COUNTERMEASURES: A SURVEY AND EVALUATION

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• Publication Date: January 1, 1982
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Final Report January 1982
COUNTERMEASURES:
A SURVEY AND EVALUATION (U)
By: G. SCOTT HUBBARD (CONSULTANT) EDWIN C. MAY
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301
SG1J
SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM FOR GRILL FLAME.
RESTRICT DISSEMINATION TO ONLY INDIVIDUALS WITH VERIFIED ACCESS.
NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
333 Ravenswood Avenue
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[phone]
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Final Report January 1982
Covering the Period October 1980 to September 1981
COUNTERMEASURES:
A SURVEY AND EVALUATION (U)
By: G. SCOTT HUBBARD (CONSULTANT) EDWIN C. MAY
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Contract No: MDA903-81-C-0292
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301
SG1J
SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM FOR GRILL FLAME.
RESTRICT DISSEMINATION TO ONLY INDIVIDUALS WITH VERIFIED ACCESS.
ROBERT S. LEONARD, Director
Radio Physics Laboratory
DAVID D. ELLIOTT, Vice President
Research and Analysis Division
CLASSIFIED BY: DT-1A
REVIEW ON: 31 January 2002
Copy No. ..... ......
This document consists of 19 pages.
SRI/GF-0011
NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
SECRET
333 Ravenswood Avenue ? Menlo Park, California 94025 ? U.S.A.
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I OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III LITERATURE SURVEY AND EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
IV THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PSYCHOENERGETIC INTRUSION . . 6
V RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY BY CATEGORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SECRET
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fto no 1%0 9%
1 Mental Intrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Suggested Psychoenergetic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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I OBJECTIVE
The objective of this program is to determine from a search of
pertinent literature whether countermeasures may exist against psycho-
energetic intrusions. Furthermore, should countermeasures exist, those
most likely to yield results are outlined for further investigation.
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Should countermeasures (CM) against psychoenergetic intrusion exist,
they will be accomplished by physical or by mental processes. Physical
countermeasures, such as various forms of shielding, implicitly assume
the existence of psychoenergetic interactions with the physical world.
In the parapsychological literature, such interactions are referred to
as remote perturbation (RP), psychokinesis (PK), telekinesis (TK), etc.
Countermeasures accomplished by mental processes are difficult to define
and even more difficult to investigate. Like jamming a radar signal,
mental CM would most likely use the same process as that of the intrusion.
Examples of potential mental CM drawn from the occult literature are
"psychic attack," "hexes," and the like. This report focuses upon physi-
cal CM.
To determine the feasibility of a physical CM device, we must first
assess whether simple intrusion detection is possible. The mechanism
underlying such a detector would then serve as the basis for the develop-
ment of a CM device.
Psychoenergetic intrusion may be classified into two categories:
(2) Information only is obtained from the remote location.
We have surveyed the literature and evaluated the most recent laboratory
experiments that address both types of intrusion. This report summarizes
that investigation.
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MIMMIN-
III LITERATURE SURVEY AND EVALUATION
To achieve our objective, we have conducted a complete survey of the
most recent ten years of parapsychological literature in five different
journals. * We have limited the period surveyed:
? To ensure that the threat assessment of psychoenergetic
intrusion is relevant to modern facilities.
? To make the survey chronologically compatible with a
previously completed survey of random number generator
(RNG) RP.
Sixty-five papers were identified that pertain to RP, exclusive of RNG
studies. Combined with the papers reviewed in a previous reports we now
have a data base of approximately 100 laboratory publications of experi-
ments that suggest the probability of mental intrusion.
These reports fall into categories (Table 1) that can be arranged
into a hierarchy of the magnitude of intrusive effect. This same organi-
zation yields a parallel hierarchy of credibility that is determined by
soundness of methodology and replicability. In general, phenomena
reported at the beginning of the table [e.g., effects on RNG, dice experi-
ments, remote viewing] tend to be characterized by rigorous experimental
design. Remote perturbation effects listed at the end of the table (metal
bending, levitation) are more difficult to assess because of incomplete
descriptions of controls and the near anecdotal nature of the reports.
Most of the papers claiming evidence of physical effects are not subject
These journals were the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of American
Society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the Society for Psychical
Research, the European Journal of Parapsychology, and Research in
Parapsychology.
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Table 1
MENTAL INTRUSION
Type of Intrusion and Examples
Effect of Intrusion
I Data gathering
Minimal
? Remote viewing (RV)
? Out-of-body experiences (OOBE)
? Psychoenergetic data selection (PDS)
- Pseudorandom number generator
- True random number generator
II Perturbation of systems and objects
Some physical effect
? Transient systems
- Dice throwing
- Random number generators
- Thoughtography
- Spinning coin
? Biological systems
- Paramecia
- Small animals
- Humans (physiology and movement)
? Stable systems
- Strain gauge
- Thermometry
- Magnetometer
- Bubble chamber
? Static objects
- Metal bending
- Compass needle deflection
- Moving plastic tubes, small jars, etc.
- Table levitation
III Unusual or rare RP
Large scale effect
? Materializations
? Large scale levitations and RP
- D. D. Home
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to evaluation because the descriptions of the experiments are incomplete
in one or more aspects. To consider the possibility of physical CM, we
are forced to assume that all reports are true, and to exercise caution
in drawing conclusions from the data base.
In analyzing the data-gathering form of intrusion, we find ample
evidence in both the open and classified literature2,3 that RV may be a
valuable information-gathering technology. Because no reported perturba-
tion occur at the time of RV data acquisition, we are unable to recommend
a physical countermeasure. However, evidence from two OOBE4-6 suggests
that there may be a concomitant remote perturbation that can be detected
at the time of the OOBE. Whether RV produces similar detectable effects
remains to be determined.
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Analysis of the remaining forms of intrusion presented in Table 1
revealed that virtually none of the papers discussed effects at distances
greater than a few meters. (For example, almost all of the metal bending
reported occurred with the subject actually touching the object in quests
These observations suggest that the simplest form of countermeasure in
these cases may be distance between sensitive equipment and a putative
RP agent.
Some forms of RP may be accomplished by unusual (but not psycho-
energetic) human abilities. (For example, some authors have suggested
that RP on static objects may be explained by the subject's ability to
generate electric fields.) In such cases, standard shielding techniques
would serve as an adequate countermeasure.
cep
CM
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IV THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PSYCHOENERGETIC INTRUSION
Theoretical understanding of psychoenergetic processes is still in
its infancy. With one possible exception, 6'' all suggestions for mechanisms
must be categorized as "plausibility" arguments.
Table 2 shows the current theoretical ideas with a brief description
In order to suggest possible countermeasures, we must assume that a
given mechanism is responsible for the phenomena. From Table 2, we see
that Mechanisms 1 and 6 are "normal" because they involve well understood
physical processes and thus have recognizable countermeasures. The re-
maining mechanisms, however, have no known physical CM. Yet, to disallow
the possibility of some form of mental CM would be premature.
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Table 2
SUGGESTED PSYCHOENERGETIC MECHANISMS
Mechanism
Description
Possible Countermeasure
(1)
Extremely low
Low frequency electromagnetic radia-
Standard ELF shielding
procedures
frequency (ELF)
tion emanating from the 10 Hz
(superconductivity and
seawater)
component of normal brain functioning
acts as information carrier.
(2)
EPR paradox
Quantum mechanical argument for
Unknown physical CM or
mental CM
nonlorentzian (faster-than-light)
"communication" between separated
quantum systems.
(3)
Hypergeometry
The distance between points in normal
Unknown physical CM or
mental CM
3-space vanishes in hyperspace. Thus
the case of access to "remote"
information.
(4)
General quantum
Human consciousness is intimately
Unknown physical CM or
mental CM
mechanics
involved in the wave function
collapse.
(5)
Advanced waves in
Information propagates backward in
Unknown physical CM or
mental CM
Hilbert space
time because of the time symmetries
of the equations of quantum
mechanics.
(6)
Other exceptional,
The ability to modify8'9 normal body
Standard physical shie
lding
but nonpsychoenergetic
functioning in exceptional ways
techniques
human functioning
(e.g., large skin potentials,
exceptional strength, ultrasonic
generation and the like).
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40 M
Because considerable evidence for the information-gathering form of
psychoenergetic intrusion exists and because evidence also exists that
some forms of this intrusion incidentally affect physical objects, we
recommend that a countermeasure program be initiated. To optimize the
likelihood that such a program will have definitive results, we outline
here a systematic, but limited effort.
Several considerations beyond those of the survey must influence
the design of a physical CM program. They are:
? Devices must be chosen that have demonstrated
susceptibility to RP.
? Devices must be sensitive, yet isolated from the
environment.
? Engineering (hardware/software) should be kept at
a minimum.
? The approach should be systematic and should follow
some of the earlier reported efforts.
Given these constraints, three types of hardware are suggested for
study in a physical CM program:
(1) A RNG device
(2) Temperature sensing elements.
(3) Film detectors.
A RNG device was selected because such devices have been under study for
10 years. It is clear from this data base and from one stud' conducted
at SRI International that some form of psychoenergetic interaction exists.
To isolate the form of interaction and to assess the usefulness of RNGs
as potential intrusion detectors, a modest redesign of the existing RNG
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device is necessary. Little or no effort is required to update our proven
analytical system.
Although there are other devices (e.g., strain gauges, magnetometers,
etc.) that have also been reported as susceptible to RP, we chose tempera-
ture sensing hardware and film detectors because of engineering considerations.
In summary, we recommend that an RNG device, temperature sensing
elements, and film detectors be investigated with regard to their sus-
ceptibility to RP as an initial step toward intrusion detection and physical
countermeasures.
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1. E. C. May, B. S. Humphrey, and G. S. Hubbard, "Electronic System
Perturbation Techniques," Final Report on SRI Project 8585, SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA (September 1980), SECRET.
2. H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 329-354 (March 1976).
3. H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ, E. C. May and I. Swann, "Advanced Threat
Technique Assessment," Final Report, SRI Project 5309, SRI International,
Menlo Park, CA (October 1978), SECRET.
4. R. L. Morris, "The Use of Detectors for Out-of-Body Experiences,"
Res. in Parapsy. 1973, pp. 114-116.
5. W. G. Roll, R. L. Morris, B. Harary, R. Wells and J. Hartwell,
"Further OOBE Experiments with a Cat as Detector," Res. in Parapsy.
1974, pp. 55-56.
6. K. Osis and D. McCormick, "Kinetic Effects at the Ostensible Location
of an Out-of-Body Projection During Perceptual Testing," J. Amer.
Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 74 (July 1980).
7. B. Stevens, L. Burton and W. Joines, "Charge Build-Up on the Body
as a Basis for the 'Human Aura' and Certain PK Events," Res. in
Parapsy. 1974, pp. 77-80.
8. I. M. Kogan, "Is Telepathy Possible?," Radio Eng., Vol. 21, p. 75
(January 1966).
9. M. A. Persinger, "Geophysical Models for Parapsychological Experiences,"
Psychoenergetic Systems, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 63-74 (1975).
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A. RP OF STATIC OBJECTS
1. Table of Levitation
Brooks-Smith, C., "Data-Tape Recorded Experimental PK Phenomena,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 48, No. 756 (June 1973).
Brooks-Smith, C., "Paranormal Electrical Conductance Phenomena,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 48, No. 764 (June 1975).
Brooks-Smith, C. and D. W. Hunt, "Some Experiments in Psychokinesis,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 45, No. 744 (June 1970).
2. Miscellaneous Static Objects
Cassirer, M., "Experiments with Nina Kulagina," J. Soc. Psychical Res.,
Vol. 47, No. 759 (March 1974).
Honorton, C., "Apparent Psychokinesis on Static Objects by a Gifted
Subject," Res. in Para. 1973, pp. 129-131.
Keil, H.H.J. and J. Fahler, "Nina S. Kulagina: A Strong Case for PK
Involving Directly Observable Movements of Objects Recorded on
Cine Film," Res. in Para. 1974, pp. 66-69.
Pratt, J. G. and H.H.J. Keil, "Firsthand Observations of Nina S. Kulagina
Suggestive of PK Upon Static Objects," J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res.
Watkins, G. K. and A. M. Watkins, "Apparent Psychokinesis on Static Objects
by a Gifted Subject: A Laboratory Demonstration," Res. in Para. 1973,
pp. 132-134.
B. METAL BENDING (Exclusive of Strain Gauge)
Bender, H., "Further Investigations of Spontaneous and Experimental PK
by the Freiburg Institute," Res. in Para. 1976, pp. 202-203.
UNCLASSIFIED
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Cox, W. E., "A Scrutiny of Uri Geller," Res. in Para., pp. 63-65 (1974).
Crussard, C. and J. Bouvaist, "Study of Some Apparently Abnormal Deforma-
tions and Transformations of Metals," Memoires Scientifiques
de la Revue de Metallurgie (February 1978).
Ellison, A. J., "Some Problems in Testing 'Mini-Gellers'," Res. in Para.,
pp. 203-205 (1976).
Price, E. A., "The Investigation of 'Mini-Gellers' in South Africa 18
Months After Their Manifestation," Res. in Para., pp. 18-19 (1976).
Scutt, D. C., "An Investigation into Metal Bending 'Geller Effect' with
Ori Svoray," J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 51, No. 787 (February 1981).
Shafer, M. G., "Exploratory Observations with PK Metal Benders from
Southern California," Euro. J. of Parapsych., Vol. 3, No. 3
(November 1980).
Wolkowski, Z. W., "Reflections on Psychokinetic Phenomena," Res. in Para.,
pp. 207-209 (1976).
Wolkowski, Z. W., "Psychokinetic and Psychodynamic Phenomena Involving
Jean Pierre Girard: A Preliminary Report," J. of Paraphys. (1976).
C. RP OF TRANSIENT SYSTEMS
1. Spinning Coin
Tart, C. T., M. Boisen, V. Lapey and R. Maddock, "Some Studies of
Psychokinesis with a Spinning Silver Coin," J. Soc. Psychical Res.,
Vol. 46, No. 753 (September 1972).
Tart, C. T. and J. Palma, "Some Psi Experiments with Matthew Manning,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 50, No. 782 (December 1979).
2. Dice Experiments
Cox, W. E., "A Comparison of Different Densities of Dice in a PK Task,"
J. of Parapsych., p. 109 (1976).
Cox, W. E., "Blind PK with Dice," Res. in Para., pp. 22-23 (1976).
UNCLASSIFIED
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Roll, M., "Some Recent Dice-Throwing Studies with Lalsingh Harriliance,"
Proc. Parapsychological Assoc., 1971, pp. 19-22.
Steilberg, B. J., "Target Preference and Position Effects in a PK
Investigation with. Ten Subjects," Res. in Para., pp. 23-25 (1972).
3. Psychic Photography
Eisenbud, J., "The Serios 'Blackies' and Related Phenomena," J. Soc.
Psychical Res., Vol. 66, pp. 180-192 (1972).
Eisenbud, J., "Distortions in the Photographs of Ted Serios," Res. in
Para., pp. 145-147 (1979).
Eisenbud, J., et al., "An Archeological Tour de Force with Ted Serios,"
J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 64, No. 7 (January 1970).
Eisenbud, J., et al., "Two Camera and Television Experiments with Ted
Serios," J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 64, No. 3 (July 1970).
Pratt, J. G., "Further Examples of Distortions in Photographs Produced
by Ted Serios," Res. in Para., pp. 147-149 (1979).
Smith, E. L., "The Raudive Voices - Objective or Subjective? A Discussion,"
J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 68, No. 1 (January 1974).
5. Miscellaneous RP Experiments
Cox, W. E., "PK Tests with a Thirty-Two Channel Balls Machine," J. of
Parapsy., Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 56-58 (March 1974).
Cox, W. E., "Exploring 'Blind PK'," Res. in Para., pp. 129-131 (1976).
Stanford, R. G. and C. Fox, "An Effect of Release of Effort in a
Psychokinetic Task," Res. in Para., pp. 61-63 (1974).
6. RP on Biological Systems
Brand, W., "Allobiofeedback: Immediate Feedback for a Psychokinetic
Influence Upon Another Person's Physiology," Res. in Para., pp. 123-134
(1977).
UNCLASSIFIED
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Brand, W., "Conformance Behavior Involving Living Systems," Res. in Para.
1978, pp. 111-115.
Brand, W., "Experiments with Matthew Manning," J. Soc. Psychical Res.,
Vol. 50, No. 782, pp. 199-223 (December 1979).
Edge, H., "The Effect of the Laying on of Hands as an Enzyme: An Attempted
Replication," Res. in Para 1979, pp. 137-139.
Gruber, E. R., "PK Effects on Pre-Recorded Group Behavior of Living
Systems," Euro. J. of Parapsych., Vol. 3, No. 2 (May 1980).
Kief, H. K., "A Method for Measuring PK Ability with Enzymes," Res. in
Para. 1972, pp. 19-21.
Levin, J., "A Comparison Study of Precognition and PK in Golden Hamsters,"
Res. in Para. 1973, pp. 31-33.
Metta, L., "Psychokinesis on Lepidopterous Larvae," J. of Parpsych. (19 ?).
Morris, R. L., "The Use of Detectors for Out-of-Body Experiences,"
Res. in Para. 1973, pp. 114-116.
Pauli E. N., "PK on Living Targets as Related to Sex, Distance and Time,"
Res. in Para. 1972, pp. 68-70.
Randall, J. L., "An Attempt to Detect Psi Effects with Protozoa,"
J. Soc Psychical Res., Vol. 45, No. 744 (June 1970).
Randall, J. L., "Experiments to Detect a Psi Effect with Small Animals,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 46, No. 747 (March 1971).
Randall, J. L., "Two Psi Experiments with Gerbils," J. Soc. Psychical Res.,
Vol. 46, No. 751 (March 1972).
Randall, J. L., "An Extended Series of ESP and PK Tests with Three English
Schoolboys," J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 47, No. 762 (December 1974).
Rauscher, E. A. and B. A. Rubik, "Effects on Motibity Behavior and Growth
Rate of Salmonella Typhirmurium in the Presence of a Psychic Subject,"
Res. in Para. 1979, pp. 140-142.
Roll, W. G., R. L. Morris, B. Harary, R. Wells and J. Hartwell, "Further
OOBE Experiments with a Cat as a Detector," Res. in Para. 1974,
pp. 55-56.
UNCLASSIFIED
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Snel, F., "PK Influence on Malignant Cell Growth," Euro. J. of Parapsych.,
No. 10 (August 1980).
D. RP OF STABLE SYSTEMS
1. Bubble Chamber
Miller, R. N. and P. B. Reinhart, "Measuring Psychic Energy," Psychic,
Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 46-47 (1975).
2. Temperature Measurement
Mattrick, R. D., "PK Effect on a Clinical Thermometer with a Danish
'Mini-Geller' Girl," Res. in Para. 1976, pp. 21-22
Millar, B., "Thermistor PK," Res. in Para. 1975, pp. 71-73.
Placer, J., G. Breese, K. Corcoran, W. Crane and R. L. Morris, "Stable
System Psychokinesis Studies Using Temperature Differential Between
Thermistors," Res. in Para. 1975, pp. 69-71.
Schmeidler, G. R., "PK Effects Upon Continuously Recorded Temperature,"
J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 67, No. 4 (October 1973).
Schmeidler, G., J. Gambale and J. Mitchell, "PK Effects on Temperature
Recordings: An Attempted Replication and Extension," Res. in Para.
1975, pp. 67-69.
Schmeidler, G. R., J. Mitchell and N. Sandow, "Further Investigation of
PK with Temperature Records," Res. in Para. 1974, pp. 71-73.
3. Metal Bending (with Strain Gauge)
Hasted, J. B., "Detection and Analysis of Psychokinetic Metal-Bending
Forces," Res. in Para. 1976, pp. 216-218.
Hasted, J. B., "Physical Aspects of Paranormal Metal Bending," J. Soc.
Psychical Res., Vol. 49, No. 733 (September 1977).
Hasted, J. B., and D. Robertson, "The Detail of Paranormal Metal-Bending,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 50, No. 779 (March 1979).
UNCLASSIFIED
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Hasted, J. B. and D. Robertson, "Paranormal Action on Metal and its
Surroundings," J. Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 50, No. 784 (June 1980).
Keil, J., "Field Experiments with 30 Possible PK Subjects," Euro. J. of
Parapsych., Vol. 3, No. 1 (November 1979).
Mattuck, R. D. and S. Hill, "Psychokinetic Stretching of an Aluminum Bar,"
Res. in Para. 1976, pp. 209-213.
Mattuck, R. D. and S. Hill, "Apparatus Error in PK Metal-Bending Experiment
with Jean-Pierre Girard," Res. in Para. 1979, pp. 165-166.
Osis, K. and McCormick, D., "Kinetic Effects at the Ostensible Location
of an Out-of-Body Projection During Perceptual Testing," J. Amer.
Soc. Psychical Res., Vol. 74 (July 1980).
4. Magnetometer
Jarrard, R., K. Corcoran, R. Mayfield and R. L. Morris, "Psychokinesis
Experiments with a Cryogenic Magnetometer," Res. in Para. 1975,
pp. 64-66.
5. Rare or Unusual RP Abilities
Crookes, W., "Experimental Investigation of a New Force (D. D. Home),"
Quarterly J. of Sci., Vol. 8 (July 1971).
Fielding, E., Sittings with Eusapia Palladino (University Books, New York,
N.Y., 1963).
Schwartz, S., The Secret Vaults of Time, Chapter II (Grosset & Dunlap,
New York, N.Y., 1978).
UNCLASSIFIED
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