby 4-metal shielding, an aluminum container, copper shielding and, most;
!important, a superconducting niobium Shield. (See Fig. 1). The magnet-
ometer is of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)
^
:variety, which has an output voltage whose frequency is a measure of the
irate of change of magnetic field present.
Before the experiment, a decaying magnetic field had been set up
jinside the magnetometer, and its decay with time provided a background
icalibration signal that registered as a periodic output on an x-y recorder,
ithe frequency of the output corresponding to the decay rate of the
Lcalibration field (,--19-6 Gauss). The system had been running for about
an hour with no noise.
Mr. Swann was shown the setup and told that if he were to affect the
magnetic field in the magnetometer, it would show up as a change in the
output recording., Then, to use his own description,' he placed his atten-
'tion on the interior-of the magnetotheter-, at-which-time the-frequency of
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/.L-METAL
SHIELD
FALSE
FLOOR
FLOOR OF
BUILDING
CONCRETE
CASING
12"
CONCRETE BLOCK
FIGURE 1 MAGNETOMETER HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
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the output doubled for about two of the cycles or roughly thirty seconds.
This is indicated by A in Figure 2. Mr. Swann was next asked if he could
stop the field change being indicated by the periodic: output on the
recorder. He then apparently proceeded to do just that, as can be seen
at B in the graph, for a period of roughly forty five seconds. He then
It g
at which time the output returned to normal (C). Upon inquiry
as to what he had done, he explained that he had direct vision of the
apparatus inside and that the act of looking at different parts seemed to
him to be correlated with the different effects. As he described what he
was doing, the recording again traced out a double frequency cycle (shown
at D), as had occurred before. An atypical dip (E) in the recording took
place then, and on questioning him about what was happening, he said he
was looking at a new part, the niobium ball sitting in a cup. This ball was
- inert at the time, not being used in the magnetometer experiment. He Was
asked to refrain from thinking about the apparatus, and the normal pattern
was then traced out for several minutes (continued on lower trace) while
he was engaged in conversation on other subjects. At one point he started
to discuss the magnetometer agdin, at which point the tracing went into
a high frequency pattern, shown at F. At our request he stopped, and the
observation was terminated because Mr. Swann was tired from his effort.
We then left the lab, while the apparatus was run for over an hour with no
trace of noise or nonuniform activity, as indicated in Figure 3, where the
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lii
011* ii*-$122.71!".
LIPPAil
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? AW DATA, MAGNETOMETER CONTROL RU
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top two traces show a continuing record following termination of the experi-
ment. The third trace was taken some time later, the increase in the period
indicating the reduced rate of magnetic field decay. At various times
during this and the following day when similar data with Mr. Swann were
taken, the experiment was observed by numerous other scientists:
The conditions of this observation, involving as it did a few
hours use of an instrument committed to other research, of course prevented
a proper investigation. The number of data Samples was too few to permit
meaningful statistical analysis, and the lack Of readily-available multiple
? recording equipments prevented investigation of possible "recorder only":
effects. Therefore, the following longer term study with a similar device
was undertaken.
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Experiments With a Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
A series of experiments were carried out using a Develco Model
8805 superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured by Develco,
Inc., Mountain View, California. The assembled device is shown in Figure 4.
Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect magnet-
ometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to provide a
series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers, yielding
a second-derivative gradiometer (i.e., a device sensitive only to second
and higher order derivative fields.) As a result, the device is relatively
insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradients. This arrangement
allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby sources while dis-
criminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields produced by remote
sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure magnetic fields originating'
from processes within the human body, such action currents in the heart
which produce magnetocardiograms. The sensitive tip of the instrument is
simply placed near the body area ofinterest.
In our 'application, however, the subject is located at a distance
of four meters from the gradiometer probe. As a result,the subject is
located in a zone of relative insensitivity; e.g., standing up, sitting down,
leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no signals. From this
location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the probe. The
results of his efforts are available to him as feedback from three sources:
an oscilloscope, a panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing
a permanent record.
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FIGURE 4 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER
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A protocol for subject participation was instituted as fellows:
The Subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body movements
are checked at the start of each experimental period. The subject then
works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects being produced,
if any, via rfeedback from the instrumentation.
Once satisfied that a
possibility exists of producing effects on command under experimenter
control, the experimenter announces the start of the experiment. A random-
ization protocol (discussed in the Appendix) is then used to generate ten
activity periods of equal length (e.g., twenty-five seconds) pre-deter-
mined by the experimenter.
A sample run with a second gifted subject, Mr. Patrick Price,
is shown in Figure 5. The randomly-generated ON (activity) periods are
Nos. 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of these three periods.
The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous
tracking. This latter type of signal can be the result of an exceptionally
strong flux change, or an RF burst whether subject-generated or artifactual,
and are handled on the basis of statistical correlation as discussed below.
An artifact due to the passage of a truck in the parking lot adjacent to the
laboratory (under continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted
in period 6. Each of the signals on scale corresponds to an input, 1.6 x 10
, 2 _2 2 -7
Gauss/cm (second derivative 4 B / ), equivalent to 3.5 x 10 Gauss
z z
referred to one pickup coil.
* RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to proximity to
other instrumentation.
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Figure 5 -- Gradiometer data.
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The interpretation of such observations must be subjected to careful
analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is based on the
following: although the probe is designed to register magnetic fields and
the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is such, in a task as
potentiallk complex as psychokinesis", one must be cautious about assigning
a given observed effect to 4 specific cause. Therefore, until further work
with multiple measurement employing equally sensitive apparatus, one can
only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most probable
cause.
With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously
on three recording devices, and thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered
Low probability, although an electronics interference effect ahead of all
display cannot be ruled out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as
tentative, although most probable, and concentrate our attention on whether
a correlation exists between system disturbances and subject efforts.
Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Mr. Price. Each of
the ten trials in the run lasted fifty seconds each, the activity/no
acitivity command for each trial being generated by the randomization
technique discussed in the Appendix. In the 13 x 10 = 130 trials, consisting
of a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63
events of signal-to-noise ratio > 1 were observed. Of these 63 events, 42
were distributed among the activity periods, 21 among the no-activity periods,
a correlation significant at the p = 0.004 level.
* With the exception of the first run Where 25-second trials were used.
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We therefore'conclude that the observed number of precisely timed
events in pilot work coupled with the statistically significant (p 0.004)
correlation between subject effort and signal output in controlled runs
indicate a highly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that
a gifted subjeot can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer
of sensitivity ? 10-9 Gauss/cm2.from a distance of four meters. Further
work would be required to determine absolutely the precise nature of the
interaction, although given the equipment design the generation of a' magnetic
field is the most probable mechanism.
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In this series of experiments we examine the possibility that a subject
may be able tip exert a physical influence on a remotely located physical
system. The target is a torsion pendulum suspended by a metal fiber inside
a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of three 100 gram balls
arranged symetrically at 1200 angles on a 2 cm radius. The entire apparatus
is shock mounted, and protected from air currents by the enclosing bell
jar.
The angular position of the pendulum is ,measured by means of an
optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from a lo
power argon laser reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto a
position sensing silicon detectortt 1.5 meters from the pendulum. The'
detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The
output from the detector is monitored by a chart recorderttt which provides
The system exhibits a sensitiVity of approximately 10 microradians.
Under typical experimental conditions random accoustical fluctuations
drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10 second period to
a level, 100 microradians angular deviation. During control runs
the pendulum executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in
amplitude of ? 10 percent over an hour period. ? Sudden vibrational
perturbations in the environment produce oscillation of the pendulum
in the vertical plane ata frequency of 1 H, as contrasted with the
torsional mode in the horizontal plane at 0.1 Hz.
ft-Spectra Physics Model 262
ft United Detector Technology Model SC/10
ttt Brush Model Mark 200
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The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the pendulum motion,
the results of which would be available as feedback from the chart recorder .
The subject is then encouraged to work with the pendulum from a distance ?
of I meter, observing effects being produced. If satisfied that there
is a possibility of producing effects (typically following a week's activity,
a couple of hours per day) an experiment is begun.
As in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or decrease
oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizing the uni-
versal randomization protocol described in (a). Each expexiiment lasts one
hour and consists of six 5-minute work periods alternated with six 5-minute
rest periods.
In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters down the
hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can
be produCed from a remote location. The subject is provided feedback at
the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a second chart
recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory.
The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from
body heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy can be coupled Via
the remote viewing channel to a remote location.
Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance
may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example,
E.H. Walker "Properties of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory: Impli-
cations for Paraphysics?, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
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IIn pilot studies we observedconsiJrae evi ecRmpppplthat
gifted subject located in the same room is able, by concentration, to increase
or decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting quietly one meter from
the bell jar. The change-to-baseline ratio is often 5:1 or better so the
effects are not small. A sample chart showing a rest period followed by a
decrease period is given in Figure
Vibrational artifacts can be /tiled out on the basis that when such inputs
occur, a Marked 1 Hz oscillation signal due to vertical motion is superimposed
on the 0.1 Hz torsional motion. That is especially interesting are the
decreases which take the motion below that generally observed due to en-
vironmental noise driving.' Such observations indicate the application of
a constraint which couples energy out of the pendulum motion. Similar ob-
servations have been observed with the subject removed to the second location
12 meters away. Although less pronounced (chPnge-to-baseline ratios typically
2:1), the effect remains easily observable.
The universal randbmization protocol is used throughout to determine
increase/decrease periods. Control run data are being collected to be sub-
jected to the same analysis. Multiple recording is used throughout to rule
out artifacts due to recorder effects. Finally, an electrometer with the
base of the bell jar serving as one electrode. is monitored to record acoustic
vibration independently. Due to the potential significance of such findings,
considerable data is being taken in order that the matter can be subjected to
statistical analysis over a large sample involving hundreds of work periods.
A few hundred data samples have already been collected for this purpose, an
the results will be published when available.
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Speculations
Here we present some speculations about the nature of the paradoxes
associated with psychoenergetically-produced physical phenomena. These
ideas, fall into the category of intuition based on integration of obser-
vation over time. Thus, they are not conclusions drawn from statistically
significant data, but rather conceptualizations or hypotheses around, which
specific experiments can be designed.
(1) Researchers in the area of psychokinesis appear to be plagued
by results whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio near unity, re-
gardless of the process or mechanism involved. A number of our observa-
tions indicate that, rather than simple perversity, what is being arti-,
culated is a coherence phenomena involving partial mobilization of
system noise, and thus the magnitude constraint . That is, when a subject
is asked to interact with an experimental setup one Often first observes
a reduction in noise followed by a signal, as if the components of the
i'noise spectrum had been brought into phase coherence.
The subject thus appears to act as a local negentropic source
If true, it may be more advantageous as a practical matter to work with:
extremely noisy? systems, rather than with highly constrained or organized
isystems, in order to maximize possible effects due to the introduction
of order.
(2) Psychokinetic phenomena often appear to be more the result of
coincidence than the effect of a well-defined cause. Again,_rather.:_than
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tieing the result of the perversity of nature, the observed goal-oriented
synchronicity may indicate that physical systems are more easily manipu-
lated at the global level of boundary conditions and constraints rather
than at the level of mechanism. Thus, the apparency that a given desired
result can be explained away by a coincidental but "natural" event needs
to be explored more fully. Unexpected but natural causes may be the
ieffect of a series of causal links, outside the defined experimental
boundaries but representing an unforseen line of least resistance. At
. worst, such causal links may in fact be unobservable in the sense of the
hidden variables concept in quantum theory, but nevertheless, act as
instruments of the will.
(3)
Psychokinetic phenomena appear to be intrinsid lly spontaneous;
i.e., it is difficult to evoke psychokinetic phenomena on cue", with the
result that the phenomena is often considered to be not under good control,
and therefore not amenable to controlled experimentation. This difficulty
is so pronounced that it is likely that we are observing some macroscopic
analog of a quantum transition, an event similarly unpredictable in time
except as a probability function. If the analogy is correct, experimentation
in this area simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for example,
weak photon experiments.
(4) Possibly related to item (3), the more closely one attempts to
observe psychokinetic phenomena, the less likely one is to see it, a
tiy OILII"dtt/ ?l'Ae< 6-4 4 11 Co-,164,:zfre--(
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factor considered by many to support hypotheses of poor observation,
fraud, etc. To a sophisticated observer, however, simple dismissal does
not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again the idea of a macroscopic i
analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena,
be witness to observer effects generally associated with the Uncertainty
principle. Paradoxically, from the subject's viewpoint, the production
of the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does
the expected behavior of a.piece of instrumentation. In this model the
scrutiny of psychokinetic phenomena under laboratory conditions could in
principle be considered to be a collective phenomena involving interfering
observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum
level.
(5) Finally, we find it useful as a guiding principle to recognize
that all of the phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psychoenergetics
are totally permissible at the microscopic level within the framework
of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility,
tunneling through barriers, simultaneous multiple-state occupation, etc.,
are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phenomena for statistical
reasons only, as codified in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy).
Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic
abilities primarily as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient mag-
nitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macro-
scopic environment.
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Universal Randomization Protocol
It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal randomi-
zation protocol independent of the particular experiment under consideration.
The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection
is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization.
The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g?
ten targets, ten work periods, etc. A ten-digit sequence governing an
experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by
means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits
(Table 1) is entered to obtain the ten-digit sequence, the entrance point
being determined by four throws of a die,t the first 1, 2, or 3 determining
page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, and the final throw
determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit
sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is
then moved across the row to uncover digits one ata time. If a multiplicity
of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary
command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the
parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed.
t A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces
differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation.
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Table of Random Digits *
CPYRGHT
11
16
43
63
18
75
06
13
76
74
40
60
31
61
52
83
23
53
73
61
21
21
59
17
91
76
83
15
86
78
40
94
15
35
85
69
95
86
09
16
10
43
84
44
82
66
55
83
76
49
73
50
58
34
72
55
95
31
79
57
36
79
22
62
36
33
26
66
65
83
39
41
21
60
13
11
44
28
93
20
73
94
40
47
73
12
03
25
14
14
57
99
47
67
48
54
62
74
85
11
49
56
31
28
72
14
06
39
31
04
61
83
45
91
99
15
46
98
22
85
64
20
84
82
37
41
70
17
31
17
91
40
27
72
27
79
51
62
10
07
51
48
67
28
75
38
60
52
93
41
58
29
98
38
80
20
12
51
07
94
99
75
62
63
60
64
51
61
79
71
40
68
49
99
48
33
88
07
64
13
71
32
55
52
17
13
01
57
29
07
75
97
86
42
98
08
07
46
20
55
65
28
59
71
98
12
13
85
30
10
34
55
63
98
61
88
26
77
60
68
17
26
45
73
27
38
22
42
93
01
65
99
05
70
48
25
06
77
75
71
95
63
99
97
54
31
19
99
25
58
16
38
11
50
69
25
41
68
78
75
61
55
57
64
04
86
21
01
18
08
52
45
88
88
80
78
35
26
79
13
78
13
79
87
68
04
68
98
71
30
33
00
78
56
07
92
00
84
48
97
62
49
09
92
15
84
98
72
87
59
38
71
23
15
12
08
58
86
14
90
24
21
66
34
44
21
28
30
70
44
58
72
20
36'78
19
18
66
96
02
16
97
59
54
28
33
22
65
59
03
26
18
86
94
97
51
35
14
77
99
59
13
83
95
42
71
16
85
76
09
12
89
35
40
48
07
25
58
61
49
29
47
85
96
52
50
41
43
19
66
33
18
68
13
46
85
09
53
72
82
96
15
59
50
09
27
42
97
29
18
79
89
32
94
48
88
39
25
42
11
29
62
16
65
83
62
96
61
24
68
48
44
91
51
02
44
12
61
94
38
12
63
97
52
91
71
02
01
72
65
94
20
50
42
59
68
98
35
05
61
14
54
43
71
34
54
71
40
24
01
38
64
80
92
78
81
31
37
74
00
143
40
38
88
27
09
83
41
13
33
04
29
24
60
28
75
66
62
69
54
67
64
20
52
04
30
69
74
48
06
17
02
64
97
37
85
87
51
21
39
64
04
19
90
11
61
04
02
73
09
48
07
07
68
48
02
53
19
77
37
17
04
69
45
23
97
44
45
99
04
30
15
99
54
50
83
77
84
61
15
93
03
98
94
16
52
79
51
06
31
121.489
2231.
31
36
16
06
50
82
24
43
43
92
96
60
71
72
20
73
83
87
70
67
24
86
39
75
76
96
99
05
52
44
70
69
32
52
55
73
54
74
37
59
95
63
23
95
55
09
11
97
48
03
97
30
38
87
01
07
27
79
32
17
79
42
12
17
69
37
66
64
12
04
47
58
97
83
64
65
12
84
83
34
07
49
32
80
98
46
49
26
15
94
26
72
95
82
72
38
71
66
13
80
60
21
20
50
99
08
43
31
91
72
08
32
02
08
39
31
92
17
64
58
73
72
00
86
57
10
01
17
50
04
86
05
44
11
90
57
23
82
74
64
61
48
75
23
29
92
42
06
54
31
16
53
00
55
47
24
21
94
10
90
08
53
16
15
78
35
54
25
58
65
07
30
44
70
10
31
30
94
93
87
02
33
00
24
76
86
59
52
62
47
18
55
22
94
91
20
75
09
70
24
72
61
96
66
28
72
11
53
49
85
58
03
69
91
37
28
53
78
43
95
26
65
43
78
51
? This table appears through the courtesy of The RAND Corporation and the
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. and is reprinted by permission from The Compleat
Strategyst, by J. D. Williams, pp. 219-221 [441.
1
Approved For Release 2003/09/10: CIA-RDP96-00787R000200190001-1
? Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000200190001-1
CPYRGHT
07
42
85
88
63
96
02
38
69
36
97
92
94
12
20
86
43
19
44
85
35
37
92
79
22
28
90
65
50
13
40
56
83
32
22
40
48
69
11
22
10
98
22
28
07
10
92
02
62
99
41
48
39
29
35
17
06
17
82
52
90
12
73
33
41
77
80
61
24
46
93
04
06
64
76
24
99
04
10
99
63
00
21
29
90
23
51
06
87
74
76
86
93
93
00
84
97
80
75
04
40
77
98
63
82
48
45
46
52
69
02
98
25
79
91
50
76
59
19
30
43
21
61
26
08
18
16
78
46
31
94
47
97
65
00
39
17
00
66
29
96
16
76
43
75
74
10
89
36
43
52
29
17
58
22
95
96
69
09
47
70
97
56
26
93
35
68
47
26
07
03
68
40
36
00
52
83
15
53
81
85
81
26
18
75
23
57
07
57
54
58
93
92
83
66
86
76
56
74
65
37
10
06
24
92
63
64
24
76
38
54
72
35
65
27
53
07
63
82
35
53
40
61
38
55
38
51
92
95
00
84
82
88
12
48
25
54
83
40
75
55
17
28
15
56
18
85
65
90
43
65
79
90
19
14
81
36
30
51
73
40
35
38
48
07
47
76
74
68
90
87
91
73
85
49
48
21
37
17
08
18
89
90
96
12
77
54
15
76
75
26
90
78
81
73
71
18
92
83
77
68
14
12
53
40
92
55
11
13
26
68
05
26
54
22
88
46
00
63
52
51
55
99
11
59
81
31
06
32
51
42
58
76
81
49
88
14
79
97
00
92
21
43
33
86
73
45
97
93
59
97
17
65
54
16
67
64
20
50
51
15
08
95
05
57
33
16
68
70
94
53
29
58
71
33
38
26
49
47
08
96
46
10
06
04
11
12
02
22
54
23
01
19
41
08
29
19
66
51
87
28
17
74
41
11
15
70
57
38
35
75
76
84
95
49
24
54
36
32
85
66
95
34
47
37
81
12
70
74
93
86
66
87
03
41
66
46
07
56
48
19
71
22
72
63
84
57
54
98
20
56
72
77
20
36
50
34
73
35
21
68
75
66
47
57
19
98
79
22
22
27
93
67
80
10
09
61
70
44
08
75
02
26
53
32
98
60
62
94
51
31
99
46
90
72
37
35
49
30
25
11
32
37
00
69
90
26
98
92
66
02
98
59
53
03
15
18
25
01
66
55
20
86
34
70
18
15
82
52
83
89
96
51
02
06
95
83
09
54
06
11
47
40
87
86
05
59
46
70
45
45
58
72
96
11
98
57
94
24
81
81
42
28
68
42
60
99
77
96
69
01
07
10
85
30
74
30
57
75
09
21
77
17
59
63
23
15
19
02
74
90
20
96
85
21
14
29
33
91
94
? 42
27
81
21
60
32
57
61
42
78
04
98
26
84
70
27
87
51
54
80
17
69
76
01
14
63
24
73
20
96
19
74
02
46
37
97
37
73
21
12
05
68
63
02
43
34
13
40
29
36
50
19
77
98
69
86
49
76
87
09
52
99
24
66
50
89
91
05
73
95
46
95
46
75
36
28
96
88
19
36
94
51
89
39
84
81
47
86
77
50
82
54
96
26
76
31
12
34
98
99
00
18
47
21
86
7 8
90
67
54
89
61
7 9
88
16
00
80
01
88
47
42
87
46
26
31
65
79
81
66
16
30
57
66
62
90
55
46
51
80
14
87
88
69
25
87
16
12
27
34
81
76
29
80
56
49
94
66
87
26
22
30
20
09
44
29
62
41
38
21
67
68
06
71
13
49
39
19
59
97
62
47
60
93
58
15
04
50
52
08
21
53
13
93
44
68
85
58
31
58
83
66
2
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000200190001-1
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000200190001-1
CPYRGHT
51
39
28
59
36
43
89
85
05
96
28
54
99
83
27
99
94
32
53
77
54
23
94
19
18
79
52
64
62
74
40
87
16
18
03
25
76
75
54
84
57
89
27
33
94
07
16
09
02
62
47
70
43
83
55
71
70
88
01
17
02
33
07
47
36
53
27
44
44
68
62
61
11
96
98
09
30
42
92
65
76
11
52
92
47
55
34
25
12
99
03
04
78
39
81
11
91
60
92
67
63
31
28
18
86
29
08
52
01
01
26
46
05
05
01
31
73
11
89
38
27
63
22
15
70
34
27
45
64
26
01
76
42
59
59
69
29
38
98
75
06
33
56
21
11
44
01
45
25
67
11
76
25
48
06
02
65
15
29
12
64
14
28
76
76
21
35
88
87
73
31
73
63
16
95
11
52
36
42
13
28
43
62
54
68
75
23
57
53
70
97
15
54
87
06
52
23
92
18
31
09
52
28
38
55
85
97
31
58
88
31
18
14
96
72
17
23
70
40
24
93
71
41
54
14
93
71
20
27
42
32
11
58
26
83
67
18
28
90
30
15
68
15
35
99
58
18
57
38
40
07
06
87
59
47
71
74
36
92
85
77
71
22
39
14
08
90
74
37
68
26
62
27
41
84
75
16
69
67
48
78
45
35
48
44
61
50
90
12
45
02
80
55
26
76
22
51
94
78
48
24
86
06
82
84
19
36
72
90
73
32
30
15
87
01
04
19
33
01
42
37
28
40
68
44
78
88
75
72
76
26
33
95
69
09
39
33
14
21
01
35
48
85
24
73
37
63
43
25
69
95
27
40
95
08
81
01
24
24
13
51
59
55
99
09
35
22
34
49
91
24
27
53
96
32
09
77
79
88
00
90
66
03
51
71
30
02
19
11
20
36
11
64
21
28
65
40
19
41
99
47
50
50
20
08
20
30
08
71
88
96
19
50
70
59
13
26
63
13
89
13
35
00
84
14
64
04
99
43
77
22
40
89
49
58
19
09
55
60
35
33
00
69
26
90
69
24
89
74
43
53
89
62
35
08
16
22
75
69
29
55
21
66
38
86
06
80
41
18
61
22
56
50
24
75
00
25
87
90
18
21
99
12
62
28
14
80
11
91
92
49
43
82
07
72
60
84
66
97
32
71
02
52
82
12
10
47
42
75
22
65
62
03
46
84
00
21
00
48
63
65
52
21
52
42
84
55
47
45
60
20
24
62
69
41
41
29
80
47
63
27
97
55
49
23
90
65
00
61
70
09
43
30
91
67
35
16
63
27
31
07
30
00
97
04
36
09
96
15
77
95
55
27
34
56
16
57
88
81
40
54
35
71
36
89
19
56
90
38
14
76
05
30
51
50
69
12
56
94
42
00
97
70
44
81
42
04
40
86
49
34
82
23
58
43
78
46
88
23
80
13
92
07
87
61
12
31
19
28
08
07
75
30
40
73
58
52
08
00
22
08
39
53
70
43
37
88
03
41
72
04
20
49
44
34
62
79
88
19
02
46
16
66
72
06
01
61
94
37
69
96
77
01
94
40
29
70
04
20
93
87
76
77
76
07
03
74
20
16
13
65
98
96
28
43
10
91
73
44
58
29
88
09
52
88
21
64
44
65
87
06
64
49
47
84
66
99
56
18
12
36
24
83
66
66
14
89
45
92
73
88
95
04
60
77
34
65
11
20
38
12
38
62
96
56
30
47
42
59
64
21
48
29
54
22
02
00
23
36
71
52
06
87
3801.
52
18
81
94
91
55
13
76
10
39
02
00
66
99
13
41
72
75
21 71
56
71
90
60
54
98
44
18
15
29
59
60
76
52
25
3
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000200190001-1