A REMOTE ACTION INVESTIGATION WITH MARINE ANIMALS

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Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 NOMil `id -"101111,SP,..- Final Report?Objective E, Task 1 A REMOTE ACTION INVESTIGATION WITH MARINE ANIMALS By: EDWIN C. MAY C. M. PLEASS College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Prepared for: PETER J. McNELIS, DSW CONTRACTING OFFICER'S TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S.A. (415) 326-6200 Cable: SRI INTL MPK TWX: 910-373-2046 For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 December 1987 215 I;= For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Final Report?Objective E, Task 1 Covering the Period 1 October 1986 to 30 September 1987 I I 1:C:32=5 (SdA REMOTE ACTION INVESTIGATION WITH MARINE ANIMALS EU=D By: EDWIN C. MAY C. M. PLEASS College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Prepared for: PETER J. McNELIS, DSW CONTRACTING OFF ICER'S TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE SRI Project 1291 Approved by: MURRAY J. BARON, Director Geoscience and Engineering Center 333 Ravenswood Avenue ? Menlo Park, California 94025 ? U.S.A. (415) 326-6200 ? Cable: SRI INTL MPK ? TWX: 910-373-2046 d For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 December 1987 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 ABSTRACT In FY 1986, SRI International awarded a subcontract to the College of Marine Studies of the University of Delaware to conduct remote action (RA) experiments using marine algae as target elements. Protocols were developed during that year that would enable SRI to test, with a living system, the Intuitive Data Sorting model. During FY 1987, significant improvement was made to stabilize the data so that standard analysis techniques (e.g., ANOVA) might be used. While much progress was made toward that end, significant autocorrelations persist. Nonetheless, an attempt was made to generate successful RA. SRI analyzed data for four participants and found no statistical evidence of RA. ii Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES ii iv INTRODUCTION 1 II REVIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE REMOTE ACTION PROJECT 2 A. Toward Increased Data Stability 2 B. Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis 3 C. Results 5 D. Discussion 5 REFERENCES 8 APPENDIX A-1 iii Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Results of the IDS and Monte Carlo Calculations 4 2. Post Session Control Velocity Spectrum--Operator 48 6 3. Post Session Control Velocity Data--Operator 48 6 iv Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 I INTRODUCTION For a number of years, Dr. C. M. Pleass of the College of Marine Studies at the University of Delaware, has been constructing a remote action (RA) experiment using various species of marine algae as targets. In these types of experiments, RA participants attempt to change the swimming velocities of single algae cells during effort periods as compared to control periods. Encouraged by a paper presented at an annual meeting of the Parapsychological Association,1* SRI International awarded a two?year contract to the University of Delaware to satisfy Objective E, Task 1 of the FY 1986 statement of work. For the first year, the task was to stabilize the equipment and protocol, while the task for the second year was to collect RA data. This report describes SRI's role in that effort and summarizes the work done by Dr. Pleass.t (The University of Delaware's draft final report is included, verbatim, in the Appendix.) * References may be found at the end of this report. t This report constitutes the deliverable for Ojective E, Task 1. 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 II REVIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE REMOTE ACTION PROJECT In the past, the putative RA data from the College of Marine Studies of the University of Delaware, have been criticized for the statistical methods that were employed. The cell velocity, as a function of time, exhibited an unknown mixture of biological and environmental correlated responses (i.e., the data points were not statistically independent). In a report included in SRI's FY 1986 interim report on this experiment,2 a significant autocorrelation was observed, yet there was no modification of the statistical analysis to account for the correlation. (The complete FY 1986 results can be found in Reference 2.) During the first few months of FY 1987, the University of Delaware moved the project to new and better facilities. The move delayed our joint FY 1987 project: however, as is shown below, a major improvement of data stability was realized. Initially, the experimental setup in the new location was identical to the old, but with the following improvements: ? The floor of the new laboratory is a 3-foot thick concrete slab. This improved the physical isolation of the apparatus. ? The apparatus was installed in an electrically isolated and sound attenuated room. ? It was now possible to collect data for 24-hour periods. SRI personnel inspected the new facilities and found them to be significantly improved. What follows is a description of the FY 1987 activity. A. Toward Increased Data Stability Baseline velocity data were collected over 24 hours for fifteen 24-hour periods. It was clear (see Figure 2 in the Appendix) that the cells exhibited erratic behavior during the "day" (0800 to 1700) but were quiescent between 0000 and 0800. This quiescent period suggested that the organisms might be sensitive to the increased electromagnetic activity during the day and might be less stimulated during the night. (SRI analyzed a quiescent data set and found the data to be normally distributed with a slight tail favoring downward swimming.) 2 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 A second possible contribution to the data instability was noticed. The algae cells tended to clump, especially if they had been in the experimental chamber for some time. If this tendency was consistent, it would produce strong autocorrelations in the data. The solution to the first problem was to attempt to provide better shielding, but it was realized that ELF shielding was not possible. Instead, a completely new experimental chamber was designed. In the old system, cells, which were drawn once per day from a biostat, constituted a fresh experimental sample daily. While it was good to have fresh cells, the immediate change in environment led to initial instabilities and, in the absence of light and nutrients, the cells lost energy over time. This trend was obvious from the data in that cells showed an increasing tendency to swim with gravity rather than against it. The new system uses a continuous flow design. Fresh cells flow through an experimental region at an orthogonal (to the measurement axis) velocity of ?450 mm/sec. This change greatly improved the stability, and significantly reduced the clumping. B. Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis With the increased stability, it was decided to use two types of analysis: (1) Standard Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). (2) Data Analysis sensitive to the Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS) model. The standard ANOVA 2 x n consists of a design where n is the number of consecutive temporal data samples collected in each of the effort and control conditions. The IDS analysis was outlined earlier,2 and a complete description can be found in SRI's final report on Objective E, Tasks 3 and 4.3 Briefly, the IDS formalism uses a simple application of the central limit theorem to show that for mean chance expectation (MCE), the expected value of the log of the absolute value of the detrended velocities is linearly related to the log of an averaging length, n. Under RA conditions, the relationship is nonlinear in a dramatic way (Figure 1). Under IDS conditions (i.e., psychoenergetically biasing a sampling distribution) the formalism predicts a linear relationship once again, but with increased intercepts over MCE. The averaging length, n, is defined as the number of samples of the parent velocity distribution that are averaged to form one data point. 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 _ed Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Change in Velocity (Nersalixel) Monte Carlo Theory Note: Only a few points are shown for clarity. J000000:0, RA (a=.0.30) IDS (1=0.38) MCE 10 Averaging Length (n) SO 100 600 FIGURE 1 RESULTS OF THE IDS AND MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS SRI conducted extensive Monte Carlo calculations to simulate the experimental IDS design. The results are shown in Figure 1. The RA curve was calculated assuming a parent distribution shift of 0.3a--the only free parameter. The IDS curve was calculated assuming that the sampling distribution had an increased variance2 of 0.38. Only 4 of the 12 generated data points (3 for each model) are shown. All points fell within 1a (the error bars) of the theoretical curves--an expected result considering that each model has only one specified free parameter. SRI proposed that 50 trials for each of three averaging lengths (5, 15, and 40) be collected by one RA operator (blind to the averaging length). Delaware proposed that the actual data collection proceed as much like their "wave" protocol as possible. In a single trial, an operator marks a continuous, but undisplayed velocity data stream when he/she feels that RA has just occurred. This effort period is followed immediately by a control period of length n points. This is followed by a brief, but random, interval before a second identical period to the above couplet is collected as a pseudo-effort period. In addition to the psychoenergetic trials, SRI requested that a "real" influence be exerted upon the algae under the same collection format described above. The data would be used to 4 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 demonstrate that if RA behaved like a "real" influence, the IDS formalism would be capable of describing it. C. Results Four operators produced five trials each at each of the three averaging lengths. This raw data and one set of "real" influence (spark stimulus) data simulated for five trials was sent to SRI for analysis. The "wave" protocol used by the the Delaware group suggested that the ANOVA be changed to a 2 x 2n design. A separate analysis was then performed for each of the averaging lengths. The first row of the ANOVA data matrix consisted of the five-trial averages of the velocity (detrended) for each of n points during the effort period (i.e., just before the operator marks the data stream) and a second set of n control points. The second row was identical to the first row, except the data were taken from the pseudo-effort period. This particular design was sensitive to the "release-of-effort" wave protocol and to differences between the effort and pseudo-effort periods. The ANOVA was conducted for all three averaging lengths for the four operators and for the spark stimulus data. There was no evidence even suggestive of an extra-chance anomaly. Delaware made two attempts at simulating RA. The first used spark induced E&M as a perturbing force, however, the intensity was insufficient to produce any effect. Following an SRI suggestion, Delaware used visible light to induce a change in swimming velocity. SRI was unable to confirm a stable velocity shift in the data from this attempt as well. D. Discussion Two conditions must be met before an ANOVA is valid. The data must be approximately normal and they must be statistically independent. ANOVA is particularly forgiving for the first condition, but if a positive serial correlation exists, a significant underestimate of the residual variance can result.4 This can result in an artifactually significant F ratio. Figure 2 shows a typical velocity distribution with a Gaussian fit and a Gaussian fit with a matched exponential tail. It is clear by inspection and the value of chi-square that the first criterion (approximate normality) is easily met. The second criterion is much more important from an ANOVA perspective. While the autocorrelation has improved greatly since the earlier report,2 it nonetheless, still represents a 5 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 high degree of significance--especially for the early lags. This can be seen in Figure 3 as low frequency oscillations of the velocity envelope. Even after the significant improvement of the system, some non?random component to the velocity data remains. Because the overall ANOVA result was not significant, and the autocorrelations are all positive, we are not required to calculate the appropriate error residuals for our correlated data. Telocity lenity (irbitrary) ?er. e Data Points ? Gaussian Fit ? ? Gaussian + Tail ?40 ?20 ?20 ?10 0 10 90 SO 40 Velocity (micrometers/sec) FIGURE 2 POST SESSION CONTROL VELOCITY SPECTRUM -- OPERATOR 48 - - ...... .... .11 -: Z: I I ill 1 I I I I I ? I I I I 0 1000 0000 8000 4000 11000 Time (-sec) FIGURE 3 POST SESSION CONTROL VELOCITY DATA -- OPERATOR 48 6 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 The Delaware efforts were quite disappointing. SRI designed the protocol and analysis and made numerous suggestions about improving the physical set-up. Virtually all the RA data were collected in the last month of the contract, so that only 5 trials instead of the requested 50 were collected at each averaging length. Second, the operators were not blind to the averaging length; thus, even if we had observed significant evidence of an anomaly, we would be unable to interpret it with regard to the IDS model. Why the RA simulations (spark data) were not significant remains a mystery. Either the wrong stimuli were chosen by Delaware, or the stimulus intensities were incorrect. 7 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 REFERENCES 1. Pleass, C. M., and Day, N. D., "Using the Doppler Effect to Study Behavioral Responses of Motile Algae to Psi Stimulus," Proceedings of the 28th Parapsychological Association Convention, pp. 373-406 (August 1985). 2. May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Pleass, C. M., "Measuring Remote Action Influence on the Vertical Component of Dunaliella Velocity," Interim Report, Objective E, Task 9, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (December 1986). 3. May, E. C., "Intuitive Data Sorting: An Informational Model of Psychoenergetic Functioning," Final Report, Objective E, Tasks 3 and 4, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (December 1986). 4. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M. H., "Applied Linear Statistical Models," Second Edition, Homewood, Illinois, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., p. 445 (1985). 8 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 APPENDIX A-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 1 Final Report on the Stanford Research International Project. "Evaluation of the Theory of Intuitive Data Sorting, and Its Application to Bio Laser Doppler Data Generated by Marine Microorganisms" Duration: Two Years from 10/1/85 Program Leader: Dr. C. M. Pleass College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19716 The following description is excerpted from the original proposal, so that this final report may be placed in proper perspective: Year One - 10/1/85 - 9/30/86._ Using the existing Bio Laser Doppler facilities at the Bayside Laboratory, develop a protocol and statistical analytical procedure which can effectively address the question of the validity of the SRI theory known as Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS). The deliverable, due by 9/30/86, would be a report describing a mutually acceptable experimental and analytical technique. This implies frequent contact with the SRI project monitor throughout the year, as the various options are examined. Year Two - 10/1/86 - 9/30/87. Using the protocol and procedure developed in Year 1, to carry out Bio Laser Doppler experiments that address the validity of the IDS theory. This will require the involvement of volunteer participants from the Lewes community, whose task will be to try to Intuit or anticipate changes in the statistical parameters describing the motion of marine microorganisms, or in some similar SIRPROJ CMP/vs Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 2 way, to provide evidence bearing on the validity of the SRI theory. The individuals involved will not be identified in the report by name, and the appropriate informed consent will be obtained in each case, to meet the University of Delaware's human subject requirements. The deliverables will be a report containing a description of the detail of each trial, including statistical ensembles that best represent the data,, and copies of the floppy discs carrying the raw data. In practice, the project progressed in two cycles, both of. which involved program development and experimental psi work. Thus in Year 1, two appropriate psi protocols were developed (pk 85 and WAVE), and volunteers from the Lewes community used them to create data bases which SRI and UD examined together'. The experimental and analytical techniques appeared acceptable, a priori, but instability in the baseline time series velocity data threatened the credibility of the results. Very few segments of our time series records of unstimulated algal movement taken prior to the fall of 1986 were free from some abrupt changes in average velocity and vector. However for practical reasons most of the data had been acquired during the 1 Algal swimming velocity, resolved along a single axis, constituted the primary experimental variable. The variance of this data and the direction of movement, up or down, were secondary variables. SIRPROJ CMP/vs Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 3 working day. This suggested 24-hour time series studies of unstimulated cultures, to examine the possibility that the observed changes were part of a natural circadian rhythm. After modifying the system to allow 24 hour studies, fifteen 24-hour data sets were collected in November - December 1986. On January 13, 1987, Ed May and Peter McNelis of SRI met with Mic Pleass and Dean Dey at Lewes to discuss this data. A typical time series is shown in the fold-out (Fig. 1). A "window" was clearly'evident in all 15 data sets between circa midnight and eight AM. (Fig. 2) The data in this region were quiet and would have formed an acceptable basis for psi. experiments. However, it seemed unlikely that participants and experimenters would show much enthusiasm for working through this period. As a secondary benefit, the data gave us perspective on the hours 0900 - 1500 which include most of our previous psi runs. It seemed clear that this was a period when the algae were generally swimming non-randomly, with quite frequent abrupt changes in average velocity. As we were all aware, this places a heavy stress on the analytical technique and the credibility associated with the data from psi experiments. It is impossible to choose between exogenous or endogenous (circadian) influences when looking for a cause. However, the group were suspicious of sonic and electromagnetic disturbances associated with the working day. SIRPROJ CMP/vs .0 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 24-HOUR DATA TEST850 24-HOUR DATA TEST850A 24-HOUR DATA TEST850B 24-HOUR DATA TEST850C 16:33:42 ?17:20:30 18:08:07 18:58:01 19:4.3:42 20:39:41 21:28:38 22:16:5:2 23:0c;:31 TIME 24-HOUR DATA TEST850D TIME 24-HOUR DATA TEST850E 3 : 54:15 00:42:58 TIME 241-1OUR DATA 11 EST850F 01:3::00 02:24:06 03:16:41 04:10:29 05:04:42 05:57:14 TINE 24-HOUR DATA TEST8500 -100 -150- -200- -25n 05:57:14 06:48:00 07:36:35 08:24:31 09:12:1? 09:59:51 10:,]8:08 11:35:43 12:23:54 13:11:41 13:59:18 14:4;7:06 15:35:05 16:22:49 TINE TIME TIME Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 ? ? '.;?.? ? ill I I I il I I I 111 1 I I I II I I MI I I I I I I I I I I ", ------- ---- ---- r ? ? , -t --#1.414444"i' .1 :-.011110.1irligile :-.1,000110.011011010111 r'fki?lOWORMOMMUS 41/ ;' ,'? ;.`. .:?? i. g. 1...1 'f..;?????1'4'1.--:;;CL.,--;;,::: . .... ' ? ''...':-..;,'?i ..? i; 'IL ? . , ..., ., ;?-,, '''. p ?::::',.:015- - s. ? ?????? ...:1?.`31.!???a, ? ,? ?.1 ? 'M00% ti a??:"... ?Ii y '? : # t w 'te," 4 4.4?% - ? Fig. 2 TIME SERIES VELOCITY DATA ? Vertical lines are at midnight and 0800 hours R-7"Pc rr/c-r-larr.,71^,rTr?r? ?!, Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 6 The environmental chamber housing the BLD apparatus was converted into a modestly good RF and sonic quiet room. The results were unchanged. The next step was to actively look for evidence of group dynamic change within the algae in the tissue culture vessel used to hold the sample. By visually observing a particu- larly hardy clone of Dunaliella which lived for three months on Mb c Pleass' .office window sill (unnurtured through the period, and knocked over several \times!) we were able to identify "micro avalanches" of cells, superimposed on upward and downward movement of the green suspension. Literature search revealed one relevant reference2 which provided examples of microavalanching in cultures' of Dunaliella. This seems to be a natural method of redistributing cells which have physical reasons for normally swimming upward. To work around this problem a flow system was constructed, so that a well mixed culture from a biostat external to the environmental chamber could move in slow (100-200 um sec-') laminar flow past the measuring volume. The virtual fringes of the BLD system were aligned parallel to the flow, ie, the axis along which velocity measurements were made was chosen to be at right angles to the artificially induced flow. Experiments confirmed that these velocity data were unaffected by the slow flow. Twenty-four hour runs appeared much quieter. Ed May visited Lewes again on May 5th, just at the right time to see a very good looking time series 2 Kessler, J. O., Cooperative and concentrative phenomena of swimming microorganisms. Contemp. Phys. 1985, Vol. 26, #2, 147-166. SIRPROJ CMP/vs Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 0 -fi() -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 -200 -:Z20 -240 Fig. 3 24 hour velocity data from Dunaliella 24- HOU R DATA FLOW TEST 004 .24- HOU R DATA 21, FLOW TEST 004 0 - - ..., --, _ ^ - ^ 1 II , Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-007871 ^ _ - - - - , A 2 4 6 a 10 12 14 TIME OF DAY 18 18 20 22 2 4 6 6 10 12 TIME or LAY cect, Sjci, )&61,t61/4;:-__. 1 Ack,i-rk 4.12_11. 1QtAdvv,v,-,- 0,v /0 V-ovt----s. 44,;(g- c)t, G.o...f,C 4_ 14 "C) OQ ????41 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 Nuttier S tikA pcmvAA Variable: ',.E LO VELI tIEL2 Sample size 1658 1757 1890 Average -162.039 -162.306 -162.547 Median -162.312 -162.312 -162.312 Mode -161.547 -163.078 -163.078 Geometric mean Variance 39.0124 37.563 36.1619 Standard deviation 6.24599 6.12886 6.01348 Standard error 0.153394 0.146216 0.138323 Minimum -185.281 -184.515 -182.219 Maximum -127.859' -137.813 -141.641 Range 57.4219 46.7029 40.5785 Lower quartile -166.14 -166.14 -166.907 Upper quartile -157.719 -158.484 -158.484 Interquartile range 8.4217 7.6563 8.4226 Skewness 0.190437 9.197301 -0.0216271 Standardized skewness 3.16568 3.37628 -0.383844 Kurtosis 0.553595 0.325558 -0.0216545 Standardized kurtosis 4.60128 2.78553 -0.192164 Variable: VEL3 VEL4 VEL5 Sample size 1857 1926 2096 Average -163.34 -163.527 -163.456 Median -163.078 -163.844 -163.844 Mode -162.312 -161.547 -163.844 Qeometric mean Variance 38.1946 41.748 37.9794 Standard deviation 6.18018 6.46127 6.16274 Standard error 0.143415 0.147228 0.13461 Minimum -196 -189.109 -181.453 Maximum -139.343 -140.875 -139.343 Range 56.6564 48.2338 42.1094 Lower quartile -167.672 -167.672 -167.672 Upper quartile -159.25 -159.25 I -159.25 Interquartile range 8.4217 8.4217 8.4217 Skewness 0.112429 0.0642093 0.167328 Standardized skewness 1.97791 1.50873 3.12743 Kurtosis 0.561965 0.316777 0.0616489 Standardized kurtosis 4.94322 2.83777 0.576123 Fig. 3A Summary statistics of one hour periods from data set 004 8 72tcooci (9o:o0 o6: dweit 4,. /4.- ? citc.0v3 &AI owa; *ta.nraf4..,S Sele.a.4 v..4.411 1.4.,A?id...0 caisf. cuct, azkitt. t3CACr 0 ("kiaz.-1-,LaL offvv- dx". or,14,4 t-e? 04_ lis 17.4A4rt. erce.):44c).- k co-1 OtitYkrs. Liza jr ' at.44. 104. tEt ti,rtz_41.3h4s Akre LAJ444 Cc.u..#04czksm,01.4.4 444k- it,s Art. .41c Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000300070001-3 I