SOVIET RESEARCH ON ESP AND THOUGHT TRANSMISSION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020026-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 1, 2011
• Sequence Number: 26
• Publication Date: June 20, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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JPRS: 951
20 June 1961
SOVIET RESEARCH ON ESP AND THOUGHT TRAN3EISSION
Distributed by
OFFICE OF TECFINICAL SERVICES
U. S. DEPARTriENT OF CON1vifERCE
WASHINGTON ~5~ D. C.
(Price; $1.OOj
U. $. JOINT PL~LICATION3 RESEARCH SERVICE
1636 CONNECTICUT AVE., rr. W.
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
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FOREWORD
Thin publication w~aai prepared under contract
by the UN1TEp STATF~ J~O~1T F~"it LIC~'~.'IOtdS RE-
SEAROH SII~VICE, a federal government organi-
sation eptab].i.ahed to service the trelialation
end?reaearch aeeda o~ the ?rarioua goverr~nt
departmeata.
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" ? ?- JPRS: 9511
CSO: 6077-N/2
SOVIET I3ESE4HCH ? OId ESP AND THOUGHT TR.AI~TSNiISSTON
L Following is a translation of selected
articles from a symposium entitled ??
"Peredacha mysli -- vozmoahna li ona?"
(Thought Transmission -- Is It Possible?)
in Znanive-ails (Knowledge -Power) No 12,
Moscow, 1960, pp 18-23.~
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'SHAT SOVIET SCIENTISTS THINt~ A$OUT THIS
THOUGHT TRAPrS:~:IS3iON -- IS IT POSSIBLE?
This year we have started a new section in our magazine.
k'e have told about the research of scientists abroad in the
field of biometerology and have publisY~ed the comments of
our scientists.
"V~~i:~.t Soviet Scientists Thine About This" -- so have
we entitt^d the new section. And immediately readers'
letters ti,,r~,an to pour in, letters s,rith questions, sugges-
tions t~~ co=_~~ent on other writings in the foreign press.
This ie ~,r'~~:t 'tae Head Scientist of the Institute of Power
Enginebrirg a.~_d Automaticm of the :'academy of Sciences,
UsSStt V. i. Us writes to us.
"Thy Frer_cr~ mr:gaaine 'Science et vie,' in a 1950 edi-
tion, p~:p'l~ahed an article on ehp?riments on thought trans-
mission i::~;~ ou;;h space conducted by 1'-mericans aboard the sub-
marixia ':~~~~ati?.v.s.' Should these reports be considered of
sciox~tlx:.c significance, and if so, what research do we
porfoxm in this field?
It seems to me that these questions may be of interest
to a wide group of readers, and wa therefore consider it
worth while to publish 4nsVrers to them in your new section
"itha.t Soviet Scientists Think About This."
We hp,ve approached E. A. Asrat fan, lLSSOCiate Member of
the Acc.demy of Sciences, USSR; D. A. Biryukov, and L. L.
Ve,sil'yev, Associe,te Members of the Academy of Medical
Sciences, USSR; P. I. Gulyayev, Doctor of Biological Scien-
ces; Professor M. N. Livanov; and other Soviet scientists.
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pur correspondent has visited Leningrad where a group
of our scientists is studying this problem. We are pub-
lishing below an abbreviated translation of reports in the
Freneh press, G. Anfilov's correspondence from Leningrad,
and the comments of Soviet scientists.
L Translator's note: the translation from the French
magazine is omitted in this English version_?%
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MEETIN"rS TrlITH THE UNKNO ~~IN
by Glen Anfilov
First Meeting
This meeting was held in Leningrad this year in June,
in one of the Physiology Chair offices at Leningrad Univ-
ersity.
Physiologists and Biophysicists got together on one
of their regular seminars, an ordinary one, in no way
unusual. A few guests were present. The head of the
Chair, Professor Leonid Leonidovich Vasiltyev, Associate
Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences, gave the floor
to the first speaker, one of the coworkers a~ the labo-
ratory.
Her unusual account to which in my opinion the audience
reacted rather casually with routine businesslike atten-
tion, is briefly retold below.
In 1930, Upton Sinclair, an American writor, pub-
lished a book entitled Mental Radio in which he spoke of
experiments in thought transmission through space which
were conducted with the assistance of the writers wife
Mary Sinclair. Later, the facts described in the book
caught the attention of a psychologist by the name of
Prince, who as he says, checked upon the authenticity of
Sin~lair~s writings through documents, reports of witnesses,
and participants; and then discussed the results of his
investigations in a paper, which now was scientific in char-
aeter (at least in its external form), entitled "Upton
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Sinclair's Experiments on Telepathy."
If we are to believe Prince, we find the following
sequence of events.
Soon after. her ?~redding, on an automobile ride, Mary
"sensed" the:presence in her home of a certain E. who
lived far away, had never t*isited her before, and was
actually found there at that time.
In 1916, Mary was suddenly alarmed about Jack London
(who eras her husband's fr~.cnd) . Precisely at this time,
Jack committed suicide.
.And now the third case. One evening Upton and Mary
were sitting in their living room. Upton was reading,
Mary w?s daydreaming and scribbling on a piece of paper.
Z~hen she looked down, she saw that subconsciously she had
drawn some kind of flowers. "What are you reading about?"
Mery asked her husband, who answered: "About flowers."
. Aftar these events tree couple decided to set up exper-
iments on the mental suggestion of drawin;s.
Mary and her husband conducted the first series of
experiments with her sister's husband, Robert Irwin.
Mary was in her room, Irwin in his home thirty miles
away. At a given preset time, Irwin would make a simple,
completely arbitrary drawing, think about it and 1-Zary would
try to catch his order, and reconstitute what ht~d been
drawn. In a number of cases "mental transmission" was
rather successful. Here are some examples of successful
tests.
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+`~ ~ :1"a e:~i? ~
~' Ids '~ fi~c3u..
n.tiTo
~ii~ 1-~ ~ ~ n:.s=7i .f~. O x 1i
~'r'fstC~, i? ~.L J ~ y~ ~~ ~17s~ i~.: ~. &~.~
~.z3;3 S ..
i~+,:rv .~inc;laS.r a~.`d +:abs: t ~rwir Y:s?uta ~. retort oa
their. ::~~~~~~'f.~E:nts, a~3 their ei~nra~~~.+res on tha{s do.:o~a~t
wt;rc~ rh tar i~Ad . ..
mGe~ ii~a~;ran Sir~c:4~.ij~ ;; ~:.~Z~d t1t~ a :pc.ri~e~'t+s.
.~-No-?
Trte Gimme '1:~8 nen-~~?. tra..L;2Y`~i.S37.Ci1 c~ drawi~~n wao
corr~ucted v;~.t:~~ir. th3 :ruse -- ~rc~n ar.~ .roan ~o ax~o~hc~r.
uut cf a~ve ~t~aete, twee tuned out n:uz?e or lase sticceo?
:~:ar~r ~ir~yi~irt a
_..._.D'rs3 ~; ~.Yi~~."~ ~_
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? D'ptcn Sinol.air? ~_:~~'--"'...'`''~_
? - ..13~a+.~. , :.,.. ~.:,:~'~' Sir~alaix~ a
:~; ' , ..~
~e,r...~n.n~... t.....,.r.S3 ~ +~la.+: ~.t:
~~~a.64~
.a~1r ~~-
~ ~Y e
"'i ~~ 6
?~,, ~ ~ ~ne~~~ov~a~s;
. ~
~r i+rww'wsrlar s.nawwr.....~.era~..~..rr~' .
?~ary 9VY?j. t ~~ ~y
"P.rofilQ"
~Phe ne-t series of experirue.its arts perfoi~e3 by
Sinclair~s seeratary~ the one after b;~ the writer
himself asap:::, acid tYie next by a Prof~;seor '~lilliam
McDouggal. There kere fe:?:er and fewer successful tests.
Gradually Diary's abilities subsided and finally ais-
appeared altogether.
Pr3.nce tried to repent Sinclair's axperir~ents witi~
ten wor~gn picked at random. He had no success.
How did Mary behav? while receiving silent sugges-
tions? In the bock, tiers tells about this. Before the
seances she underwent special training, learning to
bring herself into a state of, as tie doctors call
selft;ypr_osis. Aecordin{~ to her, recFption is particu-
larly successful "ors. the verge of sleep" and is ex-
pressed in visual images arising ir. tr~e coneoiousness
while falling asleep. .
...End of report. As is custo?nary in soientifia
seminars, the audience ask questions, ~rhereupon Pro-
fessor Vasil'ev thanks the speaker and offers
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additional comments on what was said.
? It turns out that not a few stuch "parapsychological"
investigations have been carried out. There is nothing
.new in the "mental Radio" of the Sinclairs. Xlso typical
are both the experime2ital set up, and the percentage of
correct guesses. Professor Vassil'yev notas the importance
of a rigid control of the relia'oility of such experiments,
and of their mathematical treatment. It is precisely to.
this that is devoted the second report by Professor Pavel
viktorovich Trant'yev, an enthusiast of the application of
precise aciEnce methods to biology.
It is hardly worth while to dwell on the dQtails of his
rather complex raport. The blaexboard becomes covered with
a pattern of mathematical symbols. He deals with the laws
of the theory of probability, the taking into account of
chance coincidences. in remote mental suggestion, with the
detection of unscrupulousness and collusion among the par-
ticipants in an.expcriment, with arguments on this sub~eet...
The discussion is very serous, profound,. truly sci-
entific.
.Meanwhile I am liatoning in~disbeli~:f. I cannot
believe! This is too improbable.' ~~
Indeed, the very word."telepathy" hFS long ago~beeome
synonimous with ch.~~rlatanism and blacit magic. How can a
now term, "po.rapeychology," rascue it!? The piling up of
chance coincidences, hallucin~:tory delirium here are
apparently the true sources of this "science." I~do not
conceal my doubts, and express thcm~to Professor Vasil'yev
' after th? seminar. The Professor smiles.
"There was a time when hypraoisis was considered impos-
aitile and contrary to nature. Now hypnosis ie used as a
treatment. ~ ~~
This is not yet en ~:nswer. As if few phenomena had been
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?
proven in debates! Hypnoss has beef explained, understood,
while parapsyc~iology... ~ ?
'!Yes, agrees Vasil'yev,.parapsychological phenomena
have not yet been explained. But does it follow from
here that they are unexglainable? Trey must be deciphered,
that's all. Some time i,n past, sight. was a mystery, later
it was explained. In my neaory, some not unintelligent
people "did not believe" in radio... The brain's activity
is material processes. And there is nothing supernatural
in the fact that these?process~s may be accompanied by
some material rRdiations, let them be weak, usually im-
percentible, but under certain conditions capable of
affecting another brain. !That is impossible in this?
A strict materialistic, truly scientific approach ?+,rill
here also solve the mystery underlying these processes...
?To be sure, this work is not cas3*, adds Vasil'yev.
E3rerything that is associated with this problem hFS been
overgrown with the dense bristle of idealism and m~vsticism.
.Hore dwelled and still dwell a greet meny outright crooks
and falsifiers who chatter about "the incomprehensible
soul" and other nonsense. In addition to premedit::ted
fact-fudging, th::re occurs ~ unconscious deceit s,nd self-
deceit. I perfectly understand the position of serious
scientists who come out against spiritism, a pseudosci-
entific swindle. And it is logical that parapsychology
has difficult access to the great, "official" scienc?.
However, an experiment is en experiment. Biological
remote communication yields to experimental det~ct~on.
Th~.most convincing experiments of this type have probably
been performed in our country in the period from 1932 to
193?.
In order to gat acquainted with these investigations,
Leonid Leonidovich invites me to his lecture at the
Leningrad House of Scientists. I follow his advice, and
...receive still another portion of the surprising.
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Second Meeting
June 15, 1960. The auditorium of the Leningrad House
of Scientists is full. Biologists, physicians, physioiste,
radio engineers, and +spe:ialists in the field of automa-.
tion, cybernetics, and communication are attending a leo-
ture with the appealing theme "Concerning the Problem of
Cere
~ The lecturer begins by mentioning the sensational~~
American attem t of telepathic communication with a s~
Even if the art c es concarne~:~-wi~~ hie-are
~
nothing
~but imagination, in his opinion the facts des-
cribed are in no contradiction with previous experiments.
In particular, mental transmission through a water layer
and the metallic walls of a submarine is in excellent
accord with experiments conducted by Soviet scientists in
the past.
"As a very young man, sP.ys "Vasil'yev, I came to the
laboratory of Vladimir Mikhaylovich Bekhterev, and met
Academician Petr Petrovich I,PZar~v. They were both very
much interested in experiments in the field of mental
suggestion and had communicated this passion to their "
students. Teen in the early thirties, after Bekhterev's
death, I had recruited a staff of coworkers with whom I
began an extensive series of experiments on remote mental
suggestion at the Bekhterev Institute of the Brain.
. Vasil'yev mentions the names of participants in this
rese~+rch, axtd speaks of the purpose and program of the
investigations . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ '~
First of all, different modes of mental suggestion
were verified. One of the women tested, dust as Mary
Sinclair, reproduced "suggested" drawings. For example,
?she~perceived the symbol " ~ "drawn by Vo.sil'yev as
" ~ "; " ~ " as " ~~ ", which are very much alike . In
other experiments, the sub~ects~reproduced gestures which
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wore suggested ~o them without words r_or gestures. The
.:post interesting and vs,lu~:ble experimentsYhowever, turned
out to be experiments in the mental putting to sleep and
w~ kening of ?the subjects.
In 1932, women extremely sensitive to suggestion ware
found, two of them mentally ill, and ~, third one healthy.
'Jary rc;adily they could be put into ordinary hypnotic sleep.
It wzs decided to verify whether hypnotic sleep could be
induced remotely, without the Media of hearing and sight.
The exparim~:nts began. The subject arms placed in a
room speeia.lly provided for hzr, somc:ta_:nc:s together with
the observer who entertained h.:r with eonverse,tion. In the
neighboring isolated room sat the racordsr watching over
the instruments, and in the following rocm (behind two more
w:~lls) sat the hypnolagist.. The observer did not know the
prograi~u:~ing of t:~e experiments. Only the hypnologist knew
it, but even he did not follow a procleterminsd plan, but
rather one which w^s being inproviso3 or selected at random
(by. mc~ ns of a roulette) on the spot.
At some r~orant the hypnolegist would attempt mental
sleep induction. The subject would fall asleep. Not
seeing or hearing the hypnologist she would obey his silent
order sent through thrc:3 wo.lls r'
The fact of sleep induction w~^s r~:cordecl by instruments,
iron changes in electrical potential between the upper and
the lower aids of the~ho.nd (this quantity is different
when a person is awake and asleep). A simpler method wc!s
also used; the subject would continuously squeeze and un-
squeeze a rubber bulb connected to a pneumatic autoLt~:tic
recorder which was charging a seesaw line on a paper roll.
As soon Qs the women fell asleep, her hend stopped,ceasing
to press the bulb, and the seesaw ling beea~ne straight.
Sometimes the subject would "resist" a perceived suggestion,
fighting sleep. But this would inLiedic.tely ^ffcet the
ch~rlcter of the graph.
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Now the subject is F.sleep. I,et so,:.+e timo interval
elapse, and the hypnologist attempts nental'~wakening.
The subject wakes up, or at .least "tries" to; wake axis This
is charted on the automatic racorder roll.~~ Even if tho
first awakening attempt fails., a few seosaws ^ppear on the
roll. Hence, even in this case? the hypnolagist's sugges-~
tion is perceived! .. ~ ~ ~?
The pattern of mental "remote" suggestion was most
vividly apparent in the first experiments when the sub- ?
jects did not yet know whot was going on. After a few
series of experiments, the phenomenon cf selfhypr_osis went
into effect; the subjects dev~:lopEd a conditioned reflex,
~,nd they fell into hypnotic sleep without suggestion unc'?.or
the sole influ~:nce of the "soporofic" atmosphere: But here
also the experimentors found a way of verifying the phenom-
enon open to question; by means of remote suggestion sleep
induction under selfhypnosis could be speeded up two- or
even three-fold. ~ ~ ~~
v
Here is another curious fact. When the subjects became
acquainted more closely with the hypnologists, and vice
versa, an amazing propensity for seleetiv~ remote sugges-
tion became evident. Of the three subjects being together,
a given hypnologist would be capable of putting to sleep .
some particular one. Say subject F. would be put?into
hypnotic sleep while subjects Z. and S. would remain awake.
Moreover, the subject which had been in a state of hypnotio.
sleep knew precisely which of the three hypnologists partic-
ipating in the experiments had put her asleep.; she would
always answer the observer's inquiry praoisely~right by
naming the hypnologist. ~ ~. ?
'? Professor Vasil'yev describes the sequence of the
experiments, demonstrates the laboratory plan, tables of
rosults~ and the results of the mathematical treatment.
Finally, he begins his account of the most exciting period
of exparimcnts~ namely of th~ attempt to determine the
physical nature of the mysterious "something" which is
transmitted from tho hypnologist to the subject through
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stone wallsi What is the nature of t~1is something.
'All we tho~fght of was radio waves, says Vasil'yev.
We could not conceive of anything bait radio waves. This
hypothesis appeared to be the only plausible one. Electric
currents pulsate in the brain, and any alternating current
generates an electromagnetic field, i.e., radio waves.
Well then, it is very simple to baricade oneself
against radio waves by placing' a metallic envelope - a
screen - between the hypnolagist and the subject. Radio
waves would not pass through metal, and mental suggestion
would cease. .
A screen was built. First from tin foil, then a more
massive one from thick lead plates. It was a cabin into
which the hypnologist was to shut himself. The lid of the
cabin was so cor+structed that it was to be lo~rered upon a
mercury-filled groove. No radio emission could pass
through this structure; t~.e physicists participating in
the experiments had carefully checked the reliability of
the scrasning. A spacious metallic.chamber was?set up
for the subjects as well.
The screens are ready. The experiments are resumed.
Trlhat effect has the screen?
None! It is as if there were no screen! All is as
r/ before,
Just as before, the subjects fall asleep, selfhypnosis
is speeded up, and elective sleep induotion takes place..
This means that no radio waves go from the hypnologist
to the ~ subject? 1rTha.t then?
"We were astonished, says Vasil'yev. We ourselyea
were hypnotized by the unexpected result.
The results of the investigation appeared so~strange
12
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that the authors refrained from their publication. Only
now, almost a quarter of a century later, eras it decided to
divulge them and present them to science's judgment. And
at ~Che same time, to start a series of experiments on a
new,more modern basis... ~ ..
The audience reacted to Yasil'yev's lecture in differ-
ent ways. Some were astonisheds some delighted, and some
surprised. There were also sceptics. .After the lecture the
hall and lobby were buzzing like a beehive.. I eaw~no
indifferent ones...
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THE SEARCH FOR CEREBRAL RADIO
In~Leningrad a book by F. I. Gulyayev, Doctor of
Biological Sciences, "Electrical Processes in the Human
Cerebral Meninges" was published~recentiy. In this book
there is a chapter entitled "Cerebra_l Flectromagnetic
Radiation" which describes how invastigatior_s were conducted
of the remote transmission of mental suggestions. Here are'
several curious facts vrhich are given in this chapter.
The problem of the electram?,.gnetic field of the brain
is frequently associated with the problem of the transmis-
sion of mental suggestion and of the effect of one brain
upon another independently of the sc:~lse organs. This con-
nection is thrust upon ud by the habit of thinking with
the use of known~te~chnical models. In technology, the
electromagnetic field is widely used in information transfer.
If such a field exists in the brain, then naturally there
arises the concept that it is precisely 4i~e electromagnetic
field that transmits mental suggestion.
In 1922, Academician P. P. T,azarev suggested the
existence of a cerebral electromagnetic field with a wave-
length of the order of 30 thousertd kilometers, and he
associated this field with the transference of mental sug-
gestion.
From 1925 to 1941, the Italian neurologist Caccamalli,
in cooperation with physicists of the N&arconi laboratory,
Conducted ~.Yt experimental investigation tai prove the
existence of a cerebral electromagnetic field. Caccamalli
concluded that the brain emits wc.velength~s.meter, decimeter,
and centimeter ranges.
In the some years, Zauerbuoh and ScT~uman L spelling not
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verified. Trs,ns. note, reported that they hwd discovered
en electromagnetic field in the vicinity of contracting
human and animal muscles. The field was deteoted by means
of a metallio disc connected by way of a three-tube amplif-
ier with a string galvanometer. The frequency of the
recorded rhythms was of the order of 50 hertz, that is to
eay was equal to the frequency of the muscle currents.
Subsequently, neither the experiments of Zauerbuch and
Schuman, nor Cacc~.malli's experirents were confirmed.
B. B. Kazhinskiy (1922) thcught that mental suggestion
is carried out by the electromagnetic field of the hwuen
brain. S. Ya. Turlygin (1942) after exparirrenting with the
mental suggestion of sleep arrived at the conclusion that
the brain sets up millimeter w~velength~s which are precisely
those that carry ment~i suggestion. ~In 1948, B. Y.
Krayukhin raised the question of tY~e possibility of elec-
trical induction in the tissues of a live organise. On the
basis of his experiments ha successfully solved this problem.
But the experiments of Turlygin and gazhinskiy are not
convincinb and were experimentally disproved.
First of all, the physicist Y. Arkad~yev showed
mather~~!tically in 19~t?2 that the intensity of the magnetic
field of a brain is too small to be able to remotely excite
anath~:r bruin. It is well-known that in the self-excitation
of a brain by its own currents, which is observed in epilep-
tic attacks, for instance, the voltage of these exciting
currents is about 1 volt. On the other hand, th~Ofiold
intensity of the eni?sion is of the order of 10 volt
according to Arkad'yev's calculations. accordingly, this
intensity is so low that there can not possibly be arty
remote excitation of another brain. Thus, Arkad'yev's
ealcul~:tion indicates that a cerebral electromagnetic field
exists but that ite intensity is so small as to be insuf-
ficient to affect another brain.
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f - Seoond of ally L, L,,Yasil~yev~s experiments conduc-
e tad as early as 1932, while they confirm the f'e,et of .
~ mental suggestion, disprove the electro~aagnetic fields
participation in the carrying of this. Eug~estion.
~:
16
electrical Prooes
s e s in the kur~a.n
Cortex
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NETrt EXPERIMENTS ARE NECESSARY
By E: A. Astratyan,
Associate Member of the Academy of Sciences, USSR.
The problem of thought transmission through apace has
lately been attracting more and mire notice not only from
numerous soientists abroad but from our Soviet scientists
as well.
.. In itself, the problem of thought transmission through
space is very complicated and full of contradictions. The
scientists working on the solution of this problem are not
yet in a position to present to science such facts as would
unequivoos,lly confirm the existence of this phenomenon.
Among the few exceptions to this belongs the caso of the
ubmarine "Nautilus" described in the foreign literature,
which was retold above. By th` way, the possibility is
not excluded that not all that was raported about this fact
is indoed true. In order to be fully certain about the
reality of this phenomenon, many more experiments and
theoretical proofs will be required.
On tho~other hand, certain data are known which prevent
us from categorically denying the existence 'of the very
problem and of the necessity of its further study.
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THOUGHT TBA,NSMISSION I3 IMPOSSIBLE
by D. A. Biryukov,
Associate Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences
We are witnessing how telepathy (i.e. the belief in
.the possibility of thought transmission through space)
which had baen banished from scientific consideration as
early as the last century is again acquiring advocates
now under a new name -- parapsychology or bioelectronics.
Attempts ~"to prove" .the r~:ality of "telepathic commu-
nication" are often based on the rhythmic oscillations of
~carebral biocurronts. It is precisely in these currents
that a number of advocates of parapsychology see the pos-
sibility of a cerebral, mental radiation, and hence of
thought transmission.
But if this is true, if thought transmission exists,
then our thinking should be first of all reflected in bio-
currents set up in the brain. Thera are no scientific
data favoring this hypothesis.
First of all, we should remind the reader that bio-
currcnts are not tho epocific product of cor?bral activity
exclusively. Biocurrents are set up evorywhero where there
is vital activity, in muscles, glands, even in green
leaves. In additioa, bioeurrcnte do not differ in prin-
ciple from thermal oscillations, from the numerous biochem-
ical changes which accompany any vital activity, including
cerebral activity. This is precisely why variations in
cerebral potentials never caws. Even whon a person slasps,
at which time, ae is known, conscious activity dwindles to
nothing, biocurrents change in form only.
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'1~ there is no wordless_t_hinking. On the other hand the speech
o people of different nationalities is completely different.
However, we know of no "national" symptoms, in the cerebral
biocurrent pattern, and there can be none. Hence, neither
is this approach to the determine.tion of how thought is
expressed in cerebral biocurrents scientific.
At present, physiologists cannot yet determine without
error from a curve of cerebral biocurrents, which of these
biocurrents correspond to excitation, and which to inhibi-
tion. If such is the state of affairs for elementary pro--
033ses of the cerebral activity, how can we seriously expect
biocurrents to express thought? It is not by chance,
evidently, that most thought transmission "experiments" are
not basad on .the actual suggestion of thoughts, but on the
suggestion of graphic images.
This is what Karl Bruk Spelling not verified. Trans-
latorb note) was doing in 1925 when he forced a psrson
very far from him to reproduce s?~aded drawings. This also
applies to the experiments conducted aboard an American sub-
marine which hcve rECently stirred up so much censation.
In~these experiments images of so-called Zener ~ Spelling
not verified. Translator's note cards were transmitted
(circles, crosses, rocte.ngles, etc). ~ "
The perception of such images by man, or by the higher
animals is not different in principle. The higher forms of
thinking are accessible only to ms.n who possesses~lc.nguage.
Therefore, experiments with the guessing of Zener cards
cannot~be accQpted as a proof of thought transmission over
space, either. As far a.s the old observe.tions of V. M.
Bekhterev and A. L. Durov of "mentc.l" suggestions to animals
are concerned, they are not scientifically reliable.
It is no wonder that the advocates of the experiments
aboard the submarine stress th? necessity of a number of
conditions that are absolutely necessary for the realization
of thought transmission. Among such conditions belongs, for
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~.~ exaople, the specific selection of a couple of participants
in the experiment. The experiment will be successful in
one direction only, the switching of positions by the par-
ticipants of the experiment precludes the possibility of
?~ "transmission."
I do not have the opportunity to prove the nonscientific
nature of these conditions and I am mentioning them merely
as an example of the fact that we are dealing here more with
chance, coincidence, than with an actual phenomenon. All
such and similar "experimental" conditions are necessary to
explain failures.
I have far from considered fully the objections to
parapsychology. The physical side of the problem gives rise
to just as mar~v questions. Do cerebral biocurrents, say,
possess sufficient strength to be a source of influence of
ono brain upon another?
Calculations show tY+~''t the electromagnetic waves which
are produced by cerebral biocurr~nts in essence and oharac-
ter, for all practical purposes, do not emit beyond the
skull. Their emission would require that a transmitting
antenna several tens of thousands kilometers long be inside
the skull. It is in this sense, by the way, that the founder
of cibernetics, N. Viper Spelling not verified. Transla-
tor's note_f answered a qu3stion on telepathy at a lecturo
which he was giving during his stay in our country.
Thus, we conclude on the one hand that biocurrante in
no way express the mEanir_g of mental activity; and on the
other hand that in magnitude and character biocurronte are
incapable of remote effect.
The tendency to "substantiate" telepathy without
referenca to cerebral biocurr~nts is likewise dovoid of
scientific foundation. Advocates of parapsychology are
forced to resort to the aid of some unknown modus of oommu-
nication, to invent what has never and nowhere been found.
We have dwelled upon c~rtein factual data, in tho main
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beoauee the remarks that heve recently eppeared in the
French popular prase on the remote suggestion of the above-
mentioned images of Zener oarde were very favorable
reoeived by very many a reader.
At the same time; I am deeply. convinced that the prob-
. lem of parapsychology has no riEht to a eoientifio formula-
tion if this problem i? evaluated in the plane of methodo-
logy. I shall allow myself to mention but and basio?prin-
ciple of the Marxist-Leninist philosophy on the unity and
,continuity of the psychic and the FhysiQlogical. Thought
is 8.property of the brain matter and is inseparable from
? it.' From this point of view t:~e formuletion of the problem
of the separability of?thought from the?brain, and thought
transmission are oliminated. To contradict this would mean
to return to the positions of the vulgar materialists of
the last century who .'thought that, similarly to .the s~ore-
~~tion of bile~by the liver, thought is seoreted'by?the brain:
. .
?~ As may be seen from?this very short account,. parapey-
ohology is devoid of scientific foundations. There remains
oaly faith in it.
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1
? ~ THE "PSI Pi~NOr~NON" IS A REALITY
by P. I. Gulyayev, Doctor of Biological~Sciences
Nonsensical are the assertions that we find in the
foreign press concerning the fact that the American inve~-
tigators "started from $ero." Individual cases of direct
thought transmission from one person to another heve already
I been known for thousands of years. But it ie"only very
recently that on succeeded in proving this fact with sci-
entific reliability and conclusiveness, after having elim-
inetod from among the exporimsntal conditions arty possibility
of error, of oonscious or subconscious deceit ox' selfdooeit.
This funotion of the brain was given the eonventior~l dasig-
nation of the "psi phenomenon."
Lot us immediately make the reservation that the "mind
reading"which is sometimes demonstrated on stage has no
relationship to this phenomenon. These experiments are
based on ideomotor wets by virtue of which a deaf-and-blind,
for example, may determine a person's state of mind --
alarm, worry, or depression -- frog his or her hand.
Characteristic of the new phenomenon is exceptional
weakn?es, near olusiv?ness. Her?, so far, physical instru-
ments have not baen applicable, and the only indicator of
the existence of this phenomenon has been man's brain.
This "instrument," however, ie capricious and not entirely
reliable.
There is nothing astonishing in the fact itself that
the "psi phenomenon" is relatively rarely observed. Every-
one knows that there exists a pressure of light. But try
to prove this oxpcrimantally under laboratory conditions.
You will see that such an experiment requires great skill.
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Despite the faot that light preeeure~+eally exists, it.is
almost never taken into account in env physical experiments
on the usual scale. Only on the oosmio soals where there
arise conditions for its manifestation, does light pressure
oreate the magnificent sp~etacle of "shooting stars" or
oomete.
If there wire no connection between the "transmitter"
and the "receiver," then in telepathy, oarde would be
matched by chancy only. The mean number of such chanoe /
matches may be calculated from the theory of probability. V
For five cards selected at random, the mean number of coin-
cidences ie 20 percent of the number of experiments. The
chance matching of 70 pQrcezt of the choices for five oarde
ie~ aoeording to the theory of probability, for all prac-
tical purposes, an impossibility; the chance occurence of
such a phonomenon is possible only once in a billion or more
experiments.
' ' In the exne~.m~~.~~pcribad, _hoarover, 70 cards out of
s hundred are successfully. guossed. Heave, it msy bo aori-
. 4r ?7~
eluded t~iat between tho transmitter and thQ receiver there
is in fact established some form of commtmicgtion. The
remaining possibility is that the theory of probability
itself, from the formulas of which the number of chance
coincidence is calculated, ie incorrect. Inasmuch as there
is no reason to doubt the latter theory w+e must admit that
the first hypothesis ie valid.
How is thought transmission realieod?
I shall stress that when the expression "thought
transmission" is used we do not mean that thought is trans-
mitted dirootly from ono brain to enother~ We have in mind
the transmission of certain information an tho thought, sot
of the thought itself. Indeed, when we converse we also
transmit information about our thought to one another. In
this case a apeoifio air vibration serves as the thought
oarrior.
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' So far we do not~know~what is the .carrier of thought .
information when thought is transmitted through space.
At any rate it appears to me that it is not.at all
necessary to bring in the electromagnetic field.as the cause.
Indeed, we far from tziow all the properties of brain neurons.
Just as the atom is inexhaustible, so ie the neuron inex-
haustible in its properties. possibly, there exists some
physical field, new to science,that is related to neuron
activity.' This new, perfectly'valid, and of course mate-
rialistic viewpoint may help us in the future to explain
the phenoaenon of thought transmission.
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AN OPEN QUESTION
by M. N. Zivanov, rrofessor.
The possibility of the remote transmission of certain
states from one person to another still remains an open
.question at present. Despite individual reports favoring
such a possibility, science is not yet in possession of
sufficiently reliable facts -- regularly reproducible
facts that would give a scientific basis to this problem.
The only point of agreement of the majority of the scien-
tists is apparently that one should not regard the possi-
bility of transmission as being below one's dignity, but
should gather and scientifically work up all related facts.
Most frequently, oases are offered as proof. of the
existence of "thought transmission" through space, in whioh
some person felt something at the same time as an event
affecting that person in faot took place. S~Te shall not
doubt the existence of such coincidences. However, it
should be taken into account that similar sensations might
have been folt by the person in question marry times without
ooinciding with real events. In these cases, these senea-
tione were forgotten, but should there have occurrod but one
such coincidence, it was remembered for life to be retold
to tho surrounding people. Phenomena thus become selected
in a one-aided manner, and such a selection may easily load
to the wrong conclusions. This is why a strictly scientific
approach is necessary for the evaluation of such facts.
Even the simplest sensation is based on a aoet oomplex
mosaic of excited and inhibited nerve. cells located in
various rogions of the brain, and first of all in the
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oorebral meninges. In or4ar that the .brain of a socora,d
person receive at least somawhat similar sensations, it ie
necessary that all this trombndoualy complex mosaic of
states be transmitted to a great numbor of corresponding
brain cells in a second person. Such a selective trr~ne-
miesion is very slightly probable.
Conditions have arisen tinder which not only we h~.ve
no scientific approach to the analysis of "transmission"
mechanisms, but so far do not even ]atcw of at~y mrterial
phenomena which could be applied to the explar~ti4n of
this phenomenon in 'the future . ~ .
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? BIOELECTRONICS DOES 1~OT EXIST
by L, P..Krayzmer, Candidate of Technical Soiencea.?
The basic and indisputable principle of the material-
istio philosophy is the fact that?~thinkir~g, consciousness,
sensations, emotions, and other phenomena of the human
psyohism are the highest product of matter organised in a
particular way. The whole psychic activity is the result
of cerebral physiological activity that is accompanied by
various physical and chemical prooeaees. These processes
are very complicated and their fundamentals are still far
from clear to imrestigators. ?
? However, the impetuous development of science in
general; and, in particular, the application of accurate
and precise experimental methods of physiological inve~tiga-
tions, and of tho_ rough mathematical treatment to experimental
results, give reaaon~ hope-th8t"iri~the?future we shall
know exactly precisely what phyeico-chemical changes under-
lie cerebral psychic activity; we shall then learn to reoog-
nise the codes in which are ciphered ideas, concepts,
images, in short all the information processed by the brain.
To argue the contrary would moan to defend the view-
point of the incomprehensibility of the physiological
foundations of the higher nervous activity; this is ob-
' viou~ly contrary?to~the spirit of Marxist-Leninist phil--
' osophy. Hence, with time, there will arise the possibility
by means of special inetrumonts to "retrieve information"
a? it is processed in the brain.
However, the practical realisation of such investiga-
tions sad of instrumental mind reading is associated with
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such difficulties as will not bo overcome not only in the
next decades, but within the bounds of the forseeable future
development of science. The analysis of encephalograms, of
thermal, eleotromagnetio, or any other external radiations
of the brain can only give an ides of the activity of the
entire mass or coneidercble sections of the brain; such an
analysis does not make it possible to detCrnine what is
going on in eMch of the 10 to 15 billion of individual nerve
cells. The introduction of eny kind of electrodes into
these billions of neurone without upsatting t?~eir normal
activity appcers phantastie to say thc~ ].east, from the tech-
nicsl standpoint.
Therefore even the use of the most eocurate instruments
for mind reading by direct contact with a person is not
likely to be possibla even i.n the future. It is all the .
more difficult to assume the possibility of the realization
of thought or sensation t=a.nsmissiar. from one person to '
another across considerable distances, although in grin-
oiple this is not contrary to the doctrine of the material
basis of psychic phenomena. However, we da not knoti~ such
material information carri~:rs (fields, waves, particles,
etc.) which would make it possible for persons to act di-
rectly the role of "transmitter" and "receiver" at f;he
terminals of some sort of "parapsychic comraunica~tion
ohr~nnel. ? ~ ~ - ~ .
The advocates of the idea, of the possibility of such
.communication consider to be inconsistent th? arguments
concerning the absence of the proper information carriers.
They call for research in new typos of fields of radiation
and for work toward the development of~a theory which would
explain the pr~ra~psychio transmission phenomena th~it are
sporadically described in the literature. To be euze, the
purpose of science ~.e the search for an explanation for ?
every observation, phenomenon, or experiment. However, yell
reports concerning obeorvatione in this domain are so con-
tradietory, eub~ective, and'nonreproducible.that, first of
all, there arises valid dcu~'Gt-on tha existence of the phen-
omena thomeolvoe.? Indeed, the reliability of arty obeorvatiori
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may only be confirmed by t:ze,f~ct that by reproducing the
original conditions we repeatedly observe the same phen-
omenon. In the present case, no such reliability criterion
ie found.
It is known that often an impure," "incorrect" e~cper-
' 'imental set up is biology or physics lead to half-baked
and invalid conclusions. Therefore, 8s long as the reli-
ability of the phenomenon itself is not proven (and with a
rigid and objective approach, the existence of thought
transmission is not likely to be proven) there ie no sense
in spending the time and energy of scientists in a search
of'physioal explanations for this phenomenon.
One is tempted to say to the parapsychologists,
"Prove, first of all, that the phenomenon that you doeoribe
does take place, and then only start looking for its
explanation. Meanwhile, your speculations and theorise are
difficult to differentiate from idealistic mysticism."
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BIOIAGICAL RADIO IS AN ECHO FROM ~ PAST
by' L. I,. Vasil' yev~ .
Associate Member of the Acaden~v of rledioal Sciences
The finding Qf a factual basis for the reality of
mentel (silent) suggestion, and especially tYie determination
of the psychological, physiological, and physical nature
of this relatively rarely encountered phenomenon are among
the most complex and methodically difficult problems of
psychoneurology. Attempts scientifically to establish
this phenomenon, and as much as possible experimentally to
master it were begun as early as the .eighteen eighties by
the most eminent scientist s of those times. Subseq~.~ently,
tho number of articles in print devoted to that probl?m was
growing abroad year after year, and at p~sent has reached
several thousand articles.
This does not mean, however, that mortal suggestion
has gained general acceptance among scientists. Not at
all. Arguments for .and against continue today.
We shall try and approach this problem from a differ-
ent standpoint. Tvolution has provided animals 8_nd man
with throe remote (capable of perceiving through space)
sense organs. We communicate through spee? by means of
eight and hearing, and animele by moans of smell as well.
What could telepathic communication add to this if it
existed? What biological significance ca~ld it havoY
What biological significance could it ha~~o? For animals
telepathy would heve about the same signi~ioanoe as radio
has for modern man, which far extolls the nat~aral means. of
communication by way of remote sense orga~ne sad verbel
speech. Biologically this would be fully. justified.
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? There are in fact sig:~e that certain animals possess
natural "biological radio." One oxamplc~ of such radio
communication may be, for example, the following mysterious
phenomenon. The Soviet entomologist I. A. Fabri studied
this phenomenon for six years in one ~peoios of night
. butterflies. With the coming of summer evenings, an urfer-
tilized female was placed into a wire cagQ on the baloot~y
? ~~ of a country house in the woods located within five kilom-
eters of two big villages. Thirty minutes had not elapsed
as melee began to fly to her. In thre3 evenings, 64 males
of this butterfly species, which is rare in our country,
had been naught. $ome of these males were labeled with
paint, carried 6 to 8 kilo~reters array from the house, and
? frond there. The males were coming back. Given the relates
ivoly slow hovering flight peculiar to these butterflies,
the insects covered this distance in 40 to 4S fninutes. For
them to do so, they had to select the shortest straight
path toward the female, and to work their muscles strenu-
ously. It follows that the female can call the male in some
unknown way.
The males felt the appeal in the forest area traversed,
in ooapletely calm weather, and even with a slight Breese
headwind to the scent given off by the femal?. It turned
out that the organs which perceive the "call agent" in the
male were the antennas. Males whose antennas had been out
would sot perceive the female's call and fly to her.
What is this "call agent"4 Of the two possibilities,
scent or elsotronagnetio signals, preference should be
given to the one which ie capable of acting against head-
wind, i.e., to eleotramagnetio waves. However, a number of
~ experiaents forces one to doubt oven the latter ]hypothesis.
This problem has not been solved so far and will require
? special investigations.
Other examples of "biological eommunioation" in the
aniaal kingdoa na~y be given, which are hardly ttributable
to the effect of remote sense organs.
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\. 'H ~
? ~ 7 ~ is ..~~, ? 4
ti.. ~ ,
~r .
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If such phenomena in animals are in fact a type of
primitive radio, we mall have to admit that certain insects
are endowed with this ability more than human beings are.
In the butterfly, the call of~the male by the female ie an .
important vital act which contributes toward the preserve-
. ~ tion of the species. In humane, spontaneous "biological
radio communication" has sometimes the character of an .
appeal for help, but most often that of infoim,ation concern-
ing the important experiences of a close relative, or
friend. This, too, may have a certain vital significance,
although for modern humans such communication p18ys no
biological role. Such is the regular evolution process.
The impression is formed that the parapeyehic "talent"
?is not a progressing phenomenon in the evolution process,
but rather a rudimentary capacity which has survived in man
from his soolcigical ancestors and which is reactivated in
certain persons with nervous or psychic deficiencies as a
peculiar form of atavism. 'fie find our beet eub~ects for
experiments in mental suggestion among psychoneurotios.
This is well known.
One of tho Fronch magasines published an article that
confirms what was dust said. The author of the article
describes in dotail dieglays of such su~~eptibility in hie
~~ mentally deficient brother. ~t the age of 47, he has the
mental development of an 18-month child, is not capable of
coherent speech, and will sluggishly pronounce separate
words only. This does not provent him from being suecep-
tiblo to complex mental suggestions. The article gives
24 examples of cases when, with surprising ep~cd and aocu-
' racy (with no distorsions whetsoever)~ ho pronounced words
and scientific terms unknown to him at the very moment .
whop they were conceived in the mind of the persons present.
The absonco in this case of the distorsione that are usually
so frequent, is explained by the ~:uthor of the article by
tho fact that the slightly developed intellect was not
~~ capablo to control and ohe,rge the perceptions received.
This sounds like the truth.
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? The study of the biologio8l role and nature of para-
psyohio phenomena must beoome afull-fledged branch of
eoieaoe. With this purpose in mind, we shall multiply ?
experiments with the profound oonviotion that thousand?,
tens off` thousands of experiments worked up by mathematioal
? methods will sooner or later prone to one and all the
reality of mental suggestion, or will re~,ite it dust as ?
? indubitably. ~ ' ,.
At air rate, the study of this interesting phenomenon
widens our oonoeption of living nature, sad this alone makes
it indispensable. _ ?
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/01 :NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020026-8
EXPE.RIMEI~'TS MUST BE ACCURATE
by I. Klyatekin, Doctor of Technical Sciences.
l~iany successful thought transmission experiments may
be explained by conditioned reflexes. For example, two
people who have long lived together often gu~es one another~s
thoughts from a hardly rloticeable~ehange in facial expres-
sion or gesture and cannot even e: plain how this happens.
In addition we have no objective indicators for the
recording of that form of matter motion which could be the
basisc of telepathy, People p1P~y the part of tranemittars
and roceiver;s. Private relationships between them their
striving for tho ~euceeas of the experiment often lead to
sub~octive errors even if these peoplo are quite conscien-
tious. It ie indeed so easy to take on?~s vrlshee for
granted!
It is no wonder that oxperimental resalts are often
mutually contradicto~cy. Some peoplo, for instanee, main-
tain that telepathy is possible only within the limits of
the visibl?, other consider that space is no limiting fac-
tor. Somo peoplo maintain that a metallic screen fully
excludes the possibility of mental oommunioation, others
arguo that screening plays no port.
In ordor to solve the problea of whether or not the
thought trensmisBion phenomenon exists, raid on what pbys-
iccl phenomenon it ie based strictly scientifio experim-
ental sotup is necessary with the partioipation of eoien-
tiste of various epecialtias, and fastidious criticism of
of the results obtained is required. Any do-it-yourself
efforts will result only in confusion, and w~.ll not solve
this interesting problem.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/01 :NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020026-8
FROM THE Fl~ITOR
As you have seen, scientists are still arguing not only
about the nature of this interesting, in many reepeote pus-
sling phenomenon, but about whether it exists at all. To be
sure, there hardly is evidence for the complete denial of
this phenomenon. Possibly, the amasing phenomenon exists,
but if eo it was not discovered recently, not in the exper-
iments aboard the "Nautilus." The American investigators
have not at all "started from $ero," as the Western press
reported. Individual caeca o~ transmission by means of
"biological radio" have lord; been described. We have had
the opportunity of aoquanting ourselves with these descrip-
tions.
The sensation abroad about this "extraordinary die- .
oovery" which has such an equally "extraordinary potential .
is not ~ustifiad. All our scientists agree that the gift
of "thought transmission" is extremely rarely found, if at
all, and that it is found mostly in people with a disturbed
nervous system, sometimes, in people that are simply siok.
In this sense, the suggestion of Professor Z. L.
Yasil~yev is of much interest. Ho thinks that the eo rarely
observed capacity of the brain to peroeive information
from another brain through apace is not progressing, but
rather is degenerating; this he regards ae being fully ~us-
tifiod from the standpoint of biology.
The qu?stion may arise: is it indeed worth while to
oarry on investigations, to argue, to disprove old explana-
tions, and to search for new ones? Yes, it ie! But this
should definitely be done on a strictly ecientifio basis,
starting from materialistic positions, and sweeping aside
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/01 :NSA-RDP96X00790R000100020026-8
s
j~
f .
1 x:11 that ie false and sensational. By-deciphering still not
rnderatood physiological. and psychic phenomena that occur
.~ ~ in our organism, we derive a more profound knowledge of the
. ~; living nature, and of its greatest and most complex creation
LDTD
1431
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