THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS. VOLUME 2. (CONFERENCE OF THE NEUROELECTRIC SOCIETY).

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
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• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 11, 1998
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: March 10, 1971
• Content Type: PAPER

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Volume 2
 Volume 2
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual National Conference of theNeuroelectric
Society, held in San Antonio, Texas, March 10-12,1971
Edited by
Norman L. Wulfsohn
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
and
Anthony Sances, Jr.
Professor and Chairman, Biomedical Engineering
Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
T PLENUM PRESS ? NEW YORK-LONDON ? 1971
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R0005002000
 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 70-114562
SBN 306-37172-3
?1971 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, Ltd.
Davis House (4th floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, N W10 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the publisher
Printed in the United States of America
Anth
Alan
Dav ic'
Bern?
Jack
All
to:
 THE NEURO-ELECTRIC SOCIETY
1971
CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN:
CONFERENCE SECRETARY:
Norman L. Wulfsohn
Edward F. Gelineau
University of Texas Medical School
San Antonio
Anthony Sances, Jr., President, Marquette University
Alan R. Kahn, Vice President, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
David V. Reynolds, Vice President, University of Windsor
Bernard Saltzberg, Vice President, Tulane University
Jack J. Snyder, Secretary, Hoffman-La Roche, New Jersey
NATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
Edgar J. Baldes
James A: Me
yer
Joseph J. Barboriak
James W. Pr
escott
Robert 0. Becker
Donald H. R
eigel
Carmine D. Clemente
Alfred W. R
ichardson
Donald F. Flickinger
Lawrence R,
Rose
Lester A. Geddes
Charles E.
Short
Ernest 0. Henschel
Kenneth A.
Siegesmund
Herin
inald A
Re
Charles F.
Stroebel
.
g
Raymond T. Kado
Calvin C. Turbes
Sanford J. Larson
Arthur S. Wilson
Irving Lutsky
Norman L. Wulfsohn
Simon E. Markovich
All enquiries for the Neuro-Electric Society should be addressed
to:
Mr. Jack Snyder
Senior Research Associate
Department of Medical Research
Hoffman-La Roche Inc.
Nutley, New Jersey 07110
 This second volume of the "Nervous System and Electric Currents"
represents the collected papers of the Proceedings of the fourth
annual national conference, organised by the Neuro-Electric Society.
It will be held at the Convention Center, San Antonio, Texas)March
10-12, 1971.
applied currents to the "peripheral" nervous system.
of electro-sleep and electro-anesthesia is the important practical
clinical aspect of these interesting researches. 1{owever, a new
emphasis is now also beginning to be placed on the effects of these
The "central" nervous system is still the main focus of research.
The use of transcranially applied electric currents in the production
currents on the neurophysiological correlates of the nervous system.
The interests of the Neuro-Electric Society focus upon the
measurement and quantification of neuro-electric phenomena, neuro-
stimulation and recording techniques and procedures, and the appli-
cations of biomedical engineering to the furthering of our under-
standing about neural-behavioral processes.
These research papers further explore the influence of electrical
The Editors wish to thank the following sponsors: Office of
Society for Electro-sleep and Electro-Anesthesia , Graz, Austria.
in Medicine and Biology), New York, New York, and the International
stitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (Group of Engineering
We also wish to thank for their cooperation the Association for the
Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Bethesda, Maryland, the In-
Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Plenum Press, New York, New York.
Naval Research, Washington, D.C. (Grant No. NR 108-918); Medtronic
We would like to thank Mr. E. Gelineau and Mrs. Linda Peters
for their untiring help in preparation of this Proceedings Book.
Norman L. Wulfsohn
March 1971 Anthony Sances, Jr.
 Robert D. Allison, Chief, Cardiovascular Physiology, Scott and
White Clinic, Temple Texas
,maxim Asa, Director, Department of Physiology and Clinical Research,
Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey,
S. C. Ayivorh, Biophysics Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
L. E. Baker, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Edmundo Baumann, Institute of Bio-Medical Electronics, Department
of Physiology, University of Toronto, Division of Neuro-
surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
D. Brittain, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,-Texas
Joseph D. Bronzino, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology,
Shrewsbury, Massachusetts
Leo A. Bullara, Huntington Institute of Applied Medical Research,
Pasadena, California
Neil R. Burch, Head, Psychophysiology Division, Texas Research
Institute of Mental Sciences, Texas Medical Center, Houston,
Texas
Guillermo Chavez-Ibarra, Department de Investigacion Cientifica,
of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
P. Cabler, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Enrique J. A. Carregal, University of Southern California School
Centro Medico Nacional, IMSS, Mexico, D. F.
 pproved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
M. E. Cherviakov, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology or Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
J. K. Cywinski, Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Jose M. R. Delgado, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Jerry S. Driessner, University of Texas Medical School, San
Antonio, Texas
Daniel A. Driscoll, Union College, Schenectady, New York
P. W. Droll, Research Scientist, Ames Research Center, NASA,
Moffett Field, California
Allan H. Frey, Technical Director, Randomline, Incorporated,
Willow Grove, Pennsylvania
Harry G. Friedman, Research Program Manager, Medtronic
Incorporated, Minneapolis, Minnesota?
L. A. Geddes, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
E. Gelineau, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas
Medical School, San Antonio, Texas
Oldrich GrUnner, Balneological Research Institute, Working Center
Spa, Jesenik-Graefenberg, Czechoslovakia
H. L. Gurvich, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation,.Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
Susan Halter, Department of Anatomy, Queen's University, Kingston,
Ontario, Canada
Warren Harding, Orthopedic Resident, University of California at
Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
L. Hause, Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Medical College
of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Norman Hoffman, Departments of Neurosurgery and Chemistry, Medical
College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee
Wisconsin
Michael Hoshiko, Department of Pathology and Audiology, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
0500200005-2
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;1 C?4 CONTRIBUTORS
V. 115u, Systems Analyst, Department of Psychiatry of the University
of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of
Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri
2?iedical Institute, Moscow, USSR
X. Itil, Professor and Associate Chairman, Department of
Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine
at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri
t. J. lufer, Research Scientist, Ames Research Center, NASA,
Moffett Field, California
). P. Kaverina, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
A. S. Khalafalla, Systems and Research Center, Honeywell
Incorporated, St. Paul, Minnesota ,
Judith M. Kilby, Faculty of Science, University of Science and
Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
C. A. Kitzmann, NRC-NASA Resident Research Associate, Ames Research
Center, Moffett Field, California
J. J. Konikoff, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, General Electric
Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jan Kryspin, Institute of Bio-Medical Electronics, Department of
Physiology, University of Toronto, Division of Neurosurgery,
Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
A. C. K. Kutty, Palat House, Panniyankara Calicut, Kerala, India
M. N. Kuzin, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
S. J. Larson, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Benjamin Lesin, Orthopedic Research Resident, Rancho Los Amigos
Hospital, Downey, California
Aime Limoge, L'ecole Nationale de Chirurgie-Dentaire de Paris,
Montrouge, France
H. M. Liventsev, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
 XII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Y. Maass, Bioengineer, COMM/ADP Laboratory, II. Q., USAECOM,,Fort
Monmouth, New Jersey
John Marasa, Scientific Programmer Analyst, Department of
Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine
at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri
Simon E. Markovich, Clinical Associate Professor of Neurology,
University of Miami, School of Medicine, Coral Gables,
Florida
Richard E, McKenzie, University of Texas Medical School, San
Antonio, Texas 0
Donald R. McNeal, Director of Neuromuscular Engineering, Rancho
Los'Amigos Hospital, Downey, California
Jose Medina-Jimenez, Somepsic, Mexico, D. F.
V. D. Minh, Pulmonary Research Fellow University of California,
San Diego School of Medicine, University Hospital of San
Diego County, San Diego, California
L. H. Montgomery, Assistant Professor, Vanderbilt University School
f M
o
edicine, Nashville, Tennessee
Vert Mooney, Chief, Amputee and Problem Fracture Service, Rancho
Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, California
Kenneth M. Moser, Associate Professor of Medicine, Director,
Pulmonary Division, University of California, San Diego
School of Medicine, San Diego, California
P. A. Negovskii, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
C. 11. Nute, Computer Specialist, Department of Psychiatry of the
University of Missouri-School of Medicine at the Missouri
Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri
E. Otis, Department of Orthopedics, Monmouth Medical Center, Long
Branch, New Jersey
Robert Pearson, Department of Neurophysiology, Rancho Los Amigos
Hospital, Downey, California
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
Donald
M. Ru]
Rene
He rma i
 Medicine
Missouri
-o logy,
es,
;7ornia,
San
ity School
Rancho
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Animal
of the
Iuri
B. P. Photiades, Biophysics Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy,
fniversity of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
ert N. Pudenz, University of Southern California School of
Medicine, Pasadena, California
.}naid H. Reigel, Departments of Neurosurgery and Chemistry,
:
;Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
A. W. Richardson, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
R. J. Riggs, Faculty of Science, University of Science and
Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
C. Romero-Sierra, Department of Anatomy, Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Saul Ii. Rosenthal, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas
M. Rubin, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, Illinois
A. Sances, Jr., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical
College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Rene Sanchez-Sinencio, Instituto Mexicano de Electrosueno y
Electroanesthesia, Mexico, D. F.
0. H. Schmitt, Department of Biophysics, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Merman P. Schwan, Electromedical Division, Moore School of
Electrical. Engineering, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
S. I. Schwartz, Department of Surgical Research, University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New
York
John H. Seipel, Director, Neurology Department, Maryland State
Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Chief of
Neurological Research, Friends of Psychiatric Research, Inc.;
and Clinical Instructor in Neurology, Georgetown University
Hospital, Washington, D. C.
 D. Shapiro, Computer--Scientist, Department of Psychiatry of the
University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri
Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri
C. Norman Shealy, Chief of Neurosurgery, Gundersen Clinic,
Associate Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery,
University of Minnesota. Assistant Clinical Professor of
Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School,
Madison, Wisconsin
C. Hunter Shelden, University of Southern California School of
Medicine, Pasadena, California
K. A. Siegesmund, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Roger C. Simon, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
Hans-Guenther Stadelmayr-Maiyores, Munich, West Germany
D. B. Stratton, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
B. J. Tabak, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
J. A. Tanner, Control Systems Laboratory, National Research
Council, Ottawa, Canada
R. L. Testerman, Department of Surgical Research, University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New
York
H. C. Tien, Michigan Institute of Psychosynthesis, Lansing,
Michigan
W. J. Wajszczuk, Section of Cardiology, V. A. Hospital, Wilmington,
Delaware
E. R. Winkler, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
 of the
souri
of
!. School,
nal
:ow
?.. Wulfsohn, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas
?'.edical School, San Antonio, Texas
t?6?nrd C. Yergler, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
D. ?.. Yorde, Department of Anatomy, Medical. College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
U. Zhukovskii, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
st Moscow
Fi
r
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences,
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
Zuperku, Medical College of Wisconsin, Marquette University,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
 D. Shapiro, Computer Scientist, Department of Psychiatry of the
University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri
Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri
C. Norman Shealy, Chief of Neurosurgery, Gundersen Clinic,
Associate Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery,
University of Minnesota. Assistant Clinical Professor of
Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School,
Madison, Wisconsin
C. Hunter Shelden, University of Southern California School of
Medicine, Pasadena, California
K. A. Siegesmund, Department of Anatomy, Medical' College Of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Roger C. Simon, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
Hans-Guenther Stadelmayr-Maiyores, Munich, West Germany
K. Steven Staneff, San Angelo, Texas
D. B. Stratton, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
B. J. Tabak, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal
Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow
Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR
J. A. Tanner, Control Systems Laboratory, National Research
Council, Ottawa, Canada
R. L. Testerman, Department of Surgical Research, University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New
York
H. C. Tien, Michigan Institute of Psychosynthesis, Lansing,
Michigan
W. J. Wajszczuk, Section of Cardiology, V. A. Hospital, Wilmington,
Delaware
E. R. Winkler, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, Illinois
 SECTION 1
ELECTRO-NEUROPHYSIOLOGY I %
Radio Communication with the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
J. M. R. Delgado
On the Penetration of UHF Energy Through the, Head . . . . . 11
A. H. Frey
Evaluation of Electrostimulation of Hearing by
Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
R. C. Simon and M. Hoshiko-.
Mechanisms of Electricity Conduction in Brain and Kidney
Studied by Impedance Measurements and Chrono-
potentiometric Polarography . . . . . . . . . 19
J. Kryspin and E. Baumann
Bioelectric Potential Changes in Bone During Immobilization . 25
J. J. Konikoff
SECTION 2
ELECTRO-NEUROPHYSIOLOGY' II
A Neural Feedback Circuit Associated with Sleep-Waking. . . . 29
J. D. Bronzino
Autonomic Nervous Control of the Intrinsic. Cardiac
Pacemaker and Its Electronic Analogue Simulator . 35
J. K. Cywinski, W. J. Wajszczuk, and A. C. K. Kutty
A Theoretical Analysis of RF Lesions Using Spherical
Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 47
D. A. Driscoll
 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : ;CIA-RDP96-00787R00
SECTION 3
ELECTRO-NEUROPHYSTOLOGY III
Period Analysis of the Cli '
N. R? Burch nical Electroencephalogram ~ ?
Spectral Analysis of the EEG on the PDp-12
C? H. Nute, J? Ma rasa, and T.? M, Itil ~ ? ~
57
Period Analysis of the EEG on the PDP-I2 ,
D? Shapiro, W. Hsu, and T. M. Itil ~ ~ ~ ~
59
Psychosynthesis: A TV-Cybernetic Hologram Model
H. C. Tien 61
SECTION 4 `
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS
The EfL-ects of DC Current on Synaptic Endings ?
D? E. Yorde, K? A, Siegesmund, A. Sauces ,7r,? ~ 69
S? J. Larson ~ and
The Effect of Magneto-Inductive Energy on Reaction
Time Performance ?
~. n. Kilby ~~ ? ay,.vorn, and
Effect of an Electromagnetic Field on the Sciatic Nerve
of the Rat
C. Romero-Sierra, S? Halter ~ ~ 8I
and J . ?A . Tanner
A Theoretical Analysis of Neuronal Biogenerated
Magnetic Fields
G. A. Kitzmann, P, W? Dro11? ? ~ ? ~ ? 87
and E . J ? Infer
Polarization Changes Induced in the Pyramidal Cell and
Other Neural Elements by Externally Applied
Fields
L. Ha use ? . . . ? 93
A, Sauces, Jr,, and S? Larson
SECTION 5
PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD STIMULATION
The Design of Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulators
H. G, Friedman ? 99
Pcripl
M,
E.
"What'
R,
Re spot
Selec~
A.
Safe t_
L.
Stand:
S.
Limit,
 Approved For Release 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP96-007878000500200005-2
Electrical Stimulation of the Rabbit's Aortic Nerve and
the Dog's Carotid Sinus Nerve: A Parameter Study 101
I~. L. Testerman and S. I. Schwartz
Muscle Response to Internal Stimulation of the Peroneal
Nerve in Paraplegic Patients . 107
W. G. Yergler and D. R. McNea l
Threshold Distributions of Phrcnic Nerve Motor Fibers:
A Factor in Smooth Electrophrenic Respiration 109
V. D, Minl1 and K, M. Moser
Development of an Implantable Telestimulator 111
R. H. Pudenz, C, H. Shelden, L. A, Bullara,
E. Jo A. Carregal, .and E, L. Watkins
t
The Current Status of Dorsal Column Stimulation fqr
Relief of Pain a a 113
C. N. Shealy
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Electrical Stimulation 115
M. Asa, H. Friedman, W. Harding, B. Lesin, V. Mooney,
E. Otis, R. Pearson, and Y. Maass
SAFETY FACTORS IN BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
"What's Important in Safe Medical Electronics
Instrumentation" . ? 119
R. D. Allison
Response to Passage of Sinusoidal Current Through the Body 121
L. A. Geddes, L. E. Baker, P. Cabler, and D. Brittain
Selective Differential Electrocardiographic Leads . 131
A. S. Khalafalla and 0, H. Schmitt
Safety Factors in Bioelectric Impedance Measurements 139
L. H, Montgomery
Standardization Committee on Bioelectrical Impedance
Measurements . 143
S. E. Markovich
Limit Current Density of Safe Tissue Exposure 145
H. P. Schwan
 Problems in the Clinical Interpretation of the
Impedance.Plethysmogram and Rheoencephalogram 147
J. H, Seipel ?
A Qualitative Description of the Electrosleep Experience 153
S, H, Rosenthal '
Electrosleep, Hypnosis and Auditory Evoked Potentials to
Words, a New Psychological Approach 157
? a. ?
G, Chavez-Ibarra, R? Sanchez-Sinencio, and
J, Medina-Jimenez
Electrosleep: Some Interesting Case Reports 159
K, S, Staneff ~ ? ~ ? '
Some Psychophysiologic Effects of Electrical
Transcranial Stimulation (Electrosleep) ? 163
,R, E, McKenzie, S, ii. Rosenthal, and J? S. Driessner
Electrosleep Enhanced by Intravenous Lidocaine ? 169
N. L? Wulfsohn and E. Gelineau
Electronic Noise in Cerebral Electrotherapy ? ? 175
0. GrUnner
Wireless Electrostimulation of the Brain (ESB) 181
H?-G, Stadelmayr-Maiyores ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ?
Obstetric Electro-Analgesia 189
A, Limoge ? '
Electro-Anesthesia for Electrical Cardio-Version 195
B, A, Negovskii, M, N? Kuzin, H, M. Liventsev, ? ? ~ ?
B, J, Tabak, H, L. Gurvich, V, D? Zhukovskii,
M, E, Cherviakov, and K, P, Kaverina
Rectangular Electroanesthesia Currents and the Primary
Visual Pathways ? ,
E, J. Zuperku, A, Sances, Jr., and S, J. Larson? 1 ?
Me chi
A,
Effe~
D.
N
Surg
D
 Approve
Electro-Anesthesia: By a New Portable Battery Powered
Device . . . . . . . 205
E. R. Winkler, D. B, Stratton, M. Rubin, and
A. W. Richardson ~,
Mechanisms of Electro-Analgesia 209
A. Limoge
Effect of Electroanesthesia Upon Circulating Serotonin 217
D, H, Reigel, A. Sauces, Jr., S, J, Larson, and
N, Hoffman
Surgical Experiences with ELectroanesthesia . 219
D, H. Reigel, A. Sauces, Jr., and S. J. Larson
Index . ,
. . . . , o . . . . . .