PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES, PART TWO: RESEARCH REPORT

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• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 1, 1975
• Content Type: RP

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*j L. %0 9% La I
Final Report
Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two: Research Report L
By: HAROLD E. PUTHOFF and RUSSELL TARG
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
6Iassifieatinn D tQr it 1tiQn Pnr ding?-
Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED. However, the association and com-
pilation of this material may indicate defense information, the unauthorized disclosure of which
could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hence, an overall
This document consists of 153 pages.
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025 - U.S.A.
Copy No. .... .......
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 Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two--Research Report
By: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
SRI Project 3183
Protect a th h c-ss1f4&d---S-ECRET.
Final Report
December 1, 1975
terminatio - Pending.
Approved by:
Earle Jones, Director
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Bonnar Cox, Executive Director
Information Science and Engineering Division
Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED. However,
the association and compilation of this material may indicate defense
information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be
expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hence, an
overall classification of--"'SET-is warranted.
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J LP %o ^
I ABSTRACT
II PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT
A. Remote Viewing
1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
a. West Virginia Site (S3)
b. West Virginia Site (Si)
c. Urals Site (Si)
d. Summary of Exploratory Research
2. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Target
(Operational Target, Semipalatinsk, USSR)
3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research, Costa Rica Series)
4. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog)
15
5. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Technology Series)
17
B.
Detection of Secret Writing Target Material
III
PROGRAM RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT
A.
Screening Tests
35
1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under Standard Protocol
Conditions
a. Subject Sl (Experienced)
38
b. Subject S4 (Learner/Controls)
40
c. Subjects S2 and S3 (Experienced)
46
d. Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Controls)
49
e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Controls)
49
f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard
53
Protocol)
2. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator
66
a. Machine Description
67
b. Data from Experiments
69
B.
Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by
76
Gifted Subjects
Page
iii
CCC!D
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Page
2. Psychological Evaluation 79
a. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests -80
b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist 83
3. Neuropsychological Evaluation
Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate
to Paranormal Activity
1. Remote Strobe Experiment 97
2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During 103
Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing
D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy 106
1. Experiments with Physical Apparatus
a. Experiments with Geiger Counter
b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
c. Experiments with Superconducting Differential Mag-
netometer (Gradiometer)
d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
2. Discussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing
3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization
4. Soviet Efforts
5. Conclusions
IV PROGRAM SUMMARY
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A. Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6, Learner/Control,
First Experiment
Instructions to Subject: EEG Experiment
C. Universal Randomization Protocol
106
106
107
108
113
117
121
129
130
B-1
C-1
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1. Maps of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject S3
2. Map and Detail of Site Drawn by Subject Sl
3. Artist's Rendering of Site
4. Costa Rica Site Drawings and Photographs
5. Abacus/Clock Drawings and Photograph
6. Video Terminal
7. Typewriter
8. Xerox Machine
9. Drill Press
10. Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling
11. Swimming Pool Complex (Sl)
12. Pedestrian Overpass (S4)
13. Bicycle Shed (S4)
14. Tennis Court (S2)
15. Palo Alto City Hall (S3)
16. White's Plaza, Stanford University (S6)
17. Merry-Go-Round
18. Windmill
19. Four-State Random Number Generator Used in This Experiment
20. Data Summary for Subject S2
21. Drawings and Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients
22. Shielded Room Used for EEG Experiments
23. Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject S4
24. Polygraph Data from Subject S4
25. Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
26. Gradiometer Data
27. Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure
28. Operating Characteristic Curve for Sequential Sampling Procedure
29. Average Sample Number for Sequential Sampling Procedure
Li 1k 1 10"
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1. Subject, Target Selection Procedure, and Figure Numbers for Tech-
nology Series.
2. Rank Ordering Match of Drawings to Target Locations (Blind Judging,
Technology Series)
3. Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching
4. The Probability of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items
5. Key for Secret Writing Experiment
6. Raw Data Call Sheet for Secret Writing Experiment
7. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Selection for Subject Si, Experienced.
8. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subject S4, Learner/Control
9. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subjects S2 and S3, Experienced
10. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subjects S5 and S6, Learner/Control
11. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Sponsor Subjects, Learner/Control
12. Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
13. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Summary
14. Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output during Successful Experimental
Series
15. Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output during Successful Experimental
Series
16. Randomness Tests for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi-
mental Run
17. Subject S2 Selections on Machine Ml during Successful Experimental
Series
18. Subject S2 Selections on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental
Series
19. Neuropsychology Test Battery
20. EEG Data for Subject S4
21. Geiger Counter Experiment Summary
22. Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
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UNCLASSIFIED
As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated a program
to investigate a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by
means of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from
their physical location. This ability appeared to be sufficiently well
developed in certain individuals to allow them to at times describe cor-
rectly--often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such
as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. In this final
report (Part Two--Research Reportt), we document in detail the 12-month
study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call
"remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the
range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain indivi-
duals to access, by means of mental processes, and describe information
sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure
against access.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of
individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand
kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a
person at a location on whom to target. The development at SRI of suc-
cessful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved
to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization
without any previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under
controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions
of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to
targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year
period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided
data of operational significance later verified by independent sources).
Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially selected and un-
selected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities
to a level of useful information transfer. The primary achievement of the
SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by
For summary, see Part One--Executive Summary
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individuals who agreed to act as subjects.
In carrying out this program we concentrated on what we considered
to be our primary responsibility--to resolve under unambiguous conditions
the basic issue of whether this class of paranormal perception phenomenon
exists. At all times the researchers and SRI management took measures
to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and to prevent deception,
whether intentional or unintentional. All experiments were carried out
under protocols in which target selection at the beginning of experiments
and blind judging of results at the end of experiments were handled inde-
pendently of the researchers involved in carrying out the experiments,
thus assuring evaluations independent of the belief structures of both
experimenters and judges.
The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal
effort--applied research and basic research. In Section II we summarize
the results of the applied research effort in which the operational
utility of the above perceptual abilities was explored. In Section III
we summarize the results of the basic research effort, which was directed
toward identification of the characteristics of individuals possessing
such abilities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates
and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. With an eye toward
selection of future subjects, individuals possessing a well-developed
natural ability in the area under investigation underwent complete
physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiling, the results
of which suggest some hypotheses for developing a screening procedure.
The program summary is presented in Section IV.
With regard to understanding the phenomenon, the precise nature of
the information channel that couples remote locations is not yet under-
stood. However, its general characteristics are compatible with both
quantum theory and information theory as well as with recent developments
in research on brain function. Therefore, our working assumption is that
the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern
physics and with further work will yield to analysis and specification.
Finally, it is concluded by the research contractor (SRI) that the
development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in
2
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three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be
utilized in the future, both for operational needs and for training others
in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability.
II PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT
A. Remote Viewing
As mentioned in the Abstract, the phenomenon we investigated most
extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical
locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates
(latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target.
Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI participants
but also visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who par-
ticipated as subjects so as to critique the protocol.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover
a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature
as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological literature); simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance,
or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro-
jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a
neutral descriptive term free of occult assumptions or-bias as to the
mechanisms involved.
We begin our report in subsections 1 and 2 with experiments under
the control of the sponsor. These experiments were designed to provide
a vehicle whereby the sponsor could establish independently of SRI, some
degree of confidence as to the existence of the long-distance remote
viewing faculty.
1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
So as to subject the remote-viewing phenomena to a rigorous
long-distance test under external control, a request for geographical
coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded
to the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis in this area. In
response, an SRI experimenter received a set of coordinates identifying
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UNCLASSIFIED.
what is hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site. The SRI experi-
menter then carried out remote-viewing experiments with two subjects on
a double-blind basis, that is, with target content blind to experimenter
as well as to subjects. (Following the experiment both subjects claimed
unfamiliarity with the West Virginia area.) The experiment had as its
goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions
approximating an operational scenario.
a. West Virginia Site (S3)*
Date: 29 May 1973, 1634 to 1640 hours, Menlo Park, Cali-
fornia. Protocol: Coordinates 38?23'45"to 48"N, 79?25'00"W, described
simply as being in West Virginia, were relayed to experimenter Dr. H.E.
Puthoff by telephone, who then relayed this information to subject S3
to initiate experiment. No maps were permitted, and the subject was
asked to give an immed=iate response. The session was recorded on video
tape. The oral response is reproduced here from the tape:
This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There
is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some
smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the
lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get
the impression that there are either some old bunkers around,
or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole,
some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east,
to the south more city.
The map in Figure 1(a) was drawn by the subject.
On the following morning, S3 submitted a written report
of a second reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735 to 0758 hours, Mountain
View, California:
Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular
building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former
Nike base or something like that? This is about. as far as I
could go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was
wanted. There is something strange about. this area, but since
I don't know particularly what to look for within the scope of
the cloudy ability, it is extremely difficult to make decisions
on what is there and what is not. Imagination seems to get in
the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of something
S3 identifies a subject. A key to numerical designations for subjects
is available from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Technical Repre-
sentative (COTR).
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underground, but I'm not sure.) However, it is apparent that
on first sighting, the general location was correctly spotted.
The map in Figure 1(b) also was drawn by the subject.
b. West Virginia Site (Sl)
As a backup test, the coordinates were given to a second
subject, Si. The task was presented to the second subject independently
of the first subject, both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any
sense of competition.
Date: 1 June 1973, 1700 hours, Menlo Park, California.
Protocol: Coordinates 38?23'45"to 48"N, 79?25'00"W were given (with no
further description) by experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff to subject Sl by
telephone to initiate experiment.
On the morning of 4 June 1973, S1's written response
(dated 2 June 1973, 1250 to 1350 hours, Lake Tahoe, California) was re-
ceived in the mail:
Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500 ft above
highest terrain. On my left forward quadrant is a peak in a
chain of mountains, elevation approximately 4996 ft above sea
level. Slopes are greyish slate covered with variety of broad-
leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. I am facing
about 3?to 5? west of north. Looking down the mountain to the
tight (east) side is a roadway--freeway, country style--curves
then heads ENE to a fairly. large city about 30 to 40 miles
distant. This area was a battleground in civil war--low rolling
hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller
town a little SE about 15 to 20 miles distant with small
settlements, village type, very rural, scattered around. Look-
ing across the peak, 2500 to 3000 ft mountains stretch out for
a hundred or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of
the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed--looks like
strip mining, coal mainly.
Weather at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my
altitude about 54?F--high cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000
to 30,000 ft. Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and
some cirro stratus at 46,000 ft. Air mass in that strip moving
WNW to SE.
1318 hours--Perceived that peak area has large underground
storage areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west
slopes), fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's
cut under trees where possible--would be very hard to detect
flying over area. Looks like former missile site--bases for
launchers still there, but area now houses record storage area,
microfilm, file cabinets; as you go into underground area
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through aluminum rolled up doors, first areas filled with
records, etc. Rooms about 100-ft long, 40-ft wide, 20-ft
ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters, flare-shaped.
Temperature cool--fluorescent lighted. Personnel, Army 5th
Corps Engineers. M/Sgt. Long on desk placard on grey steel
desk--file cabinets security locked--combination locks, steel
rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms, heading east,
are several bays with computers, communication equipment,
large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army Signal
Corps. Elevators.
1330 hours--Looked over general area from original location
again--valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north
along mountain ridge. Tempterature drop about 6?F, it's about
48?F. Looking for other significances: see warm air mass
moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles
ESE from my viewpoint. Air is very turbulent--tornado type;
birds in my area seeking heavy cover. There is a fairly large
river that I can see about 15 to 20 miles north and slightly
west; runs NE then curves in wide valley running SW to NE;
river then runs SE. Area to east: low rolling hills. Quite
a few Civil War monuments. A marble colonnade type: 'In this
area was fought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of
the Union and Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this
area to all peace loving people of the future--Daughters G.A.R.'
On a later date Sl was asked to return to the West Virginia
site with the goal of obtaining information on code words, if possible.
In response, Sl supplied the following information:
Top of desk had papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva".
File cabinet on north wall labeled "Operation Pool..."
(third word unreadable).
Folders inside cabinet labeled "Cueball", "14 Ball", "4
Ball", "8 Ball", and "Rackup".
Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack. Per-
sonnel: Col. R.J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C.
Calhoun (??).
c. Urals Site (Sl)
After obtaining a reading on the West Virginia Site, Sl
volunteered that he had scanned the other side of the globe for a Communist
Bloc equivalent and found one located in the Urals at 65?00'57"N, 59?
59'59"E, described as follows:
Elevation, 6200 ft. Scrubby brush, tundra-type ground hummocks,
rocky outcroppings, mountains with fairly steep slopes. Facing
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north, about 60 miles ground slopes to marshland. Mountain
chain runs off to right about 35? east of north. Facing south,
mountains run fairly north and south. Facing west, mountains
drop down to foothills for 60 miles or so; some rivers running
roughly north. Facing east, mountains are rather abrupt,
dropping to rolling hills and to flat land. Area site under-
ground, reinforced concrete, doorways of steel of the roll-up
type. Unusually high ratio of women to men, at least at night.
I see some helipads, concrete. Light rail tracks run from pads
to another set of rails that parallel the doors into the moun-
tain. Thirty miles north (5? west of north) of the site is a
radar installation with one large (165 ft) dish and two small
fast-track dishes.
The two reports for the West Virginia Site, and the report
for the Urals Site were verified by personnel in the sponsor organization
as being substantially correct. The results of the evaluation are con-
tained in a separate report filed with the COTR.
d. Summary of Exploratory Research
The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip-
tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the phenomenon
under-secure double-blind conditions (i.e., target unknown to experimenters
as well as subjects), with independent random target selection and blind
judging. The results, presented later, provide strong evidence for the
robustness of this phenomenon, one whereby complex remote stimuli can be
detected by a human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity. Before
discus;sing these results, however, we consider further examples of both
operational and operational-analog experiments.
2. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Target (Oper-
ational Target--Semipalatinsk, USSR)
To determine the utility of remote viewing under operational
conditions, a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on
a sponsor-designated target of current interest, an unidentified research
center, at Semipalatinsk, USSR.
This experiment, carried out in three phases, was under direct
control of the COTR. To begin the experiment, the COTR furnished map
coordinates in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The only additional infor-
mation provided was the designation of the target as an R&D test facility.
The experimenters then closeted themselves with subject Si, gave him the
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map coordinates and indicated the designation of the target as an R&D test
facility. A remote-viewing experiment on the target was then carried out.
This activity constituted Phase I of the experiment.
Figure 2(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building
layout; Figure 2(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multi-
story gantry crane he observed at the site. Both results were obtained
by the experimenters on a double-blind basis before exposure to any addi-
tional COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possibility of cueing.
These results were turned over to the client representatives for evalua-
tion. For comparison an artist's rendering of the site as known to the
COTR(but not to the experimenters until later) is shown in Figure 3(a),
with crane detail shown in Figure 3(b).
Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped
at this point. Description of the multistory crane, however, a relatively
unusual target item, was taken as indicative of possible target acquisi-
tion. Therefore, Phase II was begun, defined by the subject being made
"witting" (of the client) by client representatives who introduced them-
selves to the subject at that point; Phase II also included a second
round of experimentation on the Semipalatinsk site with direct participa-
tion of client representatives in which further data were obtained and
evaluated. As preparation for this phase, client representatives purposely
kept themselves blind to all but general knowledge of the target site to
minimize the possibility of cueing. The Phase II effort was focused on
the generation of physical data that could be independently verified by
other client resources, thus providing a calibration of the process.
The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of
Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data concerning the Semipalatinsk
site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless.
Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were
generated over a two-week period.
The data describing the Semipalatinsk site were evaluated by
the sponsor, and are contained in a separate report. In general, several
details concerning the salient technology of the Semipalatinsk site ap-
peared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific
OtACAD
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Ib) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE 2 MAP AND DETAIL OF SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT S1
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FIGURE 3
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large structural elements were correctly described. The results contained
noise along with the signal, but were nonetheless clearly differentiated
from the chance results that were generated by control subjects in compar-
ison experiments carried out by the COTR.
3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Explora-
tory Research, Costa Rica Series)
The experimental procedures of Subsections 1 and 2 were designed
to provide a vehicle whereby the client could establish, independently of
SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of a long-distance re-
mote viewing faculty. Although the results were indicated to be positive,
from the standpoint of SRI personnel who could not participate in the
evaluation phase, it was considered necessary to supplement the above
experiments with a similar set under SRI control. Therefore, SRI-controlled
experiments were undertaken to enable the experimenters to participate
directly in the evaluation phase of the remote-viewing experiments.
Two subjects (Si and S4) were asked to participate in a long-
distance experiment focusing on a series of targets in Costa Rica. The
subjects said they had never been to Costa Rica.
In this experiment, one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent
ten days traveling through Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure
trip. This information was all that was known to the subjects about the
traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthoff to keep a
detailed record of his location and activities, including photographs,
each of seven target days at 1330 PDT. A total of 12 daily descriptions
were collected before the traveler's return: six responses from S1, five
responses from S4, and one response from an SRI experimenter, who acted
as a subject in one experiment on a day in which S4 was not available and
the other subject arrived late.
For its illustrative value we consider first the single response
submitted by the experimenter filling in as a subject. The response, a
drawing submitted for a day in the middle of the series, is shown in
Figure 4 together with photographs taken at the site. Although Costa Rica
is a mountainous country, the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler
at a beach and ocean setting. With some misgivings, he described an
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AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET
FIGURE 4 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG
WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT IN CALIFORNIA
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airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the end (correct).
An airport building also was drawn, and shown to have a large rectangular
overhang (correct). The traveler had taken a one-day unplanned side trip
to an offshore island and at the time of the experiment had just disem-
barked from a plane at a small island airport as described, 4000 kilometers
from SRI. The sole discrepancy was that the drawing showed a Quonset-hut
type of building in place of the rectangular structure.
The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate two
major points observed a number of times throughout the program. First, in
opposition to what might be expected, a subject's description does not
necessarily portray what might reasonably be expected to be correct (an
educated or "safe" guess) but often runs counter to even the subject's
own expectations. Second, individuals other than those with putative
"paranormal ability" are able to exhibit a remote viewing faculty.
The remaining submissions provided further examples of excellent
correspondences between target and response. (A target period of pool-
side relaxation was identified, a drive through a tropical forest at the
base of a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle
below a large bare table mountain, a hotel room target description, in-
cluding such details as rug color, was correct, and so on.) So as to
determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous, i.e., could rea-
sonably be expected on the basis of chance alone, when Dr. Puthoff re-
turned he was asked to blind match the 12 descriptions to the seven
target locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation procedure,
which vastly underestimates the statistical significance of the individual
descriptions, five correct matches were obtained (two each of subjects Si
and S4, and the single submission by the experimenter). This number of
matches is significant at p = 0.02 by exact binomial calculation.*
The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given tran-
scriptis p = 1/7. Therefore, the probability of at least five correct
matches by chance out of 12 tries can be calculated from
12
12! 1 1 6 12-1
p 5 (12-i)! (7) (7) = 0.02.
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Therefore, this pilot study, completely under control of SRI, provided
confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control, indi-
cating the existence of an apparent long-distance remote viewing faculty.
4. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog)
As a further test of operational utility of the remote viewing
faculty, the COTR tasked the contractors with an experiment designed to
duplicate as closely as possible an operational situation of current
interest, the remote viewing of an abacus-type device. During a trip
to the East Coast, the experimenters were to proceed to New York, where
they were to purchase locally an abacus to be used as a target in a
remote viewing experiment. (The abacus was to constitute a target anal-
ogous to a cipher machine of particular interest.) Following the purchase
they were to contact a subject who lived there (S3) by telephone with
a surprise request to come to the experimenters' hotel room later that
day to participate in a remote-viewing experiment.
The above steps were carried out in preparation for the experi-
ment. In this case the experimenters knew what the target was, an ex-
ception to the double-blind rule followed in all our other work. There-
fore, while awaiting the subject's arrival, a preamble for the experiment
was prerecorded by one of the experimenters (Targ) and carefully checked
to ensure against verbal cueing:
Hal and I have brought a present for you. We wandered around
New York this morning and we bought an object. This object is
of the type that one interacts with, and Hal will use it for
its normal purpose. Today is Friday, September 26, 1974. As
in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like to ask you to
describe the object as you see it rather than attempting to
give the object a name.
When the subject entered the hotel room, this instruction tape
was played by one experimenter (R.T.) while the other experimenter (H.P.)
took a large locked suitcase containing the target object into an adjacent
room, locked the door, and removed the abacus, shown in Figure 5(a), actions
verified earlier as being inaudible. Thus the only available cue was an
upper bound on the size.
The subject produced the outline drawing I of Figure 5(b) in
approximately one minute. (The large purplish-silver object corresponds
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(111.111
I-
W
/~ y
/
V W
dm
W
co
V
00
J
y0
V=
0.50
To G
85
87
86
88
346
0.058
> 0.99
From B
85
82
90
87
344
0.395
> 0.90
R
91
91
83
92
357
0.591
> 0.80
Initial states
8
14
9
13
44
2.364
> 0.50
All states
365
353
356
372
1446
0.622
> 0.80
Nondiagonal
transitions
261
252
257
267
1037
0.466
> 0.90
Diagonal
transitions
96
87
90
92
365
0.468
> 0.90
TABLE 15
Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output
During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2
(Runs 1 through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 through 100)
Buttons
Number
Binomial
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
of
Trials
Chi-Square
probability
Transitions Y
108
120
111
124
463
1.458
> 0.50
o
T G
107
131
136
119
493
4.095
> 0.20
r From B
126
124
138
135
523
1.061
> 0.70
R
118
115
140
129
502
3.100
> 0.30
Initial states
16
15
13
12
56
0.714
> 0.80
All states
475
505
538
519
2037
4.149
> 0.20
Nondiagonal
351
359
387
378
1475
2.247
> 0.50
transitions
Diagonal
108
131
138
129
506
3.960
> 0.20
transitions
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Buttons
Number
Chi-Square
Binomial
or
probability
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Trials
Transtions Y
204
199
199
216
818
0.944
> 0.80
To G
192
218
222
207
839
2.578
> 0.30
From B
211
206
228
222
867
1.397
> 0.70
R
209
206
223
221
859
1.009
> 0.70
Initial states
24
29
22
25
100
1.040
> 0.70
All states
840
858
894
891
3483
2.364
> 0.50
Nondiagonal
612
611
644
645
2512
1.736
> 0.50
transitions
Diagonal
204
218
228
221
871
1.399
> 0.70
transitions
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With regard to the possibility that the subject developed
an optimum strategy based on slight, even though nonsignificant, machine
departures from chance expectation, it is sufficient to determine the
most favorable strategy based on machine statistics and examine whether
use of such a strategy would be capable in principle of producing a re-
sult as significant as that produced by the subject.
For machine Ml the optimum strategy, according to Table
17 is: if in the initial state, press green; if yellow, press yellow;
otherwise, pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 44 runs carried
out, result in 14 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction
96/355 = 0.2704 on the remaining 44 x 24 = 1056 transitions, resulting
in 300 hits.
For machine M2 the optimum strategy, according to Table
18, is: if in the initial state, press yellow; if red, press blue; other-
wise pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 56 runs carried out,
result in 16 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction
140/502 = 0.2789 on the remaining 56 x 24 = 1344 transitions, resulting
in 391 hits. Thus, an optimum strategy derived from the machine distri-
bution post hoc yields a scoring fraction 691/2500 = 0.2764, significantly
less than the observed scoring fraction 0.2936. In any case, it is clear
from an examination of the compilation of subject choices (Tables 17 and
18) that subject selections, although extremely nonrandom, differed
widely from those strategies favorable to the production of results based
on machine statistics. Further, there is no evidence of learning to sup-
port the hypothesis that a successful strategy was developed. A more
detailed analysis of strategies, confirming these conclusions, was carried
out by the sponsor under the direction of the COTR.
When subject S2 was asked to repeat the entire experiment
at a later time, he was able to replicate successfully a high mean scoring
rate (27.88/100 average over 2500 trials, a result whose a priori proba-
bility under the null hypothesis is p = 4.8 x 10-4).
We thus conclude from the machine study that of the six
subjects tested, one subject (S2) was able to generate a significant and
replicable result. From these results, we conclude that there is evidence
for the existence of a human perceptual capability whereby electronically
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lUm
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Pass
Transitions Y
51
47
35
141
73
To G
45
12
13
70
30
From B
30
17
2
38
16
R
149
58
37
82
110
Pass
73
36
13
108
116
Initial states
14
4
6
19
1
All states
362
174
106
458
346
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Pass
Transitions Y
67
77
54
179
125
To G
68
2
14
107
38
From B
50
22
2
40
15
R
208
96
38
31
111
Pass
105
33
22
129
348
Initial states
21
7
1
27
0
All states
519
237
131
513
637
TABLE 18
SUBJECT S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHINE M2
DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES
(Runs 1 through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 through 100)
TABLE 17
SUBJECT S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHINE Ml
DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES
(Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80)
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stored information can be accessed by means of a perceptual modality not
mediated by physical parameters as yet identified.
The characteristics of such a channel can be specified in
accordance with the precepts of communication theory. The bit rate asso-
ciated with the information channel is calculated from8
R = H(x) = Hy (x)
where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols
with an a priori probability p.
i
H(x) = - ). pilog2pl
(2)
and Hy(x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil-
ities that a received signal was actually transmitted,
2
Hy(x) _ Y P(i,j)-log2 Pi(j) (3)
i,j=l
For S2's first run, with pi = 1/4, pj(j) = 0.2936, and an
average of 30 s/choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 2 bits and a
calculated bit rate
R = 0.007 bits/symbol
R/T = 2 x 10-4 bits/s
.In a larger study for NASA, devoted specifically to the
question of whether learning could take place, 147 subjects were screened.9
Of these subjects, six showed a positive learning slope significant at
the 0.01 level or better; the binomial probability of this occurring by
chance is 3.8 x 10-3. At the other extreme, no subjects had a negative
slope at the 0.01 level or better, in contrast to those six who had a
positive slope at the 0.01 level. The slopes of the remaining 141 subjects
(448,000 trials) were found to be normally distributed.
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B. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by Gifted
Subjects
1. Medical Evaluation
The medical evaluation of program participants was assigned to
the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program was handled
by Dr. Robert Armbruster, Director of the Clinic's Department of Environ-
mental Medicine.
The testing procedures fall into six categories:
(1) General physical examination, including complete medical
and family history.
(2) Laboratory examinations, including SMA-12 panel blood chem-
istries, protein electrophoresis, blood lipid profile,
urinalysis, serology, blood type and factor, pulmonary
function screening, and 12-lead electrocardiogram.
(3) Neurological examination, including comprehensive and
electroencephalogram (sleeping and routine).
(4) Audiometric examination, including comprehensive, Bekesy
bone conduction, speech discrimination, and impedance
bridge test.
(5) Ophthalmologist examination, including comprehensive,
card testing, peripheral field test, muscle test, dilation
funduscope, and indirect ophthalmoscopic and fundus
examination.
(6) EMI brain scan.
The detailed subject-by-subject test results are on file with
the sponsor. Following are the summary evaluations prepared by Dr.
Armbruster.
a. Subject Sl (Experienced)
This 55-year-old male completed an extensive medical evaluation
recently in conjunction with special studies being performed at
SRI for personnel gifted in paranormal functioning.
Aside from a duodenal ulcer in 1952, his past medical history
was essentially normal. At present significant defects on
physical examination were small, bilateral inguinal hernias,
and dental caries. An electrocardiogram was interpreted as
abnormal, showing characteristics of coronary artery disease.
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UA3
was advised of this report by letter on August 9, 1974, with
Si
recommendations for further evaluation by a cardiologist.*
Laboratory data--including waking and sleeping electroencephalo-
grams, protein electrophoresis, complete blood count, serology,
and urinalysis--were normal. He has blood type AB, Rh positive.
Blood chemistries were essentially normal with the exception of
slight elevations of uric acid and cholesterol with marked ele-
vation of triglycerides.
Ophthalmological examination revealed a minimal refractive error
corrected easily to normal. An extensive neurological examina-
tion and history were considered normal. The EMI computerized
brain scan was considered negative except for slight enlargement
of the right ventricle. No significance can be presently placed
on this finding.
Audiometry revealed a mild bilateral high-frequency hearing loss
at 3000 cps secondary to past exposure to high noise levels.
b. Subject S2 (Experienced)
This 31-year-old male research scientist completed an extensive
medical evaluation recently in conjunction with special studies
being performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel.
His past medical history reveals a right inguinal herr_iorraphy
and appendectomy. Physical examination revealed no significant
abnormalities. Laboratory data--including electrocardiography,
protein electrophoresis, audiometry, pulmonary function, serology,
blood chemistries, urinalysis, waking and sleeping electroenceph-
alograms, and EMI brain scan--were normal.
Ophthalmological exam revealed a myopic refractive error cor-
rectable to 20/15 bilaterally.
Neurological examination was negative. History revealed the
presence of periodic muscular contraction headaches. Migraine
headaches have been completely relieved since institution of
biofeedback training.
c. Subject S3 (Experienced)
This 40-year-old male research consultant completed an extensive
medical evaluation recently in conjunction with special studies
being performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel.
His past medical history, other than a case of hepatitis while
in the Armed Services, was essentially noncontributory to this
study. Physical examination was entirely within normal limits.
In spite of follow-up medical treatment, we note with sadness his death
in July 1975 due to a coronary.
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Laboratory data--including electrocardiography, protein electro-
phoresis, audiometry, pulmonary function, complete blood count,
serology, urinalysis, and EMI brain scan--were normal. Blood
chemistries were normal with the exception of moderate elevation
of blood lipids. He has blood type A, Rh positive.
He has myopic astigmatism correctable to 20/20 bilaterally; other-
wise a normal ophthalmological examination.
Neurological history, examination, and both sleeping and waking
encephalograms were reported as normal.
d. Subject S4 (Learner/Control)
This 53-year-old female photographic consultant completed a med-
ical evaluation recently in conjunction with special studies being
performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel.
Except for several surgeries, her past history is essentially
noncontributory to her medical record. Her physical examination
was normal with the exception of a minor gynecological problem.
Laboratory data--including electrocardiography, protein electro-
phoresis, audiometry, pulmonary function, complete blood count,
serology, blood chemistries, and urinalysis--were normal. Blood
type is 0, Rh positive. Ophthalmological examination was normal
except for a mild correctable refractive error.
Both waking and sleeping electroencephalograms were normal as
were the neurological history and physical examinations.
The EMI brain scan was reported as suggestive of very mild frontal
atrophy. No other abnormal features are noted.
e. Subject S5 (Learner/Control)
This 54-year-old male staff scientist completed an extensive med-
ical evaluation recently in conjunction with special studies being
performed at SRI for gifted psychic personnel.
His past history reveals a duodenal ulcer in 1964 but is other-
wise not significant. Physical examination was essentially neg-
ative.
Laboratory data--including electrocardiography, lipoprotein elec-
trophoresis, complete blood count, serology, blood chemistries,
blood lipids, urinalysis, and EMI brain scan--were normal. Audi-
ometry revealed a mild bilateral perceptive-type hearing loss
at-4000 cps probably due to noise exposure. Pulmonary function
suggested mild pulmonary obstructive disease secondary to ciga-
rette smoking.
Ophthalmological exam was normal except for a corrective refrac-
tive error. Neurological history revealed rare migraine aurae
without headache. Neurological examination was entirely normal.
78
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f. Subject S6 (Learner/Control)
This 34-year--old female completed an extensive medical examina-
tion recently in conjunction with special studies being performed
at SRI for gifted psychic personnel.
Her past medical history was essentially noncontributory except
for the vague but unlikely possibility of Reiters Syndrome.
Laboratory data--including electrocardiography, protein electro-
phoresis, audiometry, pulmonary function, complete blood count,
serology, blood chemistries, urinalysis, and EMI brain scan--were
normal. She has blood type A, Rh positive.
Ophthalmological examination, with the exception of a moderate
but corrected myopic astigmatism, was within normal limits.
Although her waking EEG was abnormal, her sleeping EEG and
neurological examination were perfectly normal. It was not
considered necessary or advisable to pursue this mild abnormality
any further, especially in view of a normal neurological exam
and EMI brain scan. The patient was not made aware of this
minor deviation. Neurological history substantiates period
muscular contraction headaches.
g. Summary of Medical Evaluation
In summary, it appears that the medical profiling is noncontributory
to the study, all subjects showing essentially normal medical
profiles without any discernible spread among the subjects.
2. Psychological Evaluation
The psychological evaluation of the program participants was
assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of,the program
was handled by Dr. J.E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Clinic's
Department of Psychiatry. The testing itself was carried out by Dr.
Karen Nelson, Clinical Psychologist at the Clinic.
The tests administered included:
(1) In-depth interviews, including objective events and
subjective views relating to the discovery and enhance-
ment of paranormal capacities; socioeconomic, cultural,
familial, religious environment; outstanding emotional
peaks, traumas; values, motivation, interpersonal style.
(2) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
(3) Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test
(4) Benton Visual Memory Test
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(5) Wechsler Memory Scale
(6) Luscher Color Test
(7) Strong Vocational Interest Blank
(8) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
(9) Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS)
(10) Rorschach Inkblot
(11) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The detailed test results for each subject are on file with the
COTR. Due to the personal nature of the data we present here only the
summary evaluations, first by the clinical psychologist who administered
the tests and interviewed the subjects in depth, and second by the chief
clinical psychologist who analyzed the data on a blind basis.
a. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests
The following is quoted from the psychologist's report:
During late summer and early fall, 1974, six subjects were re-
ferred to the Clinic for testing for the parapsychology study at
Stanford Research Institute. Three of the subjects were desig-
nated as sensitive subjects and three of the subjects were desig-
nated as controls. It was planned that I would do the testing
without knowledge of which subjects were considered sensitive and
which subjects were considered controls. However, in the course
of my contacts with these subjects, it proved impossible not to
know which subjects belonged to which group, since I was to inter-
view each person in depth. Since personal experience with appar-
ently extrasensory perception is a fairly dramatic event, subjects
could not avoid talking about these events and still be honest in
an in-depth interview. Consequently, a secondary plan was
developed in which I would do the psychological testing and write
individual reports for each subject, and the Chief Clinical Psychol-
ogist, Dr. Heenan, would read the test blind and see whether he
could pick out three test records which seemed more similar to
each other than the rest, thereby discriminating between sensitive
and non-sensitive subjects.
Intellectual Functioning
All of the subjects in this study displayed distinctly above-
average intellectual abilities. Most subjects reached the superior
range, and several of the subjects reached the gifted range. As
it happened, the control subjects tended to show higher average
intellectual functioning scores than did'.sensitive subjects,
although the difference could not be said to be significant,
given that there were only three subjects in each group. Two
of the subjects from the sensitive group showed highly variable
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subtest scores within their intelligence test battery. That
is, some of the subskills would be extremely high and other
subskills would be extremely low, The variable patterns shown
are consistent with ambivalent motivation as regards learning
tasks and academic situations. I was able to spot no consistent
trends as to which subskills tended to be high and which sub-
skills tended to be low. For all six subjects, verbal and per-
formance skills tended to be about evenly balanced, and memory
skills were approximately what would be expected, given the in-
telligence scores attained. The number scores on memory tests as
well as the performances of the subjects themselves reflect a
slight tendency toward better memory for material which is
organized logically or which appears in a meaningful context
than for rote memory material. In the control group, this
tendency seems less pronounced and in fact one subject showed
a clear preference for rote memory material. The subjects
themselves did not feel that any of the intelligence test
material tapped skills or propensities on their part which might
be linked to their extrasensory capabilities, and since the
patterns of strength and weakness within the test profiles
varied so widely, I am inclined to accept their judgment with
one possible exception. It is possible that sensitive subjects
tend to be holistic perceivers rather than analytic perceivers;
that is, to perceive in Gestalt rather than analytic elements.
This might underlie the tendency for better short term memory
of contextual logical material. Psychological tests which are
directly relevant to this difference in perceptual style appear
not be standardized as yet and so it is difficult to follow this
lead.
Personality Functioning
When looked at from the point of view of psychopathology, the
indicators both in projective and in objective testing do not
appear to me to show marked trends, either for the six subjects
taken together or for the subjects in each group. There does
appear to be an interesting similarity in defensive style, par-
ticularly when this is taken together with a similarity in
interests and vocational aptitude, which can be seen in a
large number of the subjects both in sensitive and control
groups. To elaborate, all six subjects tended to have high
feminine scores on the masculinity-feminity scale of the MMPI.
That scale does not measure sexual orientation but rather sex
role stereotype. For example, a person who is highly active
in expressing his aggression, who is self assertive and who
adopts"masculine" interest in, say, sports, mechanics, etc.,
is likely to get a high masculine score; a person who tends
to be fairly passive in expressing aggression, even manipulative,
who tends to be interested in the arts, in music, in aesthetic
sensitivities, is likely to gain a high feminine score. Both
the men and women in this group of subjects tended to have high
feminine scores. The trend is seen again in the vocational
aptitude survey, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, wherein
all of the subjects tended to achieve high scores in music, art
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and writing, but particularly in writing was this consistent.
The score on writing aptitude appeared to he above average for
the general population in each subject and for several of the
subjects it was one of the highest scores obtained. These two
trends in the objective personality test data can be compared with
another trend found in the projective test data, namely on the
Rorschach. Here, the responses of the subjects tended to emphasize
animal or human movement and to de-emphasize color. This pattern
is; common in people who tend to be introspective, to have a rich
inner fantasy life, and in fact to prefer that kind of expression
of their emotions to interpersonal expression. The capacity to
stand back from one's feelings, observe them, analyze them, even
to savor them, is common among artists and particularly among
writers.
Unfortunately, two of the subjects (Sl and S3) from the sensitive
group were highly defensive about test-taking and their defen-
siveness was most pronounced in the projective personality tests.
The result was that they gave very minimal records, very few
responses, and were close-mouthed in talking about their responses.
Hence, the pattern to which I refer can be seen more clearly in
the control subjects than in the sensitive subjects even though
it appears to occur for all six subjects.
In'the course of the testing, the control subjects began to tell
me that as they participated in the SRI study, they appeared to
be developing more and more sensitivity on the experiments per-
formed and each was not certain that he should be properly
classified as a control subject. In talking with Dr. Puthoff,
I learned that they did appear to be showing some sensitivity
but that their performances were not reliable and so they still
could be said to be importantly different from the sensitive
subjects. If the sensitive subjects could be induced to be
less defensive in test-taking, it is possible that their records
would show a pattern which could be distinguished from that of
the control subjects. Since that is not the case, we are left
with a dilemna. A tendency toward artistic interests, a rich
fantasy life and an introversive style of emotional expression
may be accidental in all of these six subjects. It may be
characteristic of persons who are willing to participate in
parapsychological studies. It may be characteristic of persons
who have some extrasensory capacity, whether great or small, or
it may relate to some other variable which happens to be common
to these six subjects.
Should the pattern of emotional style and aesthetic interest
prove relevant to extrasensory capacity, it would seem that the
Rorschach gets at the most fundamental level of this quality.
The objective tests are more likely to be measuring the end
products of that fundamental level of emotional expression.
Since my reading of projective test material is likely to be
colored by my acquaintance with the subjects and what they said
about themselves, I will be interested to see whether Dr. Heenan
82
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can discern the same pattern, and for my own curiosity I would
like to be able to test the sensitive subjects again, without
them having read this report, to see whether I could put them
more at ease on a second contact and get more productive records
from them. Two of these subjects (Sl and S3) said frankly that
they were alienated at the thought of psychological testing
because their experience was that people with extrasensory capac-
ity were written off as nuts and that psychologists and psychi-
atrists always examined them with an eye toward any pathology
they could discover. If they could be reassured that that was
not the point of interest and at the same time not be coached
as to what kinds of responses I was interested in, another
session of projective testing might be productive.
Karen L. Nelson, PhD
Clinical Psychologist
Palo Alto Medical Clinic
b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist (On a Blind
Basis
An effort complementary to the overall analysis performed
by Dr. K. Nelson was carried out by Dr. J. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychol-
ogist, Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto Medical Clinic. He took on
as a task the ferreting out of responses to specific test items to deter-
mine whether a particular cluster of items might serve as the core of a
screening procedure. Dr. Heenan's analysis was carried out on a blind
basis, that is, without knowledge of which subjects were labeled sensitive
and which were labeled control. The following is quoted from Dr. Heenan's
report:
I have finished going over the psychological test data on the six
subjects tested and this is a summary of my thoughts, impressions,
clinical judgments, guesses and comparisons of various dimensions.
The six persons tested are labeled Si through S6. Subject Sl
would not take the TAT test and did not return the EPPS test, and
there is not a Strong vocational interest test in the file on him.
I included him in the comparisons on the tests which he did take.
What I did was formulate some hypotheses and then examine the test
data, ranking people according to what their tests reflected on
those hypotheses, and from that arrived at which subjects might
have, according to the hypothesis, a more than ordinary ability
to communicate by non-ordinary means. First of all, I examined
all the test data rather carefully from a clinical psychologist's
point of view and without any specific hypotheses--that is, on
the basis of my overall intuition--made guesses, for each battery
of tests, whether or not I thought this person would be likely
to have unusual abilities. On this basis I guessed subjects S3,
S6 and S4 as the most likely ones to have been high achievers
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in your experiments.
The following is a series of hypotheses on the Rorschach Ink
Blot Test and following each hypothesis are the three subjects
who best fit that hypothesis from the test data.
HYPOTHESIS #1. White space responses reflect lower ability to
use non-ordinary means of communication.
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 have the fewest white
space responses and therefore, according to this hypothesis,
would have the higher ability among this group.
HYPOTHESIS #2. Preoccupation with minor details (Dd) will be
inconsistent with the ability to communicate by non-ordinary
means.
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 reflect the least use
of minor details in Rorschach responses.
HYPOTHESIS #3. Those persons with the highest percentage of
human movement responses will be those most likely to be able
to communicate by non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S4, S6 and S2 are the three highest in
this regard.
HYPOTHESIS #4. The use of instant whole responses will be
greater in those persons with the ability to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 are the highest in this
regard.
HYPOTHESIS #5. Using shading responses as an index for anxiety,
those who have the most shading responses will do the least well
in communicating by non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S4, Si and S2 have the most shading
responses.
HYPOTHESIS #6. Those subjects able to communicate best by
non-ordinary means will tend to be more childlike in their
general approach to life and this will be reflected by higher
animal content percent on the Rorschach test.
Results: Subjects S5, S4 and Sl.
HYPOTHESIS V. (This hypothesis is relevant to Hypothesis #6.)
Those subjects with the most animal movement responses will
tend to be able to communicate more by non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S4, S6 and S2.
HYPOTHESIS #8. The persons who most use color in their re-
sponses will be most likely to be able to communicate better
by non-ordinary means.
Results: There is no spread among the subjects on this
particular scoring determinant.
HYPOTHESIS #9. Those subjects using the most emotional deter-
minants will be most likely to be able to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 have the most use of
emotional determinants on the Rorschach Test.
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On the MMPI, the following hypotheses were checked out.
HYPOTHESIS #1. Subjects who show the most unusual configurations
on the MMPI will be those most likely to be able to communicate
by non-ordinary means (scores above 70).
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S2.
HYPOTHESIS #2. Those subjects who reflect the most emotional
energy as measured by the Ma score will be most likely to com-
municate by non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S6, S3 and S2--the opposite of this
hypothesis is that those with the lowest Ma scores were
subjects Sl, S5 and S4.
HYPOTHESIS #3. Those subjects who show the most interest in human
interaction will be most likely to do well in non-ordinary com-
munication as measured by the Si score; the rank among the sub-
jects from highest to lowest is S5, S4, S6, S2, Sl, S3. There-
fore, subjects S5, S4 and S6,according to this hypothesis,
would be the successful ones.
HYPOTHESIS #4. Those subjects showing the most depression would
be least likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means;
the rank on the depression score among the subjects is from
highest to lowest--S6, S4, S3, S2, Sl, S5, with S6, S4, and S3
being the predicted least likely to do well at your tasks, and
subjects S2, Sl and S5 the most likely.
The Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale hypotheses were simple
and easy to check. The first hypothesis on the results of the
Wechsler, HYPOTHESIS #1, is that higher intelligence as measured
by the IQ score will reflect higher ability to communicate by
non-ordinary means. Using the Full Scale IQ score, the rank from
highest to lowest on IQ is subjects S5, S2, S6, S4, S1, and S3.
Therefore, S5, S2, S6, according to this hypothesis, would be
the subjects most likely to have succeeded. There is very little
difference in the ranking in general, using the verbal IQ and
the performance IQ. Taking a closer look at the subtest scores
of the Wechsler, the following hypotheses were checked out.
HYPOTHESIS #2 on the subtest scores: Persons with the highest
ability in visual motor coordination. as reflected by the Block
Design subtest, will be most likely to be able to communicate
by non-ordinary means. The rank on the Block Design subtest
from high to low is S5, S3, S6, S4, S2, and Sl.
HYPOTHESIS #3. Those with the best immediate memory as reflected
by the Digit Span subtest will be the most likely to achieve in
the non-ordinary communication modality. The rank for subjects
from highest to lowest on Digit Span is S3, S6, S4, S5, S2, and
S1 with very little spread among them.
Other aspects of the Wechsler which were specifically checked
out were the Picture Completion subtest and the Arithmetic
subtest. The rank from highest to lowest in Picture Completion
is Si, S2, S5, S3, S4, S6, and the rank on the Arithmetic sub-
test is S5, S4, S2, S3, S1, and S6. I did not have a hypothesis
about these particular subtests since they are reflections of
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higher IQ, which was already covered before.
Careful review of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank results ,
tabulating various scored categories and profile configuration,
revealed no pattern that separated any group of subjects from
any other group of subjects. This, however, is a multi-dimensional
test with many variables and perhaps a more complex statistical
analysis, such as analysis of variants, may show some clusters not
visible to this examiner.
On the Bender Gestalt Visual Motor test, the simple hypothesis
was made that the higher the ability to reproduce better designs,
the more likely would be the person's ability to communicate by
non-ordinary means. The Bender test results were ranked according
to quality in form, Gestalt and accuracy, and the following ranks
were obtained. From highest to lowest, subjects S4, S3, S6, S5,
S1 and S2. No other evident material was reflected on the Bender
designs.
It.appears to me that according to most of the hypotheses I came
up with, subjects S3, S6 and S4 are the most likely candidates.
The results of the Luscher and TAT tests, after careful examina-
tion, do not suggest any systematic means for breaking this
group of six into two groups, of three. However, on the TAT
subjects S3, S6 and S5 appeared to this examiner to reflect
more spontaneity and childlike exuberance for living and there-
fore might be inferred to possess more sensitivity or awareness
tonon-cognitive dimensions of experience; therefore, I think
subjects S3, S6, and S4 are the most likely ones to have done
the experiments well. I also note that those who couldn't
apparently were learning how, and therefore apparently whatever
this ability is, it is a learnable one--of course, if such com-
munication does exist, that should be true since we all come
with essentially the same basic equipment.
J.E. Heenan, PhD
Chief Clinical Psychologist
Palo Alto Medical Clinic
On a post hoc basis, we can examine the various hypotheses
suggested by Dr. Heenan and determine which ones tend to correlate with
observable paranormal functioning. However, given the small sample size,
no significant conclusions can be drawn--rather, these points simply
suggest' hypotheses to be examined in future testing.
On the basis of the remote viewing and random target generator
experiments, experienced subjects Si through S3 and learner/control S4
performed reliably in contrast to learner/control subjects S5 and S6.
There were four tests which tended to correlate with this partition in
the sense that three of the four successful subjects lacked a trait
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which was possessed by both of the unsuccessful subjects. These were
the traits considered in Rorschach Hypothesis #5, MMPI Hypothesis #3,
and WBIS Hypotheses #1 and #2; the four hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan
were all counterindicated, that is, the responses suggested as probable
for successful subjects were found to hold for the unsuccessful ones.
On the basis of this small sample, therefore, one might consider investi-
gating the following traits as potentially indicating a lesser ability
in paranormal functioning: low anxiety index as indicated by low degree
of shading response in the Rorschach, a high degree of interest in human
interaction as measured by the Si score of the MMPI, an exceptionally high
IQ (gifted range) as measured by the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale,
and excellent visual motor coordination as reflected in the Block Design
subtest of the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale. It must be emphasized,
however, that although subjects scoring highest with regard to the above
factors did least well in the tests of paranormal functioning, all sub-
jects scored higher than the norm in these psychological factors, so it
would be erroneous to extrapolate on the basis of these data that low
scoring might indicate paranormal ability. It is simply that extremely
high scores are observed to correlate negatively with success on the
particular paranormal tasks investigated. Finally, we reiterate that the
correlation as observed on the basis of such a small sample may be gratui-
tous and should therefore only be considered as a basis for further hy-
pothesis testing.
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3. Neuropsychological Evaluation
Neuropsychological profiles on the six subjects were obtained
by the administration of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery
as well as other tests known to be sensitive to brain dysfunction. These
tests have proven useful in predicting, for example, both the presence
and location of brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases.
Since, when no damage is present these tests also reflect abilities
dependent on brain function, it was hoped that some meaningful pattern
of test performance would emerge for the program subjects. The testing
and evaluation was handled by Dr. Ralph Kiernan, Clinical Neuropsy-
chologist, Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center,
Stanford, California.
The following is his evaluation;
All subjects were given the folowing tests:
(1) Halstead Category Test
(2) Tactual Performance Test
(3) Speech Perception Test
(4) Seashore Rhythm Test
(5) Finger Tapping Test
(6) Trail Making Test
(7) Knox Cube Test
(8) Raven Progressive Matrices
(9) Verbal Concept Attainment Test
(10) Buschke Memory Test
(11) Grooved Pegboard Tests
Two additional tests were added after several subjects had
been tested and were not administered to all subjects. These
were:
(12) The Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test
(13) The spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary
Mental Abilities Test.
Adescription of these tests along with subject scores is
given in Table 19.
Since other psychological testing was completed previously
on these same subjects at the Palo Alto Medical Clinic,
the results of two of these tests (The Wechsler Adult In-
telligence Scale and the Benton Visual Retention Test) were
consulted in the overall neuropsychological evaluation.
Very few of the results are common to all six subjects.
In fact, the only ones that are common involve general
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intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale. All subjects were in the bright average to very
superior range of intelligence with full scale IQ's ranging
from 116 to 134, the average IQ being 125. Performance IQ's
tended to be slightly higher than Verbal IQ's (126 average ver-
sus 123). All other test performances ranged widely from
the mildly below average to the very superior range.
A consistent pattern of test results does emerge, however,
when four of the subjects are looked at in a single group.
These four subjects are S3 through S6. All tests which
depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well
performed by these subjects. The block design subtest of
the WAIS is the most sensitive subtest to brain injuries
which disrupt spatial abilities. Although these subjects
obtained excellent WAIS scores in general, their near-per-
fect performances on this subtest are significantly better
than most of the other subtest scores. The Tactual Per-
formance Test (TPT) is also very sensitive to brain dys-
function involving spatial abilities. This test was ex-
tremely well performed by these subjects with three of
them obtaining total times of 7.7 minutes or less. Times
of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on this
test. The TPT and block designs are two of the most sensi-
tive tests to variations in spatial ability. A third test,
the spatial relations subtest of the Primary Mental Abilities
test, was given to only two of the four subjects in this
group. Again, very superior scores (quotient scores greater
than 130) were obtained by each. This test is not highly
correlated with general intelligence, and high scores in-
dicate special proficiency in visual-spatial ability.
Two additional tests which appear to measure general
ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual ability for
their correct performance were performed in the superior
range. These are the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the
Gottschaldt Hidden Figures.
Other test performances varied substantially among these four
subjects. Three of the four had difficulty on the Category
Test and on the Buschke Memory Test. No sensible interpre-
tation of these results is readily apparent.
The two remaining subjects, S1 and S2, were quite different
in their test performances from the above group. S2, who
obtained the second highest full scale IQ, did well on the
spatial tests described above but not as well as any of the
four above. His spatial abilities appeared to be less well
developed than his verbal skills. S1 was even less like
the group than S2. His spatial test performances were only
average for his age, and the TPT and Gottschaldt tests were
poorly performed.
90
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In summary, the single, most compelling conclusion from the
test data is that six subjects studied are of significantly
above-average intellectual ability. In addition, there is
consistent evidence that four of the six subjects were parti-
cularly proficient on measures of visual and tactual spatial
ability. The performance of tests which measure this ability
is most seriously impaired by lesions which involve the
right, posterior cerebral hemisphere. There is more than
presumptive evidence that normal performance of these tests
is mediated by the right hemisphere. Therefore, at least
four of the subjects obtained test results consistent
with proficiency on these right hemisphere related tasks.
It should be pointed out that this finding can be, at best,
considered as a basis for hypothesis formation regarding
paranormal ability. Verification of such hypotheses would
depend on the results of future research.
The test results for S2 are not in conflict with the above
interpretation. Those obtained for Si, however, are in
conflict with this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled
with it.
As pointed out above, further research is necessary to
elucidate the relationship between spatial abilities, the
right hemisphere and paranormal abilities. Nonetheless,
it can be said at this point that many of the tasks per-
formed by the group of subjects at SRI have at least a
superficial resemblance to performances which require
right hemisphere function. The similarities include the
highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of
remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings
is often highly inaccurate, and the drawings themselves
are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target
configuration. Further, written material is generally not
cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left
brain-injured patients and in callosal sectioned patients.
More relevant, perhaps, than right hemisphere functioning
per se are the resemblances to a class of functioning known
as associative visual agnosia. Associative visual agnosia
involves the inability of a patient to name or otherwise
identify objects which he is capable of seeing. Such patients
who do not have more generalized intellectual impairment
are rare, and only a few have been described in the neuro-
logical literature. Several of these patients have demon-
strated the ability to copy with pencil and paper the pic-
ture or object which they failed to name. It is this
quality which impressed me as being similar to the remote
viewing performances of the SRI subjects.
In a recent review of such casesl? five patients were
found who had the ability to draw an object without being
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able to name it. These are the patients reported by Mack
et al. (1975)10, Albert et al. (1975)11, Davidenkov (1956)12,
Rubens and Benson (1971)13, and Lhermitte and Beauvois (1973)14.
Drawings and attempted namings of pictured material for one
of the patients in the studies is shown in Figure 21.
In attempting to name an object, these patients would gen-
erally produce inappropriate names which, nevertheless,
reflected some visual form characteristics of the object
in question. Their attempts seem forced and made in piece-
meal fashion to various characteristics of the picture
rather than to the picture as a whole. In similar fashion
Teuber's patient (1975) described the figure below as an
apple with a worm and wormholes in it.
The above description and many of those in the references
clearly illustrate that the patient sees the object and is
able to respond to at least some of its visual characteris-
tics. Most of the drawings in the references are sufficiently
complete so that an observer would be able to name the object
represented. Yet the author of the drawing cannot do this.
This type of defective performance was frequently seen in
the SRI subjects when they were producing drawings in the
remote viewing experiments. Two obvious differences exist,
however, between the patients with associative visual
agnosia and the SRI subjects. The SRI subjects are able
to name objects appropriately when pictures are presented
directly to the visual modality. The patients cannot do
this, and, in addition, these patients have a variety of
other visual disabilities. The latter difference is to be
expected since the patients have substantial brain injury.
The location of brain damage in associative visual agnosia
is fairly well established. Two disconnections appear
necessary in order to produce this symptom. One involves
destruction of the left visual area as evidenced by the
right homomonous hemianopia invariably found in these
patients. The second involves isolation of the right
visual area from speech areas in the left hemisphere. This
can be the result of extensive destruction of left visual
association areas or of damage to the posterior portion
of the corpus callosum. The net result of these injuries
is that objects can be seen because of visual input to the
right hemisphere visual area but that they cannot be named
because of isolation of this area from left hemisphere
language areas. Use of these objects and the drawing of
pictures of them can be accomplished because of intact
pathways within the right hemisphere.
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FIGURE 21 DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL
AGNOSIA PATIENTS
Copies of line drawings. Patient was unable to identify any before copying. After
making copy, his identifications were top left, key - "I still don't know"; top
right, pig - "Could be a dog or any other animal"; bottom left, bird - "Could
be a beach stump"; bottom right, locomotive - "A wagon or a car of some kind.
The larger vehicle is being pulled by the smaller one."
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It remains to speculate on the meaning of the similarity
between the patients described above and the SRI subjects.
It should first be noted that the similarities are more than
superficial in that the verbal descriptions attempted by
some of the SRI subjects bear a striking resemblance in
kind to those of the patient shown in Figure 21. It is as
if they are struggling with similar difficulties in verbal-
izing the image which they can readily draw. In this regard
the lateralization involved is consistent with other indica-
tions of right hemisphere function in the SRI subjects. A
highly speculative hypothesis is that during remote viewing
the subjects "see" a grossly degraded image which is not
distinct enough to encode directly into a verbal label.
Hence the piecemeal verbalization similar to that found in
patients with associative visual agnosia.
In summary, it would appear that the neuropsychological
data are compatible with the hypotheses that (1) information received
in a putative remote viewing mode is processed piecemeal in pattern form
(consistent with a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring
it) and (2) the errors arise in the processes of attempted integration
of the data into larger patterns directed toward verbal labeling.
C. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate to
Paranormal Activities
This part of the program had as its goal the identification of
neurophysiological correlates of paranormal activity. The existence of
such correlates is hypothesized on the expectation that, in addition to
obtaining overt responses such as verbalizations or key presses from a
subject, it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa-
tion transfer by direct measurement of some physiological parameter of
a subject. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman, Walter, and others
brought together to discuss physiological methods to detect ESP function-
ing, for example, have suggested that a whole range of electroencephalo-
gram (EEG) responses--such as evoked potentials (EPs), spontaneous EEG,
and the contingent negative variation (CNV)--might be sensitive indi-
cators of the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory
processes.16
The purpose of this part of the study was twofold: (a) to obtain
information about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal
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activity in general, and (b) to determine whether physiological
correlates could be used as an indicator of paranormal functioning,
hopefully to provide indicators that differentiate between correct
and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus so that
an independently-determined bias factor could be applied during the
generation of data by a subject.
Early experimentation of this type was carried out by Douglas
Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his search for physio-
logical correlates of information transfer, he used the plethysmograph
to measure changes in the blood volume in a finger, a sensitive indica-
tor of autonomic nervous system functioning.17 A plethysmographic
measurement was made on the finger of a subject during paranormal
communication experiments. A sender looked at randomly selected target
cards consisting of names known to the subject, together with names
unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book). The names
of the known people were contributed by the subject and were to be of
emotional significance to him. Dean found significant changes in the
chart recording of finger blood volume when the remote sender was
looking at those names known to the subject as compared with those names
randomly chosen.
Two other early experiments using the physiological approach were
also published. The first work by Tart 18 and the later work by Lloyd 19
both follow a similar pattern. Basically, a subject is closeted in an
electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile, in
another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to time,
and the time for that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape recording
of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when the remote
stimulus periods occur.
At SRI three facilities are in use for the purpose described above.
One is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Charles
Rebert, Life Sciences Division. This facility consists of a visually
opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled steel
room, as shown in Figure 22, a Grass Model 5 polygraph, and an Ampex
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SP-300 magnetic tape recorder. The second facility is a standard EEG
facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas, head of SRI's Sleep Studies
program. This facility consists of two sound-isolated rooms with
appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-channel polygraph for
recording "visually, and a magnetic tape/computer processing/printer
readout that provides on-line processing of the polygraph data. In our
configuration we obtain a hardcopy printout of five-second averages of eight
channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following a 15-minute run.
At present we monitor broad band alpha (7 to 14 Hz) and beta (14 to 34 Hz)
brainwave components from the left and right occipital regions, galvanic
skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood volume and
pulse height).
The third facility is a smaller, semiportable. four-channel polygraph
with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating blood
volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and a
fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering. The last
permits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band
edge settings in one-hertz increments.
Two lines of investigation were pursued in the SRI program. The
first was basic in nature, an effort to determine whether, in a re-
peatable experiment under laboratory conditions, the remote viewing of
a specific stimulus (strobe light in another laboratory) would provide
any evidence of EEG correlates. The second involved mid-experiment
monitoring of a number of physiological parameters during routine
experimentation in remote viewing.
1. Remote Strobe Experiment
The following is a description of the first line of experi-
mentation, the remote viewing of a strobe light stimulus. With regard
to choice of stimulus, it was noted that in previous work others had
attempted, without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a
subject's EEG in response to a single flash stimulus observed by
another subject.20 In a discussion of that experiment, Kamiya suggested
that because of the unknown temporal characteristics of the information
channel, it might be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light
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to increase the probablility of detecting information transfer.21 There-
forex in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of ten seconds
duration as the remote stimulus.
In the design of the study, we assumed that the application of
the remote stimulus would result in responses similar to those obtained
under conditions of direct stimulation. For example, when an individual
is stimulated with a low-frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG
typically shows a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a
driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes.22 We hypo-
thesized that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a putative sender)
the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash present (a
receiver) might show changes in narrow band alpha (9 to 11 Hz) activity
and possibly an EEG driving similar to that of the sender, either by
coupling to the sender's EEG,23 or by coupling directly to the stimulus.
We informed our subject (S4) that at certain times a light
was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject
perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident
from changes in his EEG output. The instructions to the subject are
in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects
(see Appendix B). The receiver was seated in the visually opaque,
acoustically and electrically shielded double-walled steel room shown in
Figure 22. The sender was seated in room about seven meters from the
receiver.
A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about one meter in front
of the sender was used to present flash trains of ten seconds duration.
The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region (Oz), referenced
to linked mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and
associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of 1 to 120 Hz. The EEG
data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder.
On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented
to both sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a
ten second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender.
Thirty-six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting
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of 12 null trials--no flashes following the tone--12 trials of flashes
at 6 fps and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed,
determined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials
generated an 11 second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was
selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronising action of the warning
cue. This 4 second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC
8 computer.
Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any
receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving
when physically stimulated with the flashes.
Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from
the subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected
with this subject under the test conditions described above. The alpha
band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power
and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to
statistical analysis.
Figure 23 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from
one of the subject's 36-trial runs, displaying differences in alpha
activity for the three stimulus conditions.
Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of
the seven experimental sets are given in Table 20. The power measures
were less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak-power
measures and in six out of seven average-power measures. Note also the
reduced effect in the case in which the subject was informed that no sender
was present (Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was
reduced for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre-
hension about conducting the experiment without a sender. This is in
contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was not informed.
Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric
randomization test24 was applied to the data from all sets, which in-
cluded the two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power
on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less
(-24%) than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, p < 0.04).
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5 Hz
10Hz 15Hz
? ?
THREE CASES - 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages)
FIGURE 23 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF SUBJECT S4
ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9 TO
11-Hz BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY
100
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 Approved For ReleasE J / s SIMM-00791 R0001 00410001-2
L P%
The second measure, peak power, was also significantly less (-28%) in the
16 fps conditions than in the null condition (t = 2.16, d.f. = 118,
P < 0.03). The average response in the 6 fps condition was in the same
direction as that associated with 16 fps (-12% in average power, -21%
in peak power) but the effect did not reach statistical significance.
As part of the experimental protocol, the subject was asked
to indicate a conscious assessment for each trial (via telegraph key)
as to.the nature of the stimulus; analysis showed these guesses to be
at chance. Thus, arousal as evidenced by significant alpha blocking
occurred only at the noncognitive level of physiological response.
Hence, the experiment provided direct physiological (EEG) evidence of
perception of remote stimuli even in the absence of overt cognitive
response.
Several control procedures were undertaken to determine if
these results were produced by system artifacts or by subtle cueing of
the subject. Low-level recordings were made from saline of 12 kQ resis-
tance in place of the subject, with and without the introduction of 10-Hz,
50-pV signals from a battery-operated generator. The standard experi-
mental protocol was adhered to and spectral analysis of the results
was carried out. There was no evidence in the spectra of activity
associated with the flash frequencies, and the 10-Hz signal was not
perturbed by the remote occurrence flicker.
In another control prodecure, a 5-ft pair of leads was draped
across: the subject's chair (subject absent). The leads were connected to
a Grass P-5 amplifier via its high-impedance input probe. The bandwidth
was set 0.1 Hz to 30 KHz with a minimum gain of 200,000. The output
of the amplifier was connected to one input of a C.A.T. 400C "averager."
Two-second sweeps, triggered at onset of the tone, were taken once every
13 seconds for approximately two hours, for about 550 samples. No
difference in noise level between the fore period and the onset of
flicker was observed.
Finally, no sounds associated with flicker could be detected
in the receiver's chamber.
Three further experimental runs were carried out in the sleep
lab under the direction of Dr. Lukas, this time with monitoring of
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right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of 20
15-second trials, with 10 no-flash trials, and 10 16-Hz trials randomly
intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated
with remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but essen-
tially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16% in
right hemisphere, 2% in left, during the 16-Hz trials as compared with
the no-flash trials). This tends to support the hypothesis that para-
normal functioning might involve right hemispheric specialization, but
the sample is too small to provide confirmation without further work.
In comparing the results of our work with that of others, we
note that whereas in our experiments we used a remote light flash as a
stimulus, Tart18 in his work used an electrical shock to himself as sender,
and Lloyd19 simply told the sender to think of a red triangle each time
a red warning light was illuminated within his view. Lloyd observed a
consistent, evoked potential in his subjects: whereas in our experi-
ments and in Tart's, a reduction in amplitude and a desynchronization of
alpha was observed, an arousal response. (If a subject is resting in
an alpha-dominant condition and he is then stimulated, for example in
any direct manner, one will observe a decrease and desynchronization
in alpha power.) We consider that these combined results thus provide
evidence for the existence of noncognitive awareness of a remote
stimulus, and the EEG procedures described appear to be sensitive
techniques for detecting the occurrence of such information transfer,
even in the absence of overt cognitive response, at least when used to
detect discrete arousing stimuli.
2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During
Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing
In this .series of experiments measurements were obtained during
a random selection of seven remote viewing experiments. The subject was
connected to the physiological recording instruments of the smaller,
semiportable four-channel polygraph described above. Baseline and
experimental measures of the following observables were made:
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(1) Galvanic skin response (GSR) was recorded using
finger electrodes taped in place on second and fourth fingers
(2) Blood volume/pulse height was recorded using a
reflected-light plethysmograph
(3) Unfiltered EEG was recorded from the right occipital
region
(4) Percent-time in alpha (8 to 12 Hz) was recorded on
the fourth channel; the alpha filter was a sharp cutoff
digital type with essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed
bandpass limits.
A sample chart record is shown in Figure 24. (Time runs from right to
left.) The traces, top to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG, blood volume/
pulse:height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG.
During the course of an experiment, the subject was asked to
describe his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His
comments were tape-recorded and noted on the polygraph, along with the
time. A correlation was then attempted between those descriptions
that were found to be uniquely correct and accurate, and the corresponding
sections of polygraph recording.
Seven experiments of this type were carried out. In our inves-
tigations we did not find any significant correlations between the observed
physiological parameters and the indicators of accuracy in the data.
The failure co observe any physiological correlates of a
putative "state" associated with paranormal functioning thus parallels
the similar failure to observe any physiological correlates of the
putative hypnotic state reported by others. In a survey of the major
literature on hyponsis by Sarbin and Slagle, entitled "Hypnosis and
Psychophysiological Outcomes"25, they cataloged experiments dealing
with measurements. of heart rate, hemodynamics and vasomotor functioning,
genitourinary functions, gastrointestinal functions, endocrine and metabolic
functions, cutaneous functions, dermal excretions, skin temperature,
electrodermal changes, evoked potentials, spontaneous EEG activity,
rapid eye movements, slow eye movements, optokinetic nystagmus, changes
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FIGURE 24 POLYGRAPH DATA
Correct verbal description given during time interval tAB.
t'trtttTttitH{
-1-4-4
(a) PERCENT ALPHA (5 sec INTEGRATION);
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I =
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in pupillary diameter, and ocular anatomy. Their conclusion is that
"there is no evidence for a physiological process that could serve as
an independent criterion of the postulated hypnotic state." Similarly,
we found no evidence in the physiological processes that we monitored
that could serve as an indicator of the postulated paranormal state
beyond the general EEG arousal response observed for discrete stimulus
conditions.
D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy
This portion of the program was devoted to efforts to understand
the nature and scope of paranormal phenomena, including investigation
of the physical laws underlying the phenomena.
1. Experiments_ with Physical Apparatus
a. Experiments with Geiger Counter
A series of experiments were conducted with subject S1
to determine whether a Geiger counter in the -y-ray mode (i.e., beta
shield in place) would register subject-directed efforts.
The output of a Geiger counter,* fed into a Monsanto
Model '1020 counter/timer, indicated that the background count due to
cosmic rays was approximately 35 counts/minute. Experimental protocol
required the subject to try to change the registered count by concen-
tration on the Geiger counter probe from a distance of about 0.5 m. Each
run consisted of 15 60-s trials, with 10-s separations between the trials.
Preceding each run was a control run of equal duration.
The results, shown in Table 21, indicate no effect of
statistical significance, either in the mean or standard deviation of counts.
Table 21
GEIGER COUNTER EXPERIMENT SUPUARY
Control Runs
Experimental Runs
Run
Mean
Standard Deviation
Mean
Standard Deviation
1
36.07
5.73
35.33
6.00
2
34.87
6.23
33.87
7.27
3
33.87
5.88
34.00
5.25
4
35.20
5.09
35.67
5.77
OCDM Item No. CD V-700, Model No. 66, Electro--Neutronics, Inc., Oakland,
California.
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b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
In this series of experiments we~examined the possibility
that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely
located mechanical system. The target was a torsion pendulum suspended
by a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists
of three 100-g balls arranged symmetrically at 120? angles on a 2-cm
radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air
currents by the bell jar.
The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means
of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from
a low-power argon laser* reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum
onto a position-sensing silicon detectox''l.5 m from the pendulum. The
detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The
output from the detector is,monitored by a chart recorded`, which
provides a continuous sine wave record of pendulum position.
The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately l01irad.
Under typical experimental conditions, random acoustical fluctuations
drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10-s period to a
level -100prad angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum
executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in amplitude of ?10%
over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environ-
ment (artifacts) produce oscillation of the pendulum in the vertical
plane at 0.1 Hz.
The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the
pendulum motion, the results of which are available as feedback from
the chart recorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the
pendulum from a distance of 1 m, observing effects being produced. If
satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects, the subject
is removed to a room 22 m down the hall with three intervening office
spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote loca-
tion. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either
by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with
Spectra Physical Model 262.
United Detector Technology Model SC/10.
Brush Model Mark 200. 107
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the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was
instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, motion,
and the like, and also to determine wiether energy can be coupled via
the remote-viewing channel to a remote location.*
In an experiment, timing of subject efforts to increase
or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter
utilizing a randomization protocol described in Appendix C. Each ex-
periment lasts one hour and consists of six five-minute work periods
alternated with six five-minute rest periods.
Although there appeared to be some evidence in pilot
studies that a subject could, by concentration, increase or decrease
pendulum motion on command, data taken in three controlled experiments
produced 11 changes in the correct direction out of 18 tries, a result
nonsignificant at p = 0.24 by exact binomial calculation.
c. Experiments with Superconducting Differential
Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
One of the first psychoenergetically produced physical
effects observed by SRI personnel in early research (1972) was the
apparent perturbation of a Josephson effect magnetometer. 27 The
conditions of that pilot study, involving a few hours use of an instru-
ment committed to other research, prevented a proper investigation.
The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical
analysis, and the lack of readily available multiple recording equipment
prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects.
At the suggestion of the sponsor, a series of experiments
was carried out using the superconducting second-derivative gradiometert
shown in Figure 25.
Y
Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance
may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example,
"Foundations of Paraphysical and Parapsychological Phenomena," by E.11.
Walker, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland.26
tDevelco Model 8805, Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California.
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FIGURE 25 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER
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UNCLASSIFIED
Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect
magnetometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to
provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers,
yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (that is, a device sensitive
only to second- and higher-order derivative fields). As a result, the
device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradi-
ents. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from
nearby sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic
fields: produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to
measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body,
such as action currents in the heart that produce magnetocardiograms.
The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area
of interest.
In our application, however, the subject is located in
an adjoining laboratory at a distance of 4 m from the gradiometer probe.
As a result the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity;
for example, standing up, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg
movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked,
as a mental task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are
available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a
panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent
record.
A protocol for subject participation was instituted as
follows. The subject removes all metal objects from his clothing and body,
and the effects of body movements are checked at the start of each ex-
perimental period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning
mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the
instrumentation. Once satisfied that a possibility exists of producing
effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces
the start of the experiments. A randomization protocol (discussed in
Appendix C) is then used to generate ten ON (subject activity) and OFF
(subject no activity) periods of equal length (e.g., 25 s each as
determined by the experimenter.
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The trace from the chart recording of a sample run (Run
1, Subject Sl) is shown in Figure 26. The randomly generated ON (activity) trials
occurred in periods 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of
these three periods. The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough
to cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can
be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change or an RF burst,
whether subject-generated or artifactual*, and is handled on the basis
of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the
passage of a truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under
continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted in period 6. The
signals recorded in periods 2 and 8 correspond to an input of approxi-
mately 1.6 x 10-9 Gauss/cm2 (second derivative a2BZ/aZ2), which is equiva-
lent to approximately 3.5 x 10-7 Gauss referred to one pickup coil.
The interpretation of such observations must be subjected
to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is
based on the following: although the probe is designed to register
magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal
is such, in a task as potentially complex as willed perturbation effects
one must be cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific
cause. One can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is
the most probable cause, without presuming to identify a particular source.
With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously
on three recording devices at different stages of the electronics, and
thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered low probability, although
an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled
out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most
probable, and concentrate our attention oxi_whether a correlation exists
between system disturbances and subject efforts.
Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Sl. Each of
the ten trials in the run lasted 50 seconds-!-, the activity/no-activity
RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to noise bursts
from other instrumentation.
tWith the exception of the first run where 25-second trials were used.
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command for each trial being identified by the randomization technique
discussed in Appendix C. In the 13 x 10 = 130 trials, consisting of
a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63
events of signal-to-noise ratio greater than unity were observed. Of
these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21
among the no-activity periods, a correlation significant at the p =
0.004 level.
Subjects S2 and S6 also interacted with the device.
Although subject efforts and observed perturbations sometimes coincided,
activity was generally low and did not appear to be the signature of
correlated activity under control. A controlled ten-trial run with
Subjects S2 and two such runs with Subject S6 yielded nonsignificant
results.
We therefore conclude that for Subject S1 the observed
number of precisely timed events in pilot work coupled with the statis-
tically significant (p - 0.004) correlation between subject effort and
signal output in controlled runs indicate a highly probable cause-effect
relationship. Thus it appears that a subject can interact with a
second derivative magnetic gradiometer of sensitivity on the order. of
-9 Gauss/cm2
10 from a distance of 4 m. Further work would be required to
determine the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equip-
ment design the generation of a magnetic field is the most probable
mechanism.
A successful independent replication of this experiment
has been carried out by Dr. Richard Jarrard, Geology Department, University
of California, Santa Barbara, using a single-coil cryogenic magnetometer.*
The experiments, carried out with the subject in a room located 50 ft
diagonally across a courtyard from the magnetometer room, resulted in
events distributed across work and rest periods in ratio >3:1, re-
spectively, paralleling our results.28
d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
One significance of the perturbation of remote sensitive
equipment lies in the indication that the remote-sensing channel may
*
Superconducting Technology Cryogenic Magnetometer.
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possess a bilateral aspect. That is, there is the possibility that an
information-bearing signal can be coupled from an individual to a re-
mote location as well as in reverse, thus implying that the information
channel under consideration may sustain information transfer in either
direction.
The above concept has a rigorous basis in quantum theory
in the so-called "observer problem," the effect of an observer on experi-
mental measurement. In quantum theory it is recognized that although
the evolution of a physical system proceeds deterministically on the basis
of Schrodinger's equation (or its equivalent), the result of a calcula-
tion is not in general the prediction of a well-defined value for some
experimental variable. Rather, it is the prediction of a range of
possibilities with a certain distribution of probabilities. In a given
measurement, however, some particular value for a variable is actually
obtained, which implies that an additional event--so-called state vector
collapse--must take place during the measurement process itself and in
a manner that is unpredictable except probabilistically. Analysis of
the significance of this latter process leads inescapably to the conclusion
that to the degree that consciousness is involved in observation and measure-
ment and it always is), to that degree consciousness must also be seen
to interact with the physical environment and to participate in the collapse
of the state vector. Efforts to extract quantum theory from this conclu-
sion by, for example, an infinite regression of measuring apparatus,
have proved unsuccessful. These conclusions, arrived at by theorists
such as Wigner,29 imply the possibility of nontrivial coupling between
consciousness and quantum states of the physical environment at an
extremely fundamental level. Such a realization has led to theories
of paranormal phenomena modeled on the basis of this so-called "ob-
server problem" in quantum theory. 26
The phenomena implied by the observer problem are generally
unobservable on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons.
This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated
system; entropy (disorder) on the average increases, effectively masking
the microscopic observer effects. It is just this requirement of
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isolation, however, that can be expected to be weakened under conditions
of efforts at paranormal perturbation via the remote-sensing channel,
and it can be argued that observer effects would be maximally operative
in just those situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an
ordering phenomenon could result in a significant local reversal of
entropy increase.
These considerations lead to the following series of
conceptualizations or hypotheses around which future experiments can
be designed.
(1) Researchers in the area of willed pertur-
bation effects appear to be plagued by results
whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio
near unity, regardless of the process or mechanism
involved. This may indicate that, rather than
simple perversity, what is being articulated by
the experimental results is a coherence pheno-
mena involving partial mobilization of system noise,
as if the components of the noise spectrum had been
brought into phase coherence, and thus the mag-
nitude constraint. The subject would thus appear
to act as a local negentropic (that is, entropy-
decreasing) source. If true, it may be more
advantageous as a practical matter to work with
extremely noisy systems, rather than with highly
constrained or organized systems, so as to maxi-
mize possible effects due to the introduction
of order.
(2) Willed perturbation effects often appear to
be more the result of coincidence that the effect
of a well-defined cause. Again, rather than being
the result of the perversity of nature, the ob-
served goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate
that physical systems are more easily manipulated
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at the global level of boundary conditions and
constraints rather than at the level of mechan-
ism. Thus, the apparency that a given result
may be explained away by a coincidental but
"natural!? event needs to be explored more fully.
Unexpected but natural causes may be the effect
of a series of causal links, outside the defined
experimental boundaries but representing an un-
foreseen line of least resistance. At worst, such
causal links may in fact be unobservable in the
sense of the hidden variables concept in quan-
tum theory, but nevertheless act as instruments
of the will.
(3) Willed perturbation effects appear to be
intrinsically spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult
to evoke such effects on cue," with the result
that the phenomenon is often considered to not be
under good control, and therefore not amenable
to controlled experimentation. This difficulty
is so pronounced that it is likely that we are
observing some macroscopic analog of a quantum
transition, an event similarly unpredictable in
time except as a probability function. If the
analogy is correct, experimentation in this area
simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for
example, weak photon experiments.
(4) Possibly related to Item (3), the more closely
one attempts to observe willed perturbation effects,
the less likely one is to see them, a factor con-
sidered by many to support hypotheses of poor
observation, fraud, and the like. To a sophis-
ticated observer, however, simple dismissal does
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not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again
the idea of a microscopic analog of a quantum
transition, we may, as observers of delicate
phenomena, be witnesses to observer effects
generally associated with the uncertainty prin-
ciple. Paradoxically, from the subject's view-
point, the production of the phenomena may also
be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the
expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation.
In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic pheno-
mena under laboratory conditions could in prin-
ciple be considered to be a collective phenomena
involving interfering observer effects in a manner
known to occur at the microscopic quantum level.
(5) Finally, it may be useful as a guiding prin-
ciple to continually recognize that all of the
phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho-
energetics are totally permissible at the micro-
scopic level within the framework of physics as
presently understood. It is simply that time
reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simul-
taneous multiple-state occupation, and so on are
generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phen-
omena for statistical reasons only, as codified
in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy).
Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an
individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily
as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient
magnitude so as to restructure the otherwise
random statistics of the macroscopic environment.
2. Disscussion of Possible "Mechanisms". in Remote Viewing
With regard to the wider problem of the remote-viewing channel
itself, beyond the specific aspects of equipment perturbation via
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this channel there is considerable current interest in quantum theory
in the implications brought on by the observation 30,31 of nonlocal
correlation or "quantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term32) of
distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. Bell's
theorem 33 emphasizes that no theory of reality compatible with quantum
theory can require spatially separated events to be independent, 34
but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that
is "contrary" to "commonsense" concepts.35,36 This
prediction has been
experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for
example, Freedman and Clauser.30,31 E.H. Walker and 0. Costa de Beauregard,
independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on
quantum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the
possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environ-
ment, and that the nonlocality principle permits such coupling to
transcend spatial and temporal barriers.26,37
An alternative hypothesis (that is, alternative to the
specifically quantum hypothesis) has been put forward by I.M. Kogan,
Chairman of the Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the
Popov: Society, USSR. He is a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published
extensively in the open literature on the theory of paranormal communi-
cation.38-41 His hypothesis is that information transfer under con-
ditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely-low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic waves in the 300- to 1000-km region, a proposal which does
not seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or biological facts.
Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of:
slower than inverse-square attenuation, compatible with source-per-
cipient distances lying in the induction field range as opposed to the
radiation field range; observed low bit rates (0.005 to 0.1 bit/s)
compatible with the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent
ineffectiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator;
and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically generated
currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-to-noise
ratios.
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M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian University,
Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion
that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves", and their harmonics propagating along
the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible. Such an
hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents, and leads
to certain hypotheses, such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east
propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight to 4:a.m.),and expected
negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of geo-
magnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial
support for these factors on.the basis'. of a literature search. 42,43
On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF
interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-time
descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a
channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a
conventional modulation of an ELF signal: (b) lack of a proposed
mechanism for coding and decoding the information onto the proposed
ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data. The hypothesis must
nonetheless remain open at this stage of research, since it is con-
ceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on
the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low-
bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in the blanks" from imagina-
tion; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual
tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our
part with regard to perceptual functioning;44 and counterindication
(c) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as
well as retarded waves are admitted.27,45 Experimentation to determine
whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of
ELF sources as targets, by the study of parametric dependence on pro-
pagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of
interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environ-
ment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration as part
of a proposed follow-up program in our laboratory.
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The above arguments are not intended to indicate that we
understand the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote
events and human perception. Rather, we intend only to show that modern
theory is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the pro-
blems at hand, and it is our expectation that these problems will,
with further work, yield to analysis and specification.
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3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization
Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote
sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an infor-
mation channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels
are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques,
channel characteristics, such as bit rate, can be determined independent
of a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that thermodynamic con-
cepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying
mechanisms. Therefore, the collection of data under specified conditions
permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be
done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena.
One useful application of the communication channel concept was
the utilization of such a channel for error-free transmission of informa-
tion by the use of redundancy coding. The experiment was carried out by
Dr. Milan Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czecho-
slovakian Academy of Science. He reasoned that a paranormal channel
exhibits the attributes of a communication channel perturbed by noise,
and that redundancy coding could be used to combat the effects of the
noisy channel in a straightforward application of communication theory.8
Ryzl had an assistant randomly select five groups of three decimal digits
each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated
into a sequence of green and white cards sealed in opaque envelopes.
With the use of a subject who has produced highly significant results
with many contemporary researchers, 46-51 he was able, by means of redun-
dant calling and an elaborate majority vote protocol, to correctly
identify all 15 numbers, a result significant at p = 10-15. The experi-
ment required 19,350 calls, averaging nine seconds per call. The hit
rate for individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11,978 hits and 7,372 misses. r
Note added in proof. It has been brought to our attention that a similar
procedure was used to transmit without error the word "peace," in Inter-
national Morse Code; J.C. Carpenter "Toward the Effective Utilization of
Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented at the annual meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York,
Jan. 27, 1975.
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As discussed in the section on the random target generator, the
bit rate is calculated from
R = H(x) - Hy(x)
where.H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols
with a priori probability p.
i
2
H(x) z pilog2pi
and H y (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil-
ities that a received signal was actually transmitted,
2
L
i,j=l
P(i,j)log2P1(j)
For the above run, with pi = 1/2, pj(j) = 0.619, and an average time of
nine seconds per choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 1 bit and a
calculated bit rate
R= 0.041 bits/symbol
R/T = 0.0046 bits/second.
Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) was actually transmitted at the
rate of 2.9 x 10-4 bits per second, an increase in bit rate by a factor
of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding scheme more optimum
than that used in the experiments. The actual bit rate is roughly the
same as that observed in our random target generator experiment discussed
earlier.
An excellent redundancy coding technique for a communication
channel is the sequential sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B
for the sorting of SW from non-SW cards. In this application of the se-
quential sampling procedure, one would first express the message to be
sent as a series of binary digits, encoded, for example, as shown in
Table 22. The sequential method then gives a rule of procedure for making
one of three possible decisions following the.receipt of each bit:
accept 1 as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted
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Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
E 00000 Y 01000
T 11111 G,J 10111
N 00001 W 01001
R 11110 V 10110
I 00010 B 01010
0 11101 0 10101
A 00011 1 01011
S,X,Z 11100 2 10100
D 00100 3 01100
H 11011 4 10011
L 00101 5 01101
C,K.Q 11010 6 10010
F 00110 7 01110
P 11001 8 10001
U 00111 9 01111
M 11000 10000
Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in
English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis
--A Mathematical Approach.52 (The low frequency letters, X,Z,K,Q,
and J have been grouped with similar characters to provide space
for numerics in a five-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven
distribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is
chosen such that 0 and 1 have equal probability.
(i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration.
As discussed earlier, use of the sequential sampling procedure
requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis
of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is
being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume
equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibilities (0,1) if an encoding
procedure like that of Table 22 is used. Therefore, from the standpoint
of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being
transmitted is p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote
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sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of cor-
rect identification to a value p = 0.5 + ii', where the parameter ~ satis-
fies 0 < lfl < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative, depending
on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-
missing.) Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result
in J = 0.12, as reported by Ryzl.4 Therefore, to indicate the design
procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter ~ b = 0.1 and design a
communication system on this basis.
The question to be addressed is whether, upon repeated trans-
mission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate po commensurate
with the hypothesis Ho that the bit in question is a "0", or at a higher
rate pl commensurate with the hypothesis H1 that the bit in question is
indeed a "1". The decision making process requires the specification of
four parameters:
? p0 : The probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message
bit as a "1". The probability of labeling correctly a
"0" as a "0" is p = 0.5 + ~b = 0.6. Therefore, the
probability of labeling incorrectly a 110" as a "1" is
1-p = 0.4 = p0.
? pl: The probability of labeling correctly a "1" message bit
as a "1", given by p1 = 0.5 + ~ b = 0.6.
? a: The probability of rejecting a correct identification
for a "0" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01.
? ~: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for a "1" (Type II error). We shall take ~ = 0.01.
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling pro-
cedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure
27. The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are, respectively,
EI = d1 + sn
z 0 = -d0 + sn
d1
log
to Pl 1 -PO
gpo 1-p1
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DECISION 1
Accept "1" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
DECISION 2
the Bit Being
20 30 40 50 60
NUMBER OF TRIALS
FIGURE 27 ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (po = 0.4,
p1 = 0.6, a = 0.01, 0 = 0.01)
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d0 to P1 1-po
gpo 1-p1
log 1-Po
1-pl
P1 1-po
log po 1-P1
A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses to the target bit is
compiled until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which
point a decision is made to accept 0 or l as the bit being transmitted.
Channel reliability (probability of correctly determining
message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter i is
plotted in Figure 28. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure
can result in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters of
the order of a few percent. Figure 29 indicates the average number of
trials required to reach a decision on a given message bit. The average
number of trials falls off rapidly as a function of increasing psi param-
eters ~.
Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure requires
the transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the
target space must consist of dichotomous elements such as the white and
green cards used in the experiments by Ryzl.
In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0
or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Figure 27) until a
decision is reached to accept either a 1 or 0 as the bit being transmitted.
At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above
until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative,
which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self-
contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire
message repetitively, entering each response on its associated graph
until a decision has been reached on all message bits.
From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel bit
rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under consideration.
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r-Wfto
 Approved For Release 20TJWC!`Ai55q 791 R000100410001-2
Ov c 0.8
4-- Cd
0+1
T o,
0.6
O Ocm
0.4
E
J O
S 0.2
E
i.
J a;
W W
I I I I I I U I I 1
+0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4
0 (psi parameter)
FIGURE 28 RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE (pp=0.4, pi =0.6,a=0.01,/3=0.01)
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p 140
U) w
J z
a Q 120
cc ~-
I- m
U-0100
OU)
I z $0
0
m
60
zw
0
(D< 40
I I I I I I I 1 1
+0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4
0 (psi parameter)
FIGURE 29 AVERAGE SAMPLE NUMBER
FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE (po = 0.4, p, = 0.6,
a=0.01,(3=0.01)
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Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other
p0'pl' a, and B) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves
over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per
degree of reliability.
In summary, the procedures described here can provide a speci-
fication of the characteristics of a remote sensing channel under well-
defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination
of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications.
4. Soviet Efforts
This discussion would be incomplete if we did not mention certain
aspects of the current state of research in the USSR. Since the 1930s
in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad Institute for Brain Research),
there has been an interest in the use of paranormal communication as a
method of influencing the behavior of a person at a distance. In Vasiliev's
book Experiments in Mental Suggestion,53 he makes it clear that the bulk
of his laboratory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communication
and what we would today call behavior modification; for example, putting
people to sleep at a distance through hypnosis.
The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried
out in recent times by I.M. Kogan. He was concerned with three principal
kinds of experiments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short
distances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object;
mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is awakened
from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion from the hypnotist;
and long-range (intercity) paranormal communication. 39 Kogan's main
interest has been to quantify the channel capacity of the paranormal
channel. He finds that the bit rate decreases from 0.1 bits per second
for laboratory experiments to 0.005 bits per second for his 1000-km
intercity experiments.
As indicated earlier, in the USSR serious consideration is given
to the hypothesis that paranormal communication is mediated by extremely-
low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic propagation. In general, the entire
field of paranormal research in the USSR is part of a larger one concerned
with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and living organisms. 54,55
IFIED
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At the-First International Congress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics
in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example, Kholodov spoke at length
about the susceptibility of living systems to extremely low-level ac and
dc fields. He described conditioning effects on the behavior of fish from
the application of 10 to 100 pW of RF to their tank.56 The USSR take
these data seriously in that the Soviet safety requirements for steady-
state microwave exposure set limits at 10 pW/cm2, whereas the United
Stateshas set a steady-state limit of 10 mW/cm2.57 Kholodov spoke also
about the nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous
systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and are char-
acteristic of a new dimension in paranormal research both in the USSR
and elsewhere.
The increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was
indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an
unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet Academy of Sciences
to step: up efforts in this area.58 The Association recommended that the
newly formed Psychological Institute withinthe,.Soviet Academy of Sciences
and the Psychological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
review the area and consider the creation of a new laboratory within one
of the institutes to study persons with unusual abilities. They also
recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments and theory by the
Academy of Sciences' Institute of Biophysics and Institute for the
Problems of Information Transmission.
5. Conclusions
"It is the province of natural science to investigate nature,
impartially and without prejudice."59 Nowhere in scientific inquiry has
this dictum met as great a challenge as in the area of so-called para-
normal perception, the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by the
usual sensory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific con-
sideration for over a century, have historically been fraught with unre-
liability and controversy, and validation of the phenomena by accepted
scientific methodology has been slow in coming. Even so, a recent survey
conducted by the British publication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent
of nearly 1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working
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scientists and technologists) considered paranormal perception to be an
established fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the investi-
gation of paranormal perception to be a legitimate scientific under-
taking. 60
A review of the literature reveals that although well-conducted
experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were
begun over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D.D. Home,
1860s),61,62 many consider the study of these phenomena as only recently
emerging from the realm of quasi-science. One reason for this is that,
despite experimental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had
been advanced to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes.
Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time in the
recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought
about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. Since the early work,
however, we have seen the development of quantum theory, information
theory, and neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide
powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the issue. In
fact, several leading physicists are now of the opinion that, contrary
to "common sense" notions, these phenomena are not at all inconsistent
with the framework of modern physics: the often-held view that observa-
tions of this type are a priori incompatible with known laws is erroneous,
such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the
development of quantum theory. In the emerging view it is accepted that
research in this area can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog
of interesting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships
of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms
with which we are familiar in the physical sciences.
Accordingly, we consider it important to continue data collection
and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those
reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of
rigorously controlled conditions as possible.
131
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IV PROGRAM SUMMARY
As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated an inves-
tigation of a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means
of mental imagery and describe randomly-chosen remote sites located
several miles or more away. 63 In this final report, we document the
study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability that we call
"remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the
range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain individuals
to access by means of mental processes and describe information sources
blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against
such access. Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI
subjects, but visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who
participated as subjects so as to critique the protocol.
The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal
effort-applied research and basic research. The applied research effort
explored the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities. The
basic research effort was directed toward identification of the charac-
teristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination
of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such
functioning.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of
individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand
kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a
person.on whom to target. We have worked with a number of individuals,
including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abilities have
been developed sufficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly
--often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such as
buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like.
The development at SRI of successful experimental procedures to elicit
this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel
of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such
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concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that
is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit
blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and
(b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under
operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance
later verified by independent sources). Our data thus indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer.
Furthermore, the data, accumulated from over 50 experiments with
more than a half dozen subjects, indicates the following: a) the phen-
omenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a several-km range
and is still operative over a several thousand km range; b) Faraday cage
shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception;
c) most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic
nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to func-
tion or name--(this aspect suggests a hypothesis that information trans-
mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily
by the brain's right hemisphere); and d) the principal difference between
experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the naive never
exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less re-
liable--(this observation suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may
be a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual ability).
The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation
of high-quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as sub-
jects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on
the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete
in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unin-
tentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger
pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for
the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching ele-
ments, the nonmatching elements being discarded.
All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to
cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons
in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection
133
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of experiments for reporting did not take place; every experiment was
entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical
evaluations. Third, data associated with a given experiment remain un-
edited; all. data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and in-
cluded unedited in the data package to be judged, evaluated, and so on.
Finally, the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts, and
drawings for every experiment is available to the COTR and others in
the scientific community for independent analysis.
Although the precise nature of the information channel coupling
remote. events and human perception is not yet understood, certain concepts
in information theory, quantum theory, and neurophysiological research
appear to bear directly on the issue. Therefore, our working assumption
is that the phenomenon of interest is consistent with modern scientific
thought, and can therefore be expected to yield to the scientific method.
Further, it is recognized that communication theory provides powerful
techniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve signal-to-
noise ratio, which can be employed to pursue special purpose application
of the: remote sensing channel independent of an understanding of the
underlying mechanisms.
Finally, it is concluded by the research contractors (SRI) that the
development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in
three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be
utilized in the future both for operational needs and for training others
in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability.
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Remote Viewing Transcript
for Subject S6 Learner/Control, First Experiment
Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with
learner/control S6, an SRI volunteer, a mathematician in the computer
science laboratory, without any previous experience in remote viewing.
The target, determined by random procedure, was White's Plaza, a plaza
with a fountain at Stanford University. The capitalized words are the
experimenter's statements and questions. As is our standard protocol, the
experiment with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited
as well as of the contents of the target pool.
* * *
TODAY IS MONDAY, OCTOBER 7TH. IT IS 11:00 AND THIS IS A REMOTE
VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS TARG, S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF. IN THIS
EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM
PROCESS, S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER, AND RUSS TARG IS THE
MONITOR (EXPERIMENTER). WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT
TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES.
The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square
kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It was a...not a
building or something, it was a square. I don't know if it was a
window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it
was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least.
That's what it seemed to me.
It seems outdoors somehow. Tree.
DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE?
I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I
have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look
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 Approved For ReleasFj/t8A%:?Jf FfE?6-00791 R0001 00410001-2
at. I don't know if it would be a sign, but something that one
might look at.
I don't have a sense that it was part of anything particular. It
might be on a building or part of a building, but I don't know.
There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression of cement.
I don't have the impression of very many people or traffic either.
I have the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I
don't have any more explicit picture than that.
CAN YOU MOVE INTO WHERE HE IS STANDING AND TRY TO SEE WHAT HE IS
LOOKING AT?
I picked up he was touching something--something rough. Maybe warm
and rough. Something possibly like cement.
CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU
CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE?
I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or something
like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind
was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something
like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping.
I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White
Plaza, but I think that is misleading.
I have the sense that he's not moving around too much. That it's
in a small area.
I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting
on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impression of
a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal
was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw.
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 Approved For Release 20t)MILASSOPLE-60791 R0001 00410001-2
sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement.
ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS AT THE PLACE YOU WERE LOOKING AT? ARE
THERE ANY BUILDINGS? YOU DESCRIBED A KIND OF A COURTYARD. USUALLY
AT SOME PLACES THERE SHOULD BE A BUILDING, LARGE OR SMALL THAT THE
COURTYARD IS ABOUT.
I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid buildings.
I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that
none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an
occasional two-story one.
DO YOU HAVE ANY BETTER IDEA OF WHAT YOUR SQUARE WAS THAT YOU SAW
AT THE OUTSET?
No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses.
DOES IT SEEM PART OF THIS SCENE?
It...I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board
or something with notices on it maybe.
Or something that people were expected to look at. Maybe a window
with things in it that people were expected to look at.
I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that they
were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk
and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the
branches have maybe a 12-foot diameter, or something. Not real
big trees.
NEW TREES RATHER THAN OLD TREES?
Yeah, maybe five or ten years old, but not real old ones.
IS THERE ANYTHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE PAVEMENT?
No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very
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 Approved For ReleasJ G/BPS SIrE1b6-00791 R0001 00410001-2
interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around.
Little patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe
some flowers. But, not lush.
YOU SAW SOME BENCHES. DO YOU WANT TO TELL ME ABOUT THEM?
Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There was
some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt like.
They were of rough cement.
WHAT DO YOU THINK HAL IS DOING WHILE HE IS THERE?
Ihave a sense that he is looking at things trying to project
them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back and
forth not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing
still while he looks around.
Ijust had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that
it was being recorded or something. I don't know if he has a
tape recorder, but if it's not that, then he is saying something
because it needed to be remembered.
IT'S 11:33. HE'S JUST PROBABLY GETTING READY TO COME BACK.
Approved For ReleasU ( A(SS tBO6-00791 R000100410001-2
 Approved For Release 2tJjpA(SS&J5IE0791 R0001 00410001-2
The purpose of these experiments is to determine whether stimuli
(flashing lights, geographical locations, and so on) located in adjoining
laboratories or at more distant locales can be perceived, even though the
signals are so low due to intervening walls, distance, and the like, as
ordinarily to be considered blocked from the visual modes of perception.
In addition to obtaining oral responses, we will also from time to time
be measuring physiological parameters with standard apparatus (for example,
EEG) to determine whether there is evidence for subliminal perception as
registered by physiological correlates, even in the absence of conscious
perception.
There is no risk associated with these tests, and the only discomfort
expected is that attendant to sitting quietly in a darkened room for 30-
minute test intervals.
During the experimentation feel free to ask any questions that come
to mind as to the procedures, purposes, results, and so on associated with
the study.
As with all our activity you are free to withdraw consent and to
discontinue participation in the project at any time without prejudice.
*This statement is required by the SRI Administration Manual Topic 812,
"Requirements Governing Activities with Human Subjects."
Approved For Release UMPA61' J1J1E900791 R000100410001-2
 Approved For Release 2U1CtACSSkElI E 0791 R0001 00410001-2
It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal random-
ization protocol independent of the particular experiment under considera-
tion. The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target
selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization.
The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g.,
ten targets, ten work periods, and so on. A ten-digit sequence governing
an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered
by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random
Digits (Table C-1) is entered to obtain a ten-digit sequence, the entrance
point being determined by throws of a die,* the first 1, 2, or 3 deter-
mining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, the follow-
ing 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining row block, and the final throw determining
from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is
to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved
across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of
targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary
command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity)
the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed.
*A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces
differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation.
YA
Approved For Release 20VO
T1 FA Fc P0791 R000100410001-2
 Approved For ReleasJ n"VA0s q FtEFD6-00791 R000100410001-2
Table of Random Digits
11
16
43
63
18
75
06
13
76
74
40
60 31
61
52
83
23 53
73
61
21
21
59
17
91
76
83
15
86
78
40
94 15
35
85
69
95 86
09
16
10
43
84
44
82
66
55
83
76
49
73
50 58
34
72
55
95 31
79
57
36
79
22
62
36
33
26
66
65
83
39
41 21
60
13
11
44 28
93
20
73
94
40
47
73
12
03
25
14
14
57
99 47
67
48
54
62 74
85
11
49
56
31
28
72
14
06
39
31
04
61
83 45
91
99
15
46 98
22
85
64
20
84
82
37
41
70
17
31
17
91
40 27
72
27
79
51 62
10
07
51
48
67
28
75
38
60
52
93
41
58
29 98
38
80
20
12 51
07
94
99
75
62
63
60
64
51
61
79
71
40
68 49
99
48
33
88 07
64
13
71
32
55
52
17
13
01
57
29
07
75
97 86
42
98
08
07 46
20
55
65
28
59
71
98
12
13
85
30
10
34
55 63
98
61
88
26 77
60
68
17
26
45
73
27
38
22
42
93
01
65
99 05
70
48
25
06 77
75
71
95
63
99
97
54
31
19
99
25
58
16
38 11
50
69
25
41 68
78
75
61
55
57
64
04
86
21
01
18
08
52
45 88
88
80
78
35 26
79
13
78
13
79
87
68
04
68
98
71
30
33
00 78
56
07
92
00 84
48
97
62
49
09
92
15
84
98
72
87
59
38
71 23
15
12
08
58 86
14
.90
24
21
66
34
44
21
28
30
70
44
58
72 20
36
78
19
18 66
96
02
16
97
59
54
28
33
22
65
59
03
26
18 86
94
97
51
35 14
77
99
59
13
83
95
42
71
16
85
76
09
12
89 35
40
48
07
25 58
61
49
29
47
85
96
52
50
41
43
19
66
33
18 68
13
46
85
09 53
72
82
96
15 59
50
09
27
42
97
29
18
79
89 32
94
48
88
39 25
42
11
29
62 16
65
83
62
96
61
24
68
48
44 91
51
02
44
12 61
94
38
12
63 97
52
91
71
02
01
72
65
94
20 50
42
59
68
98 35
05
61
14
54 43
71
34
54
71
40
24
01
38
64 80
92
78
81
31 37
74
00
83
40 38.
88
27
09
83
41
13
33
04
29 24
60
28
75
66 62
69
54
67
64 20
52
04
30
69
74
48
06
17
02 64
97
37
85
87 51
21
39
64
04 19
90
11
61
04
02
73
09
48
07 07
68
48
02
53 19
77
37
17
04 89
45
23
97
44
45
99
04
30
15 99
54
50
83
77 84
61
15
93
03 98
94
16
52
79
51
06
31
12
14 89
22
31
31
36 16
06
50
82
24 43
43
92
96
60
71
72
20
73
83 87
70
67
24
86 39
75
76
96
99 05
52
44
70
69
32
52
55
73
54 74
37
59
95
63 23
95
55
09
11 97
48
03
97
30
38
87
01
07
27 79
32
17
79
42 12
17
69
57
66 64
12
04
47
58
97
83
64
65
12 84
83
34
07
49 32
80
98
46
49 26
15
94
26
72
95
82
72
38
71 66
13
80
60
21 20
50
99
08
43 31
91
72
08
32
02
08
39
31
92 17
64
58
73
72 00
86
57
10
01 17
50
04
86
05
44
11
90
57
23 82
74
64
61
48 75
23
29
92
42 06
54
31
16
53
00
55
47
24
21 94
10
90
08
53 16
15
78
35
54 25
58
65
07
30
44
70
10
31
30 94
93
87
02
33 00
24
76
86
59 52
62
47
18
55
22
94
91
20
75 09
70
24
72
61 96
66
28
72
11 53
49
85
58
03
69
91
37
28
53 78
43
95
26
6543
78
51
Source: The RAPID Corporation
Approved For ReIeasU/1A(S:SIF IQ6-00791 R000100410001-2
 Approved For Release AUK LAMS F Q791 R0001 00410001-2
TABLE C-1 (Continued)
07 42 85 88 63
35 37 92 79 22
10 98 22 28 07
90 12 73 33 41
63 00 21 29 90
40 77 98 63 82
43 21 61 26 08
96 16 76 43 75
70 97 56 26 93
85 81 26 18 75
96 02 38 89 36
28 90 65 50 13
10 92 02 62 99
77 80 61 24 46
23 51 06 87 74
.48 45 46 52 69
18 16 78 46 31
74 10 89 36 43
35 68 47 26 07
23 57 07 57 54
97 92 94 12 20 86 43 19 44 85
40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22
41 48 39 29 35 17 06 17 82 52
93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99
76 86 93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04
02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30
94 47 97 65 00 39 17 00 66 29
52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47
03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81
58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65
37 10
53 40
06 2
61
4 92
63
6
4 24 76 38
54
7
2 35
65
27
53
0
7 63
82 35
55 17
3
28
8 55
38
5
1 92 95 00
84
82
88
12
48
25
54
83
40 75
40 35
1
3
5 56
18
8
5 65 90 43
65
79
90
19
14
81
36
30
51 73
18 89
8 48
90
07
47
76
74 68 90
87
91
73
85
49
48
21
37
17 08
68 14
96
12
12
77
54
15 76 75
26
90
78
81
73
71
18
92
83 77
51 55
53
9
40
92
55
11 13 26
68
05
26
54
22
88
46
00
63 52
92 21
9 11
43
59
81
31
06 32 51
42
58
76
81
49
88
14
79
97 00
15 08
33
95
86
73
45
97 93 59
97
17
65
54
16
67
64
20
50 51
96 46
05
10 0
57
33
16
68 70 94
53
29
58
71
33
38
26
49
47 08
6
04
11
12
02 22 54
23
01
19
41
08
29
19
66
51 87
28
66
17
95
74 41
34
11
]5
70
57 38 35
75
76
84
95
49
24
54
36
32 85
19
71
47
22 7
37
81
12
70 74 93
86
66
87
03
41
66
46
07
56 48
68
75
2
66
63
84
57
54 98 20
56
72
77
20
36
50
34
73
35 21
75
02
47
26
57
19
98
79 22 22
27
93
67
80
10
09
61
70
44 08
11
32
53
37
32
98
60
62 94 51
31
99
46
90
72
37
35
49
30 25
55
20
,00
86'34
69
90
26
98 92 66
02
98
59
53
03
15
18
25
01 66
11
47
40
70
18
15
82 52 83
89
96
51
02
06
95
83
09
54 06
81
42
87
28
86
05
59
46 70 45
45
58
72
96
11
98
57
94
24 81
21
77
68
17
42
60
99
77 96 69
'
01
07
10
85
30
74
30
57
75 09
59
63
23
15
19
02 74
90
20
96
85
21
14
29
33
91 94
42
17
27 81 21
69 76
60
32 57
61 42 78
04 98
26 84 70
27 87
51 54 80
05
01
68 63
14
63 24
73 20 96
19 74
02 46 37
97 37
73 21 12
52
02
99 24 66
43
34 13
40 29 36
50 19
77 98 69
86 49
76 87 09
94
51 89
50
89 91
05 73 95
46 95
46 75 36
28 96
88 19 36
00
39
18 47
84
81 47
86 77 50
82 54
96 26 76
31 12
34 98 99
87
21
46 26
86
78 90
67 54 80
61 79
88 16 00
80 01
88 47 42
88
31
69 25 87
65
79 81
66 16 30
57 66
62 90 55
46 51
80 14 87
20
09 44 2
16
12 27
34 81 76
29 80
56 49 94
66 87
26 22 30
60
9
93 58
62
41 38
21 67 68
06 71
13 49 39
19 59
97 62 47
15
04
50 52
08 21 53
13 93
44 68 85
58 31
58 83 66
Approved For ReleasuZOO~/WAIk 6-00791 R000100410001-2
 Approved For ReleaqGNA/QSIF6-007918000100410001-2
TABLE C-1 (Continued)
51
39
28
59
36
43
89
85
05
96
28
54
99
83
27
99
94
32
7
53
54
77
84
54
23
94
19
18
79
52
64
62
74
40
87
16
18
03
25
76
5
01
17
57
89
27
33
94
07
16
09
02
62
47
70
43
83
55
71
70
88
42
92
65
02
33
07
47
36
53
27
44
44
68
62
61
11
96
98
09
30
60
92
67
76
11
52
92
47
55
34
25
12
99
03
04
78
39
81
11
91
11
89
38
63
31
28
18
86
29
08
52
01
01
26
46
05
05
01
31
73
38
98
75
27
63
22
15
70
34
27
45
64
26
01
76
42
59
59
69
29
29
12
06
33
56
21
11
44
01
45
25
67
11
76
25
48
06
02
65
15
42
13
64
14
28
76
76
21
35
88
87
73
31
73
63
16
95
11
52
36
18
31
28
43
62
54
68
75
23
57
53
70
97
15
54
87
06
52
23
92
09
52
28
38
55
85
97
31
58
88
31
18
14
96
72
17
23
8
70
28
40
90
24
30
93
71
41
54
14
93
71
20
27
42
32
11
58
26
83
67
1
74
36
92
85
15
68
15
35
99
58
18
57
38
40
07
06
87
59
47
71
69
67
48
77
71
22
39
14
08
90
74
37
68
26
62
27
41
84
75
16
1
94
78
48
78
45
35
48
44
61
50
90
12
45
02
80
55
26
76
22
5
1
33
01
42
24
86
06
82
84
19
36
72
90
73
32
30
15
87
01
04
9
14
21
01
37
28
40
68
44
78
88
75
72
76
26
33
95
69
09
39
33
01
24
24
13
35
48
85
24
73
37
63
43
25
69
95
27
40
95
08
81
77
79
88
00
51
59
55
99
09
35
22
34
49
91
24
27
53
96
32
09
40
19
41
99
90
66
03
51
71
30
02
19
11
20
36
11
64
21
28
65
47 50 50
20 08
20 30
08
71 88
96
19
50 70
59
13 26
63
13 89
35
13 35 00
84 14
64 04
99
43 77
22
40
89 49
58
19 09
55
80
9
33 00 69
26 90
69 24
89
74 43
53
89
62 35
08
16 22
75
69 2
18
55 21 66
38 86
06 80
41
18 61
22
56
50 24
75
00 25
87
90
2
21 99 12
62 28
14 80
11
91 92
49
43
82 07
72
60 84
66
97 3
63
71 02 52
82 12
10 47
42
75 22
65
62
03 46
84
00 21
00
48
63
65 52 21
52 42
84 55
47
45 60
20
24
62 69
41
41 29
80
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31
27 97 55
49 23
90 65
00
61 70
09
43
30 91
67
35 16
63
27
40
07 30 00
97 04
36 09
96
15 77
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55
27 34
56
16 57
88
81
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54 35 71
36 89
19 56
90
38 14
76
05
30 51
50
69 12
56
94
00 97
70
44
81
42
04
40
86 49
34
82
23
58
43
78
46
2
88
08
23 80
00 22
13 92
07
87
61
12
31
19
28 08
07
75
30
40
73
58
5
7
88
19 02
08 39
53
70
43
37
88
03
41 72
04
20
49
44
34
62
9
70
04
20 93
16
46
66
72
06
01
61
94
37 69
96
77
01
94
40
29
1
73
44 58
.
87 76
77
76
07
03
74
20
16 13
65
98
96
28
43
10
66
9
99
56
18 12
29 88
09
52
88
21
64
44
65 87
06
64
49
47
84
65
11
20 38
36 24
83
66
66
14
89
45
92 73
88
95
04
60
77
34
0
23
36 71
12 38
62
96
56
30
47
42
59 64
21
48
29
54
22
02
0
00
66
99 13
52 06
87
38
01
52
18
81
94 91
55
13
76
10
39
02
60
76
52 25
41 72
75
21
71
56
71
90
60 54
98
44
18
15
29
59
Approved For Release 2UNCIOA S15&E 9? 0791 R000100410001-2