CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- APPENDIX -- RED INFLUENCE UP IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110025-8
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• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2003
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: September 24, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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September 2J, 19.65 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX A5437
Week, I would like to call to the attention
of my colleagues a most interesting edi-
torial, read on Radio Station KSRA, Sal-
mon, Idaho, by Mr. Dave Ainsworth, the
station's owner and manager.
Mr. Ainsworth's remarks certainly
speak for themselves and no embelish-
ment is needed.
The editorial follows:
Good afternoon, friends, this is Constitu-
tion Week. It celebrates the signing on
September 17, 1787, of the document which
within the following 2 years was ratified by
sufficient of the Original States to become
effective on March 4, 1789.
It has been variously described. It has
been called a charter of freedom-the world's
greatest single document declaring the free-
dom of man-and more recently it has been
described as obsolete, inadequate, outdated,
and no longer pertinent to the times in which
we live.
If this latter belief-held by too many who
occupy' positions of power and influence in
our National Government-were true, I
should feel like Brutus called upon for the
funeral oration over the body of the slain
Julius Caesar. William Shakespeare quoted
Brutus as saying, "Friends, Romans, country-
men, lend me your ears. I come here to bury
Caesar,_ not to praise him."
I sometimes feel that any remarks made
about the Constitution in the context of
many of today's attitudes are almost in the
nature of some sort of requiem for a docu-
ment that is. either dead or dying.
Before we go on to discuss some ideas in
this connection, let's look at another im-
portant document -important in the history
of this Nation and in the history of the world.
The Declaration of Independence was
adopted by the Continental Congress a little
more than 11 years before the Constitution
was approved.
In its preamble, the Declaration of
Independence actually becomes the parent
of the Constitution, because it is in the
Preamble of the Declaration that the princi-
ples of freedom-the theorem that all men
are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness," was first expounded
in this country, perhaps in the world. An-
other important line from that Preamble is a
definition of government as it relates to
the citizenry-important, as we think of the
Constitution and today's attitudes toward
it. The Declaration makes this statement,
"That to secure these rights, governments are
instituted among men, deriving their just
powers from the consent of the governed."
An important word to remember as we con-
tinue this discussion. The word is "con-
sent"-the active kind of agreement, and
not "assent," the passive variety. Ask your-
self the question, are we consenting to what
is being done to us, or have we turned into
a government by assent?
But to go on with the Declaration itself.
Beyond the Preamble, which is certainly best
known, the Declaration is a step by step de-
scription of the colonial complaints against
the government of King George the Third.
Some of the complaints are interesting
For instance, the Declaration complains that
"he has refused to pass other laws for the ac-
commodation of large districts of people un-
less these people would relinquish the right
of representation in the legislature, a right
inestimable to them and formidable to
tyrants only." -
Further, "He has male judges dependent
on his will alone for the.tenure of their of-
fices, and the amount and payment of their
salaries."
Further, "He has erected a multitude of
new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers
to harass our people and eat their sub-
stance."
These are but a few of the complaints of
the Declaration, but they were some of the
things which were considered when the Con-
stitution was written 10 years later.
To get ,on with the Constitution itself-
you know its basic form, starting with the
lucid Preamble which sets the stage for all
that follows.
Its words are immortal: "We, the People
of the United States, in Order to form a more
perfect Union, establish Justice, insure do-
mestic Tranquility, provide for the common
defense, promote the general Welfare, and
secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves
and our Posterity, do ordain and establish
this Constitution of the United States of
America."
It then proceeds to establish the three
branches of the Government-the legislative
branch with its duties well defined, the ex-
ecutive with its powers clearly established,
and the judicial with its powers well de-
lineated.
As established by the Constitution, these
were to be three independent branches, each
serving as a check on the other. Ask yourself
what has happened in the last 30-some years
to the system of checks and balances which
were supposed to exist in the three branches
of the Government. For instance, in the
delineation of the duties of the President, the
Constitution says that he shall "from time to
time give to the Congress information on the
state of the Union and recommend to their
consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient." No place
do I find any suggestion that he shall brow-
beat the Congress, both by the financial pres-
sure now in his power and by the most fla-
grant of lobbying methods, to force through
'legislation -which Members of the Congress
know is wrong and not in accord with the
wishes of their constituents.
This is merely a preface to discussion of a
belief held by many that the Constitution as
we know it-the Constitution as it was drawn
by the Founding Fathers of this Nation-is
being steadily eroded and destroyed by the
very people who swear that they will defend
the instrument by which they hold their
offices and upon which this great Nation was
founded.
What kind of a government is it? What
kind of a government is established by the
Constitution? Does it describe the United
States as a democracy? No.
Over a period of a number of years, we
have been brainwashed into the idea that
this is a democracy-it is not. -
There is a quote of a conversation between
Benjamin Franklin and a lady friend, shortly
after the Constitution was adopted. She is
said to have asked, "and what kind of a
government have you given us, Mr. Frank-
lin?" His answer, "We have given you a
federated Republic, and I hope you will be
able to keep it."
This requires a couple of definitions and
a quote from the Constitution. -
First, the dictionary definition of a democ-
racy: "A government by the people; a govern-
ment in which the supreme power is retained
by the people and exercised either directly
(absolute or pure democracy) or indirectly
(representative democracy) through a sys-
tem of representation."
Then, the definition of a republic: "A
state in which the sovereign power resides
in a certain body of the people (the electo-
rate) and is exercised by representatives
elected by and responsible to them."
Then the quote from the Constitution it-
self-section 4 of article 4 of the Constitu-
tion says in part: "The United States shall
guarantee to every State a republican form
of government."
Note, nothing is said about a democracy,
pure, absolute or indirect, but rather a group
of republican form of government in which
'the electorate of the individual States shall
be supreme, is guaranteed. Does this sound
much like some of the recent Supreme Court
decisions, or some of the recent actions. of
Congress?
The President, the Members of the Con-
gress, the members of all the courts, Supreme
or inferior, are sworn to defend the Consti-
tution. It provides for the offices they hold,
but they are the very ones who are doing
their best to destroy the efficacy of this
instrument which is the lifeblood of the
Nation. -
The attitude of the current crop of intel-
lectuals toward the Constitution is an
enigma. Under the Constitution-and when
we check history we find that during the first
120 years of this Nation's history it was fol-_
lowed fairly close and was not too severely
tampered with, either by amendment of
judicial decisions, the United States, in a few
short years as history is measured, became
the world's greatest nation.
But now, many say that document is out-
moded. The drive today among the intel-
lectuals who hold sway in Washington is
toward the pure democracy. It has never
worked in the world, and it never will. The
theory of one man, one vote as pronounced
by the Supreme Court in its decision on re-
apportionment of State legislatures and in
civil rights matters is a denial of reason and
a denial of the very document which estab-
lishe% the Court.
The only thing that made acceptance of
the Constitution possible in its formative
stages was the great compromise in which
the smaller States, both in area and popula-
tion, insisted that at least one House of the
National Legislature be apportioned equally
among the States regardless of size or popu-
lation. This is a basic element of the Con-
stitution. And yet, the Supreme Court has
held that when this same principle is applied
in the States, it is unconstitutional.
I was taught in school that things equal
to the same thing are equal to each other.
Hence, if it is unconstitutional in the State,
it is unconstitutional at the National level.
Carry it one step further-and is the Supreme
Court, in holding the Constitution unconsti-
tutional, declaring itself out of existence? A
good question and one the Justices might
like to answer.
There is no place in the Constitution as
written in which I find a declaration that
citizenship conveys the right to vote. The
States are guaranteed a republican form of
government which infers that the States
shall have the right to say who shall be
qualified voters-to establish the electorate
to which the government of the State and
incidentally the Nation is responsible.
A federated republic, in which a group of
states joined together in a constitution for
their general welfare and protection can live
If it's citizens are willing to make the effort
and the sacrifices to make it live.
Either a pure or representative democracy
in which one man has one vote, regardless of
his capabilities, his intelligence, his knowl-
edge, his literacy, becomes mob rule. A na-
tion cannot and will not live under demo-
cracy. It may continue to exist, but it will
not long exist as a democracy. It changes
from a democracy to a demogogery, because
uneducated people, illiterate people, people
too lazy to think for themselves, people all
too willing to accept interpreted, rather than
objective news, are led by those who promise
the most.
How did it happen? That's easy to tell.
The federated Republic established by the
Constitution started on the skids in 1909,
and the skids were thoroughly greased in
1913 when the 16th amendment establishing
direct collection of the income tax was
passed-. Up to that time, the provision of the
Constitution contained in paragraph 4, sec-
tion 9, article I, said-and the Founding
Fathers were smart-"no capitation or other
direct tax shall be laid." It was only after
this provision was stricken that the Federal
Government could become .the great pennies
from heaven institution it now is.
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 A5438 Approved For Re~e~ ~3~~~ S C P~f~B00 01109
e$tember 24, 1965
15
about today's staggering bureaucratic mon-
ster. This will probably be challenged vio-
lently, because before the civil service was
established, the old so-called spoils sys-
tem prevailed. The elected officials ap-
pointed all Government officials right down
the line, and there were some pretty sorry
to assume, nor the fastidious pomp they may
display, support them; and then will the
misfortune of America begin."
And that's the way it seems to me today.
to pay for the mutual defense and help of
the underdeveloped nations.
As is apparent, the payments problem is
a tough one and to achieve improvement of
any permanency will require tougher action
than has been taken. Our Government
should get moving, or it may find itself as a
last resort forced to do something no poli-
tician wants to contemplate-curbing travel
abroad by U.S. citizens.
messes
olitical cr
arose
But
when the
.
y
,
,
p
A Lasting Payments Remedy
"Throw
the rascals out," it was possible.
Today,
it isn't. You may sit back com-
placently and think that this is an elective
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
government-that it Is the men you elect
Sf
who actually run things. Think again.
What about that hard core of civil service
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
employees-more than 2 million of them-
OF ALABAMA
the exp
erts, the background people, the
poiicymakers. The face may change, but the
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
heart and pulse of every Federal agency is
in the hands of the continuing civil service.
This was never contemplated by the drawers
of the Constitution.
A third, but not least, blow to constitu-
tional government, also is connected to the
establishment of this monolithic bureauc-
racy. The Congress has gone far beyond
the bounds of the Constitution, which dele-
gates to it the job of making the laws, and
has given to each of this multiplicity of
bureaus the right to (hake its own rules and
regulations which take the effect of law. ? So,
again, we have seed the erosion of the
theoretical system ofl a federated republic.
And today we are moving further and fur-
ther in the direction of a representative one-
man, one-vote democracy, unsanctioned by
the very instrument's we are supposed to
revere--a government more and more con-
trolled by the executive branch, in which the
checks and balances of the Constitution are
being thrown into the discard.
Who is to blame?
Read the Constitution yourself. Study it.
You can read as well as the next person, and
you don't have to be a constitutional lawyer
to understand Its meaning. The men who
wrote it were common men like you and
me-not men steeped in the dream of power
but, rather, men devoted to the idea that
they could found a government in which
schemers for power could not prevail. - The
road to pure democracy is the road to the
destruction of the freedoms we have known,
and our forefathers have prized. But that
seems to be the way the firm of Johnson,
HUMPIHREY, Warren, and company want it.
And there's only one defense. It's the
Congress of the United States. The Con-
gress-in Senate and House of Representa-
tives-is the one body that has the power to
halt this mad dash. Will they do it? Only
if the electorate comes to the realization that
it must elect representatives who will not be
led further down the path of governmental
expediency.
Listento this and think about it. It was
said in 1778 by General St. Clair, a com-
mander in the Continental Army, and almost
10 years before the Constitution was written.
Of course,, he was referring to the then
Continental Congress, but what he said rings
true today. We quote!
"Should some future Congress depart for
the great business of watching over the af-
fairs of a whole continent, to hunt down an
Individual-should factions arise among
them, and local interests take the place of
the general interest-should their time be
wasted in frivolous and endless disputes,
whilst the public service stands still, and its
honest servants are tired out with tedious
and expensive: waiting-should they create
offices with great salaries, where those who
hold them may rob the public without a
possibility of detection, and cabal among
themselves for the disposal of them-should
they pass resolves ridiculous in themselves,
and impossible to be carried into execution-
then will Congress sink into contempt, nor
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, under permission to extend my
remarks in the RECORD I would like to in-
clude a very fine editorial on the need for
a lasting remedy to our balance-of-pay-
ments problem. This editorial appeared
in the Birmingham, Ala., Post-Herald on
September 20, 1965:
A LASTING PAYMENTS REMEDY
A Republican study group has correctly
remarked that the administration's present
programs to bring some balance into our in-
ternational payments account "have not
gotten at the basic causes" of past deficits.
The GOP also correctly termed voluntary
controls over foreign investing and lending
as "artificial, expedient and ultimately self-
defeating."
To some degree, even partisan Democrats
agree with this view. To their credit they
insist, publicly at least that current efforts
are indeed "voluntary" and "temporary."
But to date there is no evidence the admin-
istration is coming to grips with more per-
manent and desirable solutions.
Reaching decisions in this area is no easy
task, politically or economically. Tough and
even unpopular measures will be necessary.
But however difficult the task, the critical
issue must be resolved if the dollar is to re-
main the cornerstone of free world monetary
systems and if, as the administration desires,
a decisive meeting can be held on monetary
reform and implementation.
For their part, the Republicans suggest
three approaches: Cutting foreign aid spend-
ing to trim dollar losses, increasing interest
rates at home to attract more foreign cap-
ital, and reducing the number of troops sta-
tioned abroad-particularly in Western
Europe.
All have merit, but the troop-reducing
proposal could achieve the largest perma-
nent saving. Actually not too much can be
saved by cutting foreign aid expenditures
because now more than 80 percent of aid
money is spent in the United States. But
there can and should be dollar savings in
this field.
The interest rate proposal also would be of
limited value since any substantial increases
in the United States almost certainly would
be followed by similar actions abroad. But
a modest increase might well be tried, not
only to lure-a little more money from abroad
but also to dampen inflationary fires at home.
The troop-reduction proposal involves se-
curity plans for the Western alliance, But
here obviously is the place to work if we're
to achieve real results on our payments prob-
lem. As Senator SYMINGTON, Democrat, of
Missouri, asked this week: Is it still neces-
sary to maintain five U.S. Army divisions in
Europe? And as the Missouri Senator re-
marked, the United States would not be
faced with its present payments, problem if
"now prosperous" European allies, once re-
cipients of U.S. aid, had been more willing
.ed
Influence Up in the Dominican
Republic
HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 7, 1965
M:r. CRAMER. Mr. . Speaker, on
September 7, I took. the floor of this body
and warned that the Dominican Republic
could become a Latin America Laos.
At that time, I pointed out that the
Communist-led rebels are stronger than
ever before, that the Communists con-
trolled the rebel military organization in
that- country, and that they have been
elevated to a position of dignity by be-
coming a partner in the provisional gov-
ernment in the Dominican Republic. I
also said:
They (the Dominican rebels) are certain
to use this position from which to launch
an intensive campaign to take over the
Dominican Republic and to abort the elec-
tion process supposedly guaranteed.
In an article in today's press by
Scripps-Howard Staff Writer R. H. Boyce,
it is reported that the Communist-led
rebels are now trying to prevent presi-
dential elections scheduled for next May
and further, that the Communists in-
fluence in the rebel camp is on the in-
crease.
This report, and others of a similiar
nature, substantiates my belief that this
whole matter of Communist subversion in
this hemisphere be investigated by the
Congress. In addition, I renew my de-
mands that U.S. troops be retained in the
Dominican Republic until we are certain
that the country will not be taken over by
the Communists and that short-of-war
action against the real cancer in this
hemisphere, Communist Cuba, be insti-
tuted. Such action would include the
recognition of a non-Communist Cuban
government in exile, a meaningful trade
ban, and a halt to the flow of Commuist
trainees and arms between Cuba and
other Latin American nations as well as
Africa. _
Following is the above referred to
article which speared in the September
24 issue of the Washington Daily News:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News,
Sept. 24,196-51
RED INFLUENCE UP IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-
SPREADING PROPAGANDA AND TERROR
(By R. H. Boyce)
Communist and leftist influence in the
Dominican Republic has increased since
fighting ended and a provisional government
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September 24, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX A5439
was established, informed sources said here of one nation to intervene in any other however, when Senator J. WILLIAM FUL-
today. nation where there is a Communist BRIGHT, chairman of the Senate Foreign Re-
More than 2,000 leftist agitators, men who threat, I warned the State Department lotions Committee, delivered his attack on
were trained in the rebel enclave in down- the Santo Domingo Intervention. Then, in
town Santo Domingo while sporadic fighting of the effect of this measure in Latin the midst of the controversy surrounding
was still going on, have now fanned out America. FULERIGHT'S speech, the House pushed
throughout the interior of the island. They I told Department officials that unless through the resolution sponsored by Repre-
spread propaganda and terror. They use the they made their feelings clear to Mem-- sentative ARMISTEAD I. SELDEN, JR., Democrat,
Communists' clenched fist salute. bers of Congress the resolution would of Alabama, chairman of its inter-American
One or two interior cities already have win overwhelming approval, and the re- Affairs Subcommittee.
been affected, and there is danger of more of Yesterday, as reports from almost every
suit would be a damaging blow to our ef- Latin capital told of rising anger, the subject
this. Officials try to keep the agitators under forts to retain goodwill in Latin America. continued to occupy the attention of U.S.
surveillance, but that's an almost impossible But the State Department equivocated. Congressmen.
job. CASTRO Department officials indicated they were JAVITS criticized the House resolution as The leftist 14th of June Revolutionary not happy with the resolution, but in the "particularly unfortunate" and said that if
jyst was criticstated ism in the resolution,
Movement, linked to Fidel Castro, reportedly same breath remarked they would not U.S. policy
e
ould plans to establish a guerrilla base near but oppose it. opposed to progressive forces Washington
Latin
not in some interior town. From this base, The consequences of the State Depart- America.
guerrilla bands could conduct terror and agi- ment's decision is becoming more ap- The New York Republican called for clari-
tation raids throughout the surrounding parent every day. The latest proof of fication of the U.S. stance through a Senate
countryside. The movement's hope is this is a story in today's Washington resolution that would reaffirm the faith of
prevent presidential elections scheduled for Post telling how our image has become Congress in the Alliance for Progress as "the
will next win. ny, or to insure that leftist candidates tarnished in Latin America. framework for nonviolent but accelerated
social and economic development of Latin
Some of the 58 Communists and leftist ac- The article follows: America."
tivists whose names the U.S. Government LATIN AMERICAN ANGER BRINGS REACTION ON In the House, however, SELDEN continued
made public last April still are in the rebel HILL to press the view of the congressional faction
enclave. Rebel radio broadcasts-much of it (By John M. Goshko) concerned about communism in the hemi-
daily. strongly Re b bel li-American newspapers in are tone-continues still being pub- pub- Administration efforts to affirm goodwill sphere. In a lengthy speech, he defended
daily. _
lished. These activities are expected to end toward Latin America are being swamped in tack administration a tra against F that Ga back-
That the rebel zone is completely dismantled. a flood of Latin anger over a House of Rep- round a document pucharge by FULBRIG ack
That will take another 10 days to 2 weeks, resentatives resolution approving the use of grmmittee was compiled primarily from
sources say. force in any American nation threatened by toms ittee hostile to led acimar in from
"Communist influence in the rebel camp a Communist takeover. Dpres U.S. Santo
omingo.
Is much greater and more open now after 5 As of last night, the Congresses of two While this battling went on,-the admin-
months," said one source. Latin countries-Peru and Colombia-had Istration continued to entnoain its alm -
Communists and pro-Communists have passed unanimous resolutions of their own total silence about the resolution. The
infiltrated labor unions, women's clubs, law- denouncing the House action. State Department's only comment has been
yers' and doctors' organizations,.and teacher And the press and political sector in the to say. it agrees with the o aims but feels
associations. rest of Latin America have started to pro- to s the wording is open ai s but
They continue to emphasize, especially to duce anti-American criticism more intense interpretations.
peasants in the interior, the "valorous" role than anything since the U.S. Intervention What some of these interpretations are
of rebel soldiers who, "though outnumbered, in the Dominican Republic last April. was made clear by yesterday's reports from
continued to hold off the Dominican Regular CLARIFICATION ASKED Latin America. The resolution passed by the
Army, the vaunted United States 82d Air- So intense has been the outcry that Sen- Peruvian Parliament called the House action
borne Division, and the inter-American peace ator JACOB K. JAVTTS, Republican, of New "American imperialism in hemisphere
force, too." York, rose in the Senate yesterday to appeal affairs," while that adopted in Colombia de-
This kind of distortion and overdramatiz-
of for clarification of the confusion "about what scribed it as "openly regressive and contrary
ing of the facts appeals to the Latin sense ense of our policy now really is toward Latin to the juridical political system of Latin
masculinity and builds sympathy for the America." America."
rebel cause. On Monday, after almost no discussion,
Ousted President Juan Bosch is expected the resolution passed the House by an over-
to return from exile in Puerto Rico tomor- whelming vote. It says that any hemispheric
row. It is believed he deliberately delayed country is justified in unilateral use of force
his demonstration so that could an Impressive welcome to combat Communist subversion. Before
de Ts is partly to build d enthusiasm for his passage the State Department expressed
This h expected partly next approval nor dissent.
May's elections. But presidential there candidacy is s another The resolution merely expresses the feeling
Mr of the House and is not binding on admin-
when Sr. Bosch h lost much to Santo public support - ort istration policy. However, the Latins seem
when h ht failed to return . He s newly to regard it as an invitation to ignore the
during the bitter fighting. hopes y provisions in the Organization of American
aroused feeling for him will overcome that States Charter forbidding intervention in
loss. the internal affairs of any member state.
Latin American Anger Brings Reaction on
Hill
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD J. IRWIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 22, 1965
CONFERENCE MAY BE DELAYED
For this reason, several Latin governments
already have suggested privately that the
Inter-American Conference of Foreign Min-
isters, unofficially expected to begin in No-
vember, be put off until next March. Other-
wise, these governments have warned, the
Conference probably will bog down in anti-
U.S. recrimination.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR.
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, September 24, 1965
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak-
er, in view of the fact that we have taken
action on the amendments to the Clean
Air Act today, I would like to call the
attention of my colleagues to the re-
marks made by Prof. M. Neiburger at a
meeting of the American Meteorological
Society on October 14, 1964.
Under unanimous consent I include in
the RECORD at this point the pertinent
mark an Ironic enUmg LV a u1VU411 L11a4 L11C
administration had earmarked as a time for portion of this speech, which was pub-
reemphasizing hemispheric solidarity. lished in Bulletin of the American Me-
To this end, the administration staged a teorological Society, volume 46, No. 3,
Mr. IRWIN. Mr. Speaker, here it is glittering White House reception and a ma- March 1965, pages 131-134.
just 4 days since passage of House Reso- jor speech by President Johnson to mark the Professor Neiburger, who is in the De-
lution 560 and already the folly of the fourth anniversary of the Alliance for Prog- partment of Meteorology, University of
ress. Mr. Johnson also sent Jack Hood
State Department's action-or is it in- Vaughn, Assistant Secretary of State for California at Los Angeles, is very con-
action-has become clear. Inter-American Affairs, on a whirlwind good- cerned with the buildup of contaminants
On Monday, before House considera- will tour of Latin America. in the atmosphere. He presents some
tion of the resolution involving the right Things began coming apart 2 weeks ago, very thought-provoking views and pro-
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A5440 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX September 24, 1963
posals to which I commend your atten-
tion. The article follows:
DIFFUSION AND AIR POLLUTION
(By M. Neiburger)
DEFICIENCIES OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH
To get down to cases, then, let me say ti at
most of the studies carried out heretofore
with respect to diffusion have relatively lit;le
relevance to air pollution. The theoretical
studies have been concerned (with some ex-
ceptions) with ideal situations which ere
sufficiently simple to be solved, at least ap-
proximately, and the experimental investiga-
tions have been carried out in situations
which approximate' the idealizations as
nearly as possible in order to test the theo;;p.
Perhaps I should Interrupt myself lo:xg
enough to explain to the ladies and other
nonspecialists just what is meant by atmcs-
pheric diffusion. In the old days wh m
people took cream In their coffee it was
simple to illustrate from their daily expel l-
ence. If poured into the coffee very slowly
and not stirred the cream would remain
where it was poured a long time, and only
slowly mix: with the dark brown brew.
Stirring with a spoon creates an irregular
motion we call mechanical turbulence whi h
speeds up the horizontal and vertical spread
of the cream and its rapid mingling wi',h
the coffee to form a uniform mixture. TI: is
spread and mixing is the process known is
diffusion. If the cream were poured first
and then the coffee the tendency of the lig:it
cream to rise to the top and the heavy cof-
fee to sink would create convection whie b
would further tend to mix the two, even n
the absence of mechanical stirring. In this
case we speak of the stratification as ult-
stable, whereas when the heavier fluid is ,#t
the bottom we say it is stable. The degr,~e
of stability and the amount of mechanical
turbulence are the factors which determine
the rate of diffusion in the atmosphere.
Research studies of turbulent diffusion 'n
the atmosphere have been concerned, for the
most part with the case where there is a
steady wind blowing over smooth terra; n
under neutral conditions of stability, with
the magnitude of turbulent fluctuations
only a small fraction of the average win 1.
There are good reasons, of course, for a;-
tempting to develop a theory for this sim-
plest case and testing it experimentally be-
fore proceeding to the more complex real
situation. I do not mean to minimize tl.e
importance of such attempts, nor their di:"-
ficulty. But in the actual situations which
produce high concentrations of air polli_-
tion the average wind speed is only a Litt e
different from zero, with the turbulent
variations as large as the mean wind, with
buildings, hills, trees, and even moving ele-
ments such as vehicular traffic in place cd
the smooth ground assumed in the theor r,
and with inversions varying in intensity
and_ thickness. Until the theory treats tx:e
case of light variable winds, irregular tel`-
rain, and strong but variable stability it will
have little applicability to atmospher;o
pollution.
Secondly, most of the theoretical and el.perimental studies have dealt with single
point sources, either instantaneous or cor-
tinuous and constant, or line sources. Bt t
for the air pollution problems of current in-
terest, those of cities, industrial complexe r,
and even megalopolises, it is necessary to
deal with multiple sources or area sources
with intensities varying in space and time,.
Some small starts have been made In in-
vestigating this type of source. One of lie
-special characteristics is the fact that fcr
area sources one is' interested not only La
the concentrations of pollutants at a die.
tance, but more particularly at points with.
in the source area.
A third complication is the fact that the
pollutants undergo changes after they have
been emitted. The effect of gravitational
settling out of particulates has been taken
into account in some studies, but I know of
none which take into consideration the
chemical and photochemical reactions in
which the gaseous contaminants participate
as they diffuse in the atmosphere. For the
determination of the concentrations of toxic
substances it is clear that the reactions
which produce them must be considered.
To treat simultaneously all these com-
plications: light and unsteady wind and
temperature structure, irregular terrain,
multiple and area sources of variable in-
tensity, and chemical reactions as the pol-
lutants diffuse, is indeed a forbidding pros-
pect, and it is not surprising or blameworthy
that the investigators until now have not
faced it. But before we can say that we
know how to predict the pollution intensities
we will have to do so.
Finally, with respect to the problems of
diffusion air pollution, we must have studies
of the ways in which pollutants are removed
from the atmosphere (apart from the ab-
sorption in our lungs and other tissues),
and the rate at which they go on. While
diffusion continuously dilutes the concen-
tration of contaminants, there must be
processes which finally remove them; other-
wise the background level of pollution of
"pure" air would gradually rise. We do not
actually know to what extent the back-
ground of particulate and gaseous contami-
nants Is increasing, except possibly with re-
spect to carbon dioxide. It would be very
desirable to establish benchmark average
values in places remote from sources for use
in the future to determine at what rate the
background levels are changing, If any. And
it would be very desirable that the mecha-
nisms of atmospheric cleansing be studied.
What is the value of this increased knowl-
edge of the real processes of diffusion, trans-
formation, and removal of pollutants in the
atmosphere? The knowledge Itself will not
reduce the concentration of pollutants, of
course, nor do I think that it will point to
ways of altering the diffusion or removal
process once the pollutants are in the at-
mosphere. I have on occasion examined
various proposals for weather modification to
accomplish these purposes in Los Angeles,
and besides undesirable side effects the pro-
cedures proposed would require tremendous
expenditures of energy, comparable with all
the power produced in the United States.
What the understanding I am advocating
will do is enable the estimation of the ef-
fects increases in sources will have, either
due to the continuous increase In population
and the accompanying increase in pollution
emitted per person as civilization progresses,
or because of construction of particular in-
dustrial Installations or shifts of population.
Likewise it will enable estimatipn of the ef-
fects of control measures Introduced to re-
duce or eliminate sources. To know how
dangerous the untrammeled growth of pop-
ulation and industrialization may be, or how
desirable any particular control measure
may be, we must be able to make these
estimates. The greater the danger, or the
more expensive the control measure, the
more worthwhile it Is to have the meteoro-
logical knowledge which enables us to esti-
mate their effects.
TWO VISIONS OF THE FUTURE
I turn now to the speculation about the
future. Looking into my smoggy crystal
ball I see alternately two visions of the
future-let us say the year 2064, one pessi-
mistic and disheartening, the other opti-
mistic, hopeful, and probabry`unrealistic.
The pessimistic view is that in the course
of the next century, as the population grows,
g
s
ne or
es
l
as the power demands per capita increase automobile, and if the premise of adequate
both in the already industrialized nations power and speed were satisfied the users
and in the developing countries where there would be too. And from the pollution stand-
Is so much need for it, the amount of waste point the burning of fossil (or nuclear) fuel
poured into the atmosphere by these activi-
ties will far exceed its capacity to diffuse and
to remove it, and the atmosphere will grow
progressively more polluted until, a century
from now, it is too toxic to permit human
life. All civilization will pass away, not from
a sudden cataclysm, but from the gradual
suffocation by its own effluents.
Such a prospect is not pleasant to face,
and so we shall not face it and do something
about it, but instead will let it creep up on
us, and only when it has progressed to the
point where it will be extremely difficult and
expensive to take any steps to combat it will
the public be aroused to demand that some-
thdng be done. And even then people will be
unwilling to have any of their own activities
curtailed or to have their own taxes increased
to pay for the effort to prevent the disaster.
Mankind will sink into its smoggy doom
through inertia and irresponsibility.
The prospect is unpleasant for me to face
as well, and while I am prepared to say to
you 100 years from now "I told you so," I
turn hastily to the more pleasant prospect
of my other vision.
This view of the future is based on the
unlikely premise that humans will at some
time in the near future take stock of their
relationship to the natural resources on.
which the very existence of human life and
civilization is based. When the human
species was young there was no need for con-
cern: the resources available seemed bound-
less, and the only problem was to find ways
to exploit them. As human population in-
creases exponentially and as the per capita
utilization of resources goes up even more
rapidly, it becomes evident that there are
bounds to the supply, not only of raw ma-
terials for luxuries but of food for life's very
sustenance. While the increasing demand
for food places other requirements on mete-
orologists, in terms of climate control, it does
not threaten the air resources the way the
power demands do if they are to be satisfied
by combustion of fossil fuels.
To illustrate the consequences of unre-
stricted use of fossil fuels, just imagine the
smog which would accumulate in the atmos-
phere if every one of the 800 million Chinese
drove a gasoline-powered automobile, as
every Los Angeleno does. And, of course, as
the living standards of the developing coun-
tries rise, we may well expect that all Chi-
nese, Indians, Africans, etc., will demand to
have the same freedom of mobility that we
Americans have.
l: do not believe that it will be possible to
devise controls for internal combustion en-
gines which will reduce the noxious effluents
adequately. What is required Is a radical
new approach to the problem of motive power
for transportation, and my optimistic hope
is that humanity will recognize the need and
tales the drastic steps required before it is
too late.
A conceivable alternative, for instance,
might be an electric powered automobile.
Thus one can visualize a battery pack of the
size of the gasoline tank in present auto-
mobiles, such. that a single charge would
provide adequate power to propel a car
at reasonable speeds, say up to 60
miles per hour, for a distance com-
parable to that which a tankful of gaso-
line presently carries a car. One would be
able to drive into a, service station every 200
miles (say) and have the battery pack re-
placed by a freshly charged one, paying for
the cost of the charging of the battery plus
a part of its depreciation. The battery pack
would completely take the place of the gas
tank; its replacement when discharged would
correspond to filling the tank. From the
operational viewpoint the electric car would
then be equivalent to the
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