DOD PSYCHOENERGETICS PROGRAM: REPLICATION STUDIES

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SECRET
DoD PSYCHOENERGETICS PROGRAM:
REPLICATION STUDIES (S)
By: HAROLD E. PUTHOFF EDWIN C. MAY
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301
CLASSIFIED BY: DIA (DT-5)
REVIEW ON: 28 February 2004
Copy No. ..... ....
This document consists of 45 pages.
SRI/GF-0260
SECRET NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
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CONTENTS (U)
DOD PSYCHOENERGETICS PROGRAM--REPLICATION STUDIES (S)
A. DoD Psychoenergetics Program (S). . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Areas of Investigation (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
C. Replication Efforts (S) . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Appendix A--A PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER OVER
KILOMETER DISTANCES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND
RECENT RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B--THE PERSISTENT PARADOX OF PSYCHIC PHENOMENA: AN
ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C--BIBLIOGRAPHY: REMOTE VIEWING REPLICATION STUDIES
(GEOGRAPHICAL SITES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Appendix D--BIBLIOGRAPHY: REMOTE ACTION REPLICATION STUDIES
(RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR EFFECTS) . . . . . . . . D-1
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(S/NF) DOD PSYCHOENERGETICS PROGRAM--REPLICATION STUDIES (S)
A. DoD Psychoenergetics Program (5)
(S/NF) Major DoD/Intelligence Community interest in assessing the
potential of psychoenergetics (ESP) for military/intelligence applications
began a little over a decade ago (1972), and has involved a number of
agencies and military units as sponsors. The effort was compartmentalized
under the code word "GRILL FLAME" in 1978, and in 1981 the various efforts
were brought together under single-agency management and coordination (DIA).
(S/NF) The program has involved SRI International as prime contractor,
a number of institutes and consultants as subcontractors (e.g., Langley-
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California; Communications
Studies Laboratory, Syracuse University), and has been subject to review
by an independent Psychoenergetics Science Advisory Panel composed of
Dr. Donald Kerr, Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Prof. Fred
Zacharaison, Physics Department, California Institute of Technology; and
Dr. Ross Adey, V. A. Research Center, Loma Linda, California.
B. Areas of Investigation (S)
(S/NF) Two primary areas of investigation are being pursued in the
DoD Psychoenergetics Program. They are:
(1) Remote Viewing (RV)/Extrasensory Perception (ESP).
Ability of an individual to access and describe
remote geographic sites, or to access and describe
concealed data, via undefined transmission mechanisms.
Examples include the (mental) viewing of a distant
military site or the contents of a secure room.
(2) Remote Action (RA/Psychokinesis (PK).
Mental ability to influence physical or biological
systems without the use of known physical mechanisms.
Examples include perturbation of electronic components
or living organisms, such as the behavior of a micro-
chip or the growth of a bacterial culture, by a (mental)
effort of the will.
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C. Replication Efforts (S)
(S/NF) The results generated in the DoD Psychoenergetics Program by
the prime contractor (SRI International) in both the remote viewing (RV)
and remote action (RA) areas have found wide replication in several other
laboratories across the country, notably at Princeton University under
the leadership of Dr. Robert Jahn, Dean of the School of Engineering/
Applied Science. (See Appendices A and B for open literature papers on
the original SRI work and Princeton replication efforts.) Following is
a summary of replication efforts in both the RV and RA areas.
(1) Remote Viewing. A recent survey of the literature
on the remote viewing of geographical locations found
twenty-eight published formal experimental series.
More than half of these (fifteen) were successful,
where only one in twenty would be expected by chance.
The major successful replicating studies include
research efforts at SRI International, Princeton
University, Institute for Parapsychology (Durham, NC),
Mundelein College (Chicago), and the University of
California at Davis. A bibliography of these studies
is included as Appendix C.
(2) Remote Action. A recent survey of the literature
describing apparent perturbation of electronic-
diode- or radioactive-decay-driven random number
generators found 48 published papers on 214 formal
replication attempts. Of these 214 experiments,
74 were successful, where again only one in twenty
would be expected by chance. Major successful
replicating studies include, in addition to a
large unpublished study by SRI International, research
efforts at Princeton University, Mind Science Foundation
(San Antonio), Maimonides Medical Center (Brooklyn),
Psychophysical Research Laboratory (Princeton), Syracuse
University, and Bell Laboratories (Columbus). A
bibliography of these studies is included as Appendix D.
The above studies, carried out under a variety of conditions by numerous
researchers at a large number of laboratories, indicate that certain of
the remote viewing and remote action effects are robust and repeatable
phenomena that can be replicated on a broad scale.
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Appendix 'A
A PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER
OVER KILOMETER DISTANCES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
AND RECENT RESEARCH
UNCLASSIFIED
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 64, NO. 3, MARCH 1976
S41iEoD7
A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer
over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective
and Recent Research
I.CPYRGHT
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF, MEMBER, IEEE, AND RUSSELL TARG, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE
Abstract-For more than 100 years, scientists have attempted to
determine the truth or falsity of claims for the existence of a perceptual
channel whereby certain individuals are able to perceive and describe
remote data not presented to any known sense. This paper presents an
outline of the history of scientific inquiry into such so-called paranor-
mal perception and surveys the current state of the art in parapsycho-
logical research in the United States and abroad. The nature of this
perceptual channel is examined in a series of experiments carried out
in the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of Stanford Research
Institute. The perceptual modality most extensively investigated is the
ability of both experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers to
view, by innate mental processes, remote geographical or technical
targets including buildings, roads, and laboratory apparatus. The ac-
cumulated data indicate that the phenomenon is not a sensitive func-
tion of distance, and Faraday cage shielding does not in any apparent
way degrade the quality and accuracy of perception. On the basis of
this research, some areas of physics are suggested from which a descrip-
tion or explanation of the phenomenon could be forthcoming.
I. INTRODUCTION
"IT IS THE PROVINCE of natural science to investigate
nature, impartially and without prejudice" [ 1 ]. Nowhere
in scientific inquiry has this dictum met as great a chal-
lenge as in the area of so-called extrasensory perception (ESP),
the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by the usual
sensory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific
consideration for over a century, have historically been fraught
with unreliability and controversy, and validation of the phe-
nomena by accepted scientific methodology has been slow in
coming. Even so, a recent survey conducted by the British
publication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent of nearly
1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working
scientists and technologists) considered ESP to be an estab-
lished fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the
investigation of ESP to be a legitimate scientific undertaking
[21.
A review of the literature reveals that although experiments
by reputable researchers yielding positive results were begun
over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D. D.
Home, 1860's) [31, many consider the study of these phe-
nomena as only recently emerging from the realm of quasi-
science. One reason for this is that, despite experimental
results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had been advanced
to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes.
Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time
in the recipe stage reminiscent of electrodynamics before the
Manuscript received July 25, 1975; revised November 7, 1975. The
submission of this paper was encouraged after review of an advance
proposal. This work was supported by the Foundation for Parasensory
Investigation and the Parapsychology Foundation, New York, NY; the
Institute of Noetic Sciences, Palo Alto, CA; and the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration, under Contract NAS 7-100.
unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday,
and Maxwell. Since the early work, however, we have seen the
development of information theory, quantum theory, and
neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide
powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the
issue. In fact, several physicists (Section V) are now of the
opinion that these phenomena are not at all inconsistent with
the framework of modern physics: the often-held view that
observations of this type are a priori incompatible with known
laws is erroneous in that such a concept is based on the naive
realism prevalent before the development of quantum theory.
In the emerging view, it is accepted that research in this area
can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog of'inter-
esting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships
of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis
in the forms with which we are familiar in the physical
sciences. One hypothesis is that information transfer under
conditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely
low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves, a proposal that
does not seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or
biological facts. Further, the development of information
theory makes it possible to characterize and quantify the
performance of a communications channel regardless of
the underlying mechanism.
For the past three years, we have had a program in the
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of the Stan-
ford Research Institute (SRI) to investigate those facets of
human perception that appear to fall outside the range of well-
understood perceptual/processing capabilities. Of particular
interest is a human information-accessing capability that we
call "remote viewing." This phenomenon pertains to the
ability of certain individuals to access and describe, by means
of mental processes, information sources blocked from ordi-
nary perception, and generally accepted as secure against such
access.
In particular, the phenomenon we have investigated most
extensively is the ability of a subject to view remote geograph-
ical locations up to several thousand kilometers distant from
his physical location (given only a known person on whom to
target).' We have carried out more than fifty experiments
under controlled laboratory conditions with several individuals
whose remote perceptual abilities have been developed suf-
ficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly-often in
great detail-geographical or technical material such as build-
ings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears
to cover a range of subjective experiences variously referred to
The authors are with the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, 'Our initial work in this area was reported in Nature 141, and re-
Stanford RegC1011l$t#cHrnFF' !C1# ~~08/09 : CI A-RDPR313t 'I ~"~~UWT=''"sletrer, vol. 13, Jan. 1975.
Ui1G SS&id)
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end (correct). An airport building also was drawn, and shown
to have a large rectangular overhang (correct). The traveler
had taken an unplanned one-day side trip to an offshore island
and at the time of the experiment had just disembarked from a
plane at a small island airport as described by the subject
4000 km away. The sole discrepancy was that the subject's
drawing showed a Quonset-hut type of building in place of the
rectangular structure.
The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate
a major point observed a number of times throughout the
program to be described. Contrary to what may be expected,
a subject's description does not necessarily portray what may
reasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or "safe"
guess), but often runs counter even to the subject's own
expectations.
We wish to stress again that a result such as the above is not
unusual. The remaining submissions in this experiment pro-
vided further examples of excellent correspondences between
target and response. (A target period of poolside relaxation
was identified; a drive through a tropical forest at the base of
a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle
below a large bare table mountain; a hotel-room target descrip-
tion, including such details as rug color, was correct; and so
on.) So as to determine whether such matches were simply
fortuitous-that is, could reasonably be expected on the basis
of chance alone-Dr. Puthoff was asked after he had returned
to blind match the twelve descriptions to his seven target
locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation proce-
dure, which vastly underestimates the statistical significance
of the individual descriptions, five correct matches were ob-
tained. :his number of matches is significant at p = 0.02 by
exact binomial calculation.
The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip-
tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the
phenomenon at SRI under secure double-blind conditions (i.e.,
target unknown to experimenters as well as subjects), with
independent random target selection and blind judging. The
results, presented in Sections III and IV, provide strong evi-
dence for the robustness of this phenomenon whereby a
human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity can detect
complex remote stimuli.
H. BACKGROUND
Although we are approaching the study of these phenomena
as physicists, it is not yet possible to separate ourselves entirely
from the language of the nineteenth century when'the labora-
tory study of the paranormal was begun. Consequently, we
continue to use terms such as "paranormal," "telepathy," and
the like. However, we intend only to indicate a process of
information transfer under conditions generally accepted as
secure against such transfer and with no prejudice or occult
assumptions as to the mechanisms involved. As in any other
scientific pursuit, the purpose is to collect the observables that
result from experiments and to try to determine the functional
relationships between these observables and the laws of physics
as they are currently understood.
2The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given
transcript is p = -}. Therefore, the probability of at least five correct
matches by chance out of twelve tries can be calculated from
... ! (12-!) Pwibvisbuo -- ------------ ----+ - ----- -- ----- -- --
12l 1 6 = 0.02. in Rhine's work, it would have to be on other than statistical
P- it 12-1)l 7~ o he accusations of fraud, the
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Organized research into so-called psychic functioning began
roughly in the time of J. J. Thomson, Sir Oliver Lodge, and
Sir William Crookes, all of whom took part in the founding of
the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) in 1882 in England.
Crookes, for example, carried out his principal investigations
with D. D. Home, a Scotsman who grew up in America and
returned to England in 1855 [3). According to the notebooks
and published reports of Crookes, Home had demonstrated
the ability to cause objects to move without touching them.
We should note in passing that, Home, unlike most subjects,
worked only in the light and spoke out in the strongest pos-
sible terms against the darkened seance rooms popular at the
time [ 5 1.
Sir William Crookes was a pioneer in the study of electrical
discharge in gases and in the development of vacuum tubes,
some types of which still bear his name. Although everything
Crookes said about electron beams and plasmas was accepted,
nothing he said about the achievements of D. D. Home ever
achieved that status. Many of his colleagues, who had not
observed the experiments with Home, stated publicly that they
thought Crookes had been deceived, to which Crookes angrily
responded:
Will not my critics give me credit for some amount of common
sense? Do they not imagine that the obvious precautions, which
occur to them as soon as they sit down to pick holes in my
experiments, have occurred to me also in the course of my.pro-
longed and patient investigation? The answer to this, as to all
other objections is, prove it to be an error, by showing where
the error lies, or if a trick, by showing how the trick is per-
formed. Try the experiment fully and fairly. If then fraud be
found, expose it; if it be a truth, proclaim it. This is the only
scientific procedure, and it is that I propose steadily to pursue
[3].
In the United States, scientific interest in the paranormal
was centered in the universities. In 1912, John Coover [6]
was established in the endowed Chair of Psychical Research at
Stanford University. In the 1920's, Harvard University set up
research programs with George Estabrooks and L. T. Troland
[71, [8]. It was in this framework that, in 1930, William
McDougall invited Dr. J. B. Rhine and Dr. Louisa Rhine to
join the Psychology Department at Duke University [9]. For
more than 30 years, significant work was carried out at Rhine's
Duke University Laboratory. To examine the existence of
paranormal perception, he used the now-famous ESP cards
containing a boldly printed picture of a star, cross, square,
circle, or wavy lines. Subjects were asked to name the order
of these cards in a freshly shuffled deck of twenty-five such
cards. To test for telepathy, an experimenter would look at
the cards one at a time, and a subject suitably separated from
the sender would attempt to determine which card was being
viewed.
Dr. J. B. Rhine together with Dr. J. G. Pratt carried out
thousands of experiments of this type under widely varying
conditions [ 10] . The statistical results from these experiments
indicated that some individuals did indeed possess a paranor-
mal perceptual ability in that it was possible to obtain an
arbitrarily high degree of improbability by continued testing
of a gifted subject.
The work of Rhine has been challenged on many grounds,
however, including accusations of improper handling of statis-
tics, error, and fraud. With regard to the statistics, the general
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For Stepanek's run, with pi = -1, pi (j) = 0.619, and an average
time of 9 s per choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 1
bit and a calculated bit rate
R/T ^' 0.0046 bit/s.
(Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) actually was transmitted
at the rate of 2.9 X 10-4 bit/s, an increase in bit rate by a
factor of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding
scheme more optimum than that used in the experiments. See,
for example, Appendix A.)
Dr. Charles Tart at the University of California has written
extensively on the so-called decline effect. He considers that
having subjects attempt to guess cards, or perform any other
repetitious task for which they receive no feedback, follows
the classical technique for deconditioning any response. He
thus considers card guessing "a technique for extinguishing
psychic functioning in the laboratory" [ 32 ].
Tart's injunctions of the mid-sixties were being heeded at
Maimonides Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, by a team of researchers
that included Dr. Montague Ullman, who was director of
research for the hospital; Dr. Stanley Krippner; and, later,
Charles Honorton. These three worked together for several
years on experiments on the occurrence of telepathy in dreams.
In the course of a half-dozen experimental series, they found
in their week-long sessions a number of subjects who had
dreams that consistently were highly descriptive of pictorial
material that a remote sender was looking at throughout the
night. This work is described in detail in the experimenters'
book Dream Telepathy [33]. Honorton is continuing work
of this free-response type in which the subject has no precon-
ceived idea as to what the target may be.
In his more recent. work with subjects in the waking state,
Honorton is providing homogeneous stimulation to the subject
who is to describe color slides viewed by another person in a
remote room. In this new work, the subject listens to white
noise via earphones and views an homogeneous visual field
imposed through the use of Ping-Pong ball halves to cover the
subject's eyes in conjunction with diffuse ambient illumina-
tion. In this so-called Ganzfeld setting, subjects are again able,
now in the waking state, to give correct and often highly
accurate descriptions of the material being viewed by the
sender [34].
In Honorton's work and elsewhere, it apparently has been
the step away from the repetitive forced-choice experiment
that has opened the way for a wide variety of ordinary people
to demonstrate significant functioning in the laboratory, with-
out being bored into a decline effect.
This survey would be incomplete if we did not indicate
certain aspects of the current state of research in the USSR.
It is clear from translated documents and other sources [35]
that many laboratories in the USSR are engaged in paranormal
research.
Since the 1930's, in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad
Institute for Brain Research), there has been an interest in the
use of telepathy as a method of influencing the behavior of a
person at a distance. In Vasiliev's book Experiments in Mental
Suggestion, he makes it very clear that the bulk of his labora-
tory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communica-
tion combined with a form of behavior modification; for
example, putting people at a distance to sleep through hyp-
nosis [36].
Aaaroved
Similar behavior modification types of experiments have been
carried out in recent times by I. M. Kogan, Chairman of the
Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the Popov
Society. He is a Soviet engineer who, until 1969, published
extensively on the theory of telepathic communication [37]-
[401. He was concerned with three principal kinds of experi-
ments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short dis-
tances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object;
mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is
awakened from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion
from the hypnotist; and long-range (intercity) telepathic com-
munication. Kogan's main interest has been to quantify the
channel capacity of the paranormal channel. He finds that the
bit rate decreases from 0.1 bit/s for laboratory experiments
to 0.005 bit/s for his 1000-km intercity experiments.
In the USSR, serious consideration is given to the hypothesis
that telepathy is mediated by extremely low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic propagation. (The pros and cons of this
hypothesis are discussed in Section V of this paper.) In
general, the entire field of paranormal research in the USSR
is part of a larger one concerned with the interaction between
electromagnetic fields and living organisms [41], [42]. At
the First International Congress on Parapsychology and
Psychotronics in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example,
Kholodov spoke at length about the susceptibility of living
systems to extremely low-level ac and dc fields. He described
conditioning effects on the behavior of fish resulting from the
application of 10 to 100 uW of RF to their tank [43]. The
USSR take these data seriously in that the Soviet safety re-
quirements for steady-state microwave exposure set limits
at 10 pW/cm2, whereas the United States has set a steady-state
limit of 10 mW/cm2 [441. Kholodov spoke also about the
nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous
systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and
are characteristic of a new dimension in paranormal research.
The increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was
indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association
issued an unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet
Academy of Sciences to step up efforts in this area [45 1.
They recommended that the newly formed Psychological
Institute within the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the
Psychological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
review the area and consider the creation of a new laboratory
within one of the institutes to study persons with unusual
abilities. They also recommended a comprehensive evaluation
of experiments and theory by the Academy of Sciences' Insti-
tute of Biophysics and Institute for the Problems of Informa-
tion Transmission.
The Soviet research, along with other behavioristically
oriented work, suggests that in addition to obtaining overt
responses such as verbalizations or key presses from a subject,
it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa-
tion transfer by direct measurement of physiological parame-
ters of a subject. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman,
Walter, and others brought together to discuss physiological
methods to detect ESP functioning, have suggested that a
whole range of electroencephalogram (EEG) responses such as
evoked potentials (EP's), spontaneous EEG, and the contingent
negative variation (CNV) might be sensitive indicators of the
detection of, remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory
processes [46].
Early experimentation of this type was carried out by
Douglas Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his
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class of paranormal perception phenomenon exists. At all
times, we and others responsible for the overall program took
measures to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and
to prevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional.
To ensure evaluations independent of belief structures of both
experimenters and judges, all experiments were carried out
under a protocol, described below, in which target selection at
the beginning of experiments and blind judging of results at
the end of experiments were handled independently of the
researchers engaged in carrying out the experiments.
Six subjects, designated Si through S6, were chosen for the
study. Three were considered as gifted or experienced subjects
(Si through S3), and three were considered as learners (S4
through S6). The a priori dichotomy between gifted and
learners was based on the experienced group having been
successful in other studies conducted before this program
and the learners group being inexperienced with regard to
paranormal experimentation.
The study consisted of a series of double-blind tests with
local targets in the San Francisco Bay Area so that several in-
dependent judges could visit the sites to establish documenta-
tion. The protocol was to closet the subject with an experi-
menter at SRI and at an agreed-on time to obtain from the
subject a description of an undisclosed remote site being
visited by a target team. In each of the experiments, one of
the six program subjects served as remote-viewing subject,
and SRI experimenters served as a target demarcation team at
the remote location chosen in a double-blind protocol as
follows.
In each experiment, SRI management randomly chose a
target location from a list of targets within a 30-min driving
time from SRI; the target location selected was kept blind to
subject and experimenters. The target pool consisted of more
than 100 target locations chosen from a target-rich environ-
ment. (Before the experimental series began, the Director of
the Information Science and Engineering Division, not other-
wise associated with the experiment, established the set of lo-
cations as the target pool which remained known only to him.
The target locations were printed on cards sealed in envelopes
and kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were available
only with the personal assistance of the Division Director who
issued a single random-number selected target card that con-
stituted the traveling orders for that experiment.)
In detail: To begin the experiment, the subject was closeted
with an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 min before beginning
a narrative description of the remote location. A second ex-
perimenter then obtained from the Division Director a target
location from a set of traveling orders previously prepared and
randomized by the Director and kept under his control. The
target demarcation team, consisting of two to four SRI experi-
menters, then proceeded by automobile directly to the target
without any communication with the subject or experimenter
remaining behind. The experimenter remaining with the sub-
ject at SRI was kept ignorant of both the particular target and
the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of cueing
(overt or subliminal) and to allow him freedom in questioning
the subject to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation team
remained at the target site for an agreed-on 15-min period
following the 30 min allotted for travel.4 During the observa-
4The first subject (SI) was allowed 30 min for his descriptions, but
it was found that he fatigued and had little comment after the first I S
crssIFIED
tion period, the remote viewing subject was asked to describe
his impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to
make any drawings he thought appropriate. An informal com-
parison was then made when the demarcation team returned,
and the subject was taken to the site to provide feedback.
A. Subject Si: Experienced
To begin the series, Pat Price, a former California police com-
missioner and city councilman, participated as a subject in
nine experiments. In general, Price's ability to describe
correctly buildings, docks, roads, gardens, and the like, includ-
ing structural materials, color, ambience, and activity-often
in great detail-indicated the functioning of a remote per-
ceptual ability. A Hoover Tower target, for example, was
recognized and named by name. Nonetheless, in general, the
descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct state-
ments. A typical example is indicated by the subject's drawing
shown in Fig. 3 in which he correctly described a park-like
area containing two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 by
89 ft (actual dimensions 75 by 100 ft); the other circular,
diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 110 ft). He incorrectly indi-
cated the function, however, as water filtration rather than
recreational swimming. (We often observe essentially correct
descriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled with in-
complete or erroneous analysis of function.) As can be seen
from his drawing, he also included some elements, such as
the tanks shown in the upper right, that are not present at the
target site. We also note an apparent left-right reversal, often
observed in paranormal perception experiments.
To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the
remote-viewing experiment, the experimental results were
subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by an SRI
research analyst not otherwise associated with the research.
The subject's response packets, which contained the nine
typed unedited transcripts of the tape-recorded narratives
along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and pre-
sented in random order. While standing at each target loca-
tion, visited in turn; the judge was required to blind rank order
the nine packets on a scale I to 9 (best to worst match). The
statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target-
associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches.
For nine targets, the sum of ranks could range from nine to
eighty-one. The probability that a given sum of ranks s or
less will occur by chance is given by [ 55 ]
Pr (s or less)=Nn k (-1)1(n) (tnN1 1)
1-n 1-0 1
where s is obtained sum of ranks, N is number of assignable
ranks, n is number of occasions on which rankings were made,
and I takes on values from zero to the least positive integer k
in (i - n)/n. (Table I is a table to enable easy application of
the above formula to those cases in which N = n.) The sum in
this case, which included seven direct hits out of the nine, was
16 (see Table II), a result significant at p =.2.9 X 10-5 by
exact calculation.
In Experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was se-
cured in a double-walled copper-screen Faraday cage. The
Faraday cage provides 120-dB attenuation for plane-wave
radio-frequency radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz.
For magnetic fields, the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and
ir4~ o
min. The vie vin rbveCaPi~fr -Per&tu6el6yJ616 tr:S&K!PDK
S2 through Spl~ I
~a(t 60 esults of rank order judging
Te-Ql > ds of Faraday c al
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scientific rigor, one of our primary tasks as researchers is to
TABLE II
RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO TRANSCRIPTS
DISTRIBUTION OF provide an environment in which the subject feels safe to
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET LOCATION FOR EXPERIENCED
explore the possibility of paranormal perception. With a new
SUBJECT PRICE(SI)
subject, we also try to stress the nonuniqueness of the ability
Rank of
because from our experience paranormal functioning appears
Distance Associated
Location km Transcript
Target to be a latent ability that all subjects can articulate to some
degree.
Hoover Tower, Stanford 3.4 1
Because of Mrs. Hammid's artistic background, she was ca-
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto 6.4 1
pable of drawing and describing visual images that she could
Radio telescope, Portola Valley 6.4 1
not identify in any cognitive or analytic sense. When the target
Marina, Redwood City 6.8 1
demarcation team went to a target location which was a
Bridge toll plaza, Fremont 14.5 6
pedestrian overpass, the subject said that she saw "a kind of
Drive-in theater, Palo Alto 5.1 1
trough up in the air," which she indicated in the upper part
Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park 1.9 1
of her drawing in Fig. 4. She went on to explain, "If you
Catholic Church, Portola Valley 8.5 3
stand where they are standing you will see something like
Swimming pool complex, Palo Alto 3.4 1
this," indicating the nested squares at the bottom of Fig. 4.
16
Total sum of rank, As it turned out, a judge standing where she indicated would
.2.9xl0-s )
(p have a view closely resembling what she had drawn, as can be
seen from the accompanying photographs of the target loca-
tion. It needs to be emphasized, however, that judges did not
who felt that he used his remote-viewing ability in his every- have access to our photographs of the site, used here for
day life. illustrative purposes only, but rather they proceeded to each
In comparison with the latter two, many people are more of the target locations by list.
influenced by their environment and are reluctant under In another experiment, the subject described seeing "an
public scrutiny to attempt activities that are generally thought open barnlike structure with a pitched roof." She also saw
to be impossible. Society often provides inhibition and nega- a "kind of slatted side to the structure making light and dark
tive feedback to the individual who might otherwise have bars on the wall." Her drawing and a photograph of the
explored his own nonregular perceptual ability. We all share associated bicycle shed target are shown in Fig. 5. (Subjects
an historical tradition of "the stoning of prophets and the are encouraged to make drawings of anything they visualize
burning of witches" and, in more modern times, the hospitaliza- and associate with the remote location because drawings they
tion of rho who clo p e-rceive thins tg ajo do r3, eneral more accurate than their verbal description.)
P - eaA M~tiS sin&il(DPy sb rth~ 94i~9 t~f7Price, the results of the nine-
not admit R gl' 4
 Appromed
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r
Swann, het wb es 'rv -meCea?sQ~ a~~
subject. It was a demonstration experiment for a government
visitor who had heard of our work and wanted to evaluate our
experimental protocol.
In the laboratory, the subject, holding a bearing compass at
arm's length, began the experiment by indicating the direction
of the target demarcation team correctly to within 5?. (In all
four experiments with this subject, he has always been within
10? of the correct direction in this angular assessment.) The
subject then generated a 15-min tape-recorded description and
the drawings shown in Fig. 6.
In discussing the drawings, Elgin indicated that he was
uncertain as to the action, but had the impression that the
demarcation team was located at a museum (known to him)
in a particular park. In fact, the target was a tennis court lo-
cated in that park about 90 m from the indicated museum.
Once again, we note the characteristic (discussed earlier) of a
resemblance between the target site and certain gestalt ele-
ments of the subject's response, especially in regard to the
drawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of
the significances. Nonetheless, when rank ordering transcripts
1 through 8 at the site, the judge ranked this transcript as 2.
This example illustrates a continuing observation that most of
the correct information related to us by subjects is of a non-
analytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material
rather than to function or name.
A second example from this group, generated by S3 (Swann),
indicates the level of proficiency that can be attained with
practice. In the two years since we first started working with
URQ1 nos
00 bow
experiments, he dictates two lists for us to record. One list
contains objects that he "sees," but does not think are located
at the remote scene. A second list contains objects that he
thinks are at the scene. In our evaluation, he has made much
progress in this most essential ability to separate memory
and imagination from paranormal inputs. This is the key to
bringing the remote-viewing channel to fruition with regard to
its potential usefulness.
The quality of transcript that can be generated by this pro-
cess is evident from the results of our most recent experiment
with Swann. The target location chosen by the usual double-
blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Swann described a
tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows. His
sketch, together with the photograph of the site, is shown in
Fig. 7. He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it."
At the time the target team was at the City Hall during the
experiment, the fountain was not running. He also made an
effort to draw a replica of the designs in the pavement in front
of the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees
(four) in the sketch.
For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S3, the
numerical evaluation 'based on blind rank ordering of tran-
scripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 X 10-4 and in-
cluded three direct hits and three second ranks for the target-
associated transcripts (see Table IV).
D. Subjects S5 and S6: Learners
To complete the series, four experiments each were carried
g eg outwith learner subjects S5 and S6, a man and woman on the
St`YE efit"PP>a%0iQ10WV1q9Q1rults in this case taken as a
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Fig. 8. Subject (S6) drawing of White Plaza, Stanford University. Sub-
ject drew what she called "curvy benches" and then announced cor-
rectly that the place was "White Plaza at Stanford."
Second, when an individual observes a successful demonstra-
tion experiment involving another person as subject, it inevi-
tably occurs to him that perhaps chicanery is involved. We
have found the most effective way to settle this issue for the
observer is to have the individual himself act as a subject so as
to obtain personal experience against which our reported
results can be evaluated.
The first visitor (VI) was invited to participate as a subject
in a three-experiment series. All three experiments contained
elements descriptive of the associated target locations; the
quality of response increased with practice. The third re- RESPONSES OF VISITING
sponse is shown in Fig. 9, where again the pattern elements in SCIENTIST SUBJECT
the drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject's
analytic la e~0(3V dr win$ of merry-go-round target.
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ET LOCATION: XEROX MACHINE
TARG
(TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
r
Fig. 11. Drawings by three subjects (S2, S3, and V3) for Xerox machine target. When asked to describe the square at upper left of response on
the right, subject (V3) said, "There was this predominant light source which might have been a window, and a working surface which might have
been the sill, or a working surface or desk." Earlier the subject had said, "I have the feeling that there is something silhouetted against the
window."
Observations with unselected subjects such as those de-
scribed above indicate that remote viewing may be a latent and
widely distributed perceptual ability.
F. Technology Series: Short-Range Remote Viewing
Because remote viewing is a perceptual ability, we consid-
ered it important to obtain data on its resolution capabilities.
To accomplish this, we turned to the use of indoor techno-
logical targets.
Twelve experiments were carried out with five different sub-
jects, two of whom were visiting government scientists. They
were told that one of the experimenters would be sent by
random protocol to a laboratory within the SRI complex and
that he would interact with the equipment or apparatus at
that location. It was further explained that the experimenter
remaining with the subject was, as usual, kept ignorant of the
contents of the target pool to prevent cueing during question-
ing. (Unknown to subjects, targets in the pool were used with
replacement; one of the goals of this particular experiment was
to obtain multiple responses to a given target to investigate
whether correlation of a number of subject responses would
provide enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio.) The sub-
ject was asked to describe the target both verbally (tape
recorded) and by means of drawings during a time-synchronized
15-min interval in which the outbound experimenter inter-
acted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the
target area.
In the twelve experiments, seven targets were used: a drill
press, Xerox machine, video terminal, chart recorder, four-
state random number generator, machine shop, and type-
writer. Three of these were used twice (drill press, video
terminal and typewriter) and one (Xerox machine) came up
TO ADD INTEREST TO TARGET
LOCATION EXPERIMENTER WITH
HIS HEAD BEING XEROXED
Comparisons of the targets and subject drawings for three of
the multiple-response cases (the typewriter, Xerox machine,
and video terminal) are shown in Figs. 10, 11, and 12. As is
apparent from these illustrations alone, the experiments
provide circumstantial evidence for an information channel
of useful bit rate. This includes experiments in which visit-
ing government scientists participated as subjects (Xerox
machine and video terminal) to observe the protocol. In
general, it appears that use of multiple-subject responses to a
single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target
identification by a single individual. This conclusion is borne
out by the judging described below.
Given that in general the drawings constitute the most
accurate portion of a subject's description, in the first judging
procedure a judge was asked simply to blind match only the
drawings (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets. Multiple-
subject responses to a given target were stapled together, and
thus seven subject-drawing response packets were to be
matched to the seven different targets for which drawings were
made. The judge did not have access to our photographs of
the target locations, used for illustration purposes only, but
rather proceeded to each of the target locations by list. While
standing at each target location, the judge was required to rank
order the seven subject-drawing response packets (presented in
random order) on a scale 1 to 7 (best to worst match). For
seven targets, the sum of ranks could range from 7 to 49. The
sum in this case, which included I direct hit and 4 second
ranks out of the 7 (see Table VII) was 18, a result significant
atp=0.036.
In the second more detailed effort at evaluation, a visiting
scientist selected at random one of the 12 data packages (a
drill press experiment), sight unseen and submitted it for i n -
er with a request for an esti-
three time c ~ r 1 ~e ~ ~o - ro~~$i~~8/09 : CIA-RDP9P'- M~RO g t~3~~~~ t
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F
1'.
Fig. 13. Subject (S4) drawing of drill press showing belt drive, stool,
and a "vertical graph that goes up and down."
Thus the primary achievement'of the SRI program was the
elicitation of high-quality remote viewing from individuals
who agreed to act as subjects. Criticism of this claim could
in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential
flaws. 1) The study could involve naivete in protocol that
permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unintentional.
2) The experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger
pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality.
3) Data for the reported experiments could be edited to show
only the matching elements, the nonmatching elements being
discarded.
All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard
to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none
of the persons in contact with the subject can be aware of the
target. Second, selection of experiments for reporting did not
take place; every experiment was entered as performed on a
master log and is included in the statistical evaluations. Third,
data associated with a given experiment remain unedited; all
experiments are tape recorded and all data are included un-
edited in the data package to be judged and evaluated.
In the process of judging-attempting to match transcripts--
against targets on the basis of the information in the
transcripts-some patterns and regularities in the transcript
descriptions became evident, particularly regarding individual
styles in remote viewing and in the perceptual form of the
descriptions given by the subjects. These patterns and the
judging procedure are discussed below.
a) Styles of response: The fifty-one transcripts were
taken from nine different subjects. Comparing the tran-
scripts of one subject with those of another revealed that each
pattern tended to focus on certain aspects of the remote
target complex and to exclude others, so that each had an
individual pattern of response, like a signature.
Subject S3, for example, frequently responded with topo-
graphical descriptions, maps, and architectural features of the
target locations. Subject S2 often focused on the behavior of
the remote experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried
out at the target. The transcripts of subject S4, more than
those of other subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the lo-
cation, and experiential or sensory gestalts-for example,
light/dark elements in the scene and indoor/outdoor and
enclosed/open distinctions. Prominent features of S 1's tran-
scripts were detailed descriptions of what the target persons
were concretely experiencing, seeing, or doing-for example,
standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water; looking at
a purple iris.
The range of any individual subject's responses was wide.
Anyone might draw a map or describe the mood of the remote
experimenter, but the consistency of each subject's overall
approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a
directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also
occur in remote viewing processes.
b) Nature of the description: The concrete descriptions
that appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of
subunits of the overall scene. For example, when the target
was a Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a
rolling object (the moving light) or dials and a cover that is
lifted (S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by
name or function.
In a few transcripts, the subjects correctly identified and
named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the
subject (V2) apparently perceived the terminal and the relay
racks behind it. In the case of targets which were Hoover
Tower and White Plaza, the subjects (S1 and S6, respectively)
seemed to identify the locations through analysis of their
initial images of the elements of the target.
There were also occasional incorrect identifications. Gestalts
were incorrectly named; for example, swimming pools in a
park were identified as water storage tanks at a water filtration
plant (S 1).
The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate
one-the individual elements and items that make up the tar-
get. This is suggestive of a scanning process that takes sample
perceptions from within the overall environment.
When the subjects tried to make sense out of these fragmen-
tary impressions, they often resorted to metaphors or con-
structed an image with a kind of perceptual inference. From
a feeling of the target as an "august" and "solemn" building,
a subject (S4) said it might be a library; it was a church. A
pedestrian overpass above a freeway was described as a conduit
(S4). A rapid transit station, elevated above the countryside,
was associated with an observatory (S2). These responses
seem to be the result of attempts to process partial informa-
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IV. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING TIME
If the authors may be forgiven a personal note, we wish to
express that this section deals with observations that we have
been reluctant to publish because of their striking apparent in-
compatibility with existing concepts. The motivating factor
for presenting the data at this time is the ethical consideration
that theorists endeavoring to develop models for paranormal
functioning should be apprised of all the observable data if
their efforts to arrive at a comprehensive and correct descrip-
tion are to be successful.
During the course of the experimentation in remote viewing
(Section III), subjects occasionally volunteered the informa-
tion that they had been thinking about their forthcoming par-
ticipation in a remote-viewing experiment and had an image
come to them as to what the target location was to be. On
these occasions, the information was given only to the experi-
menter remaining at SRI with the subject and was unknown to
the outbound experimenter until completion of the experi-
ment. Two of these contributions were among the most
accurate descriptions turned in during those experiments.
Since the target location had not yet been selected when the
subject communicated his perceptions about the target, we
found the data difficult to contend with.
We offer these spontaneous occurrences not as proof of pre-
cognitive perception, but rather as the motivation that led us
to do further work in this field. On the basis of this firsthand
evidence, together with the copious literature describing years
of precognition experiments carried out in various other labo-
ratories, we decided to determine whether a subject could per-
form a perceptual task that required both spatial and temporal
remote viewing.
It is well known and recently has been widely discussed that
nothing in the fundamental laws of physics forbids the appar-
ent transmission of information from the future to the present
(discussed further in Section V). Furthermore, there is a gen-
eral dictum that "in physical law, everything that is not forbid-
den, is required" [611. With this in mind, we set out to con-
duct very well-controlled experiments to determine whether
we could deliberately design and execute experiments for the
sole purpose of observing precognition under laboratory
conditions.
The experimental protocol was identical to that followed in
previous remote-viewing experiments with but one exception.
The exception was that the subject was required to describe
the remote location during a 15-min period beginning 20 min
before the target was selected and 35 min before the outbound
experimenter was to arrive at the target location.
In detail, as shown in Table IX, each day at ten o'clock one
of the experimenters would leave SRI with a stack of ten
sealed envelopes from a larger pool and randomized daily, con-
taining traveling instructions that had been prepared, but that
were unknown to the two experimenters remaining with the
subject. The subject for this experiment was Hella Hammid
(S4) who participated in the nine-experiment series replicating
the original Price work described earlier. The traveling experi-
menter was to drive continuously from 10:00 until 10:30 be-
fore selecting his destination with a random number generator.
(The motivation for continuous motion was our observation
that objects and persons in rapid motion are not generally seen
in the remote-viewing mode of perception, and we wished the
traveler to be a poor target until he reached his target site.) At
the end of 30 min of driving, the traveling experimenter gener-
SSIFIED
TABLE IX
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL: PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE VIEWING
Time
Schedule
Experimenter/Subject Activity
10:00
Outbound experimenter leaves with 10 envelopes (containing
target locations) and random number generator;
begins half-hour drive
10:10
Experimenters remaining with subject in the laboratory
elicit from subject a description of where outbound
experimenter will be from 10:45-11:00
10:25
Subject response completed, at which time laboratory part
of experiment is over
10:30
Outbound experimenter obtains random number from a random
number generator, counts down to associated envelope, and
proceeds to target location indicated
10:45
Outbound experimenter remains at target location for
15 minutes (10:45-11:00)
Fig. 14. Subject Hammid (S4) described "some kind of congealing tar,
or maybe an area of condensed lava ... that has oozed out to fill up
some kind of boundaries."
ated a random digit from 0 to 9 with a Texas Instruments
SR-51 random number generator; while still in motion, he
counted down that number of envelopes and proceeded di-
rectly to the target location so as to arrive there by 10:45. He
remained at the target site until 11:00, at which time he re-
turned to the laboratory, showed his chosen target name to a
security guard, and entered the experimental room.
During the same period, the protocol in the laboratory was
as follows. At 10:10, the subject was asked to begin a descrip-
tion of the place to which the experimenter would go 35 min
hence. The subject then generated a tape-recorded description
and associated drawings from 10:10 to 10:25, at which time
her part in the experiment was ended. Her description was
thus entirely concluded 5 min before the beginning of the tar-
get selection procedure.
Four such experiments were carried out. Each of them ap-
peared to be successful, an evaluation later verified in blind
judging without error by three judges. We will briefly sum-
marize the four experiments below.
The first target, the Palo Alto Yacht Harbor, consisted en-
tirely of mud flats because of an extremely low tide (see Fig.
14). Appropriately, the entire transcript of the subject per-
tained to "some kind of congealing tar, or maybe an area of
condensed lava. It looks like the whole area is covered with
some kind of wrinkled elephant skin that has oozed out to fill
up some kind of boundaries where (the outbound experi-
menter) is standing." Because of the lack of water, the dock
where the remote experimenter was standing was in fact rest-
ing directly on the mud.
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the corresponding target locations. A long-range experimental
program devoted to the clarification of these issues and involv-
ing a number of subjects is under way. The above four experi-
ments are the first four carried out under this program.
Currently, we have no precise model of this spatial and tem-
poral remote viewing phenomenon. However, models of the
universe involving higher order synchronicity or correlation
have been proposed by the physicist Pauli and the psychologist
Carl Jung [ 62 1.
ACAUSALITY. If natural law5 were an absolute truth, then of
course there could not possibly be any processes that deviate
from it. But since causalitys is a statistical truth, it holds good
only on average and thus leaves room for exceptions which must
somehow be experienceable, that is to say, real. I try to regard
synchronistic events as accusal exceptions of this kind. They
prove to be relatively independent of space and time; they rela-
tivize space and time insofar as space presents in principle no ob-
stacle to their passage and the sequence of events in time is in-
verted so that it looks as if an event which has not yet occurred
were causing a perception in the present.
We shall see in the next section that such a description,
though poetic, has some basis in modern physical theory.
V. DISCUSSION
It is important to note at the outset that many contempo-
rary physicists are of the view that the phenomena that we
have been discussing are not at all inconsistent with the
framework of physics as currently understood. In this emerg-
ing view, the often-held belief that observations of this type
are incompatible with known laws in principle is erroneous,
such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent
before the development of modern quantum theory and
information theory.
One hypothesis, put forward by I. M. Kogan of the USSR,
is that information transfer under conditions of sensory
shielding is mediated by extremely low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic waves in the 300-1000-km region [37]-
1401. Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed
on the basis of slower than inverse square attenuation, com-
patible with source -percipient distances lying in the induc-
tion field range as opposed to the radiation field range; ob-
served low bit rates (0.005-0.1 bit/s) compatible with the
information carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent ineffec-
tiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator;
and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically gener-
ated currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-
to-noise ratios.
M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian Uni-
versity, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to
the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves" and their
harmonics propagating along the earth-ionosphere waveguide
duct may be responsible. Such an hypothesis is compatible
with driving by brain-wave currents and leads to certain other
hypotheses such as asymmetry between east-west and west-
east propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight-4
A.M.), and expected negative correlation between success
and the U index (a measure of geomagnetic disturbance
throughout the world). Persinger claims initial support for
these factors on the basis of a literature search [ 63 ], [ 64 1. ,
On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF
interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are the following: a) ap-
ASS!FIED
parent -
detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater
than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF
signal; b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decod-
ing the information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and c) ap-
parent precognition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless re-
main open at this stage of research, since it is conceivable that
counterindication a) may eventually be circumvented on the
basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of
low bit rate input and high bit rate "filling in the blanks" from
imagination; counterindication b) is common to a number of
normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a
lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual
functioning . [651; and counterindication c) may be accom-
modated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as well as
retarded waves are admitted [66], [67]. Experimentation to
determine whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried
out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of para-
metric dependence on propagational directions and diurnal
timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused
by creation of a high-intensity ELF environment during ex-
perimentation, all of which are under consideration in our lab-
oratory and elsewhere.
Some physicists believe that the reconciliation of observed
paranormal functioning with modern theory may take place at
a more fundamental level-namely, at the level of the founda-
tions of quantum theory. There is a continuing dialog, for
example, on the proper interpretation of the effect of an ob-
server (consciousness) on experimental measurement [681,
and there is considerable current interest in the implications
for our notions of ordering in time and space brought on by
the observation [691, [70] of nonlocal correlation or "quan-
tum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term [711 ) of distant
parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. The
latter, Bell's theorem [72], emphasizes that "no theory of
reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially
separated events to be independent" [73], but must permit
interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that is con-
trary to ordinary experience [ 74 ] -[ 75 1. This prediction has
been experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent
experiments of, for example, Freedman and Clauser [69],
[70].
E. H. Walker and O. Costa de Beauregard, independently
proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on quan-
tum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the
possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and
the environment and that the nonlocality principle permits
such coupling to transcend spatial and temporal barriers [761,
[77].
Apparent "time reversibility"-that is, effects (e.g., observa-
tions) apparently preceding causes (e.g., events)-though con-
ceptually difficult at first glance, may be the easiest of appar-
ent paranormal phenomena to assimilate within the current
theoretical structure of our world view. In addition to the
familiar retarded potential solutions f(t - r/c), it is well known
that the equations of, for example, the electromagnetic field
admit of advanced potential solutions f (t + r/c)-solutions that
would appear to imply a reversal of cause and effect. Such
solutions are conventionally discarded as not corresponding to
any observable physical event. One is cautioned, however, by
statements such as that of Stratton in his basic text on electro-
magnetic theory [781.
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 I
--- I-INCI-RRIF
TABLE X
5-BIT CODE FOR ALPHANUMERIC
CHARACTERS
E
00000
Y
01000
T
11111
G,J
10111
N
00001
W
01001
R
11110
V
10110
1
00010
B
01010
0
11101
4
10101
A
00011
1
01011
S,X,Z
11100
2
10100
D
00100
3
01100
H
11011
4
10011
L
00101
5
01101
C,K,Q
11010
6
10010
F
00110
7
01110
P
11001
8
10001
U
00111
9
01111
M
11000
10000
Note: Alphabet characters listed
in order of decreasing frequency
in English text. See, for example,
A. Sinkov [79]. (The low-fre-
quency letters, X, Z, K, Q, and J,
have been grouped with similar
characters to provide space for
numerics in a 5-bit code.) In
consideration of the uneven dis-
tribution of letter frequencies in
English text, this code is chosen
such that 0 and 1 have equal
probability.
dundancy. One efficient coding scheme for such a channel is
obtained by application of a sequential sampling procedure of
the type used in production-line quality control (80). The
adaptation of such a procedure to paranormal communication
channels, which we now discuss, was considered first by
Taetzsch [ 81 ]. The sequential method gives a rule of proce-
dure for making one of three possible decisions following the
receipt of each bit: accept I as the bit being transmitted; reject
1 as the bit being transmitted (i.e., accept 0); or continue
transmission of the bit under consideration. The sequential
sampling procedure differs from fixed-length coding in that
the number of bits required to reach a final decision on a
message bit is not fixed before transmission, but depends on
the results accumulated with each transmission. The principal
advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared
with the other methods is that, on the average, fewer bits per
final decision are required for an equivalent degree of
reliability.
Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the speci-
fication of parameters that are determined on the basis of the
following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1)
is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we
may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibili-
ties (0,1). Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the
probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is
p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote-sensing
channel could then be expected to alter the probability of
correct identification to a value p = 0.5 + Vi, where the param-
eter 0 satisfies 0 < I nP I < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive
or negative depending on whether the paranormal channel
results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-missing.) Good psi func-
tioning on a repetitive task has been observed to result in >y =
50
dZ
wW
= a 40
Q N
L) 30
U. d
O12
w g 20
W
Z cc
cc 10
7
M
U
20 30 40 50 60
NUMBER OF TRIALS
Fig. 18. Enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio by sequential sampling
procedure (po = 0.4, p, = 0.6, a = 0.01, p = 0.01).
The question to be addressed is whether, after repeated
transmission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate
po commensurate with the hypothesis Ho that the bit in ques-
tion is a "0," or at a higher rate pl commensurate with the
hypothesis HI that the bit in question is indeed a "l." The
decision-making process requires the specification of four
parameters.
The probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message bit
as a "1." The probability of labeling correctly a "0" as
a "0" is p = 0.5 + Ob = 0.6. Therefore, the probability
of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "1" is 1 - p = 0.4 = p0.
The probability of labeling correctly a "1" message bit
asa"1,"is given bypl =0.5+Ib=0.6.
The probability of rejecting a correct identification for
a "0" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01.
The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for a "1" (Type II error). We shall take R = 0.01.
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling
procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as
shown in Fig. 18. The equations for the upper and lower limit
lines are
1 =d1 +SN
0 = -do+SN
DECISION 2
Accept "0" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
DECISION 1
Accept "1" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
log a log Q
d0
-PO 7), 1 - Po
P1 1
-
log
Po 1-P1
log PO
I-P1
log P1 1 - Po
-- -
Po I-P1
0.12, as reported by Ryz1 [31]. Therefore, to indicate the in which S is the slope, N is the number of trials, and d 1 and
design procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter do are the y-axis intercepts. A cumulative record of receiver-
tyb = 0.1 % s ~/e8/ b i~a-RDP*e~1-'dV92 881f (~d31t~b rg~t bit is compiled until either
 ,~,e
PUTHOFF A TARG: PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFO' A RA
Usually at some places there should be a building, large or
small that the courtyard is about. Look at the end or the sides
of the courtyard. Is there anything to be seen?
I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid build-
ings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a
sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story,
maybe an occasional two story one.
Do you have any better idea of what your square was that
you saw at the outset?
No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses.
Does it seem part of this scene?
It ... I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board
or something with notices on it maybe.
Or something that, people are expected to look at. Maybe a
window with things in it that people were expected to look at.
What kind of trees do you see in this place?
I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that
they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of
trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So
that the branches have maybe a 12 foot diameter, or some-
thing. Not real big trees.
New trees rather than old trees?
Yeah, maybe 5 or 10 years old, but not real old ones.
Is there anything interesting about the pavement?
No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not
very interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping
around. Little patches of grass around the edges and periph-
eries. Maybe some flowers. But, not lush.
You saw some benches. Do you want to tell me about them?
Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There
was some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt
like.
They were of rough cement.
What do you think Hal is doing while he is there?
I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project
them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back
and forth not covering a whole lot of territory.
Sometimes standing still while he looks around.
I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense
that it was being recorded or something. I don't know if he
has a tape recorder, but if it's not that, then he is saying some-
thing because it needed to be remembered. It's 11:33. He's
just probably getting ready to come back.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the principal subjects, Mrs. Hella
Hammid, Pat Price, and Ingo Swann, who showed patience and
forbearance in addition to their enthusiasm and outstanding
perceptual abilities. We note with sadness the death of one of
our subjects, Mr. Price. We express our sincere thanks also to
Earle Jones, Bonnar Cox, and Dr. Arthur Hastings, of SRI, and
Mrs. Judith Skutch and Richard Bach, without whose en-
couragement and support this work could not have taken
place.
..11NGLASSIFIED
18, 1974.
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Rinehart, 1937.
110] J. Pratt and J. B. Rhine at al., Extra-Sensory Perception after
Sixty Years. New York: Henry Holt, 1940.
[111 C. Scott, "G. Spencer Brown and probability: A critique,"
J. Soc. Psychical Res., vol. 39, pp. 217-234,1958.
[121 G. R. Price, "Science and the supernatural," Science, vol. 122,
pp.359-367,1955.
[131 -, "Apology to Rhine and Soal," Science, vol. 175, p. 359,
1972.
[141 J. B. Rhine, "A new case of experimenter unreliability," J.
Parapsychol., vol. 38, pp. 215-225, June 1974.
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(16] C. Scott and P. Haskell, "'Normal' explanation of the Soal-
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1 171 C. E. M. Hansel, ESP-A Scientific Evaluation. New York:
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[18] J. B. Rhine and J. G. Pratt, "A review of the Pearce-Pratt dis-
tance series of ESP tests," J. Parapsychol., vol. 18, pp. 165-177,
1954.
1191 J. G. Pratt and J. L. Woodruff, "Size of stimulus symbols in extra-
sensory perception," J. Parapsychol., vol. 3, pp. 121-158, 1939.
[20] S. G. Soal and H. T. Bowden, The Mind Readers: Recent Experi-
ments in Telepathy. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1954.
[21] C. Honorton, "Error some place!" J. Commun., vol. 25, no. 1
(Annenberg School of Commun.), Winter 1975.
[22] M. Ryzl, "Training the psi faculty by hypnosis," J.
Psychical Res., vol. 41, pp. 234-251, 1962.
[23] CIBA Foundation Symposium on Extra Sensory
Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1956.
124] M. RyzI and J. Pratt, "A repeated-calling ESP test
cards," J. Parapsychol., vol. 27, pp. 161-174, 1963.
[25] -, "A further confirmation of stabilized ESP performance in a
selected subject," J. Parapsychol., vol. 27, pp. 73-83, 1963.
[261 J. Pratt, "Preliminary experiments with a 'borrowed' ESP sub-
ject," J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., vol. 42, pp. 333-345, 1964.
[271 J. Pratt and J. Blom, "A confirmatory experiment with 'bor-
rowed" outstanding ESP subject," J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res.,
vol. 42, pp. 381-388, 1964.
W. G. Roll and J. G. Pratt, "An ESP test with aluminum targets,"
J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., vol. 62, pp. 381-387, 1968.
J. Pratt, "A decade of research with a selected ESP subject: An
overview and reappraisal of the work with Pavel Stepanek,"
Proc. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., vol. 30, 1973.
C. Shannon and W. Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Com-
munication. Urbana, IL: Univ. Illinois Press, 1949.
M. Ryzl, "A model for parapsychological communication,"
J. Parapsychol., vol. 30, pp. 18-31, Mar. 1966.
C. Tart, "Card guessing tests: Learning paradigm or extinction
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M. Ullman and S. Krippner, with A. Vaughan, Dream Telepathy.
New York: Macmillan, 1973.
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Santa Monica, CA, p. 4145, July 1969.
1411 A. S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Life. New York:
[11 J. R. Smythies, Ed., Science and ESP.
London, England: Rout-
Plenum, 1970.
ledge, 1967.
[421
Y. A. Kholodov, Ed., Influence of Magnetic Fields on Biological
[21 C. Evans, "Parapsychology-What the
questionnaire revealed,"
Objects, JPRS 63038, NTIS, Springfield, VA, Sept. 24, 1974.
New Scientist, Jan. 25, 1973, p. 209.
1431
Y. A. Kholodov, "Investigation of the direct effect of magnetic
h
P
"
[31 A. Gould, The Founders of Psychical Research. New York:
syc
o-
in Proc. 1st Conf.
fields on the central nervous system,
Schocken Books, 1968. See also W. Crookes, Researches In the
tronic Res., JPRS L/5022.1 and 2, Sept. 6, 1974.
Phenomena of Spiritualism. London, England: J. Burns, 1874.
[441 D. Mennie, "Consumer electronics," IEEE Spectrum, vol. 12,
141 R. Targ and H. Puthoff, "Information transmission under condi-
pp. 34-35, Mar. 1975.
tions of sensory shielding," Nature, vol. 252, pp. 602-607, Oct.
[451 W. P. Zinchenko, A. N. Leontiev, B. M. Lomov, and A. R. Luria,
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Appendix'B
THE PERSISTENT PARADOX OF PSYCHIC PHENOMENA:
AN ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE
UNCLASSIFIED
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Appendix C
BIBLIOGRAPHY: REMOTE VIEWING REPLICATION STUDIES
(GEOGRAPHICAL SITES)
1. Allen, S., Green, P., Rucker, K., Goolsby, C., & Morris, R. L.,
"'A Remote Viewing Study using a Modified Version of the SRI Procedure,"
in J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in
Parapsychology, 1975 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1976 .
2. Bisaha, J. P., & Dunne, B. J., "Precognitive Remote Viewing in the
Chicago Area: A Replication of the Stanford Experiment," in J. D.
Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology,
1976.(Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1977).
3. Bisaha, J. P., & Dunne, B. J., "Multiple Subject and Long Distance
Precognitive Remote Viewing of Geographic Locations," Proceedings of.
the IEEE 1977 International Conference on Cybernetics and Society,
Vol. 7, pgs. 512-516 (1977).
4. Bisaha, J. P. & Dunne, B. J., "Multiple Subject and Long-Distance
Precognitive Remote Viewing of Geographical Locations," in C. T. Tart,
H. E. Puthoff, & R. Targ (Eds.), Mind at Large (New York, Praeger,
:1979).
5. Chotas, Harrell G., "Remote Viewing in the Durham Area," Journal of
Parapsychology, 1978, Vol. 42, pgs. 61-62 (Abstract).
6. :Dunne, B. J., & Bisaha, J. P., "Multiple Channels in Precognitive
Remote Viewing," in W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research in Parapsychology, 1977
(Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1978).
7. Dunne, B. J., & Bisaha, J. P., "Long Distance Precognitive Remote
Viewing," in W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research in Parapsychology, 1978
(Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1979).
8. Dunne, B. J. & Bisaha, J. P., "Precognitive Remote Viewing in the
Chicago Area: A Replication of the Stanford Experiment," Journal of
Parapsychology, 1979, Vol. 43, pgs. 17-30.
9. Dunne, B., & Bisaha, J. P., "Precognitive Remote Perception: A Critical
Overview of the Experimental Program," in W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research
in Parapsychology, 1979 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1980).
10. Hastings, A. C., & Hurt, D. B., "A Confirmatory Remote Viewing
Experiment in a Group Setting," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 64,
pga. 1544-1545 (1976).
C-1
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11. Jahn, R. G., "The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An
Engineering Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 70, pgs. 136-
170 (1982).
12. Karnes, E. W., Ballou, J. Susman, E. P., & Swaroff, P., "Remote
Viewing: Failures to Replicate with Control Comparisons," Psycho-
logical Reports, Vol. 45, pgs. 963-973 (1979).
13. Karnes, E. W., Susman, E. P., Klusman, P., & Turcotte, L., "Failures
to Replicate Remote Viewing using Psychic Subjects," Zetetic Scholar,
Vol. 6, pgs. 66-76 (July 1980).
14. Marks, D., & Kammann, R., "The Psychology of the Psychic," (Buffalo,
N.Y., Prometheus, 1980).
15. Palmer, J. Whitson, T., & Bogart, D. N., "Ganzfeld and Remote Viewing:
A Systematic Comparison," in W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research in Parapsychology,
1979 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1980).
16. Puthoff, H. E. & Targ, "Remote Viewing of Natural Targets," in J. D.
Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology,
1974 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1975).
17. Puthoff, H. E., & Targ, R., "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 64, pgs. 329-354 (1976).
18. Puthoff, H. E., & Targ, R., "Precognitive Remote Viewing," in J. D.
Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.)., Research in Parapsychology,
1.975 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1976).
19. Puthoff, H. E., & Targ, R., "Remote Viewing: A New Research Frontier,"
in Martin Ebon (Ed.), The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology (New York,
New American Library 'Signet', 1978).
20. Puthoff, H. E., & Targ, R., "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," in C. T. Tart, H. E. Puthoff, & R. Targ (Eds.), Mind at
Large (New York, Praeger, 1979).
21. Puthoff, H. E., & Targ, R., "Direct Perception of Remote Geographical
Locations," in A. Puharich (Ed.), The Iceland Papers: Select Papers
on Experimental and Theoretical Research on the Physics of Consciousness
,Amherst, Wis., Essential Research Associates, 1979).
22. Puthoff, H. E., Targ, R., & May, E. C., "Experimental Psi Research:
Implications for Physics," in R. G. Jahn (Ed.), The Role of Con-
sciousness in the Physical World (Boulder, Colo., Westview, 1981).
C-2
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23. Rauscher, E. A., Weismann, G., Sarfatti, J., Sirag, S. P., "Remote
Perception of Natural Scenes, Shielded against Ordinary Perception,"
in J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in
Parapsychology, 1975 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1976).
24. Schlitz, M., & Deacon, S., "Remote Viewing: A Conceptual Replication
of Targ and Puthoff," in W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research in Parapsychology,
1979 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1980).
25. Schlitz, M., & Gruber, E., "Transcontinental Remote Viewing," Journal
of Parapsychology, 1980, Vol. 44, pgs. 305-317 (1980).
26. Schlitz, M., & Gruber, E., "Transcontinental Remote Viewing," in W. G.
Roll & J. Beloff (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology, 1980 (Metuchen,
N.J., Scarecrow, 1981).
27. Schlitz, M., & Gruber, E., "Transcontinental Remote Viewing: A
Rejudging," Journal of Parapsychology, 1981, Vol. 45, pgs. 233-237.
28. Schlitz, M., & Gruber, E., 'Transcontinental Remote Viewing: A
Rejudging," in W. G. Roll, R. L. Morris, and R. A. White, Research
in Parapsychology, 1981 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1982).
29. Schlitz, M. J., Sarling, J. M. H., & Weiner, D. H., "Long Distance
Remote Viewing: A Conceptual Replication," in W. G. Roll, R. L. Morris,
and R. A. White (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology, 1981 (Metuchen,
N.J., Scarecrow, 1982).
30. Smukler, H., "A Remote Viewing Experiment California to Rhode Island,"
Meta-Science Quarterly, Vol. 1 (1), pgs. 25-32.
31. Solfvin, G., Roll, W. G., & Krieger, J., "Meditation and ESP: Remote
Viewing," in W. G. Roll (Ed.), Research in Parapsychology, 1977
(Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1978 .
32. Targ, R., & Morris, R. L., "Note on a Reanalysis of UCBS Remote-Viewing
Experiments," Journal of Parapsychology, 1982, Vol. 46, pgs. 47-50.
33. Targ, R., & Puthoff, H. E., "Replication Study on the Remote Viewing
of Natural Targets," in J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.),
Research in Parapsychology, 1975 (Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1976).
34. Targ, R., & Puthoff, H. E., "Information Transmission under Conditions
of Sensory Shielding," Nature, Vol. 251, pgs. 602-607 (1974).
35. Targ, R., & Puthoff, H. E., Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic
Ability (New York, Delacorte, 1977).
36. Targ, R., & Puthoff, H. E., "Remote Viewing of Natural Targets," in
L. Oteri (Ed.), Quantum Physics and Parapsychology (New York,
Parapsychology Foundation, 1975).
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37. Targ, R., Puthoff, H. E., & May, E. C., "Direct Perception of Remote
Geographical Locations," in C. T. Tart, H. E. Puthoff, & R. Targ
(Eds.), Mind at Large (New York, Praeger, 1979).
38. Targ, R., Puthoff, H. E., & May, E. C., "State of the Art in Remote
Viewing Studies at SRI," Proceedings of the IEEE 1977 International
Conference on Cybernetics and Society, Vol. 7, pgs. 519-529 (1977).
39. Tart, C. T., Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm (New York,
Dutton, 1977).
40. Tart, C. T., Puthoff, H.E., & Targ, R. (Eds.), Mind at Large (New York,
Praeger, 1979).
41. Whitson, T. W., Bogart, D. N., Palmer, J., & Tart, C. T., "Preliminary
Experiments in Group 'Remote Viewing'," Proceedings of the IEEE,
Vol. 64, pgs. 1550-1551 (1976).
UNCLASSIFIED
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Appendix D
BIBLIOGRAPHY: REMOTE ACTION REPLICATION STUDIES
(RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR EFFECTS)
1. H. Schmidt, "PK Experiments with Animals as Subjects," J. Parapsych.,
Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 255-261 (December 1970).
2. H. Schmidt, "A PK Test with Electronic Equipment," J. Parapsych.,
Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 175-181 (September 1970).
3. F. Matas and L. Pantas, "A PK Experiment Comparing Meditating Versus
Nonmeditating Subjects," Proc. Parapsych. Assn., No. 8, pp. 12-13
(1971).
4. L. Pantas, "New Studies with Automated Testing Devices," Proc. Parapsych.
Assn., No. 8, pp. 47-49 (1971).
5. H. Schmidt and L. Pantas, "Psi Tests with Psychologically Equivalent
Conditions and Internally Different Machines," Proc. Parapsych. Assn.,
No. 8, pp. 49-51 (1971).
6. B. Camstra, "PK Conditioning," Res. in Parapsych. 1972, pp. 25-27
(1972).
7. C. Honorton and W. Barksdale, "PK Performance with Waking Suggestions
for Muscle Tension Versus Relaxation," J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res.,
Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 208-214 (April 1972).
8. E. Andre, "Confirmation of PK Action on Electronic Equipment,"
J. Parapsych., Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 283-293 (December 1972).
9. H.Schmidt and L. Pantas, "Psi Tests with Internally Different
Machines," J. Parapsych., Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 222-232 (September 1972).
10. E. F. Kelly and B. K. Kanthamani, "A Subject's Efforts Toward Voluntary
Control," J. Parapsych., Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 185-197 (September 1972).
11. H. Schmidt, "PK Tests with a High-Speed Random Number Generator,"
J. Parapsych., Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 105-118 (June 1973).
12. H. Schmidt, "PK Effect on Random Time Intervals," Res. in Parapsych.
1973, pp. 46-48 (1973).
13. K. Andrew, "Psychokinetic Influences on an Electromechanical Random
Number Generator During Evocation of "Left-Hemispheric vs Right-
Hemispheric" Functioning," Res. in Parapsych 1974, pp. 58-61 (1974).
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14. H. Schmidt, "Observation of Subconscious PK Effects with and without
Time Displacement," Res. in Parapsych 1974, pp. 116-121 (1974).
15. H. Schmidt, "Comparison of PK Action on Two Different Random Number
Generators," J. Parapsych., Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 47-55 (March 1974).
16. H. Schmidt, "PK Experiment with Repeated Time Displaced Feedback,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1975, pp. 107-115 (1975).
17. C. Honorton and E. C. May, "Volitional Control in a Psychokinetic
Task with Auditory and Visual Feedback," Res. in Parapsych. 1975,
pp. 90-91 (1975).
18. E. C. May and C. Honorton, "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1975, pp. 88-89 (1975).
19. B. Millar and R. Broughton, "A Preliminary PK Experiment with a Novel
Computer-Linked High-Speed Random Number Generator," Res. in
Parapsych. 1975, pp. 83-84 (1975).
20. W. G. Braud, G. Smith, K. Andrew, and S. Willis, "Psychokinetic
Influences on Random Number Generators During Evocation of 'Analytic"
versus 'Nonanalytic' Modes of Information Processing," Res. in
Parapsych. 1975, pp. 85-88 (1975).
21. R. G. Stanford, R. Zenhausern, A. Taylor, and M. A. Dwyer, "Psycho-
kinesis as Psi-Mediated Instrumental Response," J. Amer. Soc.
Psychical Res.,Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 127-134 (April 1975).
22. B. Millar and P. Mackenzie, "A Test of Intentional Versus Unintentional
:PK," Res. in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 32-35 (1976).
23. C. Honorton, "Effects of Meditation and Feedback on Psychokinetic
Performance: A Pilot Study with an Instructor of Transcendental
Meditation," Res. in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 95-97 (1976).
24. R. Winnett and C. Honorton, "Effects of Meditation and Feedback on
Psychokinetic Performance: Results with Practitioners of Ajapa
Yoga," Res. in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 97-98 (1976).
25. D. J. Bierman and N.V.T. Wout, "The Performance of Healers in PK Tests
with Different RNG Feedback Algorithms," Res. in Parapsych. 1976,
pp. 131-133 (1976).
26. S. Hill, "PK Effects by a Single Subject on a Binary Random Number
Generator Based on Electronic Noise," Res. in Parapsych. 1976,
pp. 26-28 (1976).
27. R. S. Broughton and B. Millar, "A PK Experiment with a Covert Release-
of-Effort Test," Res. in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 28-30 (1976).
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28. 11. Schmidt and J. C. Terry, "Search for a Relationship Between Brain-
waves and PK Performance," Res. in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 30-32 (1976).
29. B. Millar, "A Covert PK Test of a Successful Psi Experimenter," Res.
in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 111-113 (1976).
30. B. Millar and R. S. Broughton, "An Investigation of the Psi Enhance-
ment Paradigm of Schmidt," Res. in Parapsych. 1976, pp. 23-25 (1976).
31. H. Schmidt, "PK Effect on Pre-Recorded Targets," J. Amer. Soc.
Psychical Res., Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 267-292 (July 1976).
32. J. Terry and H. Schmidt, "Conscious and Subconscious PK Tests with
Pre-recorded Targets," Res. in Parapsych. 1977, pp. 36-41 (1977).
33. R. Broughton, B. Millar, J. Beloff and K. Wilson, "A PK Investigation
of the Experimenter Effect and Its Psi-Based Component," Res. in
Parapsych. 1977, pp. 41-48 (1977).
34. L. Braud and W. Braud, "Psychokinetic Effects Upon a Random Event
Generator Under Conditions of Limited Feedback to Volunteers and
Experimenters," Res. in Parapsych. 1977, pp. 135-143 (1977).
35. R. L. Jungerman and J. A. Jungerman, "Computer-Controlled Random
Number Generator PK Tests," Res. in Parapsych. 1977, pp. 157-162
(1977).
36 . J. W. Davis and M. D. Morrison, "A Test of the Schmidt Model's
Prediction Concerning Multiple Feedback in a PK Task," Res. in
Parapsych. 1977, pp. 163-168 (1977).
37. H. L. Edge, "Plant PK on an RNG and the Experimenter Effect,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1977, pp. 169-174 (1977).
38. W. Braud, "Allobiofeedback: Immediate Feedback for a Psychokinetic
Influence upon Another Person's Physiology," Res. in Parapsych. 1977,
pp. 123-134 (1977).
39. G. L. Heseltine, "Electronic Random Number Generator-Operation
Associated with EEG Activity," J. Parapsych., Vol. 41, No. 2,
pp. 103-118 (June 1977).
40. H. Schmidt, "A Take-Home Test in PK with Pre-recorded Targets,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1977, pp. 31-36 (1977).
41. G. L. Heseltine and S. A. Mayer-Oakes, "Electronic Random Generator
Operation and EEG Activity: Further Studies," J. Parapsych.,
Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 123-136 (June 1978).
42. C. Honorton and L. Tremmel, "Psi Correlates of Volition: A Preliminary
Test of Eccles' Neurophysiological Hypothesis of Mind-Brain Interaction,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1978, pp. 36-38 (1978).
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43. H. Schmidt, "Search for Psi Fluctuations in a PK Test with Cockroaches,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1978, pp. 77-78 (1978).
44. H. Schmidt, "Use of Stroboscopic Light as Rewarding Feedback in a PK
Test with Prerecorded and Momentarily-Generated Random Events,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1978, pp. 115-117 (1978).
45. M. D. Morrison and J. W. Davis, "PK with Immediate Delayed and
Multiple Feedback: A Test of the Schmidt Model's Prediction,"
Res. in Parapsych. 1978, pp. 117-120 (1978).
46. R. Morris, M. Nanko, and D. Phillips, "Intentional Observer Influence
Upon Measurements of a Quantum Mechanical System: A Comparison of
Two Imagery Strategies," Res. in Parapsych. 1978, pp. 146-148 (1978).
47. A. Levi, "The Influence of Imagery and Feedback on PK Effects,"
J. Parapsych., Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 275-289 (December 1979).
48. R. S. Broughton, B. Millar, and M. Johnson, "An Investigation into
the Use of Aversion Therapy Techniques for the Operant Control of
PK Production in Humans," Res. in Parapsych. 1979 (preprint) (1979).
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