PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN JAPAN

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• Document Release Date: April 27, 2000
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PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN JAPAN
Tntroductiem
In 1992, the Japanese Society for Parapsychology celebrated its 25th anniversary with a three-
day conference in Tokyo. This society was founded by Professor Soji Otani, an academie
payehologist at the Japanese Defense Academy. It has been the mainstay of responsible
parapsychology in Japan, and has its intellectual roots both in traditional Japanese approaches
and in the American experimental appi oath ofJ.B Rhine. The latter influence is largely due to
the time spent by Otani in Rhine's lab in the mid 1.960's, and more recently by Dr Shigeki
liagio, an academic psychologist from Kagoshima Keiaai University, in the southern part of
Japan. The Society has a small membership, with relatively few empirical contributions,
averaging about seven research-related reports each year. Separate sections below will cover
this year's JSP convention, as well as research recently initiated at Sony.
Before considering ret:ent research and researchers, some general comments on the social
context Of parapsychology in Japan may he helpful. All are a mix of subjective impressions
from the author's visit. Japan is a very polite, socially structured society. Criticism is indirect,
inferred and often Lather gradual. Confrontation or debate at conferences or in the media has
been quite rare although that is changing. Researchers acknowledge that they obtain more
direct and detailed criticism when they present their work internationally. '1'his is unfortunate
for parapsychology, where critical feedback is necessary to avoid the many pitfalls of design,
methodology, analysis and interpretation that can so easily arise, especially with novice
researchers. Some Japanese research projects appear to suffer from lack of critical feedback. Jr
has often been said that when people do not like an idea they will ignore it rather than confront
it. There has been very little public criticism of parapsychology by skeptical groups or
academics, therefore, which probably is not a good thing. It means that the topic has been and
can he safely ignored by the academic/intellectual community. This is reflected in the dearth of
bona fide academicians currently involved and in the relative lack of student involvement. It is
difficult if not impossible to interest university senior staff and administrators. There is
insufficient precedent and universities are very conservative, and reluctant to take on new
ideas. "The nail that stands out gets hammered down" is a well-known proverb, frequently
cited in conversation. The lack of academic involvement and other public discussion means
that serious public assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of parapsychological research is
greatly reduced. This in turn further marginalises the subject for potential serious researchers.
An additional consequence is that the media themselves have no real guidelines for
distinguishing between competent and sloppy research, in their own country and elsewhere.
Many programs are made which describe research activities in China, Russia. North America
and Europe, which are very popular but have little quality control, Japanese psychics are
presented primarily through televised demonstrations which arc often poorly controlled, This
situation is amenable to some change, however, as Japanese media are eager to avoid mistakes
or being regarded after the fact as foolish. But when they seek advice, they have little idea
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themselves of thu degree of expertise of those they consult, This is not unique to Japanese
media, of course. A recent example of media conflict over psychic claims is mentioned in the
attached article by James Met'''.lenon,
Japanese society as whole is very open to parapsychology and to intelligent research in such
areas. Survey figures show that only 10% of Japanese claiin teligious belief, yet 80% claim to
practice Buddhism and 80% claim to practice Shinto. Most Japanese actively practice both,
and frequently engage in rituals of various sorts which imply direct interaction hetween their
own mental activities and the surrounding environment, including interaction with spirits.
Supplicatory prayer is collation. even by those who would claim that it's only a placebo, or that
they are engaging in a smilel act to show their peers how dedicated they are towards various
goals. The idea of using modern tools to explore ancient claims is acceptable to most, because
Japanese society emphasises the integration of the old with the new in so many ways. Current
interest in exploring psychic powers seems eurrently to focus on China and Russia/Siberia.
generally held, by academics to be the two main ancient sources of Japanese spiritual tradition.
Siberia is less frequently acknowledged by the public as a whole, but evidence of Siberian
shamanism as well as Indouliinese shamanism (via Okinawa) can be seen in the forms of Shinto.
practices in less developed regions (occasionally referred to as Mountain Shinto or "inounutin
religion". Included dIV various mediumistic and healing practices, as well as ideas of the
concentration of mental energy later incorporated in the mountain-based Nillj4 training, centres
and in the Chinese tradition of Qi.
As A result of various factors including the above, serious psychical research in Japan tends to
be. practised by a handful of academics, by a few members of the medical community, and by
individuals or small groups within industry. The most impressive example of the latter are the
research facilities at the Sony Research Center in Yokohama.
Parapsychology Research at Sony
Professor Soji Otani and the author visited the Sony Research Center in August, 19924 where
there are two laboratories involved in parapsychological research. Our hosts were three
electrical engineers; Dr Toshiro Terauchi, Senior Manager of the ESPER Laboratory; Dr
Yoichiro Sako. Representative of the ES PER Laboratory; and Dr Mitsuru Takashima,
Assistant Manager of the l'ulscgraph Laboratory. Although all three spoke. English, Dr
Terauchi served as our primary translator. We were given a brief history and introduction to
the research of the two labs.
Seven years earlier, Mr Ibuka, Honorary Chairman of Sony Corporation, established a lab with
Dr Takashima, to explore the mind-body aspects of oriental med.ivine. After three years the
Pulzegraph Lab was formed, to examine Eastern approaches through the tools of Western
medicine. This has involved working with Chinese Qigong practitioners, primarily Mr
Nagoya who has joined them_ They study interactions between healers and non-clinical
volunteers, focussing on thc physiology of both healer and client. Measures are taken while the
healer becomes relaxed and while the healer gives and receives energy. These measures so far
have been taken on people in the same rum; no remote influence studies as yet, They intend
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to look at differences in healers, both Japanese and Chinesec, as well as differences in healing
environtnents. Although they employ a variety of measures including EEG, body temperature
and standard plethysmography, their main innovation so far is the development of the
pulsegraph, an instrument for measuring pressure in the arteries at three adjacent locations,
primarily in the left and right wrists. The device places pressure on the artery at three adjacent
sites, varying the amount of pressure from hard to merely "floating". This gives a Mid of 12
readouts, six from each hand, and enables assessment of vasomotor activity, heart rate, heart
beat amplitude, blond flow, viscosity, vessel elasticity and heart valve movement. Professor
Otani and I both went through this procedure and our polygraph records were examined
afterwards by Mr Nagoya. lie examined the raw wave forms themselves as well as the various
digitised readings provided, focussing on various patterns. He then gave a description both of
the cardiovascular health of the individual, plus a character reading based on an assessment of
what the body-mind interaction was likely to be, e.g. Fin a nice person because my body isn't
giving my viscera a hard time. This procedure seemed to represent their main accomplishment
so far, and they felt that they had devised a scientifically solid procedure for measuring
processes suggested by Eastern technique. The author has since learned that Chinesee
practitioners routinely put three fingers on each pulse for several minutes, first one then the
other, and that this constitutes a major medical observation for them. The Pulsegraph Lab,
then, had been primarily a lab for development of psychophysiological measurements so far,
Find their research was only gradually turning toward procedures that would enable
measurement of remote influence within a medical context.
On the other hand, the ES PER Lab, less than a year old at the time, was to be dedicated to more
directly ow apsychuluaical procedures. Its origins had apparently come from a major
reassessment of Sony priorities for the 21st maul) by the R and D Corporate Planning Group.
In debating between "outer space" and "inner space" they had selected inner space as less
expensive and as less likely to be done better in Western society. A Human Science Working
Group had identified four areas of interest: brain sciences, social science, highly creative
individuals (artists and producers of impressive works), and special mental abilities, including
psi and Qlgong practice. They had decided to emphasise China, as country of origin, and
through Mr Ibuka and the Chinese government, Sony representatives were allowed to meet
Qigong practitioners. They were impressed and reported to the Chairman of Sony, Mr Molita,
who set up the ESPER lab in response. One of the first projects was to follow up on some
demonswations filmed in rhina by TV S of children who can apparently read hidden characters.
A joint project was being designed with media people such that part of the incentive for
participants would be to appear on TV. Their tests were not well described, and sounded
somewhat informal, so we could not assess how likely the results are to be due to some sort ot
trickery by the chikb-cn, Characters from books as well as those written on paper were used.
They estimate that at present they had worked with over 100 children, with one in ten doing
well, and some showing stable abilities. In convert ation, they seemed reluctant to consider the
possibility that some or all of their successful parteipants might just be skilled tricksters, but
seemed open to the idea of safeguarding against external criticism. Given the general attitudes
toward actual public criticism, it is hard to say how seriously they took this possibility. In
general, they seemed more interested in presenting their work rather than discussing it. Their
stated general goals for the OPER Laboratory are to conduct research with children and adults,
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to verify the existence of such special skills, developing theory, systems and applications. In
general the Pulsegrapti Lab research seems more advanced and on a solid basis; the ESPER
research seems in its early stages and we could not get a good feel for how well it was currently
being, eouducted. All three researchers seemed intelligent and interested in doing good science.
We only saw the Pulsegraph Lab, and its facilities seemed quite adequate for the job. We were
told. that in all there were ten individuals employed in the two labs combined. Sony does seem
to have a commitment to research in this area with support at the highest administrative levels.
THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR PARAPSYCHOLOGY ANNUAL CONFERENCE
The annual meeting of the JPS normally lists for two days but was extended for a third day so
that its one-day summer tutorial session could he combined, Attendance was approximately 25
people, all male save for a student, a spouse and one of the demonstrators. Some attendees
were researchers in corporations such as NEC. Fujitsu. Hitachi and IBM. who were able to tin
some small amount of research but only in their spare time, generally something involving
RNO's and computeis. Attached are cards from some of the attendees plus the three Sony
researchers who did not attend. A few of the presenters seem well worth further interaction,
and condensed versions of their papers are enclosed.
Professor SO Otani (address in PA Directory) is the leading figure in the Society. Now retired
from the Defense Academy, he no longer conducts research but remains active in writing,
editing and administration. He has many contacts with academia, industry (including Sony)
and the major media, especially television. Attached is a paper by him summarising the
Society's research activities over the years.
Dr Masayuki Hirafuji is a young cognitive psychologist with the National Agriculture
Research Center, in the Minim, of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. He presented two
papers, one it connectionist model of ESP, the other an attempted derivation of a precognition
model. his current job restricts Ilan to model construction with no empirical testing, although
he would in principle be quite happy to do both. He seems very articulate and. has some
working knowledge of parapsychology.
Mr Hideyuki Kokubo is a young computer specialist with Sanseido, a publishing company.
He gave a paper using signal detection theory in a novel application, but also finds that be is
Constrained to model construction rather than empirical testing.
Professor Shigeki Hagio, a psychologist at Kagoshima-Keizai I lniversity, is now the most
active experimentalist and follows the classical Rhinean strategies of psi testing. Enclosed are
brief descriptions of several recent studies, involving the local student populations_ He has
spent time in the SWIM as well as in Britain, occasionally attends PA conferences and is a PA
associate member. He is fairly knowledgeable about modem parapsychological methods, His
university is in the southern part of Japan.
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Drs Toshiaki Imaizilmi and Osamu Imada are young psychiatrists in Kachi 'Hospital, whose
paper on beliefs about the nature of spontaneous taISCS is enclosed. They seemed intelligent
and with knowledge of research design and parapsychology.
Dr Akiro Ouda Is a retired specialist in Buddhist philosophy, who is a PA member and. has
been active in the Society from the beginning.
Others presented on the programme as well, but were less involved in research-related topics.
SUMMARY
The researchers named above seem responsible and good Starting places for exploring serious
Japanese parapsychnlogy. '1'here is much popular interest in Japan and many groups who blend
claims of special mental power and spiritual practice. Some of thew have dubious reputations,
within the parapsychological community as well as the public. Most younger Japanese can use
English adequately. Older Japanese can read it but often have trouble with spoken English.
Japan is a country with considerable potential for parapsychology, but they need more
information about Western techniques for assessment. In turn their culture has many practices
which should be explored more systematically and may contribute substantially to our
understanding.
SG1I
1 June 1993
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Lienerai Review of Research In JSIT
Soil Ohtani
Academic research in perspsychology in hiptut started after World War U, beginning
with the introduction of the works of Parapsycholohy Laboratory. Duke University directed
by Dr.J.D.Rhine.
A thesis written by Ohtani was published in the Journal of Parapsychology in 1955.
Research in Japan has been strongly influenced by tbe Laboratory since then. In 1963,
Parupsychology Studying Group" was established, and they presented their re-Amara in the
Japanese Society tor Psychology and the Japanese Society for Applied Psychology. In 1967,
the first convention of the Group was held, followed by the establishment of " the Japanese
Sodety for Parnmychoingy* . This offered researelsers the opportunities to exchange
information dial 4) pivicut their sophisticated research annually.
More than 180 researches have been inesented at the Annual Convention. AS for those
on ESP, we have the one on the relationship with some psycliulugical sests(Ohnani, Nomura.,
Taluoshima), the ones on the relationship with physiological variables(Ohtuni,
Matsumae, Nagashima, Sugistula, an.sunoki, Saito, Fokuda), the ones on the relationship
with environmental condition(Oheani, Matsuda, Kurihara, Yamaguchi, Ito), the ones on the
relationship with imagery(Hayasc).
A.1 for those on PK, we have the ones using seer 028terills(ralcabashi), die ones on
effects to living organisms(Ohtnni, Haruki), the CH1CS on meta/ bending with titled
Stibieets(Ohtani, Kasahara, !Won, Ru).
We have an international research on remote viewing(Ohtani, Minnkami, Dean). Also,
we have many researches on spontaneous cascs(Ontam, Kurihara, Watanabe, Kuori, Hugh),
Wade).
As for theoretical research, we Nave the one on precognition txmourned with the time
issue(Kanazawa).Sorne of us have tried to establish models on the process of ESP(Kolcubo,
Hirafuji. Sakurai).
Dcsides, we have the one on the relationship between the structure of call and the
scores(Koide), the ones on the credibility of ESP targe1S(KurYx18, Hagio), me one with
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some manipulation of ESP taigets(ilagio), the ones ott the analysis of the data(Maruyame).
At the same time we have some researches rotated to the concerning fields: the
surveys on NDE(Bookor), the one on the relationship between mativity and ESP(Onria), the
nne on Kirlian photographs(Fujita).
We have two long?testies researches: the one is About the theory an precognition
(Kanazawa), and the other is about psi =arias around older mental patiente(Nagashima).
We have received no direct and decisive criticism. I think it necessary for ns to
publish our re..scrichca in many ways and, zposed to constructive criticism, improve them.
SG1B
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Connectionist Model of ES?
Masayuki Hits.fuji
1 the Amount of information Transitlimed with ESP
I.a an ESP experiment using targets whose kit rate is 112, the Amount of information
transmitted in a trial is shown in the formula in the neat page.
At least 1./IESP times of trials arc needed to get 1 bit of iziformation(shown in Fig.1).
This means we can get a signifimint result with a large number of trials cvco if die hit
fate is close to the chanee level. The amount of iatOrmation transmitted in a nisi in a
'trial is quite small, as seen from the fact that most ESP experiments with siseifieuit
results have a large number of trials. That is, the capacity tif ESP is quite small.
Based on the idea that this is bemuse signals of ESP specula at a level weaker than
wises, I establish my model of t5P.
2 ESP and the Process of Cognition
As seen in the Law of Waver, normal senses, such as sight, auditory sense, se= of
touch, produce relatively simple responses against Stimuli. On the other hand, ESP
produces rather complexed rapines which seem deeply related Ur the subjects' process Of
cognition, as seen in sheep?and?goat and prize effect. Tf ESP is closely related to the
process, we need a molted induding it to understand ESP.
I combined tbe model of 'cognition and a model in which information is extracted from
weak ESP sipal below the noise level, and established an ? ESP model(thowa in frig.2).
3 Neural Network
Neural network is a model which consists of combined models of nerve es& whose
functions are simplified.
Because of the differeniaz among the simplification or the combination, several
kinds of neural networks have been proposed. The most basic functions related to
cognition, such as rewgnition, memory, association, learning, can he erpressed with
combination of the network_
Judging from the tact that EP model resembles the actual bruin function so much, the
model in which information is coded Of decoded by combining neural networks can be
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applied to brains if the tratuntission with signals walker than liaise is pomade.
4 ESP Signal Detective Theory
We hero no idea which organ SUMAS USP signet as we don't know what carries ESP
signals. But they must be transmitted into neural Impulses, If we put it that we have a
certain organ which seises them. I presume that ESP signal is micro electrical charge in
neural impulses.
Can human beings transmit concepts with cleretromegnede WaVta. as presumed that ESP
is a kind of eleationiageetic wave and nerve eelia Ise amputee
It is the that them axe some parts in our brains and etas which are wectriesay
charged, and those parts certainly radiate electromagnetic waves. It duesn't matter that
the amount of the radiated energy is smell. The point is that the waves have complimted
phase differences. Became the phases cheap tinkeWne and spatewise hi e complicated
manlier, they &anise each other so that we caret detect them. Therefore, a simple
biological modal can't stand.
To the tainnectioxist model of ESP, I regard the each eleelzically?dered part as
the source and the receiver of electromagnetic waves. That is. each part has ite own
frequency and phase simultaneously. This resembled a huge ember of transmission
machines funceloning without confusion, but in the model the transmitted infOrMatiall is
always homogeneous and can be contreded imendonally.
Theoretically, it is possible to =unit itiformation even in a poor system, only if
the informahon is coded in a proper way which fits the feature of the maim. Thus, PM
can traustuit information, even if the stool is quite weak, owe we have limper coding
method. The proem is expremed by the Formula (1) to (6)?
1 Ceding in Newel Networe
When an agues have a target in his mind, the concerned neuron ie activated. By
association, other neurons concerned with what is rased to dm target are activated
comequently. Thus the brain establishea the patters to send the information. This
process biases the information dinewtse and spacewise.
The percipient follow the UM process to the opposed direction. The more decoding
be doesin his neural networks, the less noise and more accurate informatien he am get.
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This process is actually much more completed, as it is practiced in the tux:amnions
level, but 1 would like to focus on ESP sigaal which is weaker than noise, by simplifying
the procese(Fig.9 and 10).
6 gestalt of Simulation
practiced an experimcut using a computer, with ESP cards as targets. The hit rate
shown in Fig.12 indicates that ESP is competent enough to MUM* information and that
the association memory has an effect to reduce noises. Thie leads to a hypothesis that
4rven weak ESP signals can transmit information, as an actual brain has an iMMCIISC number
of naturals and a bar ainotilit of association memory is involved in the pICcesS.
7 Psi?Missing and Sheep?and?Goat Effect
When coded ittformation has dos* related associatin; memory, the ntemotY becomes a
large anise, thus causing inevitable psi?inksing(shOwn La Irtg.12). When tbe essociatiod
memory is the denial of ESP, psi?missing am= e'en if the ESP signal is received.
This is sheep?snd?goat acct.
g Displacement Effect
When the change of the amount of the stored memory is =Idler than that of the
stored noise, displacement effect is likely to occure(Look at Fig.6).
9 Intensity Probability Many of Psi
According to the naodol established by Mr. LAW*, the intensity probability of psi
is certain figure, 0.01, regardless of the hit rate itself. 1 weld like to prove iWs
by using the conneetionist model. I have got the Formula (11), which is just equall to
the Formula (7), the formula of Mr. Koimboili usodel(Look at Formula (7) to (I1)).
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33
34
44
40
37
24
7
44
33
13435
74
14
19
5 710
44
471
.14
27
33
35
Thirty fiUtitices &caries 04 Oparitallefoll proccgoitico, %lid) cisrogt of 10 toms of apisoda C A-J )1( 3 gro44 44
Csueawr.7 4 1-3 /. %ere end/wed by 192 Wale oalleeo students. aft call indicated man voltam of pronability cameo
( 4 ) ear 4 larosspratation .411 Up* loft half u2 cause. owl sale data sit rearrangre far 3 ;ma of frowzy in tha
right half ag
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??????0 1 - 1
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life', the top figura, were 24 cases. 23.3 %, followed by 21
casee,..10.4 %, of 'hunch and impression'. The third figure was
'aeeing apparition or psychic phenooena related to the dead or
dying person,', having 14 cases. '13.6 %,
An Ex erimental ESP Study in the 14L-N Associative Process: To
demonstrate the psi effect in human aseociative process, I first
selected 100 stimulus noun words. In four paychologiy.classes,
209 students in all, t read sach.of them while the students
wrote down a noun word associated .with it in their minds in
their record sheets. ThUs. I completed tables uf response words
to each stimulus word, Prom each table I extracted four response
words low and almost even in the association value to each
other. My experimental plan for psi is to IlUe these words in an
ESP-association test situation.
? +?????=.? ?
An ESP Experiment In A Mountain-Top
Shigeki Hag to
Kagoehima-Keixsi University
JAPAN
ABSTRACT
Two different sets of ESP experiment in. a. mountain-top
situation were accomplished by the associate student members of
XPC(Kagoshimariteizai University ParepsyChology Club) and Hagio.
The subjects used a deck of Zener carde and Perceptron, a
portable-vcype Machine sold for testing SSP. each or two
experiments was accompnied by a laboratory-room ESP testing as a
control. In. Experiment 1, in the Zener Card series five subjects
completed 20 runs yielding the deviation +16 in the Mountain-top
condition on the one hand, and -7 in the Control condition on
the other hand, the difference being marginal for statistical
significance.(CR=1.79, Pw.00) In Experiment 2, in the
Perceptron series nine subjects completed 36 runs giving a score
with 36 o* extra chance, significant at .01 luvet, its
difference from the Control series being significant as,05).
Our results were eupportiva to the hypothesis that mountain-tops
often provided with a proper condition for the manifestation of
psi_
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My Researches on Psi;
Stability of CEP Ecores;A liehavior ESP Target;Survey-Interview
Approach to Spontaneous Psi;Psi in the Associative Process
KAGOSHIMA -XEIZAI UNIVERSITY
5MIGEKI HAOTO
StOility of ESP Scoreo: 77 stadents among others completed four
5e,C1.05 of card ESP teat conducted week by week in a college
psychology class, 1979. Each series test consisted of 4 runs.
Their overall scores were positive in a significant level
/
(1)=.0b). Out of six correlative coefficients among the tour- -z-4"4- '
series one was positively significant(P=.01) and another Was
ti' -tte'k'44/
negatively so(Pe.05), while the other four coefficients had
positive yet small values. The data also was considered from
66
another point of view--"Stability of the score in each
1
subject". The number of those who had a score above MCS(20)
every series were 6, that is much more than the theoreticalefAus
value 3.1, but insignificant(CR=1.0). tit 1,06.1 r5
An Experiment with Behavlor ESP Tareesl: In an attempt to use
human behaviors as an ESP target instead of the card figures, I ,
selected four '
human actions:standing, writing, lying and ss
walking. An experimental amaistant played one randomly-selected
Ji
behavior for 60 seconds for each trial in one room that the
subject guessed in another room. Each of the four experimental
subjects completed 120 trials and he also had the Zansi-c.:sia
series, 150 trials. One subject obtained a significant positive:
score(Pe.05) in the behavior series though the overaii results
of the behavior series was not different from that of the card
series otatiatically.
A Survey-Interview Approach to,SpontanCoas Pei Eneriencqp: Out of
763 students of the 1999 and 1999 college psychology classes who
answered questionnaire items on their spotsneous psi
experiences, 83 students were interviewed to talk about their
experiences in detail, they told 103 stories of their own
experiences in all. 'Correspondence between a dream and real
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ALL-OR-NONE MODELS AND SIGNAL DETECTIVITY THEORY
IMMO, Ifineyux;
AUSlist ZY. 1992
1 PUblIshed the intensity probability theory at the basic research for the
the study of the +statistic experiment at 19th annual convention of the Japanese
SocietY for ParapsycholosY. Ink Some intereeting studies have been done since
the*thcory 138 pregented.
In toe theory. I made a new all-or-none model, often called Ioltubo's model.
which vas a 2-pars:toter model. I nee it for the explanation of ObServahle four
events following that;
hit by psi, else by:peli,
hit by chance. ilea by chance.
My Audere pernetereil Are and m.
La AO...Intl:1d In a trial. Paremeter-m le a
Psi IS activated. We can MUMS a *object
Setivatad. t,4L..
Pusneter-i IS a probability that pal
probabllitY of alas an condition that
guesses at randun if his psi is not
? -
2-Parameter-andel is very Useful for analyzing statistic data. But I expand
-eti'my research field before long, because ! could find that ve could explain
those Sour events by use of another theory. SDT(the Signal Detectivity Theory).
Some inportant results go far
Cl) A ROLE OP ALL-OR-NONE MOUS
Old all-or-none models. 1-parameter sodelt, Can show us better condi-
tions for the detection of pet in Heti:tic experiments.
(2) ESTIMATION OF UP DATA
In BOP tests, values of 1, which means sublect's pei talent, nearly
oqual 9,01 On the condition that the ptior Probability is from 1/2 to W52.
(This result is rediscovered.)
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(3) ESTIMATION OF PK DATA
Haga.H.(1080) confirmed the central timit theorem for the value of i
in 2 PI test with dice, and confirmed two Important assuaptions presented by
1oltubo(19117).Then.Raga foued that I nearly equaled 0.01 se came as in tests.
Pros above resulte. Haga has thought that .it is poseiblo to realne the degital
PK coeunieation. I agree gill hie.
(4) ADVANCED MUDD
Wu cart OVelg2te v211183 of
?ad by Iokubb(1947,1048). And maybe
Theories. GenerallY, re can obtain
2-parameter models than t-paraeuter
i and m vitt the Plural Mod* Method consider
se be able to estimate, the Observational
gore lar01220011 from experiments by using
models.
(5) ROC CUIVB OP ESP DATA
On the SOT. SsIter2i.H.(11137) reanalyzed Pearce-Pratt's experiment and
evaluated a value of d' as 0.45.. And he successed to draw a goc cow a it
(len). But, his obtained result sins can be fit the ROC curve introduced free
All-or-none socials in parapaychology. I can not select one, because the value of
d is very moll.
(a) PARADOX OF CDNYIDENTIAL CALL
In n theofetitel, otedi fer-Oe,SOTAekubcp(1$89) thew the relation
between the confidential iall and the Beerilig ratio or the CR in the Yes-No
teat. The obtained results suggested that we eould not expect good exPerieental
resulte If we analyzed only vory-higb-confidential calls. And they suggested
that we had better plan to let subjects feel easy to $ay 'high confidence'
freoventlY,
(1) A MANGE AMMO/In
In another .theoretical study, 1osube(1181) euceeeeed to find a equation
to explain that the value of i vee constant with the $M. But. a veal strange
assumption vas essential for introducing the equation. In the asseeptien. the
mental scale haa a unit like a quanta of mental energy.
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The japattettu Saelety for Parapsy
eliology will celebrate its 25th anniver
sary in 191)0. The Si ociety meets month
ly at Tokyo t iiiiversity and sponsors at
an MN 1 i. ii itif each December. Al
'hough ineethigs attract les
than a clone members, this grout
might he viiisitIcted a Inanch of the
Para psycholog kat Associa tion, since its
guela and oriciitadons arc equivalent.
Alenlbers conduct orighial research
and critically evaluate each other's ef-
fnrts. Koten Nsgashisna has conducted
psi experiments for 10 years, using pa-
tients from his geriatrir psychiatry
practke as with:is/ants, He measut es
pulse rates and brain functions within
dic context of the card guessing and
dice predicting experiments. Although
his mesal results tend to be ambiguous
regarding proof of psychic effects, the
society hopes on analysis of the entire
10-year series will generate clearer con-
clusions. Ie 1997, Yoraiiiehi Re pre-
sented a paper, "Processes of Deforma-
tion in Spoon-Bending Phenomena."
Hiroyuki Sakurai described a method
for applyine signal detection theory to
psi research. lildeyuki Kokubn de-
scriherl "A Nt?tv Psi Test." Hiroyuki
Siituz'sii pi use 6.11 is pawn "Applica-
tion of Signal 1 leteetion Theory to Psi
Research." Soji Otani spoke "On the
Miect 01 External Stimulus to ESP
Score," Koten Nagashima presented a
paper "On EEC and PK" and Tokild
Wada presented "Comparison of Psi
Experience SLIITtlyS Between Japan and
England." Japanese thenrists are par.
ticularly interesied in observational the-
ories. For example, Hideyuki Kokuho
delivered a paper at the 1988 convert-
lion entitled "On an Experimental
Method to Evalisiste Observational
Theories," During that same yeal
Masayuki ilirafuji presented a paper
"ESP Modoi by Neural Net," and
Kilian Nagashima presented "On the
Psi Ability of the Psychopath."
Professor Suji Otani, of the National
Defense Academy, is a guiding influ-
ence Oil the society. In 19/17, he pee-
soiled rhe convelition Presitientiul Ad. e
PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN JAPAN
By James Wellman
dreas entitled "The Problem uf Citii it
? Parapsychology." Otani has observed
- various Chinese ehl gong masters wit
I visited Japan. Chi (ki in Japanese)
. is thought to be the universal life en
S erg)' that permeates the universe. (hi-
) gutig notsters (ki-ko In japarlese)
claim to be adept at controlling this
energy. Xi may have a slightly differ-
ent meaning in Japanese than chi in
Chinese. This variation is derived from
both cultural and translation differ-
ences. In Japanese, ki has diverse
meanings: denki means electricity (den
meana thunder) and tenki means
weather (tell menus heaven), Seine-
times ki, by itself, means "energy"
Scientifically, it is difficult tO dcfiiic
exactly what ki is. In Uhinese, chi is
sometimes translated into English es
"gas" even though it is thought to be
a form of energy. Although chi-gang
masters are part of the medical estab-
lishment in some Chinese hospitals,
only a few such practilioners cure their
clients using this methodology in Japan.
About 15 years ago, Otani conducted
an RCP card test with participants in
u a submatiute producing ejcrimenIJ
roults which have not been published.
Three conditions welt! Willpared: ii
submerged sub, a maimed sub and
land-hased situation, Ho found little
difference between the (hinting Skil) and
hind target, but the submerged target
generated signilicantly lower ESP
scores. Otani notes that these may be
other variables, suds as dislanes and
time, which might have porduced this
differential effect. Hi draws nn conchs-
slims froth this data,
Professor Otani has conducted vari-
ous forms of psychical research which
have not been published. A number of
years ago, he conducted, a survey of
Japanese war widow's experiences. He
polled 100 widows in melt prefecture
of Japan, finding that many report-
ed apparitional experienres coinciding
with their husbands' deaths during
World War II. About one-third of the
2,200 questionnaires were returned. Al-
though his analysis Is still incomplete,
Otani is categorizing the types, cloth-
ing, actions and patterns in the impres.
dons, as well as times of impression ver-
sus time of incident, Although no case
reveals perfect correspondence between
actual events and the widow's Impres-
sions, some car.06 reveal a high degree
of coincidence. In a few cases, the hut-
Ininti, thought to be deed, returned
safely. Otani has noted a wide diversity
n thc manner that the widow,: in irr..
net their experiences. Some regard the
ipporitional event as extremely Anew.
mal while others rinsaify their caperi.
ace as ordinary.
July?August, 19119
Tosio /Wallas:a has beer) at!I;v6
translating parapsychological works
from English into Japanese and getting
edited volumes published. He secently
completed the translation of Harald*
snn's (1987) Modern Miracles alai
Stevenson's (1987) Children Who n4
member Previous Lives. His edited vol.;
new Sui No Sertfo.. Chushistriryaku Zen-
shi (The Battlefield al Psi: ninory
All the Debates in Parapsychology);
was published by Tleibonslia Limited hi
1907. Kasaltara is presently editing and
translating a collection nf articles Ler A
book entitled Turuenattia (rhe Elu-
siveness Problem) to be printed be
Shunes she Publishers,
A few years ago, Dr. Rattaharn vis-
hod Seoul, Korea, to investigate
Christian psychic surgeon, Mrs. Kim,
Mrs. Kim seemed to aid patients by
ripping out their cancerous growths
with her bare hands.. Katailistra return-
ed hunt Korea with a videotape sup-
plied by Mrs. Kim's organization (my
Korean translator settattal to it as the
"Seeing-Hearing-Feeding (linirch"), as
well as tapes produced by himself dur-
ing his CrtiTri visit. Prom the videotape
supplied by her organiention, it ap-
pears that Mrs. Kim makes incisions
into some of her patient'S bodice, in a
manner that would seemingly (Dorrnal.t
ly) MUM harm raneerous growths are
sometimes litetaity (app:nuttily) tutu
Dr. Mc:Clown is in the Department of
Social Meucci at Elizabeth City State lini.
venal), in North Carolina.
13
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out of patients' bodies. Although die
medical valwe. of her intervention
could not be established by Kaaahara's
investigation, her organization clabita
that her treatments are highly effec.
ewe. The organization's videotape
shows cases hi which patients' progress
toward complete recovery is document-
ed over time. Kasahara's private video-
tape does not show Mrs, Kim malting
incisions, which suggests that she does
not regularly engage in this practice.
She appeared to be symbolically trett-
ing patients by applyittg smell band-
ages. I talked about this case with a
Korean colleague at my univeristy, Dr.
Wuu Jung Ju. Apparently, Mts. IQ"
has gained a degree ui fame through-
out Korean and even a Korean church
group in Dr. Ju's neighborhood, in
Norfolk, Virginia, has seen her video-
tape. Although Dr. Ju noted that a
small percentage of reiigious KOICUld
believe in her ability, he feel,' that most
Koreans are hiehly skeptical. Di. Ju
knows or no formal scientific investiga-
tion of her organization's anima.
The society keeps abreast of retearch
developments in other countries. Take-
aki Ota. a high schuol English instruc-
tor, regularly paraphrases Western re-
ports for the monthly meetings of the
society. He is presently reading Margins
al Reality by Jahn and Dunne (1987)
.uati will be reviewing this book at a
meeting this summer. Shigeki Hagio
ptesented a paper, "Recent Reseerches
ol Parapsychology in USA" at she 191111
, annual convention in Yoesuya, Tukyo.
Various other halividuab, besides
the members of the Japanese Society
for Parapsychology, have conducted
psychics.' research in japan. Professor
Aoki has dune a remote viewing ex-
periment at Chuhu University. Hiroalii
Motoyama, founder of the Institute fnr
Religious Psyrhology, has conducted
longterm research program, seeking to
ferret out the relationship between
yoga, meridians and chi energy. He uses
complex equipment to monitor electri-
cal body functions and believes his
data, analyzed by computer, reflect
personality characteristics, as well as
potential medieal disorders. Motoyanta,
a Shinto priest, advocates a religions
orientation, a position which af-
14
fects his theoretical formulations and
arouses suspicion among scientifically
oriented observers. Vittious new reli-
gious groups, which have sprung up
since World War II, also present many
claims regarding paranormal teats.
Some organizations advocate secular
ideologies, somewhat scientific in oil-
enlatioze ratliet than religious doe.
trines.
The Japanese media play a signifi-
cant role in shaping the public's im-
pressions of the occult. A (anions Jape-
nese actor, Tetsuo.) Tanba, had a near-
death experience; afterward, he took
part in produring a movie about the
"after-death" world. His fame and
popularity have increased even more
since ho devuttd time toward dissem-
inating life-after-death information.
Mastoid Kiyota, the Japanese metal
bender, has starred in a fictional movie,
written a book and appeared on vari-
ous television programs. Although, In
1906, he attemed to acknowledge on
TV that he used trickery, a degree of
controvemy surrounds this incident and
he denies "confessing" _n i the
manner
portrayed. lit claims Isis "disclosure"
was produced through creative edit-
ing.
During the early 1980s, Professor
Otani conducted a series of experi-
ments with Mania Kiyota, attempt-
ing VO document his psychokinetic abil-
ity on videotape. Otani videotaped
various events which suggest that some
of Knyota's perlormances are authen-
tic. One tape shows Kiyma directing
his efforts toward a specially-tagged
spoon which has been clamped into
position. On various occasions, the
spoon's head Jowly, but markedly,
twists, without being touched, Otani
was present during these experiments
and carefully inspected the apumis both
before and after videotaping Since the
spoons' tags are clearly discernible in
theac segments, it would Wm that the
test spoons could not have been tam-
lined with or :switched. Otani hopes to
produce a "perfect" segment of video-
tape, one in which he demonstrates his
precautions and prim:educes, both be.
fore and after the filming of the sub-
bet's efforts.
Japan is presently experiencing a
sej
form of occult boom. Porte= telling,
astrology and tarot cards are also at-
tracting interest, especially among
young girls. Sonic people are also
studying and advocating Chinese num-
erology and fortune telling techniques,
using the year, month, day and time in
one's birth. Divittations based on the
writing of the characters in one's mune
make these c.alculations even more
romplex. A small, but growing, scg-
Merit uf young people has hetorne
itt-
h-rested in stories about fairies (taken
from the European archetype, rather
than Japanese folklore).
Various popular magazines support
belief in the paranormal. One publica-
tion, Mu, wbuse name is derived Intim
the Pacifin version of the lost cen-
tment of Atlantis, has a monthly eir.-
culation of about 300,000. Twilight
Zone and AZ also attractL I
it: attention
of those interested in the paranormal.
Television programs, although not 04-
entifically oriented, have presented pi.
formation regarding hauntings in
Increasing concern with the occult
has stimulated critical activists to be-
come more visible. Although this mcive-
ment may he an indication that Japa-
nese skeptics ale beginning to take the
possibility of ESP's existence more
seriously, I know of no evidence Aug.
gesting that the Japanese scientifie
community harbors greater tolerance
to parascientific claims then do West-
ern eLientista, it may he that they; are
more willing to investigate physiologi-
cal phenomena asseekted with altered
mental states, since sonic inveastitilgega.tore
have conducted experiments with in-
dividuals claiming specialnb
One television program, part of the
series "Science-Q," a weekly education-
al ducumentary, presented a program
that attracted great !mem ainong
japans:be parapsychologists. The pro-
gram showed various feats performed
by a kilso master from China, nr. Yu
Yang Chang. Under the supervision of
academic researchers, the Master
caused paralyzed childien to move
their limbs. He also affected a candle's
Flame under uncentrolled condWons
(the investigators felt that their con-
trols were satisfactory during this' feat,
Paistslyekelney literiew
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but I believe most Western parapsy-
chologists would disagree with them).
Jail:mese investigators claimed that the
Wiwi] volume and heat In the master's
!Lindh increased when lie attempted to
radiate energy. A professor from Toler-
tutI etiversity used a special device to
1111:41:1111 l:41a 1:111Cly low levels of Merton
(4110; he determined that
the kik() master could redinte such en-
ergy in an unusual, and perhaps anom-
aieu.,, Jauntier. Although ealieriknents
sreking to detect special emissions .of
,tatie electricity, supersonic sounds and
long frequency waves were not success-
ful, the muster was able to affect the
emission of infrared light. An EEG
utialysis of the master's brain iodicated
a Pattern similar to that of an miler>.
tie patient, as well as changes in alpha
feitierns, eveil though no unusual be.
1iii0,W:46 apparent. After the demon-
strations, discussants argued regarding
Ow meaning of these findings. One
speculated that very minor energy
en,i,iions of the master triggered bodi-
ly ponies in the patient, using the
patient's own energy. Another felt this
theory was inadequate, since he be-
lieeed the master could affect Mani-
ma lc ?bier IS.
Tusiu Kasabara, a member of
he Pa
ychnkkn1 Assnelation, had
uppottunity to munitut the effet.ts
of Dr. Yu's ireatrnents on one of his
patients, 'Fla: woman, who NI da4uIIdljk
gPi lip in the morning due to a herr-
dit.ii y, kidoey problem, was
dearly benefited by the hike master's
therapy. After treatment, elm arose at
a mania' hour and became far more
.t ii, tife
Dr. Yu allegedly has demonstrated
the ability to affect his patients' auto-
nomic nervous systems, even when
shielded from them. He is quite will-
ing to participate in controlled experi-
ments investigating the passibility that
IIV Can do this at a distance. Western
researchers who are interested in this
project should contact me so that I can
put them in touch with Japanese in-
vestigators. On Mat arthe.r,
geini K. Sdadki, auggco.., the following
conditions: (I) subject (s) in the USA
should be young, regaidiess uf sex, hay-
ing a high sensitivity and having had
much experience with autogenic train-
ing; ( ?) the laboratory should he
shielded from electromagnetisin; (3)
various elements within the autonomic
nervous system should be cunipetently
meastire.d. Dr. Via would conemitrate
via plaxisgraillih of that: holnalattny and
subject(s) in an attempt to cause psy-
chological effects.
A television program which au-rd in
wally 1909 may also affect pubik pet-
ceptions of the paranormal. A proles.
sional magician, Marik, gave demon-
strations of what he referred to as
"psydrukitiesis" and "telekinesis."
bent splarais, transfrirmed keys, made
coins seem to pass through glass and
performed mentalist feats. Although he
alined Met tie was "tea it psychic.," he
did not explain the means by which he
accomplished his feats and uu.uuy uta-
servers interpreted his performance as
a demonstration of paranormal ability.
Those familiar with sleight-of-hand
rnugio would have no difficulties in per-
ceiving normal means by which Marik
could perform his frets. lir portrays
himself as a performer, rather than an
Individual who requests scientific in-
vestigation, and seems cautious in mak-
ing outright declarations regarding
"magical" powers.
Ihe members of the Japanese boa
clety For Parapsychology recognize the
problems that media presentations ere
-
ate for sc lent if IC elly oriented researcl,.
ets, but icutain itategesled 111 die fiumi,!
bility that humans radiate special em.
ergies associated with psi. The prac-
tices of acupuncture, shiatsu and other
therapies based on Asian ideologies are
prevalent in Japan. They feel that
Chinese kik?, a practice associated with
seemingly psychokinetie performances,
may constitute a fruitful realm for the
scientific investigation of psychic heal.
ing, Although Chinese researchers in-
vestigating kiko masters tend to accept
loose proofs of "artronnhatta" feats!,
Japanese scientists demand far higher
levels of evidence. The main interest of
Japanese investigators is not whether
kik() masters have special abilities, but
the cx.a.cl. nultale of the energies pnal
ducing observed effects. Although sucl
abilities may not be related to psi, dui,
investigation of them will contribute to
the understanding of huntan physiol.
OgY,
IIILIOGMPXY
Iteralehmen, B. (MM. Modern Attrachu,
Art Invertigative Report as Psychic Phe-
Contemn Andeidtiti with Sahya Sal Betas,
New York; Fawcett Columbine.
Jahn, R, C. and Dunne, B. J. (1957). Marl
gins tri Rodlier Ti,, Role el CollieRObisJ
Edit is the Phyrical World, Sac Diego:
Haunt! Brace Javanovieh,
Stevenson, Ian (1987). Chi:drat no Re-
member Preview Liver, Charlottesville,
VA: Univerrity of Virenin Prrce
..1.1?111110111.
PARAPSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY
The Eileen J. Garrett Library of the Parapsychology Foundation, 228 Gas+ 710
SE, New York, N.Y. 10021, is open to students and researchers, Monday through
Friday, from 9:30 0.m, to 4:30 p.m. and Tuesday until 840 p.m.
July-August, l'OtlY
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is