CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR (U)

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• Publication Date: July 1, 1972
• Content Type: REPORT

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DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
CONTROLLED
OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR (U),
PREPARED BY U.S. ARMY
OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICE
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CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR (U)
AUTHOR
JOHN D. LaMOTHE
CAPTAIN, MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS
SHORT TITLE
ST-CS-01-169-72
DIA TASK NUMBER
T72-01-14
DATE OF PUBLICATION
July 1972
Information Cut-off Date
31 January 1972
WARNING
This document contains information affecting the National Defense of
the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18,
U.S.C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its
contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
This is a Department of Defense Intelligence Document prepared by the
Medical Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department
of the Army, and approved by the Directorate for Scientific and Technical
Intelligence of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Classified by Chief, MIO, OTSG
EXEMPT FROM GENERAL DECLASSIFICATION
SCHEDULE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER 11652
EXEMPTION CATEGORY 3
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PREFACE
(S/NFD) This report summarizes the information available on Soviet
research on human vulnerability as it relates to incapacitating
individuals or small groups. The information contained in this
study is a review and evaluation of Soviet research in the field of
revolutionary methods of influencing human behavior and is intended
as an aid in the development of countermeasures for the protection
of US or allied personnel. Due to the nature of the Soviet research
in the area of reorientation or incapacitation of human behavior,
this report emphasizes the individual as opposed to groups.
(U) It is not within the realm of this report to make an in-depth
study of research and utilization of the multitudinous aspects of
psychology and psychiatry. It is strongly suggested that these
subjects, and the military use thereof, should be established as
separate studies. The importance of basic and applied research in
these areas should not be overlooked.
(U) The information reported covers the period from 1874-1972 and
has been drawn from scientific, medical and military journals, intel-
ligence reports, magazines, news items, books, conferences, and other
reports as referenced. The information cut-off date for this report
was 31 January 1972.
(U) The author of this study is Captain John D. LaMothe, Medical
Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of
the Army, Washington, DC 20314. Constructive criticism, comment
and suggested changes are invited from readers. These should be sent
to the author through the Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: DT-1A,
Washington, DC 20301.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ST-CS-01-169-72
July 1972
Page No.
Preface
Summary
PART I - INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION ------------
SECTION I - Background
xi
1
1
SECTION II - Current Events 2
Part A - Events in Northern Ireland 2
Part B - Events in the Soviet Union 3
Part C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR 8
SECTION III - Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry 9
Part A - A General Review 9
Part B - Soviet Military Psychology 13
Part C - Soviet Use of Psychology for Behavior Manipulation - 15
SECTION IV - Psychological Phenomena/Psychological Weapons 15
Part A - Temperature 16
Part B - Atmospheric Conditions 16
Part C - Olfactory Phenomena 17
Part D - Light 17
Part E - Sound 18
Part F - Electromagnetic Energy 18
Part G - Deprivation 19
PART II - PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION
SECTION I - Background
SECTION II - Significance of Parapsychology in the USSR
SECTION III - The Apport Technique
SECTION IV - ESP and Psychokinesis
SECTION V - Summary and Military Implications
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PART III - MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR
SECTION I -
Part A -
Part B -
Part C -
Part D -
SECTION II
Part A -
Part B -
Part C -
Hypnosis
The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine - USSR
Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior
Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis
Telepathic Hypnosis
- Conditioning Through Suggestion
Hypnopedia
Subliminal Perception
Suggestology
PART IV PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEDIA
PART V - PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR
SECTION I - General --
SECTION II - Main Psychotropic Substances - USSR
SECTION III - Psycho-Warfare Agents
Part A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid (LSD) and Psilocybin
Part B - Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate
Part C - Countermeasures
SECTION IV - Current Research Interest in Psychopharmacology -
USSR
Part A - Bioamine Research
Part B - Other Areas of Soviet
Page No.
41
41
41
43
45
47
49
49
51
53
59
63
63
64
66
66
69
70
71
71
Research in Psychopharmacology 74
PART VI - LIGHT AND COLOR AS A MEANS OF ALTERING HUMAN BEHAVICIP - 77
SECTION I - Psycho-Optics 77
Part A - Background 77
Part B - Soviet Research in Photic-Flicker 79
SECTION II - Color and Light
SECTION III - Concluding Remarks and Countermeasures 84
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PART VII - ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
87
SECTION I - Background
87
SECTION II - Behavioral Altering Possibilities
88
PART VIII - SOUND AS A MEANS OF ALTERING BEHAVIOR
91
SECTION I - General
91
SECTION II - Infrasonic Noise
92
SECTION III - Sonic Noise
93
SECTION IV - Ultrasonic Noise
96
SECTION V - Conclusion
99
PART IX - SENSORY DEPRIVATION
101
PART X - ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS
107
APPENDIX I - PERSONNEL AND INSTITUTES
113
Current Events
113
Part A - Affiliation Known
113
Part B - Affilitation Unknown
114
Part C - Important Institutes - No Personalities Available
114
Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry - Research
114
Part A - Affiliation Known
114
Part B - Affiliation Unknown
116
Parapsychology - USSR
116
Part A - Affiliation Known
116
Part B - Affiliation Unknown (1972)
118'
Mental Suggestion and Controlled Behavior
118
Part A - Affiliation Known
118
Part B - Affiliation Unknown
119
Psychopharmacology in the USSR
119
Affiliation Known
119
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Lights and Color as a Means of Altering Human Behavior --------120
120
Affiliation Known
Odors and the Altering of Human Behavior
Part A - Affiliation Known
Part B - Affiliation Unknown
Sensory Deprivation (non-aerospace)
Electromagnetic Effects
APPENDIX II - Intelligence Gaps
APPENDIX III - Future Trends
APPENDIX IV - The "1961 Directives" - Hospitalization of
Mentally I11
APPENDIX V -
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APPENDIX VI - Milan Ryzl, Biographic Data
Bibliography
Non-Cited Bibliography
Data Handling
Distribution List
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169
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177
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration One -,Photograph of Professor L.L. Vasilev 31
Illustration Two - Photograph of Edward Naumov 32
Illustration Three - Photograph of Kirlian Photography 34
Illustration Four - Photograph of Doctor G.A. Sergeyev 37
Illustration Five - Photograph of Mrs. N. Kulagina 37
Illustration Six - Photographic Sequence of the PK Phenomenon 38
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LIST OF TABLES
Table I - Soviet Instruction Courses - Psychiatric
Specialization 12
Table II - Soviet Psychiatrists - Comparison 1962 and 1967 13
Table III - Basic Types of Biocommunication Phenomena 21
Table IV - Relation of Psychoactive Drugs to Amine Activity 73
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SUMMARY
(S/NFD) Controlled offensive behavior as defined within the scope
of this report includes Soviet research on human vulnerability as
it applies to methods of influencing or altering human behavior.
There is an ever increasing amount of information emanating from
the USSR (samizdat or underground press) that suggests that certain
authoritarian institutions in the USSR are engaged in the practice
of "mental reorientation" of numerous individuals who are classed
as political dissenters. The "mental reorientation" is being accom-
plished through various means including confinement, isolation and
psychopharmaceutical administration. This treatment of so-called
insane individuals is causing alarm among an international cross sec-
tion of psychiatrists. The literature contains sufficient data on
human mental manipulation and, therefore, warrants surveillance by
interested parties. It appears that the USSR stresses physical and
medical "treatment" of its political detainees under the guise of
psychiatric-care rehabilitation.
(S/NFD) The Soviet Union is well aware of the benefits and applications
of parapsychology research. The term parapsychology denotes a multi-
disciplinary field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics,
psychophysics, psychology, physiology and neuropsychiatry. Many
scientists, US and Soviet, feel that parapsychology can be harnessed
to create conditions where one can alter or manipulate the minds of
others. The major impetus behind the Soviet drive to harness the
possible capabilities of telepathic communication, telekinetics, and
bionics are said to come from the Soviet military and the KGB. Today,
it is reported that the USSR has twenty or more centers for the study
of parapsychological phenomena, with an annual budget estimated at
21 million dollars. Parapsychological research in the USSR began
in the 1920s and has continued to the present. Based on their "head
start" and financial support, it could be concluded that Soviet
knowledge in this field is superior to that of the US.
(S/NFD) Methods for controlling behavior of the human being are
numerous. Not all of the possibilities were included in this report,
but an attempt was made to elaborate on those areas where there is
intensive research by the USSR. The use of sound, light and color,
or odors have been determined to be possible means for Soviet exploi-
tation in order to alter human behavior. In the area of color and
lights, usually in a flickering mode, there have been reports of
actual "trials" by the Soviets (Air Force and Navy) on US or allied
personnel. The Soviets have shown an in-depth knowledge in the effects
of sound and light on biological systems. It appears that with their
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knowledge, it would be a rather simple procedure to make the transfor-
mation (from scientific research to the applications phase). The area
of pheromone research has interested the Soviets; however, their data
is sketchy and it is conceivable that they are not yet aware of the
tremendous potentials that these substances provide for causing human
behavioral changes. It is also a possibility that the USSR has realized
the military benefits and are not rublishing or conversing about their
research and development efforts concerning pheromone synthesis and
uses.
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PART I
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION
SECTION I - BACKGROUND
1. (S/NFD) Methods for manipulating or influencing the human mind
exist and are being thoroughly researched by members of the Soviet
scientific community. For background and introductory information
it would be best if some of these methods were briefly mentioned.
Techniques studied by the Soviets include biochemicals, sound, light,
color, odors, sensory deprivation, sleep, electronic and magnetic
fields, hypnosis, autosuggestion, and paranormal phenomena (psycho-
kinesis, extrasensory perception, astral projection, dream state,
clairvoyance, and precognition). Paranormal phenomena have caused great
excitement in recent years in the Soviet Union; so much so, that it
has been reported (1) that the Soviets had 20 or more centers in
1967 for the study of this area. It was also reported that the
annual budget for 1967 for paranormal research was approximately
$20 million
2. (S/NFD) The purpose of mind altering techniques is to create
one or more of several different possible states in the conscious
or unconscious area of the brain. The ultimate goal of controlled
offensive behavior might well be the total submission of one's
will to some outside force. It is more realistic to assume that
lesser degrees of mental aberration would be the purpose of Soviet
research in this field. Some areas of human mind manipulation
that apply to this report are morale lowering, confusion, anxiety,
loss of confidence, loss of self reliance, fatigue, persuasion,
disruption of social cohesion, or complete incapacitation. Since
the desired end product of this type of research is some change
in the human mind, only the non-lethal aspects are discussed
in this report. It should be remembered, however, that some
techniques have lethal thresholds.
3. (S/NFD) The purpose of this study is to portray the Soviet
research in mind manipulation and its possible use on US or allied
individuals (e.g. PW's) or troops. Controlled offensive behavior,
however, has other connotations. Certain methods of altering
mental or physical states of man may have application on one's
own individuals. The apport technique and astral projection are
examples which will be discussed in this report. These two methods
allow the enemy to impart certain behavioral characteristics on
its own people to the detriment of US or allied personnel or missions.
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SECTION II - CURRENT EVENTS
PART A - Events in Northern Ireland
1. (C) The following discussion is based on 1971 and 1972 literature
dealing with the manipulation of human behavior. The events:that
have been reported to have occurred are not Soviet originated but
provide an excellent example of the type of efforts that this
report is expressing.
2. (U) Recently there has appeared in the press some discussion
elaborating on the techniques and procedures for detaining, treating,
and interrogating prisoners in Northern Ireland (2,3). According
to the report, once the detainees are in prison, they come under
three types of regime which create in men a state of great confusion,
suggestibility, and distress. The first regime contained various
methods to produce sensory isolation. The men were made to stand
still against a wall with their hands in the air for four to six
hours at a time. The total length was 43 1/2 hours. Hoods were
placed over the men's heads to further abolish visual input.
Sensory input was further decreased by having loud noise generators
turned on in order to mask meaningful sounds. The detainees were,
therefore, isolated from their sensory world.
3. (U) The second sensory regime has the effect of increasing
confusion and disorientation. Some men were rushed out, hooded
and doubled up, past barking dogs, loaded into a helicopter, doors
closed, engine revved up, then unloaded, then reloaded, with the
procedure repeated three times. In another incident, detainees
without shoes were made to move quickly over rough ground by
military police.
4. (U) The third type of treatment has the effect of increasing
stress and anxfety and reducing resistance to the disorientiag
effect on the two types described above. It appears that dietary
intake was restricted to bread and water at six hour intervals.
Maximum weight loss was achieved it appears. One detainee lost
eight pounds in seven days. To accompany the diet restrictions,
no sleep was allowed the first two or three days. Forty-eight
hours sleep deprivation, in certain individuals, has been known
to precipitate psychotic-like states.
5. (U) Psychological torture and physical abuse has been used
on Catholic detainees in Northern Ireland. High-frequency sound
waves (range not given in report) and sensory deprivation - research
methods that have been outlawed for use on humans by the American
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Psychological Association - were being used to undermine the
dignity and destroy the effectiveness of the Catholic minority
of Northern Ireland. The case of one 40-year old released
prisoner has been reported. Upon release, the man's mental and
physical condition suggested senility - a condition inconsistent
with his health at the time of his internment. The man walks
like he is 65, whimpers in the dark and has an attention span so
short he cannot carry on a conversation.
6. (U) The Northern Ireland procedure can be expected to greatly
increase the pliability of detainees under interrogation since
sensory deprivation increases suggestability and lowers intellectual
competence. Stress-isolation techniques can reach the extent of
eliciting false confessions where both prisoner and interrogator
are convinced the statements rendered are true. It is hoped
that the above examples impart to the reader a feeling for the
type of mind manipulating procedures that will be discussed later
in this report.
7. (U) Since it appears that the research behind sensory deprivation
has been put to current use on humans, the interested reader might
peruse Biderman and Zimmer's 1961 publication entitled "The Manipulation
of Human Behavior" (4). The book represents a critical examination
of some of the conjectures about the application of scientific
knowledge to manipulation of human behavior. The problem is explored
within a particular frame of reference: the interrogation of an
unwilling subject. Attention has been focused on interrogation
because of the central position this topic has had in public
discussions of prisoner of war (PW) behavior.
PART B - Events in the Soviet Union
1. (C) The use of psychiatric detention to silence political
dissenters appears to be a method being utilized by the Soviet
Union. There is extensive documention from "samizdat" (self-
published) sources in the Soviet Union, notably "A Question of
Madness" by Soviet geneticist Zhores Medvedev, excerpts from
which were published in the Sunday New York Times Magazine of
November 7,1971 (5). British Sovietologist Peter Reddaway asserts
that the number of such political detainees in the USSR has grown
sharply in the last two years, perhaps to several hundred (6).
Peter Reddaway has published several articles that give brief
accounts of several political detainees as well as publishing
letters received from the Soviet underground (7,8,9).
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2. (C/NFD) On the surface, the fact that the Soviet Union has
been subjecting political dissenters to psychiatric institutions
may not appear relevant to this report. However, as one probes
into this area, he discovers that the medical and physical treatment
of these prisoners borders on the subject of controlled offensive
behavior. Since the techniques are reportedly being applied to
Soviet citizens, it is simple enough, as the researchers gain
knowledge and expertise in this area, to assume that alien personnel
could someday be subjected to it as well.
3. (U) From the many reports, some coming from the Soviet Union
underground press, the article that best relates some of the
medical and physical treatment to political detainees is discussed
below (10). The article was written about Vladimir Bukovsky who
is frequently quoted in the feature story. Bukovsky has spent
six of his 27 years in Soviet prisons, asylums and labor camps.
(On January 5, 1972, Bukovsky was sentenced to a 12-year confinement
to include prison, hard labor camp, and internal exile.) In 1962,
Bukovsky organized an illegal exhibition of paintings by abstract
artists not approved by state censors. In May 1963, Bukovsky was
arrested by the KGB. He was declared insane by the Serbsky Psychiatric
Institute. That December, he was transferred to a prison asylum
in Leningrad (name not mentioned) where he spent, in his own words,
"15 months of hell." "There were about 1,000 men in the asylum,
political prisoners and insane murderers," says Bukovsky. "The sick
raved, the healthy suffered." Doctors were technically in charge
of the inmates, but the real masters were brutal turnkeys and
prisoner trustees. "Only the crafty survived, you had to be nice
to the guards.... you had to bribe them. Otherwise, they can
beat you until you are nearly dead and tell the doctors you mis-
behaved. Or they could recommend medical punishment."
4. (U) The worst, according to Bukovsky, was medical punishment.
The three methods of medical punishment known to Bukovsky are
described as follows:
a. On the recommendation of a trustee or turnkey, doctors
would inject a drug (not mentioned) that produced severe stomach
cramps, fever, intense pain, and a temperature of 104. The sickness
lasted two or three days and left the inmate very weak.
b. Another drug reserved for serious misbehavior induced
sleep and dulled the brain. Inmates were punished with ten days
of daily injections. They woke up as human vegetables. Some
regained their senses after two months, others did not.
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c. The third punishment was the canvas bandage. An inmate
would be tightly swathed in wet canvas from neck to toes while
others in his ward were forced to watch. "The canvas shrinks
as it dries. It is not a pretty sight. They usually only do it
for two or three hours. A nurse is always in attendance, and the
bandages are loosened when the pulse grows weak."
5. (U) A thousand-word telegram by Andrei D. Sakhaiov to Colonel
Nikolai A. Shchelokov, Minister of the Interior, relates further
information on the use of drugs to alter mental behavior (11).
Sakhaiov, a physicist and civil-rights Champion, charged that a
violation of human rights and medical ethics is occurring in the
Soviet Union. The contention is that drugs are being administered
forcibly to inmates in an effort to have them change their political
beliefs. In addition, some prisoners are threatened with the possible
use of electrical-shock "therapy." According to Sakhaiov, medicine,
one of the most humane of the professions, is thus being turned
into a servile handmaiden of the regimes correction agencies.
It is further reported that with the help of medicine, an attempt
is being made to make people literally lose their minds by chemical
and physical means if they refuse to adapt their mind to the
standards of the regime.
6. (U) One of the few references that mention a drug by name
is a London Times feature by Richard Preston (12). In several
cases, Soviet authorities forced political prisoners to submit
to the use of mind-bending drugs, specifically aminazine and
haloperidol. Aminazine is the Soviet brand of a phenothiazine
derivative known as chlorpromazine. Haloperidol is a butyrophenone.
Both drugs are in the tranquilizer class of therapeutic agents.
An excellent discussion on both of these drugs has been prepared
by Goodman and Gilman (13).
7. (U) Information on the plight of political prisoners in mental
wards and other examples of internal Soviet repression is contained
in Issue 18 of "A Chronicle of Current Events." The chronicle
has just passed its third anniversary despite the increasing
efforts of the KGB to shut down this underground publication.
The last issue discusses the case of Vasily I. Chernyshov who
was arrested in March of 1970. The chronicle quotes Chernyshov....
"I am terribly afraid of torture. But there is an even worse
torture - meddling with my brain with chemical substances. I
have now been informed of the decision that I shall be given
treatment. Farewell!" Chernyshov's compulsory "treatment" was
prescribed after only a five minute interview with the authorities.
The concluding statement from the panel of doctors was, "The main
thing for us is that you shouldn't think at all."
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8. (U) A document that contains several case histories of political
detainees has been prepared by Abraham Brumberg (14). The article
summarizes the procedure that is used in the Soviet Union from arrest
to confession. According to the report, the KGB performs the search,
arrest, and initial investigation. The medical "experts" cooperate
in furnishing bogus diagnoses and the court confirms the findings
of the doctors. The victim is then sent off to a prison asylum to
languish until "cured" (which in most cases consists of the patient's
confession that he is indeed guilty of some form of mental aberration).
9. (U) The legal procedures involved in detaining an "undesirable"
have been drastically reduced by the "1961 Directives" (15). V.N.
Chalidze (16), in an underground document, explains how the "1961
Directives" allow for the immediate detention of a sane individual
who is not a criminal in the legal sense. Chalidze sums up his
argument by noting that the viciousness of the present-day practice,
not based on the law, of psychiatric preventive measures is due
to the absence of any public means of defense for the patient.
The "1961 Directives" are included in this report in Appendix IV.
10. (U) The office that prepared this study has copies of various
reports from the Soviet Union that deal with some of the more
celebrated political detainees. There are three reports available
that illustrate the forensic-psychiatric examinations of I. A.
Yakhimovich. Two of these documents list the names of the psy-
chiatric teams that carried out the examination (17-19). By
reading these reports, one can trace the fate of YakSimovich
up to early 1970. No further reports were available so the ultimate
fate of the individual is unknown.
e
11. (U) A report is available on A. Volpin (20) that was apparently
prepared by the individual while in detention. There have been
several cases where these documents have been "smuggled" out of
the asylum. An outpatient report on V.E. Borosov is available (21).
This report condemns Borosov to compulsory psychiatric treatment.
Reports are available on the plight of N.E. Gorbanevskaya (22,23)
as well as several letters that she wrote while interned (24).
An appeal for human rights written by V. Feinberg while he was
incarcerated is on file (25) as well as documents relating to
the sanity proceedings for General P.G. Grigorenko (26-28).
12. (U) The possible use of drugs by Soviet psychiatrists in
order to manipulate behavior can be emphasized by an account
from Vladimir Gershuni, a Soviet idealist. The event that
follows occurred at the Oryol Hospital which is some 170 miles
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southwest of Moscow. Mr. Gershuni gives a description of the
conditions in which mental patients (both genuine and political)
are held. "Eight people to a 16 or 17 meter cell. . . . (Comment:
This seems large enough for eight people if figure is correct.) There
is no room to move. One is allowed to go along the corridor, but
only if it's absolutely necessary - to the toilet, or to get some
food from the nurse. . . The toilet is a cesspit: four holes
in the ground and two taps for 54 people. . . . From 7 to 8:30
in the evening we're allowed to use the dining roam for writing
letters, or to play dominoes and chess. The bedlam is indescrib-
able." Mr. Gershuni talks about the use of drugs, one of which
is aminazine, a powerful substance, administered orally or by
intramuscular injections, which causes depressive shock reactions
and frequently malignant tumors. Sometimes drugs are given as
a form of punishment. "Any phrase spoken incautiously to a doctor
or nurse can serve as a pretext for a series of aminazine injections.
Sometimes these injections are prescribed without any pretext,
simply because of some doctor's whim . . . without any medical
examination. . . . This medicine makes me feel more horrible
than anything I've ever experienced before; you no sooner lie
down than you want to get up, you no sooner take a step than
you're longing to sit down, and if you sit down, you want to walk
again - and there's nowhere to walk." Mr. Gershuni finishes
his account by describing the fate of a young man, once brilliantly
"alive and alert," who as a result of repeated doses of aminazine,
"and God only knows what else," had been reduced to a vegetable:
"his head on one side, his speech languid and indistinct, his eyes
glazed." "He was thus," concludes Mr. Gershuni, "cancelled out for
five whole months. Hail to Soviet 'special psychiatry'! I kiss
you all."
13. (C) To belabor this subject of political detention is not
the intention of this section. However, it is believed to be
of sufficient importance that this much material had to be presented.
It is difficult to judge the overall validity of much of the ref-
erenced material because of its source (primarily samizdat and
letters), but if true, it bears watching and possible investigation
for future developments. Portions of this material contain
sufficient data on human mental manipulation and therefore warrants
surveilance by interested agencies. From the information available
at this time, it appears that the Soviet Union stresses physical
and medical "treatment" of its political detainees under the
guise of psychiatric-care rehabilitation. No data is available
an the use of sound, lights, or hypnosis as methods of obtaining
confessions or reorientating the beliefs of these prisoners.
For a listing of personnel and institutes involved in political-
psychiatric care, see Appendix I. Many personalities involved
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in the maltreatment of detainees are not listed but can be found
in the references listed. An attempt was made to list only the
top professional personnel.
PART C - Soviet-Response to Events in the USSR
1. (U) The Soviet government, quite naturally, has denied the
charges made in the USSR and abroad that mentally stable persons
were being detained in psychiatric hospitals because of dissident
activities. The Soviet authorities had said little about the
accusations until an article written by S.P. Pisarev was
obtained by Western sources from the Soviet underground (30).
Pisarev, 69, member of the Soviet Communist party since 1918
and minor party official, in 1970 directed a letter to the Soviet
Academy of Medical Sciences protesting the Soviet police practice
of sending political prisoners to "psychiatric institutions" such
as the infamous Serbsky Institute in Moscow.
2. (U) Disputing the type of charge mentioned by Pisarev, Soviet
authorities contended persons remanded by a legal psychiatric
commission to special mental institutions were those "who committed
socially dangerous acts while not responsible for their actions Or
became ill during a pretrial investigation, during actual court
proceedings or after the passing of sentence." According to
the Soviet government such cases are reviewed every six months
and committed persons are released if sufficient improvement is
found in their mental health (31).
3. (U) A.V. Snezhnevskiy (32), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
academician and director of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
Psychiatric Institute says:
"Yes, I, too, have read these absurd reports that in
the USSR healthy people are put into psychiatric
hospitals. Like all my colleagues, I cannot express
my feelings of profound indignation at this wild fan-
tasy. Soviet psychiatrists - a detachment of Soviet
medical workers consisting of many thousands - do not,
of course, need to be defended from insulting attacks
of this sort. In our country and abroad fame and
deserved authority are enjoyed by such psychiatrists
as A.D. Zurabasvili, V.M. Morozov . . . ." etc.
(Snezhnevskiy mentions eight other psychiatrists).
Snezhnevskiy continues his argument by listing the members of a
US mission that toured Soviet psychiatric facilities. The mission
says in its conclusion . . . . "It appears that the Soviets are leading."
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The US guests stressed the high degree of effectiveness of the
Soviet psychiatric first aid centers, and the better quality of
their staffs compared with US centers. The US delegation did
visit the Serbsky Institute. As for compulsory treatment, the
mission stated . . . . "It is possible that people who need
treatment should be compulsorily hospitalized for their own good."
4. (U) Snezhnevskiy, in another document (33), said that when
mentioning "brainwashing" many absurd allegations have been made,
such as the talk of injecting a substance which paralyzes a person's
will. Snezhnevskiy contends that "brainwashing," from a scientific
point of view, is absurd. He further believes that the people
dedicated to this sort of propaganda have very few scruples and
direct the propaganda to laymen who know nothing about medicine.
Interviews with Snezhnevskiy and Lebeden, chief of psychiatry at
the Pavlov hospital in Leningrad, were obtained just prior to
the Fifth World Psychiatric Congress in Mexico City which was
held in early December 1971 (34).
5. (U) The literature from Soviet authorities denying the mal-
treatment of detainees or other charges does not mention any of
the more celebrated prisoners with the exception of Zhores Medvedev
who was released after a very short stay. One can draw some obvious
conjectures based on the avoidance of such personalities as Gershuni,
Grigorenko, Bukovsky, Feinberg, and Borisov in the Soviet statements.
The issue of inhumane treatment is usually responded to with the
use of platitudes and counter-propaganda. If the Soviets have
nothing to conceal, then it would seem that one could expect more
scientific and concrete responses as to the actual situation in
political detention and behavior manipulation with drugs.
SECTION III - SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY
PART A - A General Review
1. (C/CD/NDA) The past fifteen years have witnessed a definite
acceleration of growth in Soviet psychology (35). It has been observed
by some American psychologists that an upward trend in the quality and
quantity of Soviet published research began around the middle of the
1950's. Research designs improved, greater experimental controls
were employed, and the level of sophistication in laboratory techniques
started to rise perceptibly. Many new people are entering into the
area of psychology and the increase has been (1966) as much as a
factor of 2,3, or 4 (36). According to this source (36), Soviet
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psychology is in a growth stage which appears to have sprung up
coincident to the man-in-space program. Contrary to the reference
above (36), this source (36) believes that despite the growth and
acceptance by the Soviet scientific community, the Soviets are merely
duplicating or extending to some degree the research that is already
known. In the opinion of this source, there is definitely a tie-in
between the Soviet engineers, psychiatrists and psychologists. It must
be remembered that the Soviets are presently in a growth stage and,
therefore, are merely making their investments at this time. According
to this source, once they have reached the level off period then this
coordination of the disciplines will pay off handsomely in returns to
the Soviet psychological society. The source believes that in the area
of human engineering the Soviets are moving very rapidly and at least in
many respects are close to US levels. In behavior studies, the Soviets
are stagnant. They lean too heavily on the conditional response approach
of Pavlov. In the neurosensory areas, source believes that the Soviets
are considerably behind the US and accept the US as the leader in this
field.
2. (C/CD/NDA) According to one report, there is apparently
classified psychological research work going on in the area of cyber-
netics. One area that surveillance would appear fruitful is Soviet
research in the area of artificial intelligence. This report contains
a substantial number of institutes and personalities which is reflected
in Appendix I (37).
3. (U) It is concluded that, in spite of their ideological
resistance to theoretical psychology, Soviet behavior scientists
share a distinguished experimental tradition and possess the ability
to incorporate and Combine the principles of biocybernetics, physiology,
learning, memory, and transfer under a common group of laws (38).
4. (U) The following brief discussion of Soviet psychiatry is
based primarily upon a report by Persic (39). The report contains
a brief history of psychiatry in the Soviet Union followed by a
section that relates to the scientific and investigative work in
psychiatry. Also included is a section on the organization of
psychiatric care including statistics on the number of patients,
beds, and medical personnel in the Soviet Union.
5. (U) According to Persic there are 94 medical institutes and
a greater number of medical research institutes. The following
research institutes in psychiatry exist in Moscow: the Psychiatric
Institute at the Academy of Science; the Psychiatric Institute at
the Ministry of Health for the Russian Federation, and the Institute
for Forensic Psychiatry at the Institute of the Ministry of Health
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of the USSR (Serbsky Institute). The research institutes are either
of a general type or of a specialized type which study certain
mental diseases e.g. schizophrenia, epilepsy, or alcoholism. The
psychiatric research institutes have similar organizational schemes:
clinical departments, laboratories, and methodics departments.
The Psychiatric Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow
is the post-graduate school for psychiatrists. At the Institute
for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow (Serbsky) are clinics for schizo-
phrenia, psychoorganic disorders, and alcoholism. (Naturally
there is no discussion in this report of some of the more infamous
areas of the Serbsky Institute.)
6. (U) The task of psychiatric institutes is to deal with the
educational matters of students, and physicians specializing in
psychiatry. This work is conducted in the form of seminars and
in the form of continuous education. The psychiatric research
Institutes are connected with psychiatric hospitals, departments
and dispensaries in advancing psychiatric work and the organizing
of psychiatric service. Great attention is devoted to health
education in the USSR. A great network of institutions devoted
to health instruction exist. They are affiliated with many groups
which dispense health advice. Included in the general health
education is also education concerning mental health. There are
360 health institutes in the USSR. which are devoted to teaching
health. The Central Institute for Health Education in Moscow
Is engaged in research in the field of health education, education
of experts, training in the methodology of health education and
organizing health training. This Institute employs a method of
providing health education for schools, students of medicine, for
workers in industry and hospitals. There is also cooperation
with physicians concerning public health and seminars are held
where practical matters are discussed. There is also a functional
connection with health agencies so that officials of these agencies
cooperate with the Institute and attend seminars. These health
agencies also receive support from the Institute in the form of
trained help and literature which the Institute publishes through
its own printing outlets. Table I depicts the instructional
requirements for psychiatric specialization. These figures were
prepared by Persic. Table II illustrates statistics on the number
of neurologists and psychiatrists in the USSR in 1962 (Persic) and 1967.
The 1967 data was compiled by Fry (40). Fry, in his report, combined
neurologists and psychiatrists into one figure.
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TABLE I
Plan of Instruction and Stages in Psychiatric
Specialization-USSR
Subject
Hours of theoretical
training
Hours of practical
training
Psychopathology
16
60
Clinical psychiatry
Schizophrenia
16
Manic depressive psychosis
6
Infectional psychosis
16
Toxic psychosis
6
Epilepsy
6
Noninfectional symptomatic
psychosis
8
Brain trauma
4
400
Arteriosclerotic psychosis
6
Brain tumors
2
Presenile psychosis
4
Senile psychosis
4
Oligophrenia
2
Psychopathy
4
Psychogenic reaction
4
Organization of,
4
Psychiatric Service
Total
108
460
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TABLE II
Comparison of the Number of Psychiatric Specialists in USSR-1962 and 1967
1962 1967
Population 220,000,000 230,000,000
Physicians 400,000 480,000
Psychiatrists 6,140 Combined Psychiatrists
and Neurologists total:
24,000
Neurologists 9,850
One physician per 520 people
One psychiatrist per 35,835 people
One neurologist per 22,335 people
480 people
Combined Psychiatrists
and Neurologists total:
20,000 people
7. (U) The figures in Table II, if valid, represent a substantial
growth in the number of specialists in mental health care. The number
and quality of both psychology and psychiatry research reports is
increasing, especially in the behavioral fields. There appears to be
an ever increasing link between the psychology and psychiatry fields
with the pharmacology, human engineering, bioelectronics, physics, and
parapsychology disciplines. Some of the multidiscipline aspects of
Soviet research will become evident later in this study as it relates
to the subject of this report. The above information on psychology and
psychiatry was intended to be a review because it is believed that there
is a definite relationship between the two disciplines and mental manip-
ulation. It is not within the scope of this report to delve into basic
psychological research and discuss its military implications.
PART B - Soviet Military Psychology
1. (S/NFD) The purpose of this report is to make determinations and
report findings on methods of controlling human behavior. One aspect
of this subject is the possible use of certain novel techniques to
disrupt or confuse combat troops. Based on Soviet literature dealing
with military psychology, it appears that the Soviet military authorities
might well suspect their potential enemies as already being able to do
this. The available Soviet literature on military psychology emphasizes
the protection of their troops against such possible attempts e.g.
demoralization and confusion.
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2. (U) In 1967; a book entitled "Military Psychology" was published
in the Soviet Union. The authors, Colonel Dyachenko and Major Fedenko,
are Candidates of Pedagogical Sciences (41). This book is primarily
intended for commanders and military doctors. The book deals with the
various aspects of the personality of the soldier including his cogni-
tive, emotional, and volitional processes, his fighting skill, and his
psychological readiness for battle. All of the psychic phenomena are
based on the service, training, and fighting activity of enlisted and
commissioned personnel. One of the more interesting areas is found in
Chapter 8 which is entitled "Will Power." The chapter contains infor-
mation on will power as a psychic process. The chapter continues by
discussing the qualities of will power necessary to a soldier AA well
as methods of training will power. The discussion on will power appears
to be a very important topic because if one's will power is suificiently
developed, the use of techniques to demoralize or confuse could well be
nullified. Part one of the book describes the general problems of
military psychology, followed by a discussion on psychic processes of
the soldier and concluding with the psychological analysis of the
activity of Soviet soldiers.
3. (U) The group of people most susceptible to offensive behavior
manipulation appear to be rear-zone troops and small patrol groups,
The Soviets again seem to recognize the fallibility of such groups.
Lieutenant General Tyurnev (42) reports that the moral-psychological
training of administrative support troops in operations under
conditions of modern war is a quite urgent and complicated problem.
The report suggests training and propaganda methods to increase
the morale-psychological condition of rear-zone troops. The
training, to include evening seminars, propaganda sessions, political
indoctrination and field exercises is suggested in Tyurnev's report.
The word moral and morale seem to be interchanged frequently in the
report. It seems to be a problem in translation, because the author's
thoughts are still meaningful.
4. (U) Two further reports from the Soviets have appeared recently.
One report (43) discusses the role of medicine and military medical
personnel in the psychoprophylaxis in morale-psychological preparation.
A 1970 report by Stolyarenko (44) reinforces the thoughts of Tyurnev.
From the above discussion and a thorough perusal of the documents
referenced in this section, it could be stated: if the Soviets practice
what they preach, the psychological training of Soviet troops is as
good as or better than US soldiers. This does not include the Special
training afforded to US pilots on anti-interrogation methods.
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SECTION IV - PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA/PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS
(S/N111) One of the purposes of this report is to evaluate
research in the field of influencing human behavior in order that
the US may be in a position to develop certain countermeasures.
Therefore, before beginning specific sections in this report on
Soviet research, it is desirable to review some of the more feasible
areas of exploitation in the development of a technique that might
alter human behavior. Some of these characteristics will be studied
in depth in later sections of this study.
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PART A - Temperature
1. (U) An increase in body temperature decreases the body -water
level and creates a salt-water imbalance. With a large intake
of water, but little replacement of sodium chloride, painful spasms
of the skeletal and abdominal muscles may develop as may also
faintness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. With an internal
temperature above 41 degrees C or below 31 degrees C, brain
function is usually impaired. Irreversible damage to the skin
occurs at about 44-45 degreea C (46,47).
2. (U) The sensitivity and tolerance for temperature chanies
is different for certain races. Negroes have a greater tolerance
for humid heat than Caucasians, and conversely, Negroes are
more susceptible to injury from cold stress than Caucasians.
3. (C/NFD) It is believed that the use of temperature manipulation
as a technique to influence human behavior is practical. In order to
he effective it would seem necessary to apply this technique to
individuals or small groups that are already under one's influence
such as prisoners'of war. The application of unnatural temperature
in field situations appear to be most difficult. Further, there
appears to be very little applicable research in the USSR in
this area other than some isolated work in the areospace field.
It may be concluded that temperature fluctuations could be used for
altering human behavior, but would probably not be as useful as other
available methods.
PART B - Atmospheric Conditions
1. (C/NFD) There has been some work reported on the physiological
or psychological effects of atmospheric or geophysical parameters
(48-51). The works referenced here are free world but there is
little doubt that the Soviet Union has investigated similar effects
especially in relation to their space program. The utilization of
any of the techniques to alter human behavior by changing atmospheric
conditions seems remote for field application. These techniques,
like temperature effects, are more suitable for controlled groups or
individuals.
2. (U) An increase of 0.2 percent carbon dioxide doubles the
volume of air breathed. Breathing becomes deeper, more rapid,
and eventually violent. Depletion of oxygen or the increase
of carbon dioxide decreases auditory sensitivity as well as visual
sensitivity. 'Ten percent of oxygen for 15 to 30 minutes sometimes
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