NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPERS - EUROPE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 5, 2002
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: LIST

Approved For1Wease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP7$tM5'1sOr1ediftm0omleted
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
France
Hungary
Italy
The Netherlands.
Romania
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
West Germany
Yugoslavia
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved ForiiW-~~lease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-000520.00100100004-3
[DEPARTMENT OF STATE
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
AUSTRIA
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
Austria is located at the crossroads of Southern
Europe, borders on six countries, and has close ties, both
historically and geographically, with the Balkans. It is
a natural transit country and thus is being increasingly
used in the illegal movement of morphine base from the
Middle East to Western Europe. It is visited by millions
of tourist annually and is on the route of hundreds of
thousands of foreign workers who transit Austria between
Westexn Europe, especially West Germany, and the Balkans.
Austria does not now have a significant domestic drug
problem but the precipitous increase in the incidence of
illegal drug use has given rise to a growing awareness of
the need for more effective drug control.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
Austria's small size and limited resources complicated
the efforts of Austrian authorities to deal with'problems
of drug traffic. Enforcement of Austrian drug laws is the
responsibility of police officials, all of whom are federal
officials under the control of the Federal Ministry of the
Interior. The 1946 drug law which serves as the legal base
for all activity in this area was amended in/1971 to pro-
vide increased penalties for drug traffickers. Supervision
of legal traffic in drugs is the responsibility of the
Ministry of Social Administration; a narcotics drug control
section, to provide tighter control over legal narcotics
traffic, is currently being organized within that Ministry.
Our Embassy has repeatedly and with growing success
encouraged top Austrian officials to deal more effectively
with the drug problem. Our Embassy maintains close liaison-.
with appropriate Austrian federal ministers and recent
visits by BNDD/Customs officials to Austria have aided in
drug control efforts.
Austrian officials participated actively in the Seminar
on Drug Control, organized by the BNDD in Washington in
September 1971 Since then a Narcotics Action Plan for
Austria has been approved and is.now being used as a basis
for discussions with Austrian officials looking toward
closer cooperation in the campaign against illegal drug
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R0001OD100004-3
 Approved For Raiease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-0005200100100004-3
-2- AUSTRIA
traffic. In this connection, BNDD will conduct a three-
day preliminary seminar on basic drug identification and
drug enforcement techniques for 100 Austrian federal police
in Vienna in May 1972. This course will serve as -an intro-
duction to a two-week school which BNDD will conduct for
50 Austrian federal police in Vienna in October, 1972.
These two training programs will deal basically with
intelligence and,-law enforcement aspects of drug control
and have BNDD and U.S. Customs participation. They should
improve Austrian capability for identification and appre-
hension of illegal drug traffickers and users.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 DEPARTMENT OF S-r/ rE
Approved For'Release 2002(95. 1~iS% DP7A8.9p0 }00100100004-3
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
BELGIUM
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
Although there is no evidence of illicit processing of
narcotics or of organized trans-shipments for internation-
al consumption,=there has been in recent years an increase
in drug abuse and illegal importation of limited quantities
of. narcotics. Individual consumption of hashish, marijuana
and Indian hemp constitutes the main problem; much of this
is imported by Turkish, Greek, and North African immigrant
workers for individual consumption. Local authorities
recognize that they are confronted with a potential drug
problem which, despite its present small proportions, has
grown substantially in the past few years.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
Current legislation prohibits possession of marijuana
and addictive drugs, although penalties are mild: two-year
imprisonment and a fine of $200 for use, unauthorized pos-
session, or sale of unlawful drugs. A new Administration of
Criminal Information was established in 1971 and is
charged with responsibility for obtaining and collecting
all available information on drug matters. Violations which
require follow-up are referred to regional brigades of the
Police Judiciaire for investigation and arrests.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
There are no major US programs operating in Belgium. The
Belgian authorities cooperate with the European regional
office of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 DEPARTMENT OF STA-F'
Approved For 'R+ lease 200 M/g.-I %FPAP7~-_ 9952W00100100004-3
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
BULGARIA
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
Bulgarian adthorities deny any current internal
drug problem but readily'admit that one could develop
rather quickly. The Bulgarian press has recently
publicized cases of drug abuse among young Bulgarians.
Due to the tight control the regime has over all sectors
of Bulgarian society, a wide-spread internal narcotics
problem is not expected to arise, however, in the near
future. Nevertheless, the Bulgarians are definitely
aware and concerned about what could happen. Moreover,
Bulgaria is a major transit country for illegal narcotics
flowing from Turkey to Western Europe, and ultimately
the United States.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS.
The Bulgarian Customs Administration, the chief organ
responsible for controlling illegal narcotics traffic,
has expressed willingness to cooperate with the US with
respect to reducing the traffic of illegal narcotics
into Bulgaria.
3. U. S. PROGRA.MS.
The US plans to encourage Bulgarian willingness to
cooperate in suppressing illegal transit traffic of
narcotics by giving assistance in improving drug identifi-
cation and detection techniques. It is also planned to
improve bilateral and multi-lateral flow of information
about narcotics shipments involving Bulgaria. To the
extent feasible we hope to insure that the Bulgarian
government leaders are aware of the significance of the.
narcotics problem and are committed to strict enforcement
of appropriate laws and regulations and full cooperation
with the US and other countries.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 DEPARTMENT OF STAT
Approved For Release 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP78-00052000100100004-3
BRIEFING PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
CANADA
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
The drug abuse problem in Canada parallels that of
the United States. Canadian statistics show significant
increases over the last. five years in the use of mari-
huana, hashish, and psychotropics. Of particular con-
cern at the present time is an apparent substantial
increase in the use of heroin in major cities, notably
Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. Total arrests for
drug offenses were about 14,000 in 1970. Although
final statistics are not yet available, officials
estimate that the number may have reached 18,000 in
1971.
Montreal and Toronto are recognized as major trans-
shipment points for drugs--particularly heroin--destined
for the larger U.S. market. Canadian enforcement prob-
lems are therefore much greater and more difficult than
the incidence of illicit use in the country would indi-
cate. The use of Montreal and Toronto as entrepots also
illustrates the need for very close and forthright co-
operation between US and Canadian authorities.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
The Department of National Health and Welfare is
responsible for the administration of the two federal
statutes which govern narcotics use: the Narcotics
Control Act and the Food and Drug Act. The former
act applies to drugs listed in the 1961 Single Conven-
tion; the latter regulates the use of amphetamines,
barbiturates, psychotropics, and various other pre-
scription drugs.
Under the supervision of the Department of Na-
tional JIealth and Welfare, the Royal Canadian Mounted
Police has the principle responsibility for enforce-
A ment. The Ontario and Quebec Provincial Police and
municipal forces participate in enforcement work at
their levels. All of the 10,000 RCMP agents are
trained in narcotics matters, and there are special
narcotics squads in the major cities, Montreal,
Toronto, and Vancouver having particularly large
establishments.
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For flelease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-0005200100100004-3
At the moment, the Ledain Royal Commission on the
Non-medical Use of Drugs is examining the drug problem
in Canada and the legal framework for its control. The
Commission issued an interim report in 1970 and the
first volume (on treatment) of its final report early
in 1972. Subsequent volumes of the final report are
scheduled for release this spring.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
As might be expected, there is close across-the-
board cooperation at all levels between interested
Canadian and US agencies. The RCMP maintains a three-
man staff attached to the Embassy to handle daily liaison
in Washington. Similarly, there is a BNDD liaison of-
fice, to which an officer of the Bureau of Customs is
attached, for liaison in Montreal. Discussions are
under way with Canadian officials regarding the estab-
lishment of additional BNDD offices in Vancouver and
Toronto. Mention should also be made of the excellent
working level relationship between?US and Canadian of-
ficials at the border crossing points.
High level cooperation between the two countries
is also good. In September, 1971, a US group headed
by BNDD Director Ingersoll journeyed to Ottawa for a
consultative meeting with a Canadian group headed by
Dr. R. A. Chapman, Special Advisor to the Deputy
Minister, Department of National Health and Welfare.
In October, 1971, a tripartite meeting at the Deputy
Attorney General level considered enforcement questions
of possible joint interest to the United States, Canada,
and Mexico. A preliminary meeting of experts is
scheduled for late March to discuss possible US-
Canadian cooperation and coordination in drug research,
including, as a first step, a seminar bringing together
leading researchers of the two countries. The United
States and Canada have worked closely together on
preparations for the conference to amend the Single
Convention. Finally, Canada has joined the United
States and France in the consultations resulting from
the US-French bilateral agreement on cooperation of
February, 1971.
Canada was an early contributor to the United
Nations Special Fund for Drua Abuse Control and has
already paid the first instalment, $150,000, of its
$400,000 pledge.
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
3/72
 Approved Forifielease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052$800100100004-3
CANADA
QUESTION: Has Canada legalized marihuana?
ANSWER: No. The Ledain Royal Commission on the
Non-medical Use of Drugs is, however,
fi
considering. the question of legaliza-
tion. In its interim report, the Com-
..mission recommended the repeal of the
criminal penalty for simple possession
of narcotic drugs, including marihuana.
QUESTION: Are we satisfied with the Canadian en-
forcement effort and with their coopera-
tion with US agencies?
ANSWER: Yes. Cooperation between the .two coun-
tries is strong and forthright and is
based on a common appreciation of the
problem in the North American context.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For Q-7 1.,E II3DII,8T0R0~S00100100004-3
BRIEFING PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
Czechoslovakia appears to have very few problems
with hard drugs. Upon,.occasion, customs officials
well apprehend persons transiting Czechoslovakia
carrying narcotics.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
The Government maintains strong and effective con-
trols on the production and use of addictive drugs.
Czechoslovak customs authorities are reported to be
quite effective in controlling the entry of narcotics
into the country.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
There are no U.S. programs currently in operation
in Czechoslovakia. We intend, however, to encourage
the exchange of information and perhaps personnel con-
cerned with the international narcotics control problem.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For' elease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052 ,D00100100004-3
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
BRIEFING PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
DENMARK
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
In recent years, narcotics use has increased sharply
in Denmark. There is little evidence of wide scale use
of heroin or cocaine, but consumption of hashish, LSD, and
morphine base represents a serious problem. According to
Danish authorities, illicit traffic is limited to indivi-
duals and there is no evidence of organized criminal.
involvement. While Denmark does not serve as a conduit
for significant narcotics traffic to the Western Hemis-
phere, Denmark has become an entry point for illegal drugs
into Scandinavia.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
As Danish concern over increased use of narcotics has
grown in recent years, Denmark has increased the maximum
penalties for trafficking to six years. Police also have
peremptory power to deport aliens in possession of narcotics.
An inter-ministerial group has been set upto study the
narcotics problems of Danish youth and to recommend govern-
ment sponsored remedies.
In the past, the United States Government has cooperated
with Danish authorities in combating the growing narcotics
traffic. U.S. experts from the BNDD and other agencies
interested have exchanged visit with Danish experts. Dis-
cussions are now underway between the two governments to
broaden the area of cooperation through increased exchange
of experts, information, and narcotics intelligence. In
addition, the United States is working closely with-the
Danes in international fora concerned with narcotics.'
Denmark is a co-sponsor with the U.S. and others of the
proposed amendments to the Single Convention and the Danes
have pledged support for the UN Special Fund.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved Forikelease 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP78-00052 0010D b*$
Question: Is Denmark a source or transit point for
illegal narcotics entering the United States?
Answer: No. Denmark is neither the source nor a
conduit for narcotics traffic to the United
States. However, as a major international
air terminal-and port, Copenhagen is
potentially a transit point.
Question: Is the United States doing anything to prevent
this from happening?
Answer: Yes. We are cooperating closely with the
Danish authorities to combat traffic in
narcotics and are in the process of discussing
with the Danes how we might increase the degree
of cooperation to prevent such a situation.
Question: Is Denmark a haven for drug users?
Answer: No. The Danes have been cracking down on
narcotics traffickers. For example, Denmark
has increased the maximum sentence for
trafficking and the Danish police have used
their power to expel foreigners who are in
possession of narcotics, including hashish-
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For Wlea 9Q2JQJj-7 L1A-#D,P78-R8QP D100100004-3
BRIEFING, PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
FRANCE
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
France has been a traditional source of heroin coming
to the US. Morphine base is smuggled to laboratories in
southern France where it is converted to heroin. Several
laboratories exist in southern France but they have proven
difficult to track down. The emergence of a domestic drug
abuse problem in France in the past several years has
obviously created public concern and has contributed to
the great increase in French cooperation with the US in
the drive against illicit heroin production and interna-
tional trafficking in drugs.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
The French Police Judiciaire are in charge of these ef-
forts in France. The French enforcement agency has
increased the number of agents dealing with narcotics traf-
fic from a total of 28 to at least 100 in the course of the
past two years, concentrated in its Paris headquarters and
at Marseille and Nice. The French also have liaison person-
nel at BNDD regional headquarters at New York. The French
are a member of the US Commission on Narcotic Drugs and
participate in its programs. French legislation was passed
in 1970 which restructured the penalty provisions and
established sentences up to 20 years.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
French and US authorities have cooperated for many years
in this field. This cooperation has greatly expanded over
the past several years, and has been organized in the "form
of quarterly meetings of principals as well as day-to-day
operational cooperation primarily through BNDD personnel'at
Paris and, Marseille serving as liaison with the Police
Judiciaire. Training assistance and certain equipment has
also been made available to the French, and exchanges are
continuing regarding methods and techniques. On February 25,
1971, the US and France signed an agreement formalizing the
cooperation between their respective enforcement agencies.
The US will continue to exchange suggestions with the French
authorities designed to intensify the cooperative efforts in
controlling illicit production and traffic in heroin and
other dangerous drugs.
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
3/72
 Approved Forelease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00053$000100100004-3
FRANCE
ICON: Are we satisfied with the French efforts in
this field?
We are very pleased not only with the-great
increase in the French effort over the past
two years but also in their forthcoming ap-
proach to this problem and their willingness
to seek all forms of cooperation with us to
combat illicit drug traffic. The French are
very frank in their discussions with us and
welcome any specific ideas or proposals we
may have.
TION: Has the French effort begn successful in
suppressing any heroin laboratories recently?
wyR: One laboratory was disrupted in 1969 and
another substantial one early in 1972. The
effort continues and has been stepped up.
There are immense difficulties inherent in
ferreting out these clandestine production
facilities.
%TION: Can we bring some form of pressure on the
French to achieve a more successful effort
to stamp out this heroin production and
traffic?
rs:it; The French are not dragging their feet. The
French Government is as interested as we are
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved ForRelease 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP78-000524P0010q;1% 3
to put an end to this traffic. This is a
complicated police problem which must be
dealt with in serious and cooperative .ef-
forts and not with threats or sanctions
which would not produce the desired results.
h
QUESTION: What about the large amount of heroin seized
in .a fishing boat off Marseille at the
beginning of March, 1972?
ANSWER: That operation by the French authorities was
skillfully carried out and netted almost a
half a ton of pure heroin. Subsequently the
French intercepted a car at the Italian border
in which an additional 300 pounds of morphine
base had been illicitly conceale(Y. The magni-
tude of these seizures, and the increasing
frequency of seizures, suggest that the French
Government's intensive efforts to curtail
narcotics trafficking are beginning to pay off
in a big way.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For iiieleaseEW2/o 1T7 Eik-iiD - 'E2,p 100100004-3
BRIEFING PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
HUNGARY
In Hungary there does not appear to be any signifi-
cant drug abuse problem, although the potential problem
is well recognized. Hungary is used at times as a
transit route for drug shipments originating in the
Middle East.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
In January of 1972, a new law for the first time
made it explicitly illegal to transport drugs across
Hungarian territory. We understand law enforcement
agencies intend to enforce this new law vigorously.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
There are no U.S. programs currently in operation
in Hungary. We are, however, encouraging exchanges
of customs personnel and information related to the
international narcotics problem.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For Rele L3PA,g/ V E I -F~PF7> 0~0 00100100004-3
BRIEFING .PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
A. International: Italy is a transshipment point in
illegal international narcotics traffic. Opium and morphine
base shipments of considerable quantity are believed to
transit Italy at a regular rate, primarily en route to France
and the United States. Trafficking groups utilize Italian
ports as..well as a land route via northern Italy to the
Marseille-Nice area.
B. Domestic: Although the drug problem was a late
arrival in Italy, and while the situation has not reached
the proportions already existing in some Western countries,
abuse has spread in the last two years. A notable increase
has been observed in the use of marijuana, hashish, and
methedrine. There is no known major consumption of heroin
or opium.
Since Italy is a major attraction for college-age tourists,
the number of young Americans arrested on narcotics charges
has been steadily increasing. At the present time 18
Americans are in Italian jails on drug charges. Jail sen-
tences are severe (3-8 years) and pre-trial detention can
be lengthy.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
A. National: Italy's Narcotics Law of 1954 is
considered to be an adequate legal base for handling drug
problems. However, problems exist in that enforcement
rests with three separate police services: the Public
Security Corps (usual urban police functions); the Cara-
binieri (a police element of the Army, subordinate to the
Ministry of Interior in peacetime); and the Finance Guard'.
(customs controls). The three services have coordination
difficulties and lack adequate funding., These factors
have hampered drug control efforts.
B. International: The Italian Government has supported
all important initiatives to strengthen control of inter-
national narcotics traffic. Italian police cooperate with
INTERPOL and foreign police authorities. The Italian Govern-
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For-Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052, 000100100004-3
ITALY
ment has sicgned the Convention on Psychotropic substances
and has responded enthusiastically to the French initiative
for European coordination on drug matters. The Italians
have also contributed to the Uid Special Fund on Drug Abuse
control, and are co-sponsoring amendments to strengthen the
1961 Single Convention.
I
3. U. S. PROGRAMS
.our goal is to interdict, in cooperation with Italian
authorities, the illegal flow of narcotics through Italy.
To this end, we have been working through-diplomatic channels
to encourage intensified interest in drug problems at all
levels of the Italian Government. We have encountered a
responsive climate in principle and we anticipate a steady
increase in official Italian anti-drug activity. In the
past two and a half years Italian enforcement agencies
have more than tripled the number of personnel assigned
full time to narcotics duties.
Representatives of the Bureau of Narcotics and
Dangerous Drugs are stationed at our Embassy in Rome and
our Consulate General in Milan. Through theso representa-
tives, our Mission has activated a program of police liaison,
information exchange and training for Italian enforcement
personnel. Through the direct efforts of BNDD, over 300
Italian police officials have been trained to date in nar-
cotics enforcement. We are further assisting Italian
enforcement efforts by making available appropriate
communications and detection equipment. All significant
seizures, of hard drugs in Italy have come about through
our cooperative effort with Italian police authorities.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052{}00100100004-3
QUESTION: Are we satisfied with Italian efforts in
this field?
ANSWER: There has been some concern that Italy has
not,,-been more forceful in the effort to halt
the flow of illegal drug traffic through its
ports and territory. This seems to be more
than anything else the result of a fragmented
enforcement system. However, we have had
increasing indications of high-level resolve
to achieve improved coordination among
Italian police authorities.
QUESTION: What can we do to convince the Italians that
a more intense and better coordinated effort
is required to halt this traffic?
ANSWER: We have in the past approached and will
continue to approach the Italian Government
at the highest level to indicate our concern
for this problem. We believe we have already
had some effect by increasing official Italian
awareness. As this awareness grows, we would
anticipate a more forceful Italian effort,
to which we would offer all available cooperation.
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For'Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052 900100100004-3
QUESTION: Is organized crime involved in illegal drug
traffic through Italy?
ANSWER: Elements of organized international crime are
known to be active for the furtherance of
international traffic in heroin via Italy.
QUESTION: Is there any evidence that high-ranking
Italian Government officials aid the Mafia
in narcotics traffic?
ANSWER: We have no such evidence. On the contrary,
the Italian Government is engaged in a strong
effort to control organized crime, as
indicated last year by the enforced exile of
Mafia leaders.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Approved Forditelease 200'2/W V7 . '&.4 RHO W 6dd52$000100100004-3
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
NETHERLANDS
1.-. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
There is no evidence of illicit processing of narcotics
or of organized trans-shipments through the Netherlands.
Nonetheless, there has been. an upsurge in drug abuse and
illicit importation of limited quantities of narcotics for
individual consumption. Amsterdam in particular has become
an open city to many drug users, especially of marijuana
and hashish. Although both hard and soft drugs are most
readily available in Amsterdam, drug problems are emerging
in other areas as well.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
Dutch legislation makes possession of most dangerous
drugs illegal, although provisions against provocation by
the police severely limit the acquisition of evidence of
drug law violators, especially those who sell drugs. Of
650 persons sentenced under the Opium Act in 1970, only
nine received terms of one year or more. A public commis-
sion on drug policy recommended in March 1972,.that an
experimental program be undertaken in soft drugs which, if
adopted, could lead eventually to their legalization.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
There are no major US programs operating in the Nether-
lands. The Dutch authorities cooperate with the European
regional office of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous
Drugs.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R006100100004-3
 Approved For$elease A6~T0''i7'6I DP 0'&05 00100100004-3
E3RIEFING PAPER
RO14AN I A
Romania does not have a significant internal drug
problem. There is no cultivation of narcotics crops
and internal drug abuse-is almost non-existent. Some
illicit narcotics are imported by visitors for personal
use, however, and the Romanian government believes that
drugs cultivated in the Middle East transit Romania
regularly.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
There is' evidence of increasing interest on the part
of Romania in cooperating with the US and other countries,
as well with international agencies, for the purpose of
improving detection procedures. US and Romania customs
authorities have already established a working relationship.
We intend to continue to bring to the attention of
Romanian officials at the highest levels the seriousness
of the narcotics problem and the importance of international
cooperation. We hope to assist the Romanians in improving
their drug identification and detection techniques, as
well as to improve the bilateral and multi-lateral flow
of information about narcotics shipments involving Romania.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved ForQelease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052&O00100100004-3
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
SPAIN
The principal U.S. concern is the use of Spain as a
transit point in the flow of heroin from conversion labora-
tories in France to the U.S. via points in Canada, Mexico,
Puerto Rico and South America. There is no heroin addic-
tion problem in Spain. The-.primary goal of the U.S. in
Spain in the field of narcotics control is the disruption
and elimination of the use of Spain as a transit point for
narcotics on route from France to the United States. A
secondary goal is the preclusion of any transfer of labora-
tories from France to Spain.
Youthful European and American tourists bring Moroccan
hashish into Southern Spanish ports from Tangier, despite
an extensive narcotics warning campaign for American citizens
conducted by our Embassy and Consulates in Spain. There is no
evidence of extensive use of hashish by the Spanish population.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
The Spanish Government has been working closely with
U.S. BNDD officials stationed in Spain. A lim.,ted program
by the Spanish authorities of surveillance of vehicles,
vessels and passengers transiting Spain, followed by appre-
hension of suspects and seizure of narcotics, is being im-
plemented in coordination with the BNDD. The Spanish effort
is on the right track but is partially handicapped by short-
age of personnel, insufficient funding, inexperience in
certain fields, inadequate equipment, and an absence of a
fully unified effort.
Spanish police and customs officials, working closely
with their Moroccan counterparts, have become quite effec-
tive in detaining incoming tourists carrying Moroccan hashish.
Spanish fines and prison sentences are heavy for narcotics
use and trafficking.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
IN Under the overall supervision and
guidance of the U.S.
Embassy in Madrid, the BNDD has a close working relationship
with appropriate Spanish officials responsible for narcotics
control, and one BNDD official is stationed in Madrid and two
in Barcelona. The U.S. is currently reviewing a Narcotics
Control Action Plan for Spain which, in addition to continuing
and expanding the present close cooperation with Spanish au-
thorities, would provide funding, equipment and training to
improve the quality and coverage of the Spanish narcotics
con ftVlLp\*jJfj9f 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved ForSeleU6:2002MS/W C A-RDP7ffiDOO6 00100100004-3
BRIEFING PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
SWEDEN
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
Sweden has a narcotics problem which includes
amphetamines as well as LSD, hashish and some use of opium
derivatives. Sweden maintains strict pharmaceutical con-
trols and there is no significant diversion of domestically
produced amphetamines. The other narcotics and illegal
drugs consumed in Sweden also come from abroad. Western
Europe is the source of the illicit amphetamines, the
Middle East is the source of the hashish, and LSD is believed
to come from the United States. Sweden's relative geographic
isolation has deterred the country's use as a transit point
for illegal drugs or narcotics. To date most of the illegal
traffic in Sweden has been in the hands of individuals and
not an organized crime network.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
Beginning in 1969, Swedish authorities, aware of the
growing drug problem, began a widely publicized "war on
narcotics." The Swedish program contained two major ele-
ments: a strong and vigorous law enforcement program and
extensive education and rehabilitation programs. While
the program did not stamp out the narcotics problem in
Sweden, the authorities believe that these efforts have
kept the problem within manageable limits.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
The Swedes recognize that narcotics represent an
international problem and they have enthusiastically
supported efforts to broaden international cooperation in
the fight against illegal drugs and narcotics. They have
joined the United States as a co-sponsor of the amendments
to the Single Convention and support of the UN Special
Fund. Discussions are underway between the two governments
to increase bilateral cooperation through the exchange of
experts, information and narcotics intelligence. The U.S.
Embassy in Stockholm is engaged in an anti-drug campaign,
including USIS-sponsored seminars,`.visiting U.S. speakers,
etc.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved ForQelease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00051O001001 HN
Question: Is Sweden a source or a transit point for
illegal drugs or narcotics coming into the
United States?
Answer: No'. Sweden does not serve as a source of
narcotics or illegal drugs intended for the
United States.
Question: Does Sweden have a narcotics problem of her
own?
Answer: Yes. Amphetamines, LSD and hashish are part
of the narcotics problem in Sweden. None of
these are produced there and Sweden has been
active within the international community to
encourage multinational cooperation to combat
the illegal traffic in narcotics.
Question: Are the U.S. military absentees who are
living in Sweden involved in the narcotics
traffic?
Answer: Yes. Among the U.S. absentees who have gone
to Sweden, over 20 per cent have run afoul
of the Swedish authorities for narcotics or
narcotic related crimes.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For$elease 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP78-000500100100004-3
[DEPARTMENT OF STA E
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
SWITZERLAND
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
The Swiss have a relatively minor drug problem and
Switzerland is not a major regular route for illegal
drug traffic. The Swiss are concerned, however, by the
rate increase in drug abuse and have given high priority
to enforcement, and education programs. Swiss pharmaceu-
tical and chemical industries are major producers of drugs
and drug-related substances; controls seem effective, and
there does not appear to be any major or systematic leak-
age into illegal channels.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
The Swiss have stepped up their efforts to impose
tighter controls over use of narcotics. These efforts
include more effective detection of narcotic offenders
and stiffening of the law on illegal drug use. The
Swiss have also moved to improve cooperation. between
their federal and cantonal authorities engaged in drug
control activities. In this connection, consideration is
being given to establishing a federal office of drug
control coordination (probably in the Department of
interior). We maintain close liaison with the Swiss on
drug matters via BNDD and Interpol offices in Paris.
3. U.S. PROGRAMS
The Swiss are very sensitive to outside assistance
in keeping their own house in order, a situation which
places limitations on the forms of bilateral cooperation
within Switzerland. The Swiss have been most cooperative
in international drug cases where Swiss nationals or Swiss
facilities are involved. There is some use of Swiss bank-
ing facilities by organized crime engaged in international
llegal narcotics traffic. We hope to conclude in 1972 a
bilateral judicial assistance treaty with Switzerland,
which, among other things, would 'help to counter abuses
of Swiss banking facilities for such purposes.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved ForZele E2042A0r5r/ih7F-(la Ri91R7> Q0622RR 100100100004-3
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
Drug abusMe in Britain is a relatively minor
problem. There is also not much trafficking in drugs,
although potential exists for increasing use of Britain
in transshipment. Furthermore, drug use and trafficking
in Britain. is not related to organized or serious crime.
Britain's main problem is with cannabis (marijuana).
There are no reliable estimates of the use of cannabis
(estimates for a 1967 study ranged from 30,000 to 300,000
users). In 1969 convictions for cannabis offenses totalled
4,676 and heroin convictions totalled 1,359. Both showed
a rising trend. There is virtually no use of cocaine in
the UK.
The number of Americans charged with drug offenses
is substantial, but not excessive in comparison with
other major countries. In March 1971, for example, nine
Americans were arrested, twenty-one jailed, and five re-
leased on bail. The use of heroin in the US Armed Forces
stationed in the UK, mostly Air Force and Navy personnel,
is pratically non-existent.
In 1971 the British enacted a comprehensive new
law dealing with dangerous and harmful drugs. The new
act provides the framework for significantly strengthened
drug controls, but still needs to be brought into operation
through implementating regulations. These regulations. are
expected to be issued in 1972. Until they are, present drug
controls will remain in force. These controls have been.
criticized as overly permissive and were particularly lacking
in legislative authority to deal adequately with trafficking
din drugs. The new act closes this gap and, among other
provisions, borrows from US and Canadian law to impose penali-
ties on both possession and possession with the intent to
supply; the punishment for possession with the intent to
supply is far more severe than simple possession.
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For$elease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-000?2RgQ 0~k1
While penalities are substantial under the new
drug legislation, there is a strong emphasis on education
and prevention. The new legislation recognizes that
persons affected by the misuse of drugs must be helped to
obtain advice, treatment, and rehabilitation. Under the
new law the British will continue and enlarge their current
treatment programs. The general policy of these programs
is to wean the addict away from heroin and drug injection
and on to methadone taken orally.
The British cooperate closely with U.S. and U.N.
drug control efforts. They recently pledged $100,000 to
the U.N. Fund for drug abuse control and have joined the
U.S. and other countries as co-sponsor of amendments for
the strengthening of the Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs which will be considered shortly at a plenipotentiary
conference in Geneva.
The U.S. Embassy in London has recently recommended
adoption of a narcotics abuse program which would center on
the desirability of increasing public awareness "Of drug abuse
control and official awareness of the need for higher priority
for drug control; on improving cooperation and exchange of
information between the U.S. and British enforcement officials;
and on obtaining British support for international narcotics
programs and initiatives. The program strategy envisages
a broad range of informational, diplomatic, and cooperative
activities. An American representative of the Bureau of
Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs and two American Customs re-
presentatives are attached to our Embassy in London and
maintain close liaison with their British counterparts.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For,$elp5 e ( 0 - 0 ,2 00100100004-3
WEST GER1,11ANY
West Germany has a growing domestic narcotics problem.
Hashish, LSD, barbituates, and amphetamines are the drugs
most often abused. The use of heroin and cocaine is still
rare, but is increasing. West Germany is neither a known
producer nor processor of opiates, but is considered an
important transfer country and storage and staging area.
The narcotics problem in West Germany is compounded by the
large number of resident foreign laborers (over two million),
who have acted as a conduit for illegal drug traffic.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
Reflecting growing public and official concern, the
German Government (FRG) instituted in November 1970 a
comprehensive "Action Program Against Drug Abuse." The
program tightened legislative control over legal and ille-
gal movements of narcotics, initiated an educational cam-
paign on the effects of drug abuse, increased the institu-
tional assistance available to addicts and users, and
provided for enhanced international cooperation on the
problem of combating the flow of illegal drugs across
national boundaries. The number of narcotics enforcement
personnel in local and state (Land) governments, where law
enforcement efforts in the FRG are centered, has been
increased and their efforts coordinated, and the effective-
ness of the Federal Crime Office (Bundeskriminalamt) as an
information and coordination center ii'-z the narcotics field
has been enhanced.
FRG officials have met with counterparts in the US,.UK,
France and some Eastern European countries and agreed with
them on information (intelligence) exchanges and other sup-
port. The Germans also have information exchange bilaterals
with such countries as Turkey, Greece and Iran, and have
assigned a narcotics officer to the staff of their Embassy
in Ankara. The FRG is a party to the 1961 UN Single Con-
vention on Narcotics and has signed the 1971 Psychotropic
Convention. It is a member of the ECOSOC Commission on
Narcotic Drugs, is taking an active role in efforts to
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved For,$elease 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052ZF 000100100004-3
coordinate Common Market actions in the narcotics field and
in NATO CCI'?S drug efforts, and has contributed one million
Deutsche Marks to the UN Special Fund for Drug Abuse Control.
3. US DRUG CONTROL. PROGRAMS
An extensive., series of US-FRG consultation visits on
narcotics matters has taken place at all levels of govern-
ment. The BNDD staff in Germany has been expanded to five
persons and offices opened in Munich, Bonn, and Frankfurt.
Close liaison has been. instituted between the FRG and US
Embassies in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. The
US military forces, in cooperation with the FRG, have begun
a wide-ranging attack on drug problems affecting our troops
in Germany. In addition, a comprehensive bilateral program
to guide further cooperation has been worked out, which
focuses on assisting FRG narcotics enforcement efforts.
This program includes training and educational assistance,
the sharing of narcotics technology and techniques, increased
mutual informational. exchanges on narcotics, coordination of
narcotics-connected scientific research, and cooperation in
social policy, international youth activities, and drug
rehabilitation efforts.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved Foraelease 2002/05/17: CIA-RDP78-000500100100004-3
WEST GERMANY
QUESTION: What is the extent of the narcotics problem
among our troops in Germany?
ANSWER: Our troops can obtain a variety of drugs from
both legal and illicit sources in West Germany.
el
Hashish is readily available and is a problem
among our troops, as among the German populace.
Amphetamines, LSD, and other hallucinogens are
also available. Cocaine and heroin supplies are
limited and urine tests show that opiate use
among our troops in Germany is still very small.
In a recent test, only ],3 out of 32,500 troops
tested showed signs of opiate use, low even by
standards of many areas in the United States.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved Foraeleea eF20YMV%W NCTIA bAZ0%i2 p00100100004-3
BRIEFING PAPER
NARCOTICS COUNTRY PAPER
1. ILLICIT DRUG PROBLEM
The primary narcotics control problem in Yugoslavia
is the transit of illegal natcotics originating mainly
in Turkey and destined for Western Europe and ultimately
the US. Yugoslavia has a small but growing internal
drug abuse problem with'an estimated 2000 addicts at
present. Opium has been produced in this country for
many years, but production is now reduced to a small
annual crop used for medical purposes. Nevertheless,
although production is officially controlled, it is
estimated that as much as 7000 kilos of illegal opium
are produced annually within the country.
2. DRUG CONTROL EFFORTS
Yugoslavia has become increasingly aware both of
the illegal transit traffic problem and the illegal
production problem. For this reason the Yugoslav
authorities have increased their efforts to combat
these problems and to cooperate with the US and other
countries towards this end.
We are cooperating with the Yugoslav authorities in
their effort to halt illegal transit of drugs and to
suppress illegal growth of opium. We are encouraging
increased cooperation in multi-lateral efforts to control
the drug problem. At the present time there is a 3-man
narcotics study team in Yugoslavia which, with the full.
cooperation of the appropriate Yugoslav officials, is
examining all aspects of illegal traffic and production
and which will prepare a detailed series of recommendations.
In general, there are frequent consultations with the
Yygoslavs, and Yugoslav customs officials are expected to
visit the US in the Spring for further exchange and
briefing in the latest techniques.:,
3/7ypproved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3
 Approved Fo j p e Q@ / ~17~: ~I~~D $-Q?39 000100100004-3
BRIEFING P/-\PER
YUGOSLAVIA
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q. What portion of the Turkish and Eastern produced
traffic is shipped through Yugoslavia?
A. It is very difficult to estimate the flow of the
traffic at any one point along the route from the
East to the United States except in those areas
where the drug is treated or refined. There are
undoubtedly a number of routes from the East, only
one of which is through Yugoslavia.
Q. Are we satisfied with the Yugoslav effort?
A. Although we can never be wholly satisfied until the
entire traffic is stopped, we are extremely pleased
with the cooperation we have been receiving from
Yugoslav officials. The readiness of Yugoslavia
to receive a US study team and the willingness of
officials to discuss further cooperation is
indicative of a genuine desire to work together to
end this traffic.
3/72
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP78-00052R000100100004-3